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In the Spring 2004 issue of WeltTrends, Gunther Hellmann sparked a debate on Germany’s foreign policy. The debate was resumed through the Summer, Fall, Winter and Spring editions (no. 43 to 46) of WeltTrends, which featured articles of German International Relations scholars as well as foreign policy-makers and experts from abroad. In his concluding article, Hellmann seizes the opportunity to outline and comment on some characteristics of the debate as revealed in the contributions of his critics.
The authors agree with Flassbeck’s claim that growth generates employment. However, they do not agree with Flassbeck’s conviction that growth is to be increased by demand management. In their comment, they explain why deficit spending and expansionary monetary policy are inappropriate substitutes for a sound structural policy.
Flassbeck’s article proposes to use demand management to enhance growth in Germany in order to increase employment. The author considers this kind of policy to release positive, but merely short-term effects. In the long run, he argues, government measures such as the deregulation of the labour market are necessary strategies for long-term growth.
The author agrees with Flassbeck that growth is important, particularly as a condition to solve existing structural problems of the labour market. Yet, in his opinion the central question is how to get higher growth rates. Straubhaar’s answer is different from Flassbeck’s: a ‘no’ to more public deficits, more regulations and more state activities; and, a ‘yes’ to more market, more flexibility, more mobility.
In the need to reform the German labour market, the so-called ‚Hartz IV’- Act cut down subsidies for unemployed people in order to increase the pressure for searching for a new job. By law, low-paid jobs shall be introduced. However, even if this creates employment, there will be a future problem: pensions for these people will dramatically drop below the poverty line. The author argues that, in order to avoid such ‘poverty-traps’, an alternative social support system should be considered: a ‘tax transfer system’ with lowered income tax, yet complete reduction of legal exceptions on the one hand, and transfer systems combined with work incentives on the other hand.
The article points to the following causes of German social policy reform, as it has taken shape by the so-called ‘Hartz’-Acts: the self-inflicted financial crisis of the welfare state, the return of party leaders as agenda setters, and the weakening of employers associations and trade unions in this policy field. Through a large, informal coalition, the political parties have responded to various internal conflict constellations.
Community Initiatives are one part of implementing European Employment Strategy in the European Union’s member countries. By the example of the EQUAL-Project „INCLUSION - Integration-Network for Migrants in the Federal State of Brandenburg“, this article critically examines what results such projects can achieve. Following ADAPT and EMPLOYMENT, the initiative EQUAL started in 2001 with the stated mission to promote social integration in working life through fighting against discrimination and exclusion.
The European Employment Strategy (EES) belongs to the European Union’s „softer“, legally non-binding policy instruments. Many politicians and academics associated its introduction with the expectation for a strengthening of the EU’s social dimension and democratic quality. This article examines whether, so far, the EES can be regarded as effective and legitimate. To illustrate this, the author briefly examines the role of the EES for the development of labour market policy in Germany and the UK.
This article investigates how institutional, organisational and individual factors influence labour politics in the internet economy. The authors discuss several theoretical approaches towards labour politics and industrial relations. Using the example of the IT industry, they then illustrate how in the IT industry the organisation of work changes, what requirements result for employees, how regulation is structured, and what political challenges this brings for trade unions and employer’s associations. Considering current developments in the IT economy, the authors finally evaluate the theoretical approaches according to their explanatory strength.
Under continuous pressure from globalised competition, labour markets no longer guarantee the social inclusion of all citizens into civil society. For a „civilised“ market economy, it is essential to frame further economic „rationalisation“ by a comprehensive labour policy that values meaningful ways of human activity as well as the just organisation of the world of work over efficient labour markets. Without such a comprehensive labour policy, argues, labour markets increasingly become „tyrannical“ and will endanger the foundations of a modern society of free and equal citizens.