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Ankündigungen - Jahrestagung des Arbeitskreises Militärgeschichte in Potsdam vom 16. bis 17. März 2001 - Internationale Zitadellentagung in Spandau vom 6. bis 10. Juni 2001 Veranstaltungsberichte - Scotland and the Thirty Years War (Robert Frost) - Bericht über die Mitgliederversammlung des AMG (Gundula Gahlen) - Dresden im 19. Jahrhundert. Revolution. Soldatenalltag (Kieron Kleinert) Interview - Interview mit Prof. Dr. Bernhard R. Kroener (Olaf Gründel) Projektberichte - Die Offiziere der Liga. Prosopographische Beiträge zur Geschichte des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (Ulrich von Breithaupt) - Eigentlicher Bericht / So wol auch Abcontrafeytung (Annette Hempel) - Der Dreißigjährige Krieg in seiner Bedeutung für die ländliche Sozialstruktur (Brandenburg) (Michael Herrmann) - Militär und Gesellschaft. Die Integration Halles in den brandenburg-preußischen Staat (1680 - 1740/50) (Ute Fahrig) - Zur unkonfessionalisierten Mentalität von Söldnern im Krieg der Konfessionen (Cornel A. Zwierlein) - Der Mythos vom Befreiungskrieg (Ute Planert) - Zwangsaushebungen, Ersatzmänner und Bauerngemeinschaft im 17. Jahrhundert in Schweden (Mikko Huhtamies) - Psychologische Aspekte friedrizianischer Taktik im Siebenjährigen Krieg (Sascha Möbius) - Das stehende Heer im Ständestaat (1650 - 1803) (Jutta Nowosadtko) - Militär und Gesellschaft in Brandenburg-Preußen: Das Beispiel Nauen 1763 - 1806 (Dorit Schneider) Veröffentlichungen - Schriftenreihe des AMG: Herrschaft und soziale Systeme in der Frühen Neuzeit - Die Kriegskunst im Lichte der Vernunft, hrsg. v. Daniel Hohrath u. Klaus Gerteis - Söldnerleben am Vorabend des Dreißigjährigen Krieges, hrsg. und bearb. von Holger Th. Gräf - Jürgen Luh: Ancien Regime Warfare and the Military Revolution - Veröffentlichungen des AMG
In order to modulate the emission of BODIPY fluorophores, they were connected to a diarylethene (DAE) photoswitch via phenylene-ethynylene linkers of different lengths and orientations. The latter allowed for modulation of the electronic coupling in the prepared four BODIPY-DAE dyads, which were compared also to appropriate BODIPY and DAE model compounds by steady state as well as time-resolved spectroscopies. In their open isomers, all dyads show comparable luminescence behavior indicative of an unperturbed BODIPY fluorophore. In strong contrast, in the closed isomers the BODIPY emission is efficiently quenched but the deactivation mechanism depends on the nature of the linker. The most promising dyad was rendered water-soluble by means of micellar encapsulation and aqueous suspensions were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy. Our results (i) illustrate that the electronic communication between the BODIPY and DAE units can indeed be fine-tuned by the nature of the linker to achieve fluorescence modulation while maintaining photoswitchability and (ii) highlight potential applications to image and control biological processes with high spatio-temporal resolution.
Influenza A virus is a pathogen responsible for severe seasonal epidemics threatening human and animal populations every year. One of the ten major proteins encoded by the viral genome, the matrix protein M1, is abundantly produced in infected cells and plays a structural role in determining the morphology of the virus. During assembly of new viral particles, M1 is recruited to the host cell membrane where it associates with lipids and other viral proteins. The structure of M1 is only partially known. In particular, structural details of M1 interactions with the cellular plasma membrane as well as M1 protein interactions and multimerization have not been clarified, yet. In this work, we employed a set of complementary experimental and theoretical tools to tackle these issues. Using raster image correlation, surface plasmon resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopies, we quantified membrane association and oligomerization of full-length M1 and of different genetically engineered M1 constructs (i.e., N- and C-terminally truncated constructs and a mutant of the polybasic region, residues 95-105). Furthermore, we report novel information on structural changes in M1 occurring upon binding to membranes. Our experimental results are corroborated by an all-atom model of the full-length M1 protein bound to a negatively charged lipid bilayer.
In freshwater systems, many abiotic and biotic factors determine the natural fluctuation of Daphnia spec. populations: climatic and water quality parameters, quantitative and qualitative food quality and quantity, predation, and humic substances. Many factors/stressors act in concert. In this contribution, we supplied Daphnia magna with two different diets (chlorococcal alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and baker's yeast) fed ad libitum and exposed it to an environmentally realistic concentration of humic substances (HSs). Exposure to HSs caused a transcriptionally controlled stress response with studied genes; cat and hsp60, for the latter partial sequences have been identified. Furthermore, the exposure to HSs reduced the antioxidant capacity. Yet, a much stronger oxidative stress is caused by feeding yeast, which reduced the anti-oxidative capacity to values of approximately 50% of the green algal diet. This reduction is most likely due to the yeast's cell wall to resist digestion rather than to the elemental ratio or deficiency in long-chained unsaturated fatty acids, because both diets were deficient in fatty acids with back bones of more than 20 C-atoms. We assume that the biochemical machinery in the gut continuously activated oxygen to cleave the yeast's cell wall and, hence, reduced the antioxidative capacity of the animals. Neither the analyzed oxidant, H2O2, nor the antioxidants, total apparent ascorbic acid nor free proline, reflected the oxidative stress situations properly. In addition to the stress, HS exposure extended the mean lifespan of algae-fed D. magna, but at the expense of offspring numbers; so did also the pure yeast diet as compared to the algae diet. The first lifespan extension can be explained by the potential of HSs to block the pathway via the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF), whereas the second matches the, in aging papers, well described, but mechanistically poorly understood caloric restriction. Yeast-fed animals, exposed to HSs changed the energy allocation by reducing life span, but increasing offspring numbers. With the lifespan and offspring numbers, ecologically relevant parameters are differently affected by the simultaneous action of two environmentally relevant stressors.
Molecular rods consisting of a hydrophobic backbone and terminally varying functional groups have been synthesized for applications for the functionalization of membranes. In the present study, we employ a spin-labeled analogue of a recently described new class of molecular rods to characterize their dynamic interactions with membranes. By using the different approaches of ESR and NMR spectroscopy, we show that the spin moiety of the membrane-embedded spin-labeled rod is localized in the upper chain/glycerol region of membranes of different compositions. The rod is embedded within the membrane in a tilted orientation to adjust for the varying hydrophobic thicknesses of these bilayers. This orientation does not perturb the membrane structure. The water solubility of the rod is increased significantly in the presence of certain cyclodextrins. These cyclodextrins also allow the rods to be extracted from the membrane and incorporated into preformed membranes. The latter will improve the future applications of these rods in cellular systems as stable membrane-associated anchors for the functionalization of membrane surfaces.
We investigated mechanisms of reproductive isolation in livebearing fishes (genus Poecilia) inhabiting sulfidic and nonsulfidic habitats in three replicate river drainages. Although sulfide spring fish convergently evolved divergent phenotypes, it was unclear if mechanisms of reproductive isolation also evolved convergently. Using microsatellites, we found strongly reduced gene flow between adjacent populations from different habitat types, suggesting that local adaptation to sulfidic habitats repeatedly caused the emergence of reproductive isolation. Reciprocal translocation experiments indicate strong selection against immigrants into sulfidic waters, but also variation among drainages in the strength of selection against immigrants into nonsulfidic waters. Mate choice experiments revealed the evolution of assortative mating preferences in females from nonsulfidic but not from sulfidic habitats. The inferred strength of sexual selection against immigrants (RIs) was negatively correlated with the strength of natural selection (RIm), a pattern that could be attributed to reinforcement, whereby natural selection strengthens behavioral isolation due to reduced hybrid fitness. Overall, reproductive isolation and genetic differentiation appear to be replicated and direct consequences of local adaptation to sulfide spring environments, but the relative contributions of different mechanisms of reproductive isolation vary across these evolutionarily independent replicates, highlighting both convergent and nonconvergent evolutionary trajectories of populations in each drainage.