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The earliest types of versification of the Insular literatures in the early middles ages (Old English, Old Welsh, Old Irish, Middle Breton) were oral-derived, i.e. orally composed and intended for listening audiences. The written records of such early poems, poreserved in the manuscripts, still reflect the flexibility of the metriccal constraints. This type of poetry is characterised by the avoidance of the total identity of the recurrent phonetic features. Rhyme is 'only' near-rhyme, alliteration only near-alliteration, accentuality only near-accentual recurrence, syllabicity only near-syllabicity etc.. This type of oral-derived aesthetics requires a very fine ear for the distinction and appreciation of the metrical near-samenesses and probably a prolongued training in the acquisition of metrical skills on teh part of the poet. In the later written poetries, which were both literate in composition and reception ("reading"), the ear was replaced by the eye. THis seems ot have required identical recurrence of metrical ffeatures rather than near-identities, ultimately leading to forms like 'rime riche' (like in French poetry), which would have been considered to be cloying in the early oral(-derived) context. In other words, the aesthetic potential of the metrical constraints depends on the medium of communication.
High pressure X-ray diffraction, absorption, luminescence and Raman scattering study of Cs2MoS4
(1997)
At the suggestion of the then editor of 'Studia Celtica Japonica,' Professor Toshio Doi, this bibliography lists the returns of a questionnaire sent to all scholars in Germany who were actively involved in Celtic Studies between 1980 and 1995. They were asked to list all their publications in the field of Celtic Studies, so as to allow to carry out a survey of their research activities during this period. While most scholars kindly obliged by returning their lists, there were notable exceptions who never answered the query. Regretably, the present bibliography therefore contains important gaps, which, however, may be quite telling as far as the research situation in Germany was concerned during that period.
The great Old English epic 'Beowulf' has been dated to practically every century between the 6th and the 11th century, depending on the criteria of dating adopted and the approaches advocated by the respective scholars. As the text successfully avoids to provide definite cues or evidence for a definitive date, these scholarly attempts reveal more about the respective scholars' research interests than offering uncontroversial dates. The point of dating 'Beowulf' then seems to provide scholars with the opportunity to anchor their own personal understanding of the poem within the century of their own personal predilection.
DO in Contact?
(1997)
Periphrastic English constructions involving the verbs BE/HAVE + a nominalised verb form expressing [+imperfectivity] and [+perfectivity] have close analogues in the Insular Celtic languages, where Celtic analogues of the English verb BE + a prepositional construction marker + Verbal Noun are used. The two constructions in English and teh Celtic languages are not identical and cannot be so, because the Celtic languages do not feature present and past participles and English has no verbal nouns. But the two types of the periphrastic mode of expressing aspect are close enough to suggest either a shift scenario, a borrowing scenario and/or an areal spread by diffusion over a long period of time. Since Old English did not mark aspect, neither morphologically nor syntactically, but Old Welsh and Old Irish already did so syntactically, it is suggested here that a unilateral transfer process was involved here, which proceeded from the Celtic languages to the English language. Aspectual transfer is even more pronounced in the so-called 'Celtic Englishes,' where in addition to the periphrastic marking of [+ imperfectivity] and [+perfectivity] the marking of [+habituality] is a grammaticalised feature and is periphrastically expressed.