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Die Verfasserin kommentiert in ihrer Anmerkung das Urteil des BGH vom 05.10.2001, V 237/00, in dem zur Sittenwidrigkeit bei einem auffälligen Missverhältnis zwischen Leistung und Gegenleistung im Falle eines entgeltlichen Geschäftes, durch das sich eine Partei zur Aufgabe einer Rechtsposition verpflichtet, die bei wirtschaftlicher Betrachtung einem Erbbaurecht an einem unbebauten Grundstück gleichsteht, Stellung genommen.
Verwaltungskultur
(2002)
Enuresis
(2002)
Der Band bilanziert die Entwicklung der letzten 20 Jahre Freiarbeit als Kernstück innerer Grundschulreform und stellt sich den aktuellen Debatten um Qualität von Unterricht, Standards und Leistung binnendifferenzierender Arbeit. Nach PISA ist Freiarbeit (Heterogenität, Leistung, Lernen) wichtiger denn je! Das Buch ist in vier Teile gegliedert. In Teil I (Differenzierung und Vielfalt - Grundlagen von Freiarbeit) werden aktuelle Diskussionen zum Problem der Freiarbeit aufgelistet und die theoretischen Fundamente des Offenen Unterrichts begründet. Teil II stellt ein Forschungsprojekt ins Zentrum, in dem der Frage von Legitimität des Abbaus von Lehrerzentriertheit und ihren Folgen für die Grundschule nachgegangen wird. In Teil III wird die Qualität offener Lernsituationen einer Prüfung unterzogen. Es wird die Problematik von Leistungsmessung diskutiert und Vorschläge zur Leistungsbeurteilung werden erarbeitet. In Teil IV schließlich, dem umfassendsten Teil der Schrift (Praxis und Innovation), wird Freiarbeit unter unterschiedlichen Perspektiven der praktischen Verwirklichung und im Hinblick auf einzelne Lernbereiche betrachtet Es folgt ein "Ermutigungskapitel" zur Weiterentwicklung des Unterrichts unter dem Aspekt von Freiarbeit. Kommentierte Literaturempfehlungen runden den Band ab. Das Buch stellt eine gründliche und aspektreiche Bestandsaufnahme des grundschulpädagogischen Konzeptes, der Forschungslage und der vielfältigen Praxis von Freiarbeit dar
Begriffsbestimmung, Dimensionen und Differenzierungskriterien von bürgerschaftlichem Engagement
(2002)
From the root bark of Erythrina burttii three new isoflav-3-enes, 7,4'-dihydroxy-2'-methoxy-6- (1'',1''-dimethylallyl)isoflav-3-ene (trivial name, burttinol-A), 4'-hydroxy-2'- methoxy-(2'',2''-dimethylpyrano[5'',6'':8,7]isoflav-3-ene (trivial name, burttinol-B), 7,4'-dihydroxy-2'-methoxy-8-(3'',3''-dimethylallyl)isoflav-3-ene (trivial name, burttinol-C), and a new 2-arylbenzofuran, 6,4'-dihydroxy-2'-methoxy-5- (1'',1''-dimethylallyl)-2-arylbenzofuran (trivial name, burttinol-D) were isolated. In addition, the known compounds, abyssinone V-4'-methyl ether, bidwillol A, calopocarpin, erybraedin A, erythrabyssin II, isobavachalcone, phaseollidin and phaseollin were identified. The structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence.
Estimation of parameters and unobserved components for nonlinear systems from noisy time series
(2002)
We study the problem of simultaneous estimation of parameters and unobserved states from noisy data of nonlinear time-continuous systems, including the case of additive stochastic forcing. We propose a solution by adapting the recently developed statistical method of unscented Kalman filtering to this problem. Due to its recursive and derivative-free structure, this method minimizes the cost function in a computationally efficient and robust way. It is found that parameters as well as unobserved components can be estimated with high accuracy, including confidence bands, from heavily noise-corrupted data.
A review on the chem. and biochem. of chitin and the chem. and application of chitosan. The following topics were discussed: structure of chitin and chitosan; occurrence and physiol. functions of chitin; detection of chitin in animals and anal. of chitin and chitosan; biosynthesis and biodegrdn. of chitin in animals; prodn. of chitin and chitosan; properties of chitin and chitosan; and applications of chitin and chitosan.
Es werden die linguistischen Grundlagen für das Testen und Bewerten kommunikativer leistungen expliziert: sprachliche Kommunikation als Lösen kommunikativer Aufgaben, Spezifika fremdsprachiger Kommunikation, Text und Textsorte in diesem Kontext. Darauf aufbauend werden für das Testen Aufgabentypen zur Textrezeption u nd - produktion definiert. Ihnen werden Testverfahren bzw. typische Aktivitäten der Texterstellung zugeordnet. Außerdem werden für die vier Sprachtätigkeiten Hören, Lesen, Sprechen,und Schreiben Operationen der Textverarbeitung beschrieben. Hinzu kommt ein Diskussionsangebot zu der Frage, welche Operationen mit welchen Aufgabentypen/Textverfahren gut zu testen sind. Fragespiegel zu Testqualitäten, Aufgabentypen, Testverfahren, Bewertungskriterien usw. runden die Darstellung ab.
Soy glycinin (SG) and soy trypsin inhibitor (STI) were derivatized by chlorogenic- and caffeic acid (cinnamic acids, C6 - C3 - structure), and by gallic acid representing hydroxybenzoic acids (C6 - C1 - structure). Further, the flavonoids, flavone, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin (C6 - C3 - C6 - structure) were also caused to react with soy proteins to estimate the influence of the number and the position of hydroxy substituents. The derivatization caused a reduction of lysine, cysteine and tryptophan residues in the soy proteins. The isoelectric points of the derivatives were shifted to lower pH values and formation of high molecular fractions was documented. The derivatives were characterized in terms of their solubility at different pH-values to document the influence on the functional properties. The structural changes induced were studied using circular dichroism (CD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) , intrinsic fluorescence, and binding of anilinonaphthalenesulfonic acid. The influence of derivatization on the in-vitro digestibility with trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin and pancreatin was also assessed. The effect on the trypsin inhibitor activity of all the resulting STI derivatives was studied, the latter being reduced.
Im Großtrappenschutzgebiet "Belziger Landschaftswiesen" wurden an ausgewählten Standorten mikrobielle Aktivitäten, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Stickstoffkreislauf stehen, überprüft und bewertet. Es werden auch Möglichkeiten erörtert, die der Bildung bzw. Akkumulation pflanzenverfügbarer Stickstofformen mit geeigneten Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen entgegenwirken.
A polynomial translation of logic programs with nested expressions into disjunctive logic programs
(2002)
Biosensors
(2002)
More on nomore
(2002)
Water-soluble block copolymers were prepared from the non-ionic monomer N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) and the zwitterionic monomer 3-[N-(3-methacrylamidopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl]-ammonio propane sulfonate (SPP) by sequential free radical polymerization via the RAFT process. Such block copolymers with two hydrophilic blocks exhibit double thermo- responsive behavior in water: the poly-NIPA block shows a lower critical solution temperature, whereas the poly-SPP block exhibits an upper critical solution temperature. Appropriate design of the block lengths leads to block copolymers which stay in solution in the full temperature range between 0°C and 100°C. Both blocks of these polymers dissolve in water at intermediate temperatures, whereas at high temperatures, the poly-NIPA block forms colloidal hydrophobic associates that are kept in solution by the poly-SPP block, and at low temperatures, the poly-SPP block forms colloidal polar aggregates that are kept in solution by the poly-NIPA block. In this way, colloidal aggregates can be prepared in water which switch reversibly, and without any additive, their "inside" to the "outside", and vice versa. The aggregates provide microdomains and surfaces of different character, which can be controlled by a simple thermal stimulus.
Art. Stopa
(2002)
Art. Spell Out
(2002)
Art. Princip projekcní
(2002)
Art. Ovládání
(2002)
The following paper is concerned with the syntax of Slavic clitics, drawing relevant generalizations across the array of West and South Slavic languages. The study concentrates on two currently discussed approaches of generative grammar, the Minimalist Program (MP) and the Optimality Theory (OT). Section 1 provides a short introduction, section 2 gives some basic facts on the phonological and prosodic requirements of the grammar of clitics, section 3 is concerned with the morphosyntax of two types of clitics (simple and special clitics), whereas section 4 summarizes the Slavic data of different clitic classes. In section 5 some derivational approaches of a formal analysis of clitics in generative grammar are demonstrated. Section 6 presents an alternative analysis of clitics based on some recent results of the OT.
Structural changes induced in bovine serum albumin by covalent attachment of chlorogenic acid
(2002)
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was modifed by covalent attachment of chlorogenic acid using different concentrations at pH 9. The derivatization was accompanied by a reduction of lysine, cysteine and tryptophan residues. The isoelectric points were shifted to lower pH values and formation of high molecular weight fractions was noted. The structural changes were studied using circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), intrinsic fluorescence, and binding of anilinonaphthalenesulfonic acid. The results showed that the content of alpha-helix decreased with a parallel increase in unordered structures with higher degrees of derivatization. DSC revealed a decrease in both denaturation temperature and enthalpy. Surface hydrophobicity declined, indicating that hydrophilic regions were exposed on the molecular surface. Proteolytic digestion showed that, at a lower degree of derivatization,the tryptic degradation was most adversely effected, whereas the peptic digestion declined with increasing modification. A trypsin inhibitory effect of the breakdown products released from derivatized BSA was also observed.
The analysis of Wolf-Rayet spectra requires adequate model atmospheres which treat the non-LTE radiation transfer in a spherically expanding medium. Present state-of-the-art calculations account for complex model atoms with, typically, a few hundred energy levels and a few thousand spectral lines of He and CNO elements. In the most recent version of our model code, blanketing by millions of lines from iron-group elements is also included. These models have been widely applied for the spectral analysis of WN stars in the Galaxy and LMC. WN spectra can be well reproduced in most cases. WC stars have not yet been analyzed comprehensively, because the agreement with observations becomes satisfactory only when line-blanketed models are applied. The introduction of inhomogeneities (clumping), although treated in a rough approximation, has significantly improved the fit between synthetic and observed spectra with respect to the electron-scattering wings of strong lines. The mass-loss rates obtained from spectral analyses become smaller by a factor 2-3 if clumping is accounted for. A pre-specified velocity law is adopted for our models, but the radiation pressure can be evaluated from our detailed calculation and can be compared a posteriori with the required wind acceleration. Surprisingly we find that the line-blanketed models are not far from being hydrodynamically consistent, thus indicating that radiation pressure is probably the main driving force for the mass-loss from WR stars.
Observations and theory suggest that line driven winds from hot stars and luminous accretion disks adopt a unique, critical solution which corresponds to maximum mass loss rate. We analyze the numerical stability of the infinite family of shallow wind solutions, which resemble solar wind breezes, and their transition to the critical wind. Shallow solutions are sub-critical with respect to radiative (or Abbott) waves. These waves can propagate upstream through shallow winds at high speeds. If the waves are not accounted for in the Courant time step, numerical runaway results. The outer boundary condition is equally important for wind stability. Assuming pure outflow conditions, as is done in the literature, triggers runaway of shallow winds to the critical solution or to accretion flow.
Line driven winds from stars and accretion disks are accelerated by scattering in numerous line transitions. The wind is believed to adopt a unique critical solution, out of the infinite variety of shallow and steep solutions. We study the inherent dynamics of the transition towards the critical wind. A new runaway wind mechanism is analyzed in terms of radiative-acoustic (Abbott) waves which are responsible for shaping the wind velocity law and fixing the mass loss. Three different flow types result, depending on the location of perturbations. First, if the shallow solution is perturbed sufficiently far downstream, a single critical point forms in the flow, which is a barrier for Abbott waves, and the solution tends to the critical one. Second, if the shallow solution is perturbed upstream from this critical point, mass overloading results, and the critical point is shifted inwards. This wind exhibits a broad, stationary region of decelerating flow and its velocity law has kinks. Third, for perturbations even further upstream, the overloaded wind becomes time-dependent, and develops shocks and dense shells.
Preferred well-founded semantics for logic programming by alternating fixpoints : preliminary report
(2002)
Equilibrium surface tension (se) versus concentration isotherms of surface-chemically pure aqueous solutions of the homologous series of N-n-alkyl-4'-(dimethylamino)-stilbaziumbromides ('hemicyanines') were measured at 295 K. The adsorption parameters of saturation adsorption and standard free energy of adsorption of the hemicyanines were determined from the evaluation of the se vs. c isotherms by using a two state approach to surface equation of state. The adsorption parameters reveal a very pronounced phenomenon of alternation (even/ odd- effect) which has so far not been met to a large extent like this. Thus, the cross-sectional areas of the odd members are almost twice those of the related even members. Surface activity of the odd is stronger than that of the even members. UV-Vis investigations showed that there is no indication of aggregate formation in the adsorption layer. The thermodynamic results give evidence for distinct differences between the surface conformations of the even- and the odd-chain hemicyanine dyes although the reasons for it are not known.
Art.: Gasterosteiform
(2002)
Trends in der Bioanalytik
(2002)
NS-Idiologie im heutigen Strafrecht : Einfluss der nationalsozialistischen Gemeinschaftsethik
(2002)
Human Rights Committee
(2002)
Human Dignity in German Law
(2002)
We present our technique for solving the equations of radiation transfer in spherically expanding atmospheres. To ensure an efficient treatment of the Thomson scattering, the mean intensity J is derived by solving the moment equations in turn with the angle-dependent transfer equation. The latter provide the Eddington factors. Two different methods for the solution of the angle dependent equation are compared. Thereby the integration along short characteristics turned out to be superior in our context over the classical differencing scheme. The method is the basis of a non-LTE code suitable for the atmospheres of hot stars with high mass-loss.
We describe the treatment of iron group line-blanketing in non-LTE model atmospheres for WR stars. As an example, a blanketed model for the early-type WC star WR 111 is compared to its un-blanketed counterpart. Blanketing affects the ionization structure and the emergent flux distribution of our models. The radiation pressure, as computed within our models, falls short by only a factor of two to provide the mechanical power of the WR wind.