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The SISAL database
(2018)
Atsawawaranunt, Kamolphat ; Comas-Bru, Laia ; Mozhdehi, Sahar Amirnezhad ; Deininger, Michael ; Harrison, Sandy P. ; Baker, Andy ; Boyd, Meighan ; Kaushal, Nikita ; Ahmad, Syed Masood ; Brahim, Yassine Ait ; Arienzo, Monica ; Bajo, Petra ; Braun, Kerstin ; Burstyn, Yuval ; Chawchai, Sakonvan ; Duan, Wuhui ; Hatvani, Istvan Gabor ; Hu, Jun ; Kern, Zoltan ; Labuhn, Inga ; Lachniet, Matthew ; Lechleitner, Franziska A. ; Lorrey, Andrew ; Perez-Mejias, Carlos ; Pickering, Robyn ; Scroxton, Nick ; Atkinson, Tim ; Ayalon, Avner ; Baldini, James ; Bar-Matthews, Miriam ; Pablo Bernal, Juan ; Breitenbach, Sebastian Franz Martin ; Boch, Ronny ; Borsato, Andrea ; Cai, Yanjun ; Carolin, Stacy ; Cheng, Hai ; Columbu, Andrea ; Couchoud, Isabelle ; Cruz, Francisco ; Demeny, Attila ; Dominguez-Villar, David ; Dragusin, Virgil ; Drysdale, Russell ; Ersek, Vasile ; Finne, Martin ; Fleitmann, Dominik ; Fohlmeister, Jens Bernd ; Frappier, Amy ; Genty, Dominique ; Holzkamper, Steffen ; Hopley, Philip ; Kathayat, Gayatri ; Keenan-Jones, Duncan ; Koltai, Gabriella ; Luetscher, Marc ; Li, Ting-Yong ; Lone, Mahjoor Ahmad ; Markowska, Monika ; Mattey, Dave ; McDermott, Frank ; Moreno, Ana ; Moseley, Gina ; Nehme, Carole ; Novello, Valdir F. ; Psomiadis, David ; Rehfeld, Kira ; Ruan, Jiaoyang ; Sekhon, Natasha ; Sha, Lijuan ; Sholz, Denis ; Shopov, Yavor ; Smith, Andrew ; Strikis, Nicolas ; Treble, Pauline ; Unal-Imer, Ezgi ; Vaks, Anton ; Vansteenberge, Stef ; Veiga-Pires, Cristina ; Voarintsoa, Ny Riavo ; Wang, Xianfeng ; Wong, Corinne ; Wortham, Barbara ; Wurtzel, Jennifer ; Zong, Baoyun
Stable isotope records from speleothems provide information on past climate changes, most particularly information that can be used to reconstruct past changes in precipitation and atmospheric circulation. These records are increasingly being used to provide "out-of-sample" evaluations of isotope-enabled climate models. SISAL (Speleothem Isotope Synthesis and Analysis) is an international working group of the Past Global Changes (PAGES) project. The working group aims to provide a comprehensive compilation of speleothem isotope records for climate reconstruction and model evaluation. The SISAL database contains data for individual speleothems, grouped by cave system. Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon (delta O-18, delta C-13) measurements are referenced by distance from the top or bottom of the speleothem. Additional tables provide information on dating, including information on the dates used to construct the original age model and sufficient information to assess the quality of each data set and to erect a standardized chronology across different speleothems. The metadata table provides location information, information on the full range of measurements carried out on each speleothem and information on the cave system that is relevant to the interpretation of the records, as well as citations for both publications and archived data.
Comas-Bru, Laia ; Harrison, Sandy P. ; Werner, Martin ; Rehfeld, Kira ; Scroxton, Nick ; Veiga-Pires, Cristina ; Ahmad, Syed Masood ; Brahim, Yassine Ait ; Mozhdehi, Sahar Amirnezhad ; Arienzo, Monica ; Atsawawaranunt, Kamolphat ; Baker, Andy ; Braun, Kerstin ; Breitenbach, Sebastian Franz Martin ; Burstyn, Yuval ; Chawchai, Sakonvan ; Columbu, Andrea ; Deininger, Michael ; Demeny, Attila ; Dixon, Bronwyn ; Hatvani, Istvan Gabor ; Hu, Jun ; Kaushal, Nikita ; Kern, Zoltan ; Labuhn, Inga ; Lachniet, Matthew S. ; Lechleitner, Franziska A. ; Lorrey, Andrew ; Markowska, Monika ; Nehme, Carole ; Novello, Valdir F. ; Oster, Jessica ; Perez-Mejias, Carlos ; Pickering, Robyn ; Sekhon, Natasha ; Wang, Xianfeng ; Warken, Sophie ; Atkinson, Tim ; Ayalon, Avner ; Baldini, James ; Bar-Matthews, Miryam ; Bernal, Juan Pablo ; Boch, Ronny ; Borsato, Andrea ; Boyd, Meighan ; Brierley, Chris ; Cai, Yanjun ; Carolin, Stacy ; Cheng, Hai ; Constantin, Silviu ; Couchoud, Isabelle ; Cruz, Francisco ; Denniston, Rhawn ; Dragusin, Virgil ; Duan, Wuhui ; Ersek, Vasile ; Finne, Martin ; Fleitmann, Dominik ; Fohlmeister, Jens Bernd ; Frappier, Amy ; Genty, Dominique ; Holzkamper, Steffen ; Hopley, Philip ; Johnston, Vanessa ; Kathayat, Gayatri ; Keenan-Jones, Duncan ; Koltai, Gabriella ; Li, Ting-Yong ; Lone, Mahjoor Ahmad ; Luetscher, Marc ; Mattey, Dave ; Moreno, Ana ; Moseley, Gina ; Psomiadis, David ; Ruan, Jiaoyang ; Scholz, Denis ; Sha, Lijuan ; Smith, Andrew Christopher ; Strikis, Nicolas ; Treble, Pauline ; Unal-Imer, Ezgi ; Vaks, Anton ; Vansteenberge, Stef ; Voarintsoa, Ny Riavo G. ; Wong, Corinne ; Wortham, Barbara ; Wurtzel, Jennifer ; Zhang, Haiwei
Although quantitative isotope data from speleothems has been used to evaluate isotope-enabled model simulations, currently no consensus exists regarding the most appropriate methodology through which to achieve this. A number of modelling groups will be running isotope-enabled palaeoclimate simulations in the framework of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, so it is timely to evaluate different approaches to using the speleothem data for data–model comparisons. Here, we illustrate this using 456 globally distributed speleothem δ18O records from an updated version of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL) database and palaeoclimate simulations generated using the ECHAM5-wiso isotope-enabled atmospheric circulation model. We show that the SISAL records reproduce the first-order spatial patterns of isotopic variability in the modern day, strongly supporting the application of this dataset for evaluating model-derived isotope variability into the past. However, the discontinuous nature of many speleothem records complicates the process of procuring large numbers of records if data–model comparisons are made using the traditional approach of comparing anomalies between a control period and a given palaeoclimate experiment. To circumvent this issue, we illustrate techniques through which the absolute isotope values during any time period could be used for model evaluation. Specifically, we show that speleothem isotope records allow an assessment of a model's ability to simulate spatial isotopic trends. Our analyses provide a protocol for using speleothem isotope data for model evaluation, including screening the observations to take into account the impact of speleothem mineralogy on δ18O values, the optimum period for the modern observational baseline and the selection of an appropriate time window for creating means of the isotope data for palaeo-time-slices.
Stefancu, Andrei ; Nan, Lin ; Zhu, Li ; Chis, Vasile ; Bald, Ilko ; Liu, Min ; Leopold, Nicolae ; Maier, Stefan A. ; Cortes, Emiliano
Plasmon-driven dehalogenation of brominated purines has been recently explored as a model system to understand fundamental aspects of plasmon-assisted chemical reactions. Here, it is shown that divalent Ca2+ ions strongly bridge the adsorption of bromoadenine (Br-Ade) to Ag surfaces.
Such ion-mediated binding increases the molecule's adsorption energy leading to an overlap of the metal energy states and the molecular states, enabling the chemical interface damping (CID) of the plasmon modes of the Ag nanostructures (i.e., direct electron transfer from the metal to Br-Ade).
Consequently, the conversion of Br-Ade to adenine almost doubles following the addition of Ca2+.
These experimental results, supported by theoretical calculations of the local density of states of the Ag/Br-Ade complex, indicate a change of the charge transfer pathway driving the dehalogenation reaction, from Landau damping (in the lack of Ca2+ ions) to CID (after the addition of Ca2+).
The results show that the surface dynamics of chemical species (including water molecules) play an essential role in charge transfer at plasmonic interfaces and cannot be ignored. It is envisioned that these results will help in designing more efficient nanoreactors, harnessing the full potential of plasmon-assisted chemistry.
Fan, Xuanmei ; Scaringi, Gianvito ; Korup, Oliver ; West, A. Joshua ; van Westen, Cees J. ; Tanyas, Hakan ; Hovius, Niels ; Hales, Tristram C. ; Jibson, Randall W. ; Allstadt, Kate E. ; Zhang, Limin ; Evans, Stephen G. ; Xu, Chong ; Li, Gen ; Pei, Xiangjun ; Xu, Qiang ; Huang, Runqiu
Large earthquakes initiate chains of surface processes that last much longer than the brief moments of strong shaking. Most moderate‐ and large‐magnitude earthquakes trigger landslides, ranging from small failures in the soil cover to massive, devastating rock avalanches. Some landslides dam rivers and impound lakes, which can collapse days to centuries later, and flood mountain valleys for hundreds of kilometers downstream. Landslide deposits on slopes can remobilize during heavy rainfall and evolve into debris flows. Cracks and fractures can form and widen on mountain crests and flanks, promoting increased frequency of landslides that lasts for decades. More gradual impacts involve the flushing of excess debris downstream by rivers, which can generate bank erosion and floodplain accretion as well as channel avulsions that affect flooding frequency, settlements, ecosystems, and infrastructure. Ultimately, earthquake sequences and their geomorphic consequences alter mountain landscapes over both human and geologic time scales. Two recent events have attracted intense research into earthquake‐induced landslides and their consequences: the magnitude M 7.6 Chi‐Chi, Taiwan earthquake of 1999, and the M 7.9 Wenchuan, China earthquake of 2008. Using data and insights from these and several other earthquakes, we analyze how such events initiate processes that change mountain landscapes, highlight research gaps, and suggest pathways toward a more complete understanding of the seismic effects on the Earth's surface.
Cook, Katherine V. ; Li, Chuang ; Cai, Haiyuan ; Krumholz, Lee R. ; Hambright, K. David ; Paerl, Hans W. ; Steffen, Morgan M. ; Wilson, Alan E. ; Burford, Michele A. ; Grossart, Hans-Peter ; Hamilton, David P. ; Jiang, Helong ; Sukenik, Assaf ; Latour, Delphine ; Meyer, Elisabeth I. ; Padisak, Judit ; Qin, Boqiang ; Zamor, Richard M. ; Zhu, Guangwei
Bacteria play key roles in the function and diversity of aquatic systems, but aside from study of specific bloom systems, little is known about the diversity or biogeography of bacteria associated with harmful cyanobacterial blooms (cyanoHABs). CyanoHAB species are known to shape bacterial community composition and to rely on functions provided by the associated bacteria, leading to the hypothesized cyanoHAB interactome, a coevolved community of synergistic and interacting bacteria species, each necessary for the success of the others. Here, we surveyed the microbiome associated with Microcystis aeruginosa during blooms in 12 lakes spanning four continents as an initial test of the hypothesized Microcystis interactome. We predicted that microbiome composition and functional potential would be similar across blooms globally. Our results, as revealed by 16S rRNA sequence similarity, indicate that M. aeruginosa is cosmopolitan in lakes across a 280 degrees longitudinal and 90 degrees latitudinal gradient. The microbiome communities were represented by a wide range of operational taxonomic units and relative abundances. Highly abundant taxa were more related and shared across most sites and did not vary with geographic distance, thus, like Microcystis, revealing no evidence for dispersal limitation. High phylogenetic relatedness, both within and across lakes, indicates that microbiome bacteria with similar functional potential were associated with all blooms. While Microcystis and the microbiome bacteria shared many genes, whole-community metagenomic analysis revealed a suite of biochemical pathways that could be considered complementary. Our results demonstrate a high degree of similarity across global Microcystis blooms, thereby providing initial support for the hypothesized Microcystis interactome.
Stoof-Leichsenring, Kathleen R. ; Huang, Sichao ; Liu, Sisi ; Jia, Weihan ; Li, Kai ; Liu, Xingqi ; Pestryakova, Luidmila A. ; Herzschuh, Ulrike
Arctic and alpine aquatic ecosystems are changing rapidly under recent global warming, threatening water resources by diminishing trophic status and changing biotic composition. Macrophytes play a key role in the ecology of freshwaters and we need to improve our understanding of long-term macrophytes diversity and environmental change so far limited by the sporadic presence of macrofossils in sediments.
In our study, we applied metabarcoding using the trnL P6 loop marker to retrieve macrophyte richness and composition from 179 surface-sediment samples from arctic Siberian and alpine Chinese lakes and three representative lake cores.
The surface-sediment dataset suggests that macrophyte richness and composition are mostly affected by temperature and conductivity, with highest richness when mean July temperatures are higher than 12 degrees C and conductivity ranges between 40 and 400 mu S cm(-1). Compositional turnover during the Late Pleistocene/Holocene is minor in Siberian cores and characterized by a less rich, but stable emergent macrophyte community. Richness decreases during the Last Glacial Maximum and rises during wetter and warmer climate in the Late-glacial and Mid-Holocene.
In contrast, we detect a pronounced change from emergent to submerged taxa at 14 ka in the Tibetan alpine core, which can be explained by increasing temperature and conductivity due to glacial runoff and evaporation.
Our study provides evidence for the suitability of the trnL marker to recover modern and past macrophyte diversity and its applicability for the response of macrophyte diversity to lake-hydrochemical and climate variability predicting contrasting macrophyte changes in arctic and alpine lakes under intensified warming and human impact.
LegacyPollen 1.0
(2022)
Herzschuh, Ulrike ; Li, Chenzhi ; Boehmer, Thomas ; Postl, Alexander K. ; Heim, Birgit ; Andreev, Andrei A. ; Cao, Xianyong ; Wieczorek, Mareike ; Ni, Jian
Here we describe the LegacyPollen 1.0, a dataset of 2831 fossil pollen records with metadata, a harmonized taxonomy, and standardized chronologies.
A total of 1032 records originate from North America, 1075 from Europe, 488 from Asia, 150 from Latin America, 54 from Africa, and 32 from the Indo-Pacific.
The pollen data cover the late Quaternary (mostly the Holocene). The original 10 110 pollen taxa names (including variations in the notations) were harmonized to 1002 terrestrial taxa (including Cyperaceae), with woody taxa and major herbaceous taxa harmonized to genus level and other herbaceous taxa to family level.
The dataset is valuable for synthesis studies of, for example, taxa areal changes, vegetation dynamics, human impacts (e.g., deforestation), and climate change at global or continental scales.
The harmonized pollen and metadata as well as the harmonization table are available from PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.929773; Herzschuh et al., 2021). R code for the harmonization is provided at Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5910972; Herzschuh et al., 2022) so that datasets at a customized harmonization level can be easily established.
As the recent permafrost thawing of northern Asia proceeds due to anthropogenic climate change, precise and detailed palaeoecological records from past warm periods are essential to anticipate the extent of future permafrost variations. Here, based on the modern relationship between permafrost and vegetation (represented by pollen assemblages), we trained a Random Forest model using pollen and permafrost data and verified its reliability to reconstruct the history of permafrost in northern Asia during the Holocene. An early Holocene (12-8 cal ka BP) strong thawing trend, a middle-to-late Holocene (8-2 cal ka BP) relatively slow thawing trend, and a late Holocene freezing trend of permafrost in northern Asia are consistent with climatic proxies such as summer solar radiation and Northern Hemisphere temperature. The extensive distribution of permafrost in northern Asia inhibited the spread of evergreen coniferous trees during the early Holocene warming and might have decelerated the enhancement of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) by altering hydrological processes and albedo. Based on these findings, we suggest that studies of the EASM should consider more the state of permafrost and vegetation in northern Asia, which are often overlooked and may have a profound impact on climate change in this region.
Irrgang, Anna M. ; Bendixen, Mette ; Farquharson, Louise M. ; Baranskaya, Alisa ; Erikson, Li H. ; Gibbs, Ann E. ; Ogorodov, Stanislav A. ; Overduin, Pier Paul ; Lantuit, Hugues ; Grigoriev, Mikhail N. ; Jones, Benjamin M.
Arctic coasts are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including rising sea levels and the loss of permafrost, sea ice and glaciers. Assessing the influence of anthropogenic warming on Arctic coastal dynamics, however, is challenged by the limited availability of observational, oceanographic and environmental data. Yet, with the majority of permafrost coasts being erosive, coupled with projected intensification of erosion and flooding, understanding these changes is critical. In this Review, we describe the morphological diversity of Arctic coasts, discuss important drivers of coastal change, explain the specific sensitivity of Arctic coasts to climate change and provide an overview of pan-Arctic shoreline change and its multifaceted impacts. Arctic coastal changes impact the human environment by threatening coastal settlements, infrastructure, cultural sites and archaeological remains. Changing sediment fluxes also impact the natural environment through carbon, nutrient and pollutant release on a magnitude that remains difficult to predict. Increasing transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary collaboration efforts will build the foundation for identifying sustainable solutions and adaptation strategies to reduce future risks for those living on, working at and visiting the rapidly changing Arctic coast.