Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Wissenschaftlicher Artikel (16)
- Sonstiges (4)
- Postprint (3)
- Konferenzveröffentlichung (1)
Sprache
- Englisch (24)
Gehört zur Bibliographie
- ja (24)
Schlagworte
- Alcohol dependence (6)
- Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (4)
- Reinforcement learning (3)
- alcohol (3)
- Computational psychiatry (2)
- Decision-making (2)
- Pavlovian‐to‐instrumental transfer (2)
- Relapse (2)
- amygdala (2)
- high risk drinkers (2)
- high‐risk drinking (2)
- interference control (2)
- polygenic risk (2)
- Affective modulation (1)
- Alcohol expectancy (1)
- Avoidance learning (1)
- D2/3 receptors (1)
- D3 receptor (1)
- Depression symptoms (1)
- Dopamine (1)
- Dopamine D2 (1)
- Future drinking behavior (1)
- Goal-directed control (1)
- Human (1)
- Human neuroimaging (1)
- Medial prefrontal cortex (1)
- Multivoxel classification (1)
- Nucleus accumbens (1)
- PET (1)
- Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (1)
- Positron emission tomography (1)
- Reward learning (1)
- Stressful life events (1)
- Striatum (1)
- Treatment outcome (1)
- acute stress (1)
- alcohol dependence (1)
- cognitive abilities (1)
- decision-making (1)
- dependence (1)
- dopamine (1)
- fluid intelligence (1)
- habitual and goal-directed system (1)
- high risk (1)
- human Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (1)
- hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis (1)
- model-based and model-free learning (1)
- nucleus accumbens (1)
- physiological reactivity (1)
- relapse in alcohol use disorder (1)
- reward (1)
Institut
Theories of decision-making and its neural substrates have long assumed the existence of two distinct and competing valuation systems, variously described as goal-directed vs. habitual, or, more recently and based on statistical arguments, as model-free vs. model-based reinforcement-learning. Though both have been shown to control choices, the cognitive abilities associated with these systems are under ongoing investigation. Here we examine the link to cognitive abilities, and find that individual differences in processing speed covary with a shift from model-free to model-based choice control in the presence of above-average working memory function. This suggests shared cognitive and neural processes; provides a bridge between literatures on intelligence and valuation; and may guide the development of process models of different valuation components. Furthermore, it provides a rationale for individual differences in the tendency to deploy valuation systems, which may be important for understanding the manifold neuropsychiatric diseases associated with malfunctions of valuation.
Background: Human and animal work suggests a shift from goal-directed to habitual decision-making in addiction. However, the evidence for this in human alcohol dependence is as yet inconclusive. Methods: Twenty-six healthy controls and 26 recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients underwent behavioral testing with a 2-step task designed to disentangle goal-directed and habitual response patterns. Results: Alcohol-dependent patients showed less evidence of goal-directed choices than healthy controls, particularly after losses. There was no difference in the strength of the habitual component. The group differences did not survive controlling for performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Task. Conclusion: Chronic alcohol use appears to selectively impair goal-directed function, rather than promoting habitual responding. It appears to do so particularly after nonrewards, and this may be mediated by the effects of alcohol on more general cognitive functions subserved by the prefrontal cortex.
Importance Alcohol consumption (AC) leads to death and disability worldwide. Ongoing discussions on potential negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on AC need to be informed by real-world evidence.
Objective To examine whether lockdown measures are associated with AC and consumption-related temporal and psychological within-person mechanisms.
Design, Setting, and Participants This quantitative, intensive, longitudinal cohort study recruited 1743 participants from 3 sites from February 20, 2020, to February 28, 2021. Data were provided before and within the second lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: before lockdown (October 2 to November 1, 2020); light lockdown (November 2 to December 15, 2020); and hard lockdown (December 16, 2020, to February 28, 2021).
Main Outcomes and Measures Daily ratings of AC (main outcome) captured during 3 lockdown phases (main variable) and temporal (weekends and holidays) and psychological (social isolation and drinking intention) correlates.
Results Of the 1743 screened participants, 189 (119 [63.0%] male; median [IQR] age, 37 [27.5-52.0] years) with at least 2 alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) yet without the need for medically supervised alcohol withdrawal were included. These individuals provided 14 694 smartphone ratings from October 2020 through February 2021. Multilevel modeling revealed significantly higher AC (grams of alcohol per day) on weekend days vs weekdays (β = 11.39; 95% CI, 10.00-12.77; P < .001). Alcohol consumption was above the overall average on Christmas (β = 26.82; 95% CI, 21.87-31.77; P < .001) and New Year’s Eve (β = 66.88; 95% CI, 59.22-74.54; P < .001). During the hard lockdown, perceived social isolation was significantly higher (β = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.06-0.15; P < .001), but AC was significantly lower (β = −5.45; 95% CI, −8.00 to −2.90; P = .001). Independent of lockdown, intention to drink less alcohol was associated with lower AC (β = −11.10; 95% CI, −13.63 to −8.58; P < .001). Notably, differences in AC between weekend and weekdays decreased both during the hard lockdown (β = −6.14; 95% CI, −9.96 to −2.31; P = .002) and in participants with severe AUD (β = −6.26; 95% CI, −10.18 to −2.34; P = .002).
Conclusions and Relevance This 5-month cohort study found no immediate negative associations of lockdown measures with overall AC. Rather, weekend-weekday and holiday AC patterns exceeded lockdown effects. Differences in AC between weekend days and weekdays evinced that weekend drinking cycles decreased as a function of AUD severity and lockdown measures, indicating a potential mechanism of losing and regaining control. This finding suggests that temporal patterns and drinking intention constitute promising targets for prevention and intervention, even in high-risk individuals.