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The AlpArray seismic network
(2018)
The AlpArray programme is a multinational, European consortium to advance our understanding of orogenesis and its relationship to mantle dynamics, plate reorganizations, surface processes and seismic hazard in the Alps-Apennines-Carpathians-Dinarides orogenic system. The AlpArray Seismic Network has been deployed with contributions from 36 institutions from 11 countries to map physical properties of the lithosphere and asthenosphere in 3D and thus to obtain new, high-resolution geophysical images of structures from the surface down to the base of the mantle transition zone. With over 600 broadband stations operated for 2 years, this seismic experiment is one of the largest simultaneously operated seismological networks in the academic domain, employing hexagonal coverage with station spacing at less than 52 km. This dense and regularly spaced experiment is made possible by the coordinated coeval deployment of temporary stations from numerous national pools, including ocean-bottom seismometers, which were funded by different national agencies. They combine with permanent networks, which also required the cooperation of many different operators. Together these stations ultimately fill coverage gaps. Following a short overview of previous large-scale seismological experiments in the Alpine region, we here present the goals, construction, deployment, characteristics and data management of the AlpArray Seismic Network, which will provide data that is expected to be unprecedented in quality to image the complex Alpine mountains at depth.
This article gives an overview of the current status of knowledge concerning the role of nanoparticles (inorganic and organic) in deep geological host rocks and the potential influence of these nanoparticles on radionuclide migration in far-field systems. The manuscript is not intended to be a full review paper or overview paper concerning nanoparticles, here the intention is to refer to recent publications but to highlight the progress made in the 6th framework project IP FUNMIG (Fundamental processes of radionuclide migration) and the open literature over the past 5 a concerning the process understanding of nanoparticle related issues in the three host rock formations investigated, namely: claystones, crystalline rocks and salt rock overburden. The results show inter alia that the inorganic nanoparticle concentration in deep groundwaters of advection dominated systems rarely exceeds 1 mg L (1) and is expected to be in the ng L (1) range in diffusion controlled systems. For organic nanoparticles DOC concentrations up to tens of milligrams in diffusion-controlled indurated clays with molecular sizes mostly <500 Da have been found. Fulvic acid type organics have been identified in crystalline environments and plastic Clay formations (Boom Clay) with molecular sizes <= 300 kDa. Additional sources of inorganic nanoparticles from the repository near-field (compacted bentonite) were identified and the initial erosion rates were determined. The results indicate under stagnant conditions similar to 38 mg cm (2) a (1) for bi-distilled water, similar to 20 mg cm (2) a (1) for glacial melt water (Grimsel groundwater) and very low rates similar to 0.02 mg cm (2) a (1) for 5 mM CaCl2 contact water. The low critical coagulation concentration (CCC) indicative for purely diffusion controlled coagulation of 1 mM L (1) Ca2+ found in bentonite nanoparticle stability analysis matches the low nanoparticle mobilization from compacted bentonite found in these systems.