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The paper studies the regional integration as the unique process which depends on the degree of cooperation and interchange among regions. The generalisation of existing approaches for regional integration has been classified by the criterions. The data of the main economic indicators have been analysed. The economic analysis proves the differences in production endowments, the asymmetry in fixed capital investment, the disproportional income, and foreign direct investment distribution in 2001 – 2005 in Ukrainian regions. Econometric modelling depicts the existence of the division for the industrial regions with high urbanisation and backward agrarian regions in the Ukraine, the industrial development disparities among regions; the insufficient infrastructure (telecommunications, roads, hotels, services and etc.), the low labour productivity in industrial sector, and insufficient regional trade.
Geschäftsbeurteilungen und -Erwartungen sind bedeutende Einflussgrößen in der Wirtschaft. Vor allem durch die Ereignisse der Finanzkrise der letzten Monate nahm die Diskussion um den Einfluss solch psychologisch basierter Faktoren zu. Die schillernden Begriffe wie Beurteilungen oder Erwartungen müssen zunächst quantifiziert werden, eine Aufgabe, die in der Regel von Forschungsinstituten wie Ifo, ZEW oder Eurostat übernommen wird. Dieser Diskussionsbeitrag untersucht, welche Möglichkeiten bestehen, die aktuellen Beurteilungen und zukünftigen Erwartungen in der Wirtschaft zu messen und wie dies konkret realisiert wird. Die Arbeit umfasst eine Datenbeschreibung und eine weitergehende Datenanalyse, in der die Zusammenhänge und Entwicklungen der einzelnen Zeitreihen untersucht werden. Eine der bedeutendsten Fragestellungen ist die Qualität und Reichwerte der Prognosekraft der Erwartungen für spätere Zeithorizonte. Ein internationaler Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und ausgewählten Länder der Europäischen Union sollen einen Überblick über die gemeinsame Entwicklung verschaffen. Als statistische Methoden werden unter anderem Hauptkomponentenanalysen und Partial-Least-Squares-Modelle verwendet.
Der statistische Diskussionbeitrag untersucht, ob und wie sich Erwartungen und Stimmungen in der Wirtschaft bilden bzw. von welchen volkswirtschaftlichen Größen sie abhängen. Als Methodik werden Partial Least Squares (PLS) Modelle genutzt, eine Modellklasse der Pfadanalyse mit latenten Variablen. Die verwendeten Daten wurden vom Ifo-Institut und aus der amtlichen Statistik entnommen.
This paper discusses the problems regarding the decentralisation of a formerly communist country. In Georgia, the first steps towards decentralisation failed, since the transition process led to a power vacuum that escalated in bloody conflicts and secessionist movements. The status of Abkhazia and South Ossetia is still unclear and the intra-state tensions remain unsolved. This may be one of the reasons why the most recent attempts of decentralisation are rather hesitant. It is far from clear whether decentralisation in response to regional tensions would increase instability or political stability. We identify the limited autonomy at the local and regional levels as a major obstacle and challenge for the further reform process.
This paper analyzes fundamental shortcomings in the Georgian legal bases in both the constitution and the tax code with regard to a sustainable fiscal policy. It shows that the lack of experience with sharing political powers and competences among the administrative levels create centralizing tendencies, which are in sharp contrast to more recent laws on local selfgovernment. Having set the legal background of today’s administrative structure in Georgia, the paper continues to describe the country’s budget composition in terms of tax revenues and expenses since the year 2000. Following a brief discussion of the Georgian systems of transfers to subordinate administrative entities the paper concludes by naming essential reform steps that need to be taken towards the development of a functioning fiscal policy on all levels.
Armut in Georgien
(2007)
Poverty is currently wide spread in Georgia. This paper is dedicated to an analysis of the causes, the extent and the intensity of poverty in Georgia. With a strong focus on the period after Shevardnadze’s presidency, the paper shows how poverty has grown in the past 15 years. In spite of a rising per capita income, the variance within the distribution of income is also increasing. The widening gap between high and low incomes represents a danger for the Georgian society and is associated with high unemployment rates, a lack of education for entire societal strata and rising criminality. In addition, high inflation rates affect mainly low income groups. Apparently, the Rose Revolution of 2003 did not lead to an attenuation of poverty but rather intensified it.
This paper describes the administrative powers of local jurisdictions in Georgia, emphasizing on the tax competences and the abilities to mobilize other sources of income. Having listed and explained the types of revenues and incomes, the articles continues to show their distribution among administrative levels according to the current tax code. Following a brief overview of the main laws underlying tax regulation, the existing problems of the status quo before 2007 and some perspectives for the immediate future are outlined.
Tax estimation is a fundamental prerequisite for a sustainable fiscal policy. This paper uses the Georgian Household Survey and s simple microsimulation model in order to describe the household incomes in Georgia for the year 2005, their structure and regional distribution within eleven historical regions. Based on a thorough analysis of the existing taxable incomes and following the documentation of the applied model both a tax allowance and three percent raise of the income tax are estimated with respect to tax revenue and distributional effects. The paper comes to the conclusion that the poor income situation of most Georgian households can be mitigated by a tax allowance but is very difficult to be financed because of expected revenue losses. In spite of some progressive distributional effects of an increase of the tax burden, most households will find a very hard to cope with additional tax liabilities.
During the transformation process, the reform of public finances (in particular the tax system) is crucial for Georgia. There are a lot of proposals and suggestions in the financial literature concerning the introduction of tax systems in transition countries. Individual taxes or the entire tax system should be elaborated regarding certain criteria. This paper analyzes the tax reform procedures during the transition of Georgia to the free-market economy as well as the existing tax system. Concerning the taxes, the current tax system is more or less duplicated from the Western European countries. It becomes obvious that the chance of developing a rational, sustainable and adjusted tax system for transition countries was missed.