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The present article ties in with an earlier study by Chomsky (1970) on nominalizations in English, which was then refined primarily in the influential work of Jane Grimshaw (1990) and is dealt with in detail in Borer (2013) and in Kosta (2020). In contrast to the English gerundives, which do not lose verbal behavior due to the derivation in the syntax and maintain all grammatical categories and characteristics of verbs, which is why one can speak of a real conversion while preserving the verbal semantics, the situation is somewhat different in Czech. In the deverbal, deadjective and other derivations, the Czech apparently made the transition to the noun with its critical properties, which is shown by certain restrictions in the aspectuality marking of deverbal noun phrases on -ni-, -ti-, which, e.g., do not pass the progression durativity test (Vendler 1967). In passive constructions, as is well known, a valence point in the position of the external argument is reduced compared to the corresponding active sentences, while the external argument position in anti-causatives is also not available in the deep structure. In addition to the syntactic restrictions that are evident in nominalizations in the context of simple sentences of different sentence types (causative, anti-causative, passive) and demonstrate the nominal character of certain types of deverbal noun phrases in the first part of this article, the second part of the essay deals with more complex structures and extends its analytical and theoretical part to the phenomenon of nominalizing subordinate clauses. The aim of the central part of this contribution is therefore to test the nominal properties of embedded conjunctional sentences and of embedded headless relative sentences on the basis of empirical data and thus contribute to the knowledge of whether certain types of relative sentences can (or must) be nominalized.
The Focus Feature Revisited
(2007)
Im folgenden Beitrag, der an meine früheren Untersuchungen zu Aspektgebrauch beim verneinten Imperativ im Russischen, Tschechischen und den südslavischen Sprachen Bulgarisch und Serbisch/Kroatisch anknüpft (Kosta 1999), geht es mir um die eigentümliche - da eigentlich "unslavische" - Verwendung der Form des pf. Aspekts im analytischen Futur des Typs "Gaz buzotej swajzbarskej manzelskej po 50 letach k woltarju stupis (pf. Aspekt)" "Wenn die (beiden) Eheleute nach 50 Jahren zum Altar treten(pf.Aspekt) werden", einem Usus, der sich in beiden sorbischen Schriftsprachen (Nieder- und Obersorbisch) seit den ältesten Denkmäler der ns./os. Sprachen nachweisen lässt. Aufgrund eines synchron-diachronen Querschnitts durch verschiedene Texte, Textsorten und unter Einbeziehung von Sprechern verschiedener sozialer Bereiche bis hin zu jüngsten Tonbandaufzeichnungen von sorbischen Muttersprachlern aus dem sorbischen Rundfunk sowie Texten des Nowy Casnik 2001 ensteht ein objektives synchrones Bild,das die früheren Annahmen einer Interferenzerscheinung (eines "Fehlers"), bedingt durch den deutsch-sorbischen Sprachkontakt, obsolet erscheinen lässt. Wir versuchen, die Herausbildung dieses ungewöhnlichen Gebrauchs als eine idiosynkratische natürliche Weiterentwicklung des ns. Aspekt-/Aktionsartensystems zu deuten, die mit Lexikalisierung der Aspektkategorie zur Aktionsart und der Degrammatikalisierung und einem Abbau der synthetischen einfachen Vergangenheitstempora (Aorist und Imperfekt) einhergeht. Eine Form wie: "budu ten list napisas" (pf. Aspekt) hat eben in der deutschen Übersetzung die wörtliche Bedeutung "ich werde den Brief aufschreiben" und nicht "ich werde den Brief schreiben". In den anderen nordslavischen (= ost- und westslavischen) Sprachen könnte man einen solchen Satz nicht äußern. Im Russischen wäre es "ja napisu" (pf. Aspekt, Ganzheitlichkeit) oder "ja budu pisat'" (ipf. Aspekt mit analytischem Futur, Prozess in naher Zukunft).
Der Artikel gibt einen umfangreichen Überblick über die bisherige Forschung zur Theorie der Stereotypen- und Prototypensemantik und ihren zentralen Begriffen im slavischen und außerslavischen Sprachraum sowie zum Begriff des "nationalen Stereotyps". Anhand empirischer Untersuchungen polnischer und tschechischer Linguisten beleuchtet er das Tschechenbild bei den Polen und das Polenbild bei den Tschechen.
The article is concerned with the acquisition of empty categories within the Principles-and-Parameters framework (Chomsky 1995; 1998; 2000; 2001ab; 2004). The ealy null subject is one of the most studied topics in the acquisition of syntax. Scholars have taken two basic positions on this phenomenon. One holds that the early null subject reflects an aspect of children's competence. The other tackles the problem by appealing to limitations on children's performance. This article is organized as follows: section 1 presents and evaluates the logical aspect of language acquisition under the P&P approach and gives insights into word order phenomena and the structure of early sentences. Section 2 is concerned with the null subject (pro-drop)-parameter and attributes this phenomenon to an incorrect setting of the parameters governing the lexical expression of subjects across languages. One theory assimilates the early null subject to null subjects in Slavic languages and Italian, and the other assimilates it to null subjects in Chinese
Peter Kosta/Madlena Norberg "Czech, German, and English Translations/Adaptations of Mato Kosyk's Poetry - Some Translatological Considerations" The article is devoted to the question of translation/adaptation of Mato Kosyk's poetry into Czech, German, and English. Our point of departure is the hypothesis that translators must decide between a straightforward translation of the Lower Sorbian original and a literary adaptation. If the translator opts for sticking to the original then he must strive to keep the rhythm, the metre, and also the rhyme, line or verse on the formal side of the linguistic sign (signifiant) but also to repeat figurative expressions, symbols, metaphors, and lexical idiosyncrasies that are part of the content side (signifié) of the original. The analysis concentrates on two poems by the foremost poet of Lower Sorbian literature, Mato Kosyk, written in his American period, viz. "Sledna roza" ((1893) in the translations by the two Czech poets, K. Sedlácek ("Poslední ruze" (1926)) and J. Pelísek (1935), and "Popajzony spiwarik" (1893) in the German translation by Pets Janas (2003) and in the adaptation by Kito Lorenc (1981), as well as the English translation by Roland Marti (2003).
"Unaccusativity (Ergativity) and Unergativity in Czech, Polish and some other Slavic languages at the morpho- syntactic interface" Ergativity, or Unaccusativity, as a potential universal verbal class with idiosyncratic morphosyntactic properties, shows up in many languages of different genetic and typological origin. In Slavic, there have been only few approaches up to now that tried to show which tests and diagnostic criteria can confirm or reject the universal character of these phenomena. The following article tries to resolve the problem by assuming a new syntactic and semantic analysis on ergativity in Slavic including new theories within the Minimalist framework (Chomsky 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001ab). Keywords: Unaccusativity, Ergativity, Unergativity; Conflation, Argument Structure; UTAH, Aspectual Mapping Hypothesis, Visibility Condition, Case Assignment, Theta-Theory, Burzio's Generalization, Morphosyntax, Distributed Morphology, Late Insertion, Representation Theory.