Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (69)
Year of publication
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (69)
Keywords
- gamma rays: general (20)
- ISM: supernova remnants (15)
- radiation mechanisms: non-thermal (14)
- cosmic rays (9)
- galaxies: active (9)
- gamma rays: galaxies (8)
- ISM: clouds (6)
- acceleration of particles (6)
- gamma rays: ISM (5)
- astroparticle physics (4)
- fMRI (4)
- galaxies: jets (4)
- gamma rays: stars (4)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: PKS 2155-304 (3)
- X-rays: binaries (3)
- gamma-rays: galaxies (3)
- stars: massive (3)
- BL Lacertae objects: general (2)
- Childhood adversity (2)
- ISM: individual objects: G338.3-0.0 (2)
- aggression (2)
- amygdala (2)
- binaries: general (2)
- errata, addenda (2)
- relativistic processes (2)
- resilience (2)
- surveys (2)
- ventral striatum (2)
- ADHD (1)
- Amygdala (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (PG 1553+113) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: 1ES 1312-423 (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: AP Librae (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: PKS 0301-243 (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: SHBL J001355.9-185406 (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: lES 0229+200 (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: lES 1101-232 (1)
- COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- Comprehensibility (1)
- Connectivity (1)
- EHR (1)
- Electroencephalography (1)
- FKBP5 (1)
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (1)
- Galaxy: center (1)
- Galaxy: general (1)
- Gene-environment interaction (1)
- Health literacy (1)
- ISM (1)
- ISM: individual objects (SNR G338.3-0.0, SNR G338.5+0.1) (1)
- ISM: individual objects: Crab nebula (1)
- ISM: individual objects: HESS J1832-093 (1)
- ISM: individual objects: Puppis A (1)
- ISM: individual objects: SNR G1.9+0.3 (1)
- ISM: individual objects: SNR G22.7-0.2 (1)
- ISM: individual objects: SNR G330.2+1.0 (1)
- ISM: jets and outflows (1)
- ISM: magnetic fields (1)
- Internet (1)
- MAOA (1)
- Patient information (1)
- Readability (1)
- Reward processing (1)
- TRIPOD (1)
- Voxel-based morphometry (1)
- X-rays: general (1)
- X-rays: individuals: Circinus X-1 (1)
- X-rays: individuals: G15.4+0.1 (1)
- X-rays: individuals: GRS 1915+105 (1)
- X-rays: individuals: V4641 Sgr (1)
- X-rays: stars (1)
- anxiety disorders (1)
- astroparticle physic (1)
- black hole physics (1)
- catalogs (1)
- childhood adversity (1)
- clinical (1)
- cohort (1)
- conduct disorder (1)
- coping styles (1)
- cosmic background radiation (1)
- electronic health record (1)
- galaxies: distances and redshifts (1)
- galaxies: individual: PKS 0625-354 (1)
- galaxies: magnetic fields (1)
- galaxies: nuclei (1)
- gamma rays: (1)
- gamma rays: general(HESS J0632+057, VER J0633+057) (1)
- gamma-ray burst: individual (GRB 170817A) (1)
- gamma-ray burst: individual: GRB 100621A (1)
- gamma-rays: ISM (1)
- gamma-rays: general (1)
- gravitational waves (1)
- hospital (1)
- informatics (1)
- infrared: diffuse background (1)
- intergalactic medium (1)
- life stress (1)
- machine learning (1)
- maternal care (1)
- methods: MHD (1)
- methods: observational (1)
- mood disorders (1)
- mortality (1)
- performance (1)
- perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (1)
- prediction (1)
- pulsars: general (1)
- quasars: individual: 3C 279 (1)
- stars: black holes (1)
- stars: early-type (1)
- stars: evolution (1)
- stars: individual: 1FGL J1018.6-5856 (1)
- stars: magnetars (1)
- supernovae: individual: HESS J1818-154 (1)
IMPORTANCE: There is accumulating evidence relating maternal smoking during pregnancy to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) without elucidating specific mechanisms. Research investigating the neurobiological underpinnings of this disorder has implicated deficits during response inhibition. Attempts to uncover the effect of prenatal exposure to nicotine on inhibitory control may thus be of high clinical importance.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Functional magnetic resonance imaging response, morphometric data, lifetime ADHD symptoms, and novelty seeking.
RESULTS: Participants prenatally exposed to nicotine exhibited a weaker response in the anterior cingulate cortex (t(168) = 4.46; peak Montreal Neurological Institute [MNI] coordinates x = -2, y = 20, z = 30; familywise error [FWE]-corrected P = .003), the right inferior frontal gyrus (t(168) = 3.65; peak MNI coordinates x = 44, y = 38, z = 12; FWE-corrected P = .04), the left inferior frontal gyrus (t(168) = 4.09; peak MNI coordinates x = -38, y = 36, z = 8; FWE-corrected P = .009), and the supramarginal gyrus (t(168) = 5.03; peak MNI coordinates x = 64, y = -28, z = 22; FWE-corrected P = .02) during the processing of the NoGo compared to neutral stimuli, while presenting a decreased volume in the right inferior frontal gyrus. These findings were obtained irrespective of the adjustment of confounders, ADHD symptoms, and novelty seeking. There was an inverse relationship between inferior frontal gyrus activity and ADHD symptoms and between anterior cingulate cortex activity and novelty seeking.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings point to a functional involvement of prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke in neural alterations similar to ADHD, which underlines the importance of smoking prevention treatments.
Besides their function as one of the main contact points, websites of hospitals serve as medical information portals. All patients should be able to understand medical information texts; regardless of their literacy skills and educational level. Online texts should thus have an appropriate structure to ease their comprehension.
Patient information texts on every German nonuniversity ENT hospital website (n = 125) were systematically analysed. For ten different ENT topics a representative medical information text was extracted from each website. Using objective text parameters and five established readability indices, the texts were analysed in terms of their readability and structure. Furthermore, we stratified the analysis in relation to the hospital organisation system and geographical region in Germany.
Texts from 142 internet sites could be used for the definite analysis. On average, texts consisted of 15 sentences and 237 words. Readability indices congruously showed that the analysed texts could generally only be understood by a well-educated or even academic reader.
The majority of patient information texts on German hospital websites are difficult to understand for most patients. In order to fulfil their goal of adequately informing the general population about disease, therapeutic options and the particular focal points of the clinic, a revision of most medical texts on the websites of German ENT hospitals is recommended.
Several lines of evidence have implicated the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway in altered brain function resulting from exposure to early adversity. The present study examined the impact of early life adversity on different stages of neuronal reward processing later in life and their association with a related behavioral phenotype, i.e. attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 162 healthy young adults (mean age = 24.4 years; 58% female) from an epidemiological cohort study followed since birth participated in a simultaneous EEG-fMRI study using a monetary incentive delay task. Early life adversity according to an early family adversity index (EFA) and lifetime ADHD symptoms were assessed using standardized parent interviews conducted at the offspring's age of 3 months and between 2 and 15 years, respectively. fMRI region-of-interest analysis revealed a significant effect of EFA during reward anticipation in reward-related areas (i.e. ventral striatum, putamen, thalamus), indicating decreased activation when EFA increased. EEG analysis demonstrated a similar effect for the contingent negative variation (CNV), with the CNV decreasing with the level of EFA. In contrast, during reward delivery, activation of the bilateral insula, right pallidum and bilateral putamen increased with EFA. There was a significant association of lifetime ADHD symptoms with lower activation in the left ventral striatum during reward anticipation and higher activation in the right insula during reward delivery. The present findings indicate a differential long-term impact of early life adversity on reward processing, implicating hyporesponsiveness during reward anticipation and hyperresponsiveness when receiving a reward. Moreover, a similar activation pattern related to lifetime ADHD suggests that the impact of early life stress on ADHD may possibly be mediated by a dysfunctional reward pathway.
Positive coping styles and perigenual ACC volume: two related mechanisms for conferring resilience?
(2016)
Stress exposure has been linked to increased rates of depression and anxiety in adults, particularly in females, and has been associated with maladaptive changes in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which is an important brain structure involved in internalizing disorders. Coping styles are important mediators of the stress reaction by establishing homeostasis, and may thus confer resilience to stress-related psychopathology. Anatomical scans were acquired in 181 healthy participants at age 25 years. Positive coping styles were determined using a self-report questionnaire (German Stress Coping Questionnaire, SVF78) at age 22 years. Adult anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed at ages 22, 23 and 25 years with the Young Adult Self-Report. Information on previous internalizing diagnoses was obtained by diagnostic interview (2-19 years). Positive coping styles were associated with increased ACC volume. ACC volume and positive coping styles predicted anxiety and depression in a sex-dependent manner with increased positive coping and ACC volume being related to lower levels of psychopathology in females, but not in males. These results remained significant when controlled for previous internalizing diagnoses. These findings indicate that positive coping styles and ACC volume are two linked mechanisms, which may serve as protective factors against internalizing disorders.
Converging evidence emphasizes the role of an interaction between monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotype, environmental adversity, and sex in the pathophysiology of aggression. The present study aimed to clarify the impact of this interaction on neural activity in aggression-related brain systems. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 125 healthy adults from a high-risk community sample followed since birth. DNA was genotyped for the MAOA-VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats). Exposure to childhood life stress (CLS) between the ages of 4 and 11 years was assessed using a standardized parent interview, aggression by the Youth/Young Adult Self-Report between the ages of 15 and 25 years, and the VIRA-R (Vragenlijst Instrumentele En Reactieve Agressie) at the age of 15 years. Significant interactions were obtained between MAOA genotype, CLS, and sex relating to amygdala, hippocampus, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) response, respectively. Activity in the amygdala and hippocampus during emotional face-matching increased with the level of CLS in male MAOA-L, while decreasing in male MAOA-H, with the reverse pattern present in females. Findings in the opposite direction in the ACC during a flanker NoGo task suggested that increased emotional activity coincided with decreased inhibitory control. Moreover, increasing amygdala activity was associated with higher Y(A)SR aggression in male MAOA-L and female MAOA-H carriers. Likewise, a significant association between amygdala activity and reactive aggression was detected in female MAOA-H carriers. The results point to a moderating role of sex in the MAOAx CLS interaction for intermediate phenotypes of emotional and inhibitory processing, suggesting a possible mechanism in conferring susceptibility to violence-related disorders.
Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that altered dopamine transmission may increase the risk of mental disorders such as ADHD, schizophrenia or depression, possibly mediated by reward system dysfunction. This study aimed to clarify the impact of the COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism in interaction with environmental variation (G x E) on neuronal activity during reward processing. Methods: 168 healthy young adults from a prospective study conducted over 25 years participated in amonetary incentive delay task measured with simultaneous EEG-fMRI. DNA was genotyped for COMT, and childhood family adversity (CFA) up to age 11 was assessed by a standardized parent interview. Results: At reward delivery, a G x E revealed that fMRI activation for win vs. no-win trials in reward-related regions increased with the level of CFA in Met homozygotes as compared to Val/Met heterozygotes and Val homozygotes, who showed no significant effect. During the anticipation of monetary vs. verbal rewards, activation decreased with the level of CFA, which was also observed for EEG, in which the CNV declined with the level of CFA. Conclusions: These results identify convergent genetic and environmental effects on reward processing in a prospective study. Moreover, G x E effects during reward delivery suggest that stress during childhood is associated with higher reward sensitivity and reduced efficiency in processing rewarding stimuli in genetically at-risk individuals. Together with previous evidence, these results begin to define a specific system mediating interacting effects of early environmental and genetic risk factors, which may be targeted by early intervention and prevention. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Converging evidence has highlighted the association between poverty and conduct disorder (CD) without specifying neurobiological pathways. Neuroimaging research has emphasized structural and functional alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) as one key mechanism underlying this disorder. The present study aimed to clarify the long-term influence of early poverty on OFC volume and its association with CD symptoms in healthy participants of an epidemiological cohort study followed since birth. At age 25 years, voxel-based morphometry was applied to study brain volume differences. Poverty (0 = non-exposed (N = 134), I = exposed (N = 33)) and smoking during pregnancy were determined using a standardized parent interview, and information on maternal responsiveness was derived from videotaped mother infant interactions at the age of 3 months. CD symptoms were assessed by diagnostic interview from 8 to 19 years of age. Information on life stress was acquired at each assessment and childhood maltreatment was measured using retrospective self-report at the age of 23 years. Analyses were adjusted for sex, parental psychopathology and delinquency, obstetric adversity, parental education, and current poverty. Individuals exposed to early life poverty exhibited a lower OFC volume. Moreover, we replicated previous findings of increased CD symptoms as a consequence of childhood poverty. This effect proved statistically mediated by OFC volume and exposure to life stress and smoking during pregnancy, but not by childhood maltreatment and maternal responsiveness. These findings underline the importance of studying the impact of early life adversity on brain alterations and highlight the need for programs to decrease income-related disparities.
Ventral striatum and amygdala activity as convergence sites for early adversity and conduct disorder
(2017)
Childhood family adversity (CFA) increases the risk for conduct disorder (CD) and has been associated with alterations in regions of affective processing like ventral striatum (VS) and amygdala. However, no study so far has demonstrated neural converging effects of CFA and CD in the same sample. At age 25 years, functional MRI data during two affective tasks, i.e. a reward (N = 171) and a face-matching paradigm (N = 181) and anatomical scans (N = 181) were acquired in right-handed currently healthy participants of an epidemiological study followed since birth. CFA during childhood was determined using a standardized parent interview. Disruptive behaviors and CD diagnoses during childhood and adolescence were obtained by diagnostic interview (2–19 years), temperamental reward dependence was assessed by questionnaire (15 and 19 years).
CFA predicted increased CD and amygdala volume. Both exposure to CFA and CD were associated with a decreased VS response during reward anticipation and blunted amygdala activity during face-matching. CD mediated the effect of CFA on brain activity. Temperamental reward dependence was negatively correlated with CFA and CD and positively with VS activity. These findings underline the detrimental effects of CFA on the offspring's affective processing and support the importance of early postnatal intervention programs aiming to reduce childhood adversity factors.