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- forest management (6)
- functional diversity (6)
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- information structure (6)
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- lipids (6)
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- mental arithmetic (6)
- microsatellites (6)
- numerical modeling (6)
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- operational momentum (6)
- organic photovoltaics (6)
- osteoporosis (6)
- palaeogenomics (6)
- photoluminescence (6)
- phylogeography (6)
- planetary nebulae: general (6)
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- plasma (6)
- polyunsaturated fatty acids (6)
- pregnancy (6)
- primary school (6)
- proteasome (6)
- psycholinguistics (6)
- quality (6)
- quantification (6)
- radical polymerization (6)
- rape (6)
- reactive transport (6)
- recovery (6)
- reproducibility (6)
- residual stress (6)
- review (6)
- secular trend (6)
- sediment (6)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (6)
- self-paced reading (6)
- sexual scripts (6)
- shape-memory effect (6)
- spatial frequencies (6)
- speech (6)
- starch metabolism (6)
- stars (6)
- stars: horizontal-branch (6)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (6)
- subduction zone (6)
- sulfur (6)
- synthetic biology (6)
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- AFM (5)
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- Modelling (5)
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- BL Lacertae objects: individual: PKS 2155-304 (3)
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- Integrated modelling (2)
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- Intensive care (2)
- Inter-individual differences (2)
- Interception (2)
- Intercultural competence (2)
- Interdigitated electrodes (2)
- Internal simulation (2)
- Internet (2)
- Internet of things (2)
- Interoceptive sensitivity (2)
- Interstellar medium (2)
- Intervertebral disc (2)
- Intracellular signalling (2)
- Inundation (2)
- Invagination (2)
- Invasion ecology (2)
- Investment (2)
- Ionic Liquid (2)
- Ionization (2)
- Iraq (2)
- Iron toxicity (2)
- Islamophobia (2)
- Iso-chemical-shielding surfaces (ICSS) (2)
- Isoflavone (2)
- Isokinetic (2)
- Isolation (2)
- Isolation by distance (2)
- Isotopes (2)
- JSP (2)
- JUB1 (2)
- Japanese (2)
- JavaScript (2)
- Job search (2)
- John Tyndall (2)
- Jump height (2)
- Just so stories (2)
- Kalahari (2)
- Kaolinite (2)
- Kenya (2)
- Kernelization (2)
- Kiezdeutsch (2)
- Kinematics (2)
- Kinesthetic representations (2)
- Knees (2)
- Korean (2)
- Kp index (2)
- Kuramoto (2)
- L11 (2)
- L26 (2)
- LC-MS (2)
- LC/MS (2)
- LEA protein (2)
- LED (2)
- LEM-domain (2)
- LGM (2)
- LPS (2)
- Labile zinc (2)
- Laboratory astrophysics (2)
- Lacustrine sediment (2)
- Lake Malawi (2)
- Lake Malombe (2)
- Land reform (2)
- Land use management (2)
- Land-cover change (2)
- Land-use change (2)
- Land-use history (2)
- Landsat-8 (2)
- Landscape (2)
- Landscape of fear (2)
- Landscape planning (2)
- Laplacian (2)
- Large fragment deletion (2)
- Larger Foraminifera (2)
- Larger foraminifera (2)
- Larix cajanderi (2)
- Laser (2)
- Laser powder bed fusion (2)
- Laser-SNMS (2)
- Late positive potential (2)
- Lateglacial (2)
- Latent Class Analysis (2)
- Latent profile analysis (2)
- Lateralization (2)
- Layer-by-layer (2)
- Leadership (2)
- Leaf area index (2)
- Leaf senescence (2)
- Learning analytics (2)
- Left-ordered groups (2)
- Legitimacy (2)
- Legs (2)
- Leishmania (2)
- Lena Delta (2)
- Levant (2)
- Level of confidence (2)
- Levenberg-Marquardt method (2)
- Levy walks (2)
- Liberia (2)
- Life course (2)
- Ligand design (2)
- Linagliptin (2)
- Lindenmayer systems (2)
- Linear mixed effect model (2)
- Linguistic annotation (2)
- Linguistics (2)
- Lipase (2)
- Lipid (2)
- Liquids (2)
- Literature review (2)
- Lithospheric structure (2)
- Local Autonomy Index (2)
- Local adaptation (2)
- Local authorities (2)
- Local self-government (2)
- Locality (2)
- Localized surface plasmon resonance (2)
- Locally structured standard deviation (2)
- Locomotion (2)
- Loess (2)
- Long-term change (2)
- Longitudinal Study (2)
- Loss (2)
- Low back pain (2)
- Lower crust (2)
- Lu-Hf (2)
- Luingo caldera (2)
- Lysozyme (2)
- MADS-domain transcription factor (2)
- MAOA (2)
- MASW (2)
- MAT (2)
- MCMC (2)
- MODIS (2)
- MRI (2)
- MS (2)
- MSMEs (2)
- Macarorchestia remyi (2)
- Machiavellianism (2)
- Macrocycles (2)
- Macrophytes (2)
- Magnetic field variations through time (2)
- Magnetic field, photosphere, corona (2)
- Magnetic fields, corona (2)
- Magnetism (2)
- Magnetosphere (2)
- Major depressive disorder (2)
- Makran (2)
- Maltose-modified PEI (2)
- Maltose-modified poly(ethyleneimine) (2)
- Manufacturing (2)
- Mapping (2)
- Markov processes (2)
- Martial arts (2)
- Marx (2)
- Masked priming (2)
- Mastery goals (2)
- Mating system (2)
- Maule (2)
- Maximal subsemigroups (2)
- Maximum expected earthquake magnitude (2)
- Mean July temperature (2)
- Meat (2)
- Mechanomyography (2)
- Mechanotransduction (2)
- Media (2)
- Media in education (2)
- Mediation analysis (2)
- Mediterranean basin (2)
- Mediterranean shrubland (2)
- Meerfelder Maar (2)
- Mellin symbols with values in the edge calculus (2)
- Mellin transform (2)
- Menarche (2)
- Mental disorder (2)
- Mercuric mercury (2)
- Mercury (2)
- Meromorphic operator-valued symbols (2)
- Mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- Metabarcoding (2)
- Metabolome analysis (2)
- Metacognition (2)
- Metal complexation (2)
- Metasomatism (2)
- Meteorites (2)
- Methanogenic archaea (2)
- Method (2)
- Method comparison (2)
- Methylation (2)
- Mice (2)
- Michael addition (2)
- Micro-XRF (2)
- Microbial abundance (2)
- Microbial community (2)
- Microbiome (2)
- Microcystis (2)
- Microemulsion (2)
- Microfluidics (2)
- Microorganisms (2)
- Microsaccade (2)
- Microsaccades (2)
- Microsatellite (2)
- Microstructure (2)
- Microwave chemistry (2)
- Mild cognitive impairment (2)
- Milium effusum (2)
- Mimicry (2)
- Mineralization (2)
- Miocene (2)
- Missions (2)
- Mitosis (2)
- Mittag-Leffler function (2)
- Mixotrophy (2)
- Mixtures (2)
- MoVo (2)
- Mobile devices (2)
- Model order reduction (2)
- Model transformation (2)
- Model-data comparison (2)
- Modern analogue technique (2)
- Modified mycotoxins (2)
- Molecular orientation (2)
- Molybdenum (2)
- Molybdenum cofactor (2)
- Molybdoenzymes (2)
- Monetary Fund (2)
- Mongolia (2)
- Mont Terri (2)
- Monte Carlo (2)
- Monte Carlo simulation (2)
- Monte-Carlo simulations (2)
- Mood (2)
- Moon (2)
- Morphogenesis (2)
- Morphological structure (2)
- Mother-infant interaction (2)
- Motion (2)
- Motor system (2)
- Mountain basins (2)
- Mowing (2)
- MtDNA (2)
- Multi-locus phylogeny (2)
- Multilayer (2)
- Multilevel latent change model (2)
- Multilevel modeling (2)
- Multilingualism (2)
- Multimodal analysis (2)
- Multimodality (2)
- Multiple sclerosis (2)
- Multiple zeta values (2)
- Multiplex mutagenesis (2)
- Multivariate data analysis (2)
- Muscle (2)
- Muscle power (2)
- Music (2)
- Music cognition (2)
- Mycotoxins (2)
- Mysticism (2)
- N ligands (2)
- N-2 reduction (2)
- N2 (2)
- NAC (2)
- NAC transcription factor (2)
- NAP-XPS (2)
- NCA (2)
- NF1 (2)
- NHCs (2)
- NOR (2)
- NP-completeness (2)
- NW Iran (2)
- Nanohybrid (2)
- Nanoparticle (2)
- Nanoparticle uptake (2)
- Nanotechnology (2)
- Nanotoxicology (2)
- National Socialism (2)
- Natural products (2)
- Near East (2)
- Neoliberalism (2)
- Nest predation (2)
- Nested graph conditions (2)
- Network (2)
- Network reconstruction (2)
- Network structure (2)
- Networked foresight (2)
- Neuropeptide Y (2)
- Neutral tone (2)
- New Guinea (2)
- New business formation (2)
- New institutionalism (2)
- Nigeria (2)
- Niobium (2)
- Nitrate (2)
- Nitrogen-limitation hypothesis (2)
- Non-canonical sentences (2)
- Non-fluent aphasia (2)
- Non-independent mate choice (2)
- Non-monotonic reasoning (2)
- Non-stationarity (2)
- Non-target terrestrial plants (2)
- Nonlinear coupling (2)
- Nordeste (2)
- North America (2)
- North Anatolian Fault (2)
- North Tabriz Fault (2)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (2)
- Numerical experiment (2)
- Numerical modelling (2)
- Nursing home (2)
- NutriAct Family Study (2)
- Nutrient (2)
- Nutritional quality (2)
- Nyctereutes procyonoides (2)
- O-serotyping (2)
- ODBA (2)
- OSL dating (2)
- Offending (2)
- Office chair (2)
- Oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- Oligopoly competition (2)
- Onsager-Machlup functional (2)
- OpenStreetMap (2)
- Ophrys (2)
- Optionality (2)
- Orchestia montagui (2)
- Order-preserving transformations (2)
- Organic carbon (2)
- Organic electronics (2)
- Organic geochemistry (2)
- Organic matter (2)
- Organic matter degradation (2)
- Organic semiconductors (2)
- Organic solar cells (2)
- Organization theory (2)
- Organizations (2)
- Organogenesis (2)
- Orogenic wedge (2)
- Oryctolagus cuniculus (2)
- Oscillator ensembles (2)
- Ostracods (2)
- Othering (2)
- Outcrossing (2)
- Outflows (2)
- Oxygen (2)
- Ozone (2)
- P ligands (2)
- P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) terpolymer (2)
- P-waves (2)
- P300 (2)
- PCLake (2)
- PCR (2)
- PER (2)
- PET (2)
- PI3K (2)
- PISA (2)
- PTEN (2)
- Pak choi (2)
- Palaeoclimatology (2)
- Palaeoecology (2)
- Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- Paleoceanography (2)
- Paleoecology (2)
- Paleoenvironment (2)
- Palmitate (2)
- Panama (2)
- Parameterized complexity (2)
- Paratethys (2)
- Paris agreement (2)
- Paris-Edinburgh press (2)
- Parkinson disease (2)
- Parkinson's disease (2)
- Participation (2)
- Pastoralism (2)
- Pasture (2)
- Path modelling (2)
- Patterning (2)
- Peat (2)
- Pedagogical issues (2)
- Perceived ankle instability (2)
- Periphyton (2)
- Peronosporaceae (2)
- Perovskites (2)
- Personalised medicine (2)
- Personality traits (2)
- Personalization (2)
- Personalized medicine (2)
- Perylene (2)
- Petrography (2)
- Pfadmodell (2)
- Phantoms (2)
- Pharmacokinetics (2)
- Phase morphology (2)
- Phase variation (2)
- Phenological modelling (2)
- Phenylpropanoids (2)
- Philosophical anthropology (2)
- Phonology (2)
- Phosphate (2)
- Phospholipids (2)
- Phosphorus limitation (2)
- Photoelectron spectroscopy (2)
- Photosensitive polymer brushes (2)
- Physical exercise (2)
- Physical fitness (2)
- Physiology (2)
- Phytoliths (2)
- Picard-Fuchs equations (2)
- Pickering emulsions (2)
- Picture-word interference (2)
- Pigments (2)
- Pipe networks (2)
- Planar polarity (2)
- Plant community (2)
- Plant community model (2)
- Plant functional groups (2)
- Plant height (2)
- Plant macrofossils (2)
- Plant performance (2)
- Plant-based diet (2)
- Plate tectonics (2)
- Platform economy (2)
- Plato (2)
- Pliocene (2)
- Pluralism (2)
- Plyometric exercise (2)
- Poeciliidae (2)
- Poincare inequality (2)
- Point-based rendering (2)
- Point-light action (2)
- Pointing (2)
- Polarization (2)
- Policy change (2)
- Pollen record (2)
- Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- Polyampholytes (2)
- Polyethyleneimine (2)
- Polymer dispersions (2)
- Polymerization (2)
- Ponds (2)
- Pontides (2)
- Population density (2)
- Population structure (2)
- Population viability analysis (2)
- Porosity (2)
- Porous silicon (2)
- Porphyrins (2)
- Position Generator (2)
- Positive selection (2)
- Postural stability (2)
- Potassium (2)
- Precipitation gradient (2)
- Precise Point Positioning (2)
- Predator-prey interactions (2)
- Prediabetes (2)
- Predictability (2)
- Predictor (2)
- Preference (2)
- Preferential flow (2)
- Pressure distribution (2)
- Preterm birth (2)
- Prior knowledge (2)
- Proactive/reactive balance (2)
- Probability (2)
- Probability distributions (2)
- Process (2)
- Process modeling (2)
- Procrustes rotation (2)
- Progesterone (2)
- Prognosis (2)
- Programming (2)
- Proliferation (2)
- Prominences, active (2)
- Pronoun resolution (2)
- Prosodic boundaries (2)
- Proteasome (2)
- Protein complexes (2)
- Protein expression (2)
- Protein oxidation (2)
- Protein restriction (2)
- Protein secondary structure (2)
- Proteins (2)
- Proteomics (2)
- Prototyping (2)
- Proxy (2)
- Pseudomonas syringae (2)
- Psycholinguistics (2)
- Psychological functioning (2)
- Psychopathology (2)
- Psychophysiology (2)
- Psychosocial stress (2)
- Public administration (2)
- Public sector (2)
- Pump-probe (2)
- Puna Plateau (2)
- Push-pull character (2)
- Push-pull effect (2)
- QCA (2)
- QTL (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
- Quality assurance (2)
- Quantitative Trait Locus (2)
- Quantitative Trait Locus analysis (2)
- Quantum dots (2)
- Quantum dynamics (2)
- Quartz (2)
- Quasilinear equations (2)
- Query optimization (2)
- R (2)
- R Shiny (2)
- RAFT (2)
- RCT (2)
- REDD+ (2)
- REE (2)
- REMPI (2)
- RNA-guided Cas9 (2)
- RNA-seq (2)
- RP2 (2)
- RPA (2)
- Radiative transfer (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
- Rainfall (2)
- Rainfall gradient (2)
- Raman imaging (2)
- Raman microspectroscopy (2)
- Randomized-controlled trial (2)
- Ranking (2)
- Rapeseed oil (2)
- Rapid automatized naming (2)
- Rationality (2)
- Rattus norvegicus (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Real time (2)
- Reanalysis (2)
- Rearing experiment (2)
- Rearrangement (2)
- Reasoning (2)
- Recurrence plot (2)
- Redox polymer (2)
- Regionalization (2)
- Regression (2)
- Rehearsal (2)
- Relapse (2)
- Relative clause (2)
- Relative clauses (2)
- Release (2)
- Religiosity (2)
- Removable sets (2)
- Renal failure (2)
- Renal function (2)
- Renewable resources (2)
- Replication (2)
- Reproducibility (2)
- ResNet (2)
- Residual stresses (2)
- Resistance (2)
- Resurvey (2)
- Retention (2)
- Retina (2)
- Retinol (2)
- Retrieval (2)
- Ring tensiometry (2)
- Ring-opening polymerization (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
- Risk factor (2)
- Risk factors (2)
- Risk perception (2)
- River (2)
- River restoration (2)
- Rock magnetism (2)
- Rodent (2)
- Rossby waves (2)
- Rotifera (2)
- Rougon-Macquart (2)
- Royden boundary (2)
- Run time analysis (2)
- Running (2)
- Runtime analysis (2)
- S receiver functions (2)
- SAMT (2)
- SAR (2)
- SAUR (2)
- SDG interactions (2)
- SDS PAGE (2)
- SEIRA spectroelectrochemistry (2)
- SEMG-pattern (2)
- SEPE (2)
- SLA (2)
- SMARC (2)
- SOEP (2)
- SPARQL (2)
- SPM (2)
- SQL (2)
- SRTM (2)
- SSW (2)
- Salmonella Typhimurium (2)
- Sampling rate (2)
- Satellite magnetics (2)
- Saturated hydraulic conductivity (2)
- Saturn (2)
- Scaling (2)
- Scattering theory (2)
- Scenario (2)
- Scenario planning (2)
- Schrodinger equation (2)
- Schrodinger operators (2)
- Scientific discovery learning (2)
- Sclerochronology (2)
- Second Empire (2)
- Secularism (2)
- Sediment Transport (2)
- Sediment fingerprinting (2)
- Sediment geochemistry (2)
- Sediment reuse (2)
- Sedimentary basin (2)
- Sedimentology (2)
- Sediments (2)
- Seed mass (2)
- Seismic anisotropy (2)
- Seismic interferometry (2)
- Seismic monitoring and test-ban treaty verification (2)
- Seismotectonic segmentation (2)
- Seismotectonics (2)
- Selection (2)
- Selection vs. age-class forests (2)
- Self (2)
- Self-assembly (2)
- Self-concept (2)
- Self-harm (2)
- Self-organization (2)
- Self-reflection (2)
- Self-stigmatization (2)
- Semantic preview benefit (2)
- Semantic priming (2)
- Semantics (2)
- Semi-arid (2)
- Semiconductors (2)
- Semitic (2)
- Sensor fusion (2)
- Sentence-picture matching (2)
- Sentinel-1 InSAR (2)
- Sentinel-2 (2)
- Sequence analysis (2)
- Sequential instruction (2)
- Serotonin (2)
- Service-oriented computing (2)
- Sesia Zone (2)
- Sexual conflict (2)
- Sexual dimorphism (2)
- Shame (2)
- Shannon diversity (2)
- Shannon entropy (2)
- Shape memory (2)
- Shape-memory effect (2)
- Shape-memory polymer (2)
- Shire River (2)
- Shona (2)
- Shrews (2)
- Si fractions (2)
- Signal detection theory (2)
- Signal processing (2)
- Signal transduction (2)
- Signaling (2)
- Signalling (2)
- Silicon isotopes (2)
- Simulation model (2)
- Sinai diffusion (2)
- Single/dual tasking (2)
- Site characterization (2)
- Site response (2)
- Situated cognition (2)
- Siwaliks (2)
- Skeletal muscle (2)
- Skin (2)
- Skin nanocarrier (2)
- Skin penetration (2)
- Slope (2)
- Slope exposure (2)
- Small (2)
- Small for gestational age (2)
- Small mammals (2)
- Smart micro-grids (2)
- Smoking (2)
- Social (2)
- Social cognition (2)
- Social cues (2)
- Social environment (2)
- Social learning (2)
- Social origin (2)
- Software (2)
- Soil fertility (2)
- Soil function (2)
- Soil heterogeneity (2)
- Soil texture (2)
- Solanum tuberosum (2)
- Solidago gigantea (2)
- Solvent effects (2)
- Solvents (2)
- Solvothermal synthesis (2)
- Somatoform disorder (2)
- South American Monsoon System (2)
- South American monsoon system (2)
- Southern Italy (2)
- Soziale Herkunft (2)
- Sozialer Survey Österreich (2)
- Sozialkapital (2)
- Space geodetic surveys (2)
- Spatial analysis (2)
- Spatial autocorrelation (2)
- Spatial bias (2)
- Spatial distribution (2)
- Spatial-numerical associations (2)
- Species co-existence (2)
- Species comparison (2)
- Species complex (2)
- Species distribution models (2)
- Species loss (2)
- Specific entropy (2)
- Spectral analysis (2)
- Spectrophotometry (2)
- Speech production (2)
- Speed (2)
- Speleothems (2)
- Spin probes (2)
- Splicing (2)
- Squeak (2)
- Stable carbon isotope (2)
- Standard deviation (2)
- Standardization (2)
- Starch (2)
- Statistical techniques (2)
- Statistics (2)
- Steady-state balance (2)
- Stemflow (2)
- Steric effect (2)
- Sterols (2)
- Strain (2)
- Stress pattern (2)
- Stress response (2)
- Strike-slip faults (2)
- Strong-motion (2)
- Structural equation modeling (2)
- Structural health monitoring (2)
- Student motivation (2)
- Subarctic North Pacific (2)
- Subsampling (2)
- Subsurface biosphere (2)
- Suguta Valley (2)
- Sulfate (2)
- Sulphoxide (2)
- Sumatra (2)
- Sun: UV radiation (2)
- Sun: heliosphere (2)
- Sun: magnetic topology (2)
- Sun: sunspots (2)
- Supernatural (2)
- Supernova remnants (2)
- Superoxide (2)
- Supervision (2)
- Support (2)
- Supramolecular chemistry (2)
- Surface (2)
- Surface composition (2)
- Surface exudates (2)
- Surface functionalization (2)
- Surface relief grating (2)
- Surface treatment (2)
- Surfactant (2)
- Surfactants (2)
- Survival (2)
- Sustainable (2)
- Sustainable development (2)
- Swarm constellation (2)
- Swedish (2)
- Syllabic tone (2)
- Synchronization control (2)
- Synchrotron (2)
- Syntax-semantics interface (2)
- Synthetic biology (2)
- Systematic review (2)
- Systematics (2)
- TGF-beta 1 (2)
- TIG-welding (2)
- TMAO reductase (2)
- TMR (2)
- TRLFS (2)
- TRP channels (2)
- TRPC6 (2)
- Taft equation (2)
- Tailspike protein (2)
- Talik (2)
- TanDEM-X (2)
- Tanzania (2)
- Taphonomy (2)
- Teacher beliefs (2)
- Teacher education (2)
- Teacher educator (2)
- Teacher judgments (2)
- Teacher learning (2)
- Teacher support (2)
- Teachers (2)
- Team sports (2)
- Technical enzymes (2)
- Telehealth (2)
- Telemedicine (2)
- Temperate forest (2)
- Temperature-memory effect (2)
- Tense (2)
- Tephrosia purpurea (2)
- TerraSAR-X (2)
- Terrestrial Si cycle (2)
- Test-retest (2)
- Text difficulty (2)
- Text mining (2)
- Textbooks (2)
- Theater (2)
- Thermal effects (2)
- Thermal field (2)
- Thin films (2)
- Thiomersal (2)
- Threat (2)
- Threshold (2)
- Ti4O7 (2)
- Tibet (2)
- Tibetan plateau (2)
- Tight integration (2)
- Time of flight (2)
- Time-resolved spectroscopy (2)
- Toeplitz operators (2)
- Tools (2)
- Total hip replacement (2)
- Total knee replacement (2)
- Total organic carbon (2)
- Tourmaline (2)
- Toxicokinetics (2)
- Trace element geochemistry (2)
- Tracking (2)
- Training (2)
- Trans-European Suture Zone (2)
- Transcription factors (2)
- Transform faults (2)
- Transformation (2)
- Transhimalaya (2)
- Transition metals (2)
- Translocation (2)
- Trauma (2)
- Treadmill (2)
- Treadmill walking (2)
- Tree allometry (2)
- Triticum aestivum L. (2)
- Trochaic Law (2)
- Trophic interactions (2)
- Tropical lake (2)
- Trumponomics (2)
- Trunk muscle strength (2)
- Turbulence (2)
- Turkish German (2)
- Turkish-German bilingualism (2)
- Turnover (2)
- Two forms of isometric muscle action (2)
- Type 1 diabetes (2)
- U-Pb geochronology (2)
- UAV (2)
- UN (2)
- UV (2)
- UV femtosecond laser ablation (2)
- UV irradiation (2)
- UV-vis spectroscopy (2)
- Ulcerative colitis (2)
- Ultra-low velocity zones (2)
- Ultrafast X-ray diffraction (2)
- Ultrasonography (2)
- Uncertainties (2)
- Uncertainty quantification (2)
- Understanding (2)
- Unemployment (2)
- Unique column combination (2)
- United States (2)
- Unmanaged vs. managed forests (2)
- Unsaturated zone (2)
- Upper Cambrian (2)
- Upper Cretaceous (2)
- Ursus arctos (2)
- VERB (2)
- VERB code (2)
- VIIRS DNB (2)
- Valence (2)
- Validity (2)
- Values (2)
- Variance (2)
- Variation (2)
- Vegetation (2)
- Vegetation dynamics (2)
- Ventral striatum (2)
- Verb doubling (2)
- Verbal cues (2)
- Verbs (2)
- Verification (2)
- Vibrio cholerae (2)
- Victimization (2)
- Video games (2)
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- intrinsic motivation (2)
- intrinsically disordered proteins (2)
- intuition (2)
- invasion (2)
- inverse modelling (2)
- inverse problem (2)
- ion exchange (2)
- ionic conductivity (2)
- ionic liquid crystals (2)
- ionic liquid precursors (2)
- ionic strength (2)
- ionogels (2)
- ionospheric precursors of earthquakes (2)
- iron-sulfur clusters (2)
- irrigation (2)
- island biogeography (2)
- isotopic tiling theory (2)
- iterative regularization (2)
- jasmonic acid (2)
- job (2)
- job creation (2)
- job demands-resources model (2)
- job satisfaction (2)
- job stress (2)
- joint action (2)
- jumps (2)
- justice (2)
- kana (2)
- kanji (2)
- kernel density estimation (2)
- ketones (2)
- kettle hole (2)
- kidney (2)
- kidney transplantation (2)
- kinetic instabilities (2)
- kink-like instability (2)
- knee (2)
- knee joint angle (2)
- knickpoints (2)
- knowledge (2)
- knowledge management (2)
- knowledge representation and nonmonotonic reasoning (2)
- knowledge sharing (2)
- labor market (2)
- lactate threshold (2)
- lactones (2)
- land cover change (2)
- land management (2)
- land-use (2)
- landscape connectivity (2)
- landscape diversity (2)
- landscape evolution modeling (2)
- landscape homogenization (2)
- landscape structure (2)
- language and aging (2)
- language attitudes (2)
- language courses (2)
- language portraits (2)
- lanthanides (2)
- larch (2)
- large herbivores (2)
- laser pulses (2)
- last glacial (2)
- late Quaternary (2)
- latent profile analysis (2)
- leadership (2)
- leaf area (2)
- leaf development (2)
- leaf senescence (2)
- learning factories (2)
- learning factory (2)
- leptin (2)
- leucine zipper (2)
- lexical decision (2)
- lexical development (2)
- life course (2)
- life cycle (2)
- life satisfaction (2)
- lifestyle (2)
- ligands (2)
- light intensity (irradiance) (2)
- limits (2)
- linear formula (2)
- linear programming (2)
- linear tree language (2)
- linearized gravity (2)
- lipid membranes (2)
- lipid rafts (2)
- lipidation (2)
- lipidomics (2)
- lipopolysaccharide (2)
- liquid crystal (2)
- liquids (2)
- literacy acquisition (2)
- literatures of the world (2)
- lithium-sulfur battery (2)
- lithography (2)
- litter decomposition (2)
- liver metabolism (2)
- local (2)
- locus coeruleus (2)
- logarithmic source condition (2)
- long-term effects (2)
- longitudinal analysis (2)
- loss mechanisms (2)
- low (2)
- low temperature (2)
- low-back-pain (2)
- low-temperature NMR spectroscopy (2)
- low-wage employment (2)
- lower (2)
- lunar tide (2)
- lung infection (2)
- lupin (2)
- lysosomal storage disorders (2)
- mAb disposition (2)
- mHealth (2)
- macroecology (2)
- macrophages (2)
- macropores (2)
- magnesium (2)
- magnetic nanoparticles (2)
- magnetoconvection (2)
- magnetostriction (2)
- magnitude estimation (2)
- maintenance of functional diversity (2)
- maize (2)
- majority rule (2)
- maleimide (2)
- manipulation (2)
- mantle transition zone (2)
- manufacturing (2)
- marine (2)
- marine terraces (2)
- mass media (2)
- master narratives (2)
- mastication (2)
- matched time (2)
- matching (2)
- maternal effects (2)
- mathematics instruction (2)
- maximal subsemigroups (2)
- maximum a posteriori (2)
- maximum magnitude (2)
- measles virus (2)
- measurement error (2)
- mechanical (2)
- mechanical properties (2)
- mechanical tendinous oscillations (2)
- melts (2)
- membrane proteins (2)
- memory and delay (2)
- mental imagery (2)
- mental simulation (2)
- mesocosm (2)
- metaanalysis (2)
- metabolic disease (2)
- metabolic engineering (2)
- metabolic network (2)
- metadata (2)
- metal coordination (2)
- metal-organic frameworks (2)
- metaphor (2)
- methane (2)
- method comparison (2)
- methodological quality (2)
- methyl orange (2)
- methylene blue (2)
- methylmercury (2)
- mica (2)
- micelles (2)
- micro-CT (2)
- microRNA (2)
- microbes (2)
- microbial (2)
- microbial communities (2)
- microbial interactions (2)
- microbiome (2)
- microclimate (2)
- microcracking (2)
- microemulsion (2)
- micronutrients (2)
- microscopy (2)
- microtubule-organization (2)
- mid-temperature transition (2)
- mild cognitive impairment (2)
- military culture (2)
- minimal pairs (2)
- minimax convergence rates (2)
- minorities (2)
- mirror (2)
- mirror illusion (2)
- mirror therapy (2)
- miscellaneous (2)
- miscibility gap (2)
- missing-VP effect (2)
- mitochondrial dysfunction (2)
- mitochondrial function (2)
- mitogenome (2)
- mitogenomes (2)
- mixtures (2)
- mobile applications (2)
- mobile health (2)
- mobile links (2)
- modal verbs (2)
- modality compatibility (2)
- model coupling (2)
- model validation (2)
- model verification (2)
- modeling language (2)
- modern art (2)
- modified Mannich reaction (2)
- molecular architecture (2)
- molecular clock (2)
- molecular dynamics simulations (2)
- molecular phylogeny (2)
- molecular weight (2)
- molecules (2)
- molybdenum (2)
- moment tensor (2)
- monolayer formation (2)
- monomers (2)
- moral disengagement (2)
- morality (2)
- morpho-orthography (2)
- morphological decomposition (2)
- morphological priming (2)
- morphologically complex words (2)
- motion capture (2)
- motivation in mathematics (2)
- motivational interviewing (2)
- motor resonance (2)
- motor skills (2)
- motor system (2)
- mountains (2)
- movement kinematics (2)
- movement patterns (2)
- mowing (2)
- multi-level system (2)
- multicultural policy (2)
- multiculturalism (2)
- multidiversity (2)
- multidrug resistance (2)
- multifunctional polymers (2)
- multilateralism (2)
- multiple (2)
- multiple light scattering (2)
- multiple stressors (2)
- multiscale analysis (2)
- multispectral (2)
- muscle action (2)
- muscle growth (2)
- muscle metabolism (2)
- muscle oxygen saturation (2)
- muscle physiology (2)
- muscle power (2)
- muscle spindle (2)
- muscle stability (2)
- muscle tissue (2)
- muscle weakness (2)
- musculoskeletal (2)
- musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (2)
- musculoskeletal ultrasound (2)
- music (2)
- music cognition (2)
- music industry (2)
- music information retrieval (2)
- music perception (2)
- mutants (2)
- mutation (2)
- myopathy (2)
- myth (2)
- n-Alkanes (2)
- naming (2)
- nanoclusters (2)
- nanocomposites (2)
- nanoelectrodes (2)
- nanogranites (2)
- nanolenses (2)
- nanoparticle dimers (2)
- nanoreactor (2)
- naphthalenes (2)
- natal dispersal (2)
- national identity (2)
- natural climate solutions (2)
- natural habitats (2)
- natural hazard (2)
- naturalism (2)
- naturalized species (2)
- nature conservation (2)
- nearshore zone (2)
- need satisfaction (2)
- negation (2)
- negative strengthening (2)
- neo-liberalism (2)
- neotectonics (2)
- network analysis (2)
- network dynamics (2)
- neurodegenerative diseases (2)
- neuromuscular functioning (2)
- neuronal networks (2)
- neuropsychology (2)
- neurotoxicity (2)
- neutrality (2)
- neutron powder diffraction (2)
- new combination (2)
- new technology (2)
- next generation sequencing (2)
- niche and fitness differences (2)
- niche width (2)
- nineteenth century (2)
- nitrile (2)
- nitrogen limitation (2)
- nitrogen-doped carbon (2)
- noisy systems (2)
- nominalization (2)
- non-Gaussian (2)
- non-Langevin recombination (2)
- non-athletes (2)
- non-categoricity (2)
- non-equilibrium (2)
- non-linear dynamics (2)
- non-native speakers (2)
- non-native speech perception (2)
- nonfullerene acceptors (2)
- nonlinear dynamics (2)
- nonlinear filtering (2)
- nonlinear operator (2)
- nonmodel species (2)
- nonradiative recombination (2)
- nonradiative voltage losses (2)
- nonstationarity (2)
- norepinephrine (2)
- normal faults (2)
- noun (2)
- novae, cataclysmic variables (2)
- novel ecosystems (2)
- novelty (2)
- number and brightness (2)
- number concepts (2)
- number processing (2)
- numerical (2)
- numerical distance effect (2)
- numerical model (2)
- numerical simulation (2)
- nursing home (2)
- nutrient (2)
- nutrient bioavailability (2)
- nutrient retention (2)
- nutrient stoichiometry (2)
- nutrient supply (2)
- nutritional ecology (2)
- oarsmen (2)
- object search (2)
- observation (2)
- occlusion (2)
- ocean acidification (2)
- ocean color remote sensing (2)
- ocean heat uptake (2)
- oil (2)
- oil palm (2)
- oil yield (2)
- oligodepsipeptides (2)
- oligomerization (2)
- omics (2)
- on-water performance (2)
- oncology (2)
- one-carbon metabolism (2)
- online disinhibition (2)
- ontogenesis (2)
- ontogeny (2)
- open (2)
- open clusters and associations: general (2)
- open data (2)
- open education (2)
- open-field (2)
- operator-valued symbols (2)
- oppositions (2)
- optical imaging (2)
- optical remote sensing (2)
- optical sensors (2)
- optics (2)
- orbifolds (2)
- orchard management (2)
- orchestration (2)
- organic carbon (2)
- organic electronics (2)
- origins (2)
- oroclinal bending (2)
- orogenic peridotite (2)
- orogenic processes (2)
- orogeny (2)
- orographic rainfall (2)
- orthopedic (2)
- osmotic-pressure (2)
- osteoblast (2)
- other-race effect (2)
- outbreak (2)
- outcome measures (2)
- overland flow (2)
- overreaching (2)
- overtraining (2)
- oxidation state (2)
- oxygen heterocycles (2)
- oxygen plasma (2)
- p-Aminophenol (2)
- p53 (2)
- pQCT (2)
- palaeoenvironmental proxies (2)
- palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- paleo-sediment (2)
- paleoceanography (2)
- paleoecology (2)
- paleolimnology (2)
- paleovegetation (2)
- palmitoylation (2)
- parafoveal preview benefit (2)
- parafoveal vision (2)
- parameter (2)
- parameters (2)
- parasites (2)
- parasitoid (2)
- parchment (2)
- parents (2)
- participation (2)
- particle filter (2)
- particles (2)
- particulate matter (2)
- party competition (2)
- pasture (2)
- pathway (2)
- pathways (2)
- patient education (2)
- pea (2)
- peace (2)
- peacebuilding (2)
- peak height velocity (2)
- peak torque (2)
- pediatrics (2)
- peer influences (2)
- perceived predation risk (2)
- perceived stress (2)
- perception of robots (2)
- perceptual reorganization (2)
- performance budget (2)
- performance information (2)
- performance measurement (2)
- periphyton (2)
- permafrost thaw (2)
- permittivity enhancement (2)
- permutation entropy (2)
- perovskite solar cell (2)
- personality change (2)
- personality traits (2)
- perspective taking (2)
- pesticides (2)
- phagocytosis (2)
- pharmacokinetics (2)
- phase behavior (2)
- phase dynamics (2)
- phase morphology (2)
- phase separation (2)
- phase transfer (2)
- phenolic compounds (2)
- phenology (2)
- phosphatidylserine (2)
- phosphorylase (2)
- phosphorylation (2)
- photochromism (2)
- photoelectron (2)
- photogrammetry (2)
- photoisomerization (2)
- photoluminescence quenching (2)
- photon density wave spectroscopy (2)
- photonic crystals (2)
- photoswitches (2)
- photosynthetic rate (2)
- phreeqc (2)
- phylogenomics (2)
- physical performance (2)
- physics education (2)
- physiological consequences (2)
- phytoplankton communities (2)
- pigment composition (2)
- pitch angle (2)
- planetary boundaries (2)
- planetary rings (2)
- planetary systems (2)
- planets and satellites: fundamental parameters (2)
- planets and satellites: general (2)
- plant architecture (2)
- plant cell wall (2)
- plant drinks (2)
- plant invasions (2)
- plant species richness (2)
- plant traits (2)
- plant volatiles (2)
- plant-soil (belowground) interactions (2)
- plasma instabilities (2)
- plasmaspheric hiss (2)
- plateau (2)
- platform (2)
- platinum (2)
- plausibility (2)
- playa (2)
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- plyometric exercise (2)
- plyometrics (2)
- point clouds (2)
- polarity (2)
- policy advice (2)
- policy analysis (2)
- policy reform (2)
- policy-making (2)
- politics (2)
- pollinator shift (2)
- poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- polyadenylation (2)
- polyampholytes (2)
- polyelectrolytes (2)
- polyester (2)
- polyesterurethanes (2)
- polymer degradation (2)
- polymersomes (2)
- polyphenols (2)
- polysemy (2)
- polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (2)
- population cycles (2)
- population growth rate (2)
- population pharmacokinetics (2)
- population size (2)
- population structure (2)
- populations (2)
- populism (2)
- pore pressure (2)
- pornography (2)
- porous silicon (2)
- positioning (2)
- positive solutions (2)
- possessives (2)
- post-natal (2)
- postural sway (2)
- potassium channel (2)
- power spectral analysis (2)
- pp-wave solutions (2)
- pragmaticalisation (2)
- pragmatics (2)
- pre-activity (2)
- pre-natal (2)
- pre-school (2)
- pre-service teachers (2)
- preactivation (2)
- precaution (2)
- precision agriculture (2)
- predation risk (2)
- predator (2)
- predictability (2)
- prediction error (2)
- predictive models (2)
- preference (2)
- preference assessment (2)
- preferential flow (2)
- prefixes (2)
- prefrontal cortex (2)
- preprocessing (2)
- preschool children (2)
- presidentialism (2)
- pressure (2)
- pressures (2)
- presupposition (2)
- prevalence information (2)
- primary care (2)
- printing (2)
- privatization (2)
- proactive personality (2)
- proactive work behavior (2)
- probability (2)
- probability density function (2)
- probiotics (2)
- problem (2)
- problem-solving (2)
- problems (2)
- process (2)
- process mining (2)
- process modeling (2)
- process-based modeling (2)
- processes (2)
- production control (2)
- prognosis (2)
- proliferation (2)
- proper motions (2)
- property rights (2)
- prosocial (2)
- prosody processing (2)
- prospective (2)
- protected area (2)
- protection motivation theory (2)
- protein carbonyls (2)
- protein engineering (2)
- protein search (2)
- protein translocation (2)
- protein-phenol interactions (2)
- protein-protein (2)
- proteomic analysis (2)
- protest (2)
- protonation (2)
- prototype-willingness-model (2)
- provenance (2)
- psycho-oncology (2)
- psychological detachment (2)
- psychological distress (2)
- psychological well-being (2)
- psychologinguistics (2)
- psychopathy (2)
- psychophysics (2)
- psychopower (2)
- psychosocial moderators (2)
- pubertal timing (2)
- puberty (2)
- public (2)
- public engagement (2)
- public good (2)
- public policy (2)
- publication bias (2)
- pulling isometric muscle action (PIMA) (2)
- pulsars: individual: PSR B0833-45 (2)
- purification (2)
- quality assurance (2)
- quantum (2)
- quantum field theory (2)
- quartz crystal microbalance (2)
- quasi-Fermi level splitting (2)
- questioning solutions (2)
- radhard design (2)
- radial flow (2)
- radiation mechanisms: nonthermal (2)
- radiation therapy (2)
- radiative forcing (2)
- radiocarbon dating (2)
- radiogenic isotopes (2)
- radiosensitizers (2)
- rainfall (2)
- rainfall gradient (2)
- rampage (2)
- random diffusivity (2)
- random matrix theory (2)
- random-walks (2)
- randomized controlled trial (2)
- range dynamics (2)
- range of motion (2)
- range size (2)
- rank (2)
- ranking (2)
- rapid test kit (2)
- rare events (2)
- rate of perceived exertion (2)
- rate of torque development (2)
- ray tracing (2)
- reactance (2)
- reaction kinetics theory (2)
- reaction monitoring (2)
- reactive transport modeling (2)
- reading fluency (2)
- real options (2)
- real-time (2)
- receiver function (2)
- reciprocal class (2)
- recollection (2)
- recollimation shocks (2)
- recombinant inbred line (2)
- recombination order (2)
- record (2)
- record linkage (2)
- recruitment (2)
- redox homeostasis (2)
- redox polymers (2)
- redox processes (2)
- redox state (2)
- reduction (2)
- reed (2)
- referential choice (2)
- refinement (2)
- reflexives (2)
- reforms (2)
- refugee (2)
- refugee youth (2)
- regional development (2)
- regionalisation (2)
- regulations (2)
- regulatory T cells (2)
- regulatory physiology (2)
- reinforcement (2)
- relations (2)
- relationship (2)
- relationship constellations (2)
- relative pollen productivity (2)
- relaxation (2)
- remission (2)
- remote teaching (2)
- renormalization Hopf algebra (2)
- replacement (2)
- repository far-field (2)
- representation (2)
- reproducing kernel Hilbert space (2)
- reproductive strategies (2)
- reproductive success (2)
- requirements (2)
- resampling (2)
- research design (2)
- research framework (2)
- research priorities (2)
- reservoir (2)
- reservoir characterization (2)
- resetting (2)
- resonance energy transfer (2)
- resonances (2)
- resource allocation (2)
- resource selection (2)
- restricted range (2)
- resurrection plants (2)
- retrogressive thaw slumps (2)
- return to work (2)
- reward anticipation (2)
- rewards (2)
- rhizosphere (2)
- rhythm (2)
- rifting (2)
- ring current (2)
- ring current electrons (2)
- risk analysis (2)
- risk assessment (2)
- risk aversion (2)
- risk communication (2)
- risk governance (2)
- risk perceptions (2)
- risk reduction (2)
- risk-factors (2)
- risks (2)
- river erosion (2)
- rivers (2)
- rock (2)
- rock glacier (2)
- role-play (2)
- rolling averages (2)
- root water uptake (2)
- rotational diffusion (2)
- rotifer (2)
- runners (2)
- running mechanics (2)
- rupturing of metal film (2)
- réchauffement planétaire (2)
- sACC (2)
- salamanders (2)
- salience (2)
- saliency (2)
- salinity (2)
- salivary alpha-amylase (2)
- salt (2)
- salt diffusion (2)
- salt pan (2)
- salt structures (2)
- sample preparation (2)
- sarcopenia (2)
- satellite data (2)
- satisfaction (2)
- savanna ecology (2)
- scaffolding (2)
- scalability (2)
- scanning tunneling microscopy (2)
- scenario analysis (2)
- scene perception (2)
- school mathematics (2)
- school quality (2)
- school shooting (2)
- science (2)
- science mapping (2)
- scrambling (2)
- sea level (2)
- sea level rise (2)
- second chambers (2)
- second language processing (2)
- sedentary (2)
- sediment core (2)
- sediment routing (2)
- sediment storage (2)
- sediment supply (2)
- sediment transport (2)
- sediment yield (2)
- sediments (2)
- seed (2)
- seed dispersal syndrome (2)
- seed provisioning (2)
- seismic monitoring (2)
- seismic tomography (2)
- seismology (2)
- selective autophagy (2)
- selective laser melting (2)
- selective laser melting (SLM) (2)
- selenoprotein P (2)
- self threat (2)
- self-assembled monolayers (2)
- self-control (2)
- self-evaluation (2)
- self-harm (2)
- self-isolation (2)
- self-objectification (2)
- self-organisation (2)
- self-regulated learning (2)
- self-similarity (2)
- semantic transparency (2)
- semi-arid hydrology (2)
- semi-parliamentarism (2)
- semi-parliamentary government (2)
- semiconducting polymers (2)
- semiconductor lasers (2)
- sensor (2)
- sensor alignment (2)
- sensor data (2)
- sensor fusion (2)
- sensors and actuators (2)
- sentence parsing (2)
- sentinel-1 (2)
- sequential data assimilation (2)
- serum (2)
- sexual behavior (2)
- sexual coercion (2)
- sexual dimorphism (2)
- sexual reproduction (2)
- sexual self-esteem (2)
- sexual victimisation (2)
- shallow structure hypothesis (2)
- shieldings (TSNMRS) (2)
- short-read mapping (2)
- shotgun sequencing (2)
- shoulder (2)
- shrub-encroachment (2)
- sibilant (2)
- sick leave (2)
- signal propagation (2)
- simulation model (2)
- simulation-based (2)
- simultaneous bilingualism (2)
- single-case experimental design (2)
- single-particle tracking (2)
- singularity (2)
- size (2)
- size distribution (2)
- skill (2)
- slope aspect (2)
- smart materials (2)
- soccer players (2)
- social class (2)
- social environment (2)
- social epistemology (2)
- social interaction (2)
- social network (2)
- social network analysis (2)
- social networking sites (2)
- social reactivity (2)
- social status (2)
- sodium hydroxide etching (2)
- soft actuators (2)
- soft robotics (2)
- soft-templating (2)
- software development (2)
- soil fatigue (2)
- soil landscape (2)
- solar powered light-emitting diode (2)
- solubility (2)
- solvent vapor annealing (2)
- somatic variables (2)
- source parameters (2)
- source-sink dynamics (2)
- soy protein (2)
- space-charge stability (2)
- spatial autocorrelation (2)
- spatial scales (2)
- spatial statistics (2)
- spatial vision (2)
- spatially explicit model (2)
- speakers (2)
- special education (2)
- special educational needs (2)
- species assembly (2)
- species distribution model (2)
- species distribution models (2)
- species recognition (2)
- specific language impairment (2)
- specificity (2)
- specifier proteins (2)
- spectra (2)
- spectral analysis (2)
- spectroscopic ellipsometry (2)
- speech motor control (2)
- speech segmentation (2)
- speed-accuracy trade-off (2)
- speleothems (2)
- sphingomyelin (2)
- spider silk (2)
- spin transition (2)
- spin-orbit coupling (2)
- spin-orbit interaction (2)
- split Hopkinson pressure bar (2)
- sport (2)
- sprint (2)
- sprints (2)
- stable carbon isotopes (2)
- stable matching (2)
- stakeholder engagement (2)
- standards (2)
- starch granule initiation (2)
- starch granule surface (2)
- starch granules (2)
- starch morphology (2)
- starch synthase (2)
- stars: flare (2)
- stars: individual ([HD 36486]delta Ori A) (2)
- stars: individual (gamma Cassiopeiae) (2)
- stars: jets (2)
- stars: solar-type (2)
- stars: variables: Cepheids (2)
- starvation (2)
- state (2)
- statistical methods (2)
- stem cell adhesion (2)
- step selection (2)
- stereoselectivity (2)
- sterol (2)
- stokes shift (2)
- strain localization (2)
- strategic growth adjustment (2)
- stratification (2)
- streptavidin (2)
- stressors (2)
- structural change (2)
- structural health monitoring (2)
- structural thermodynamics (2)
- structures (2)
- subcellular localization (2)
- subcutaneous adipose tissue (2)
- subdiffusion (2)
- subduction initiation (2)
- subject-verb agreement (2)
- submillimetre: ISM (2)
- subsea permafrost (2)
- substituent effects (2)
- substitution effects (2)
- subsurface life (2)
- succession (2)
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- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (3973)
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- Institut für Geowissenschaften (2598)
- Institut für Chemie (2232)
- Department Psychologie (1126)
- Institut für Mathematik (938)
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (722)
- Department Linguistik (665)
- Institut für Umweltwissenschaften und Geographie (535)
- Institut für Informatik und Computational Science (532)
Purpose
This chapter is aimed at contributing to the question of how institutional reforms affect multi-level governance (MLG) capacities and thus the performance of public task fulfillment with a particular focus on the local level of government in England, France, and Germany.
Methodology/approach
Drawing on concepts of institutional evaluation, we analytically distinguish six dimensions of impact assessment: vertical coordination; horizontal coordination; efficiency/savings; effectiveness/quality; political accountability/democratic control; equity of service standards. Methodologically, we rely on document analysis and expert judgments that could be gleaned from case studies in the three countries and a comprehensive evaluation of the available secondary data in the respective national and local contexts.
Findings
Institutional reforms in the intergovernmental setting have exerted a significant influence on task fulfillment and the performance of service delivery. Irrespective of whether MLG practice corresponds to type I or type II, task devolution (decentralization/de-concentration) furthers the interlocal variation and makes the equity of service delivery shrink. There is a general tendency of improved horizontal/MLG type I coordination capacities, especially after political decentralization, less in the case of administrative decentralization. However, decentralization often entails considerable additional costs which sometimes overload local governments.
Research implications
The distinction between multi-purpose territorial organization/MLG I and single-purpose functional organization/MLG II provides a suitable analytical frame for institutional evaluation and impact assessment of reforms in the intergovernmental setting. Furthermore, comparative research into the relationship between MLG and institutional reforms is needed to reveal the explanatory power of intervening factors, such as the local budgetary and staff situation, local policy preferences, and political interests in conjunction with the salience of the transferred tasks.
Practical implications
The findings provide evidence on the causal relationship between specific types of (vertical) institutional reforms, performance, and task-related characteristics. Policy-makers and government actors may use this information when drafting institutional reform programs and determining the allocation of public tasks in the intergovernmental setting.
Social implications
In general, the euphoric expectations placed upon decentralization strategies in modern societies cannot straightforwardly be justified. Our findings show that any type of task transfer to lower levels of government exacerbates existing disparities or creates new ones. However, the integration of tasks within multi-functional, politically accountable local governments may help to improve MLG type I coordination in favor of local communities and territorially based societal actors, while the opposite may be said with regard to de-concentration and the strengthening of MLG type II coordination.
Originality/value
The chapter addresses a missing linkage in the existing MLG literature which has hitherto predominantly been focused on the political decision-making and on the implementation of reforms in the intergovernmental settings of European countries, whereas the impact of such reforms and of their consequences for MLG has remained largely ignored.
Introduction: Adequate cognitive function in patients is a prerequisite for successful implementation of patient education and lifestyle coping in comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs. Although the association between cardiovascular diseases and cognitive impairments (CIs) is well known, the prevalence particularly of mild CI in CR and the characteristics of affected patients have been insufficiently investigated so far.
Methods: In this prospective observational study, 496 patients (54.5 ± 6.2 years, 79.8% men) with coronary artery disease following an acute coronary event (ACE) were analyzed. Patients were enrolled within 14 days of discharge from the hospital in a 3-week inpatient CR program. Patients were tested for CI using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) upon admission to and discharge from CR. Additionally, sociodemographic, clinical, and physiological variables were documented. The data were analyzed descriptively and in a multivariate stepwise backward elimination regression model with respect to CI.
Results: At admission to CR, the CI (MoCA score < 26) was determined in 182 patients (36.7%). Significant differences between CI and no CI groups were identified, and CI group was associated with high prevalence of smoking (65.9 vs 56.7%, P = 0.046), heavy (physically demanding) workloads (26.4 vs 17.8%, P < 0.001), sick leave longer than 1 month prior to CR (28.6 vs 18.5%, P = 0.026), reduced exercise capacity (102.5 vs 118.8 W, P = 0.006), and a shorter 6-min walking distance (401.7 vs 421.3 m, P = 0.021) compared to no CI group. The age- and education-adjusted model showed positive associations with CI only for sick leave more than 1 month prior to ACE (odds ratio [OR] 1.673, 95% confidence interval 1.07–2.79; P = 0.03) and heavy workloads (OR 2.18, 95% confidence interval 1.42–3.36; P < 0.01).
Conclusion: The prevalence of CI in CR was considerably high, affecting more than one-third of cardiac patients. Besides age and education level, CI was associated with heavy workloads and a longer sick leave before ACE.
In recent years, the category of evidentiality has also come into use for the description of Romance languages and of German. This has been contingent on a change in its interpretation from a typological category to a semantic-pragmatic category, which allows an application to languages lacking specialised morphemes for the expression of evidentiality. We consider evidentiality to be a structural dimension of grammar, the values of which are expressed by types of constructions that code the source of information which a speaker imparts. If we look at the situation in Romance languages and in German, drawing a boundary between epistemic modality and evidentiality presents problems that are difficult to solve. Adding markers of the source of the speaker’s knowledge often limits the degree of responsibility of the speaker for the content of the utterance. Evidential adverbs are a frequently used means of marking the source of the speaker’s knowledge. The evidential meaning is generalised to marking any source of knowledge, what can be regarded as a result of a process of pragmaticalisation. The use of certain means which also carry out evidential markings can even contribute to the blurring of the different kinds of evidentiality. German also has modal verbs which in conjunction with the perfect tense of the verb have a predominantly evidential use (sollen and wollen). But even here the evidential marking is not without influence on the modality of the utterance. The Romance languages, however, do not have such specialised verbs for expressing evidentiality in certain contexts. To do this, they mark evidentiality – often context bound – by verb forms such as the conditional and the imperfect tense. This article shall contrast the different architectures used in expressing evidentiality in German and in the Romance languages.
Background
Non-typhoid Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) accounts for a high number of registered salmonellosis cases, and O-serotyping is one important tool for monitoring epidemiology and spread of the disease. Moreover, variations in glucosylated O-antigens are related to immunogenicity and spread in the host. However, classical autoagglutination tests combined with the analysis of specific genetic markers cannot always reliably register phase variable glucose modifications expressed on Salmonella O-antigens and additional tools to monitor O-antigen glucosylation phenotypes of S. Typhimurium would be desirable.
Results
We developed a test for the phase variable O-antigen glucosylation state of S. Typhimurium using the tailspike proteins (TSP) of Salmonella phages 9NA and P22. We used this ELISA like tailspike adsorption (ELITA) assay to analyze a library of 44 Salmonella strains. ELITA was successful in discriminating strains that carried glucose 1-6 linked to the galactose of O-polysaccharide backbone (serotype O1) from non-glucosylated strains. This was shown by O-antigen compositional analyses of the respective strains with mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. The ELITA test worked rapidly in a microtiter plate format and was highly O-antigen specific. Moreover, TSP as probes could also detect glucosylated strains in flow cytometry and distinguish multiphasic cultures differing in their glucosylation state.
Conclusions
Tailspike proteins contain large binding sites with precisely defined specificities and are therefore promising tools to be included in serotyping procedures as rapid serotyping agents in addition to antibodies. In this study, 9NA and P22TSP as probes could specifically distinguish glucosylation phenotypes of Salmonella on microtiter plate assays and in flow cytometry. This opens the possibility for flow sorting of cell populations for subsequent genetic analyses or for monitoring phase variations during large scale O-antigen preparations necessary for vaccine production.
The visceral protein transthyretin (TTR) is frequently affected by oxidative post-translational protein modifications (PTPMs) in various diseases. Thus, better insight into structure-function relationships due to oxidative PTPMs of TTR should contribute to the understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms. While the in vivo analysis of TTR in mammalian models is complex, time- and resource-consuming, transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans expressing hTTR provide an optimal model for the in vivo identification and characterization of drug-mediated oxidative PTPMs of hTTR by means of matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization – time of flight – mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Herein, we demonstrated that hTTR is expressed in all developmental stages of Caenorhabditis elegans, enabling the analysis of hTTR metabolism during the whole life-cycle. The suitability of the applied model was verified by exposing worms to D-penicillamine and menadione. Both drugs induced substantial changes in the oxidative PTPM pattern of hTTR. Additionally, for the first time a covalent binding of both drugs with hTTR was identified and verified by molecular modelling.
Mental arithmetic exhibits various biases. Among those is a tendency to overestimate addition and to underestimate subtraction outcomes. Does such “operational momentum” (OM) also affect multiplication and division? Twenty-six adults produced lines whose lengths corresponded to the correct outcomes of multiplication and division problems shown in symbolic format. We found a reliable tendency to over-estimate division outcomes, i.e., reverse OM. We suggest that anchoring on the first operand (a tendency to use this number as a reference for further quantitative reasoning) contributes to cognitive biases in mental arithmetic.
Well-developed phonological awareness skills are a core prerequisite for early literacy development. Although effective phonological awareness training programs exist, children at risk often do not reach similar levels of phonological awareness after the intervention as children with normally developed skills. Based on theoretical considerations and first promising results the present study explores effects of an early musical training in combination with a conventional phonological training in children with weak phonological awareness skills. Using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design and measurements across a period of 2 years, we tested the effects of two interventions: a consecutive combination of a musical and a phonological training and a phonological training alone. The design made it possible to disentangle effects of the musical training alone as well the effects of its combination with the phonological training. The outcome measures of these groups were compared with the control group with multivariate analyses, controlling for a number of background variables. The sample included N = 424 German-speaking children aged 4–5 years at the beginning of the study. We found a positive relationship between musical abilities and phonological awareness. Yet, whereas the well-established phonological training produced the expected effects, adding a musical training did not contribute significantly to phonological awareness development. Training effects were partly dependent on the initial level of phonological awareness. Possible reasons for the lack of training effects in the musical part of the combination condition as well as practical implications for early literacy education are discussed.
Background
Recently, the incidence rate of back pain (BP) in adolescents has been reported at 21%. However, the development of BP in adolescent athletes is unclear. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of BP in young elite athletes in relation to gender and type of sport practiced.
Methods
Subjective BP was assessed in 321 elite adolescent athletes (m/f 57%/43%; 13.2 ± 1.4 years; 163.4 ± 11.4 cm; 52.6 ± 12.6 kg; 5.0 ± 2.6 training yrs; 7.6 ± 5.3 training h/week). Initially, all athletes were free of pain. The main outcome criterion was the incidence of back pain [%] analyzed in terms of pain development from the first measurement day (M1) to the second measurement day (M2) after 2.0 ± 1.0 year. Participants were classified into athletes who developed back pain (BPD) and athletes who did not develop back pain (nBPD). BP (acute or within the last 7 days) was assessed with a 5-step face scale (face 1–2 = no pain; face 3–5 = pain). BPD included all athletes who reported faces 1 and 2 at M1 and faces 3 to 5 at M2. nBPD were all athletes who reported face 1 or 2 at both M1 and M2. Data was analyzed descriptively. Additionally, a Chi2 test was used to analyze gender- and sport-specific differences (p = 0.05).
Results
Thirty-two athletes were categorized as BPD (10%). The gender difference was 5% (m/f: 12%/7%) but did not show statistical significance (p = 0.15). The incidence of BP ranged between 6 and 15% for the different sport categories. Game sports (15%) showed the highest, and explosive strength sports (6%) the lowest incidence. Anthropometrics or training characteristics did not significantly influence BPD (p = 0.14 gender to p = 0.90 sports; r2 = 0.0825).
Conclusions
BP incidence was lower in adolescent athletes compared to young non-athletes and even to the general adult population. Consequently, it can be concluded that high-performance sports do not lead to an additional increase in back pain incidence during early adolescence. Nevertheless, back pain prevention programs should be implemented into daily training routines for sport categories identified as showing high incidence rates.
The title compounds, [(1R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-bis(acetyloxy)-7-oxo-2-oxabicyclo-
[4.2.0]octan-3-yl]methyl acetate, C14H18O8, (I), [(1S,4R,5S,6R)-5-acetyloxy-7-
hydroxyimino-2-oxobicyclo[4.2.0]octan-4-yl acetate, C11H15NO6, (II), and
[(3aR,5R,6R,7R,7aS)-6,7-bis(acetyloxy)-2-oxooctahydropyrano[3,2-b]pyrrol-5-
yl]methyl acetate, C14H19NO8, (III), are stable bicyclic carbohydrate derivatives.
They can easily be synthesized in a few steps from commercially available
glycals. As a result of the ring strain from the four-membered rings in (I) and
(II), the conformations of the carbohydrates deviate strongly from the ideal
chair form. Compound (II) occurs in the boat form. In the five-membered
lactam (III), on the other hand, the carbohydrate adopts an almost ideal chair
conformation. As a result of the distortion of the sugar rings, the configurations
of the three bicyclic carbohydrate derivatives could not be determined from
their NMR coupling constants. From our three crystal structure determinations,
we were able to establish for the first time the absolute configurations of all new
stereocenters of the carbohydrate rings.
The population structure of the highly mobile marine mammal, the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), in the Atlantic shelf waters follows a pattern of significant isolation-by-distance. The population structure of harbor porpoises from the Baltic Sea, which is connected with the North Sea through a series of basins separated by shallow underwater ridges, however, is more complex. Here, we investigated the population differentiation of harbor porpoises in European Seas with a special focus on the Baltic Sea and adjacent waters, using a population genomics approach. We used 2872 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), derived from double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq), as well as 13 microsatellite loci and mitochondrial haplotypes for the same set of individuals. Spatial principal components analysis (sPCA), and Bayesian clustering on a subset of SNPs suggest three main groupings at the level of all studied regions: the Black Sea, the North Atlantic, and the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, we observed a distinct separation of the North Sea harbor porpoises from the Baltic Sea populations, and identified splits between porpoise populations within the Baltic Sea. We observed a notable distinction between the Belt Sea and the Inner Baltic Sea sub-regions. Improved delineation of harbor porpoise population assignments for the Baltic based on genomic evidence is important for conservation management of this endangered cetacean in threatened habitats, particularly in the Baltic Sea proper. In addition, we show that SNPs outperform microsatellite markers and demonstrate the utility of RAD-tags from a relatively small, opportunistically sampled cetacean sample set for population diversity and divergence analysis.
Background
Doping presents a potential health risk for young athletes. Prevention programs are intended to prevent doping by educating athletes about banned substances. However, such programs have their limitations in practice. This led Germany to introduce the National Doping Prevention Plan (NDPP), in hopes of ameliorating the situation among young elite athletes. Two studies examined 1) the degree to which the NDPP led to improved prevention efforts in elite sport schools, and 2) the extent to which newly developed prevention activities of the national anti-doping agency (NADA) based on the NDPP have improved knowledge among young athletes within elite sports schools.
Methods
The first objective was investigated in a longitudinal study (Study I: t0 = baseline, t1 = follow-up 4 years after NDPP introduction) with N = 22 teachers engaged in doping prevention in elite sports schools. The second objective was evaluated in a cross-sectional comparison study (Study II) in N = 213 elite sports school students (54.5 % male, 45.5 % female, age M = 16.7 ± 1.3 years (all students had received the improved NDDP measure in school; one student group had received additionally NADA anti-doping activities and a control group did not). Descriptive statistics were calculated, followed by McNemar tests, Wilcoxon tests and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).
Results
Results indicate that 4 years after the introduction of the NDPP there have been limited structural changes with regard to the frequency, type, and scope of doping prevention in elite sport schools. On the other hand, in study II, elite sport school students who received further NADA anti-doping activities performed better on an anti-doping knowledge test than students who did not take part (F(1, 207) = 33.99, p <0.001), although this difference was small.
Conclusion
The integration of doping-prevention in elite sport schools as part of the NDPP was only partially successful. The results of the evaluation indicate that the introduction of the NDPP has contributed more to a change in the content of doping prevention activities than to a structural transformation in anti-doping education in elite sport schools. Moreover, while students who did receive additional education in the form of the NDPP“booster sessions” had significantly more knowledge about doping than students who did not receive such education, this difference was only small and may not translate to actual behavior.
Due to their multifunctionality, tablets offer tremendous advantages for research on handwriting dynamics or for interactive use of learning apps in schools. Further, the widespread use of tablet computers has had a great impact on handwriting in the current generation. But, is it advisable to teach how to write and to assess handwriting in pre- and primary schoolchildren on tablets rather than on paper? Since handwriting is not automatized before the age of 10 years, children's handwriting movements require graphomotor and visual feedback as well as permanent control of movement execution during handwriting. Modifications in writing conditions, for instance the smoother writing surface of a tablet, might influence handwriting performance in general and in particular those of non-automatized beginning writers. In order to investigate how handwriting performance is affected by a difference in friction of the writing surface, we recruited three groups with varying levels of handwriting automaticity: 25 preschoolers, 27 second graders, and 25 adults. We administered three tasks measuring graphomotor abilities, visuomotor abilities, and handwriting performance (only second graders and adults). We evaluated two aspects of handwriting performance: the handwriting quality with a visual score and the handwriting dynamics using online handwriting measures [e.g., writing duration, writing velocity, strokes and number of inversions in velocity (NIV)]. In particular, NIVs which describe the number of velocity peaks during handwriting are directly related to the level of handwriting automaticity. In general, we found differences between writing on paper compared to the tablet. These differences were partly task-dependent. The comparison between tablet and paper revealed a faster writing velocity for all groups and all tasks on the tablet which indicates that all participants—even the experienced writers—were influenced by the lower friction of the tablet surface. Our results for the group-comparison show advancing levels in handwriting automaticity from preschoolers to second graders to adults, which confirms that our method depicts handwriting performance in groups with varying degrees of handwriting automaticity. We conclude that the smoother tablet surface requires additional control of handwriting movements and therefore might present an additional challenge for learners of handwriting.
Loss to follow-up in a randomized controlled trial study for pediatric weight management (EPOC)
(2016)
Background
Attrition is a serious problem in intervention studies. The current study analyzed the attrition rate during follow-up in a randomized controlled pediatric weight management program (EPOC study) within a tertiary care setting.
Methods
Five hundred twenty-three parents and their 7–13-year-old children with obesity participated in the randomized controlled intervention trial. Follow-up data were assessed 6 and 12 months after the end of treatment. Attrition was defined as providing no objective weight data. Demographic and psychological baseline characteristics were used to predict attrition at 6- and 12-month follow-up using multivariate logistic regression analyses.
Results
Objective weight data were available for 49.6 (67.0) % of the children 6 (12) months after the end of treatment. Completers and non-completers at the 6- and 12-month follow-up differed in the amount of weight loss during their inpatient stay, their initial BMI-SDS, educational level of the parents, and child’s quality of life and well-being. Additionally, completers supported their child more than non-completers, and at the 12-month follow-up, families with a more structured eating environment were less likely to drop out. On a multivariate level, only educational background and structure of the eating environment remained significant.
Conclusions
The minor differences between the completers and the non-completers suggest that our retention strategies were successful. Further research should focus on prevention of attrition in families with a lower educational background.
The strong adhesion of sub-micron sized particles to surfaces is a nuisance, both for removing contaminating colloids from surfaces and for conscious manipulation of particles to create and test novel micro/nano-scale assemblies. The obvious idea of using detergents to ease these processes suffers from a lack of control: the action of any conventional surface-modifying agent is immediate and global. With photosensitive azobenzene containing surfactants we overcome these limitations. Such photo-soaps contain optical switches (azobenzene molecules), which upon illumination with light of appropriate wavelength undergo reversible trans-cis photo-isomerization resulting in a subsequent change of the physico-chemical molecular properties. In this work we show that when a spatial gradient in the composition of trans- and cis- isomers is created near a solid-liquid interface, a substantial hydrodynamic flow can be initiated, the spatial extent of which can be set, e.g., by the shape of a laser spot. We propose the concept of light induced diffusioosmosis driving the flow, which can remove, gather or pattern a particle assembly at a solid-liquid interface. In other words, in addition to providing a soap we implement selectivity: particles are mobilized and moved at the time of illumination, and only across the illuminated area.
Referential Choice
(2016)
We report a study of referential choice in discourse production, understood as the choice between various types of referential devices, such as pronouns and full noun phrases. Our goal is to predict referential choice, and to explore to what extent such prediction is possible. Our approach to referential choice includes a cognitively informed theoretical component, corpus analysis, machine learning methods and experimentation with human participants. Machine learning algorithms make use of 25 factors, including referent’s properties (such as animacy and protagonism), the distance between a referential expression and its antecedent, the antecedent’s syntactic role, and so on. Having found the predictions of our algorithm to coincide with the original almost 90% of the time, we hypothesized that fully accurate prediction is not possible because, in many situations, more than one referential option is available. This hypothesis was supported by an experimental study, in which participants answered questions about either the original text in the corpus, or about a text modified in accordance with the algorithm’s prediction. Proportions of correct answers to these questions, as well as participants’ rating of the questions’ difficulty, suggested that divergences between the algorithm’s prediction and the original referential device in the corpus occur overwhelmingly in situations where the referential choice is not categorical.
We study the adsorption–desorption transition of polyelectrolyte chains onto planar, cylindrical and spherical surfaces with arbitrarily high surface charge densities by massive Monte Carlo computer simulations. We examine in detail how the well known scaling relations for the threshold transition—demarcating the adsorbed and desorbed domains of a polyelectrolyte near weakly charged surfaces—are altered for highly charged interfaces. In virtue of high surface potentials and large surface charge densities, the Debye–Hückel approximation is often not feasible and the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann approach should be implemented. At low salt conditions, for instance, the electrostatic potential from the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation is smaller than the Debye–Hückel result, such that the required critical surface charge density for polyelectrolyte adsorption σc increases. The nonlinear relation between the surface charge density and electrostatic potential leads to a sharply increasing critical surface charge density with growing ionic strength, imposing an additional limit to the critical salt concentration above which no polyelectrolyte adsorption occurs at all. We contrast our simulations findings with the known scaling results for weak critical polyelectrolyte adsorption onto oppositely charged surfaces for the three standard geometries. Finally, we discuss some applications of our results for some physical–chemical and biophysical systems.
We present a temperature and fluence dependent Ultrafast X-Ray Diffraction study of a laser-heated antiferromagnetic dysprosium thin film. The loss of antiferromagnetic order is evidenced by a pronounced lattice contraction. We devise a method to determine the energy flow between the phonon and spin system from calibrated Bragg peak positions in thermal equilibrium. Reestablishing the magnetic order is much slower than the cooling of the lattice, especially around the Néel temperature. Despite the pronounced magnetostriction, the transfer of energy from the spin system to the phonons in Dy is slow after the spin-order is lost.
In June 2013, widespread flooding and consequent damage and losses occurred in Central Europe, especially in Germany. This paper explores what data are available to investigate the adverse impacts of the event, what kind of information can be retrieved from these data and how well data and information fulfil requirements that were recently proposed for disaster reporting on the European and international levels. In accordance with the European Floods Directive (2007/60/EC), impacts on human health, economic activities (and assets), cultural heritage and the environment are described on the national and sub-national scale. Information from governmental reports is complemented by communications on traffic disruptions and surveys of flood-affected residents and companies.
Overall, the impacts of the flood event in 2013 were manifold. The study reveals that flood-affected residents suffered from a large range of impacts, among which mental health and supply problems were perceived more seriously than financial losses. The most frequent damage type among affected companies was business interruption. This demonstrates that the current scientific focus on direct (financial) damage is insufficient to describe the overall impacts and severity of flood events.
The case further demonstrates that procedures and standards for impact data collection in Germany are widely missing. Present impact data in Germany are fragmentary, heterogeneous, incomplete and difficult to access. In order to fulfil, for example, the monitoring and reporting requirements of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 that was adopted in March 2015 in Sendai, Japan, more efforts on impact data collection are needed.
It is quite generally assumed that the overdamped Langevin equation provides a quantitative description of the dynamics of a classical Brownian particle in the long time limit. We establish and investigate a paradigm anomalous diffusion process governed by an underdamped Langevin equation with an explicit time dependence of the system temperature and thus the diffusion and damping coefficients. We show that for this underdamped scaled Brownian motion (UDSBM) the overdamped limit fails to describe the long time behaviour of the system and may practically even not exist at all for a certain range of the parameter values. Thus persistent inertial effects play a non-negligible role even at significantly long times. From this study a general questions on the applicability of the overdamped limit to describe the long time motion of an anomalously diffusing particle arises, with profound consequences for the relevance of overdamped anomalous diffusion models. We elucidate our results in view of analytical and simulations results for the anomalous diffusion of particles in free cooling granular gases.
Himalayan water resources attract a rapidly growing number of hydroelectric power projects (HPP) to satisfy Asia's soaring energy demands. Yet HPP operating or planned in steep, glacier-fed mountain rivers face hazards of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) that can damage hydropower infrastructure, alter water and sediment yields, and compromise livelihoods downstream. Detailed appraisals of such GLOF hazards are limited to case studies, however, and a more comprehensive, systematic analysis remains elusive. To this end we estimate the regional exposure of 257 Himalayan HPP to GLOFs, using a flood-wave propagation model fed by Monte Carlo-derived outburst volumes of >2300 glacial lakes. We interpret the spread of thus modeled peak discharges as a predictive uncertainty that arises mainly from outburst volumes and dam-breach rates that are difficult to assess before dams fail. With 66% of sampled HPP are on potential GLOF tracks, up to one third of these HPP could experience GLOF discharges well above local design floods, as hydropower development continues to seek higher sites closer to glacial lakes. We compute that this systematic push of HPP into headwaters effectively doubles the uncertainty about GLOF peak discharge in these locations. Peak discharges farther downstream, in contrast, are easier to predict because GLOF waves attenuate rapidly. Considering this systematic pattern of regional GLOF exposure might aid the site selection of future Himalayan HPP. Our method can augment, and help to regularly update, current hazard assessments, given that global warming is likely changing the number and size of Himalayan meltwater lakes.
The all-female Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa) originated from a single hybridization of two bisexual ancestors, Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana) and sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna). As a gynogenetic species, the Amazon molly needs to copulate with a heterospecific male, but the genetic information of the sperm-donor does not contribute to the next generation, as the sperm only acts as the trigger for the diploid eggs’ embryogenesis. Here, we study the sequence evolution and gene expression of the duplicated genes coding for androgen receptors (ars) and other pathway-related genes, i.e., the estrogen receptors (ers) and cytochrome P450, family19, subfamily A, aromatase genes (cyp19as), in the Amazon molly, in comparison to its bisexual ancestors. Mollies possess–as most other teleost fish—two copies of the ar, er, and cyp19a genes, i.e., arα/arβ, erα/erβ1, and cyp19a1 (also referred as cyp19a1a)/cyp19a2 (also referred to as cyp19a1b), respectively. Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the ancestral bisexual species were generally predicted not to alter protein function. Some derived substitutions in the P. mexicana and one in P. formosa are predicted to impact protein function. We also describe the gene expression pattern of the ars and pathway-related genes in various tissues (i.e., brain, gill, and ovary) and provide SNP markers for allele specific expression research. As a general tendency, the levels of gene expression were lowest in gill and highest in ovarian tissues, while expression levels in the brain were intermediate in most cases. Expression levels in P. formosa were conserved where expression did not differ between the two bisexual ancestors. In those cases where gene expression levels significantly differed between the bisexual species, P. formosa expression was always comparable to the higher expression level among the two ancestors. Interestingly, erβ1 was expressed neither in brain nor in gill in the analyzed three molly species, which implies a more important role of erα in the estradiol synthesis pathway in these tissues. Furthermore, our data suggest that interactions of steroid-signaling pathway genes differ across tissues, in particular the interactions of ars and cyp19as.
In this study, a new reliable, economic, and environmentally-friendly one-step synthesis is established to obtain carbon nanodots (CNDs) with well-defined and reproducible photoluminescence (PL) properties via the microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment of starch and Tris-acetate-EDTA (TAE) buffer as carbon sources. Three kinds of CNDs are prepared using different sets of above mentioned starting materials. The as-synthesized CNDs: C-CND (starch only), N-CND 1 (starch in TAE) and N-CND 2 (TAE only) exhibit highly homogenous PL and are ready to use without need for further purification. The CNDs are stable over a long period of time (>1 year) either in solution or as freeze-dried powder. Depending on starting material, CNDs with PL quantum yield (PLQY) ranging from less than 1% up to 28% are obtained. The influence of the precursor concentration, reaction time and type of additives on the optical properties (UV-Vis absorption, PL emission spectrum and PLQY) is carefully investigated, providing insight into the chemical processes that occur during CND formation. Remarkably, upon freeze-drying the initially brown CND-solution turns into a non-fluorescent white/slightly brown powder which recovers PL in aqueous solution and can potentially be applied as fluorescent marker in bio-imaging, as a reduction agent or as a photocatalyst.
The paper aims at considering characteristics from one field of contemporary visual studies that has for a long time been neglected in academic research: Pictorial signs on Social Network Sites (SNS) are an outstanding class of semiotic resources that is greatly shaped by processes of technological and collective sign production and distribution. A brief examination of the scholarly research on the pragmatics and semiotics of pictorial signs on SNS shows that the heterogeneity of visual signs is often neglected and that it mostly concentrates on one aspect of these pictorial signs: their technological production or their purpose for individual self-disclosure. The paper therefore considers the semiosis of pictorial signs on SNS in a holistic perspective as one the one hand produced by individual and collective meaning making as well as on the other hand a product of technological framing. It therefore develops a techno-semiotic pragmatic account that takes into consideration both processes. Starting from a prominent class of pictorial signs on SNS during Tunisian Revolution, the Tunisian Flag graphics, the paper than shows that communicative and social interaction functions on the graphic interface of SNS (‘like’-function, sharing and commenting option) are not only directly inscribed into the pictorial frame, but also greatly influence the reading of a pictorial sign. The location of images on the SNS’ interface has an impact on its meaning and on the social functions of a pictorial sign, as profile pictures are directly linked to the online identity of the user. Through technological sign processing, the polysemy of the image is reduced. We therefore consider the images on the one hand as individual self-narratives and on the other as instances of SNS’ visual culture that brings out dominant visual codes but also allows social and political movements to spread.
Dropping Out or Keeping Up?
(2016)
The aim of this study was to examine how automatic evaluations of exercising (AEE) varied according to adherence to an exercise program. Eighty-eight participants (24.98 years ± 6.88; 51.1% female) completed a Brief-Implicit Association Task assessing their AEE, positive and negative associations to exercising at the beginning of a 3-month exercise program. Attendance data were collected for all participants and used in a cluster analysis of adherence patterns. Three different adherence patterns (52 maintainers, 16 early dropouts, 20 late dropouts; 40.91% overall dropouts) were detected using cluster analyses. Participants from these three clusters differed significantly with regard to their positive and negative associations to exercising before the first course meeting (η2p = 0.07). Discriminant function analyses revealed that positive associations to exercising was a particularly good discriminating factor. This is the first study to provide evidence of the differential impact of positive and negative associations on exercise behavior over the medium term. The findings contribute to theoretical understanding of evaluative processes from a dual-process perspective and may provide a basis for targeted interventions.
Widespread flooding in June 2013 caused damage costs of €6 to 8 billion in Germany, and awoke many memories of the floods in August 2002, which resulted in total damage of €11.6 billion and hence was the most expensive natural hazard event in Germany up to now. The event of 2002 does, however, also mark a reorientation toward an integrated flood risk management system in Germany. Therefore, the flood of 2013 offered the opportunity to review how the measures that politics, administration, and civil society have implemented since 2002 helped to cope with the flood and what still needs to be done to achieve effective and more integrated flood risk management. The review highlights considerable improvements on many levels, in particular (1) an increased consideration of flood hazards in spatial planning and urban development, (2) comprehensive property-level mitigation and preparedness measures, (3) more effective flood warnings and improved coordination of disaster response, and (4) a more targeted maintenance of flood defense systems. In 2013, this led to more effective flood management and to a reduction of damage. Nevertheless, important aspects remain unclear and need to be clarified. This particularly holds for balanced and coordinated strategies for reducing and overcoming the impacts of flooding in large catchments, cross-border and interdisciplinary cooperation, the role of the general public in the different phases of flood risk management, as well as a transparent risk transfer system. Recurring flood events reveal that flood risk management is a continuous task. Hence, risk drivers, such as climate change, land-use changes, economic developments, or demographic change and the resultant risks must be investigated at regular intervals, and risk reduction strategies and processes must be reassessed as well as adapted and implemented in a dialogue with all stakeholders.
Src1 is a Protein of the Inner Nuclear Membrane Interacting with the Dictyostelium Lamin NE81
(2016)
The nuclear envelope (NE) consists of the outer and inner nuclear membrane (INM), whereby the latter is bound to the nuclear lamina. Src1 is a Dictyostelium homologue of the helix-extension-helix family of proteins, which also includes the human lamin-binding protein MAN1. Both endogenous Src1 and GFP-Src1 are localized to the NE during the entire cell cycle. Immuno-electron microscopy and light microscopy after differential detergent treatment indicated that Src1 resides in the INM. FRAP experiments with GFP-Src1 cells suggested that at least a fraction of the protein could be stably engaged in forming the nuclear lamina together with the Dictyostelium lamin NE81. Both a BioID proximity assay and mis-localization of soluble, truncated mRFP-Src1 at cytosolic clusters consisting of an intentionally mis-localized mutant of GFP-NE81 confirmed an interaction of Src1 and NE81. Expression GFP-Src11–646, a fragment C-terminally truncated after the first transmembrane domain, disrupted interaction of nuclear membranes with the nuclear lamina, as cells formed protrusions of the NE that were dependent on cytoskeletal pulling forces. Protrusions were dependent on intact microtubules but not actin filaments. Our results indicate that Src1 is required for integrity of the NE and highlight Dictyostelium as a promising model for the evolution of nuclear architecture.
Postural control is important to cope with demands of everyday life. It has been shown that both attentional demand (i.e., cognitive processing) and fatigue affect postural control in young adults. However, their combined effect is still unresolved. Therefore, we investigated the effects of fatigue on single- (ST) and dual-task (DT) postural control. Twenty young subjects (age: 23.7 ± 2.7) performed an all-out incremental treadmill protocol. After each completed stage, one-legged-stance performance on a force platform under ST (i.e., one-legged-stance only) and DT conditions (i.e., one-legged-stance while subtracting serial 3s) was registered. On a second test day, subjects conducted the same balance tasks for the control condition (i.e., non-fatigued). Results showed that heart rate, lactate, and ventilation increased following fatigue (all p < 0.001; d = 4.2–21). Postural sway and sway velocity increased during DT compared to ST (all p < 0.001; d = 1.9–2.0) and fatigued compared to non-fatigued condition (all p < 0.001; d = 3.3–4.2). In addition, postural control deteriorated with each completed stage during the treadmill protocol (all p < 0.01; d = 1.9–3.3). The addition of an attention-demanding interference task did not further impede one-legged-stance performance. Although both additional attentional demand and physical fatigue affected postural control in healthy young adults, there was no evidence for an overadditive effect (i.e., fatigue-related performance decrements in postural control were similar under ST and DT conditions). Thus, attentional resources were sufficient to cope with the DT situations in the fatigue condition of this experiment.
In a recent BAMS article, it is argued that community-based Open Source Software (OSS) could foster scientific progress in weather radar research, and make weather radar software more affordable, flexible, transparent, sustainable, and interoperable.
Nevertheless, it can be challenging for potential developers and users to realize these benefits: tools are often cumbersome to install; different operating systems may have particular issues, or may not be supported at all; and many tools have steep learning curves.
To overcome some of these barriers, we present an open, community-based virtual machine (VM). This VM can be run on any operating system, and guarantees reproducibility of results across platforms. It contains a suite of independent OSS weather radar tools (BALTRAD, Py-ART, wradlib, RSL, and Radx), and a scientific Python stack. Furthermore, it features a suite of recipes that work out of the box and provide guidance on how to use the different OSS tools alone and together. The code to build the VM from source is hosted on GitHub, which allows the VM to grow with its community.
We argue that the VM presents another step toward Open (Weather Radar) Science. It can be used as a quick way to get started, for teaching, or for benchmarking and combining different tools. It can foster the idea of reproducible research in scientific publishing. Being scalable and extendable, it might even allow for real-time data processing.
We expect the VM to catalyze progress toward interoperability, and to lower the barrier for new users and developers, thus extending the weather radar community and user base.
The results of streamflow trend studies are often characterized by mostly insignificant trends and inexplicable spatial patterns. In our study region, Western Austria, this applies especially for trends of annually averaged runoff. However, analysing the altitudinal aspect, we found that there is a trend gradient from higher-altitude to lower-altitude stations, i.e. a pattern of mostly positive annual trends at higher stations and negative ones at lower stations. At midaltitudes, the trends are mostly insignificant. Here we hypothesize that the streamflow trends are caused by the following two main processes: on the one hand, melting glaciers produce excess runoff at higher-altitude watersheds. On the other hand, rising temperatures potentially alter hydrological conditions in terms of less snowfall, higher infiltration, enhanced evapotranspiration, etc., which in turn results in decreasing streamflow trends at lower-altitude watersheds. However, these patterns are masked at mid-altitudes because the resulting positive and negative trends balance each other. To support these hypotheses, we attempted to attribute the detected trends to specific causes. For this purpose, we analysed trends of filtered daily streamflow data, as the causes for these changes might be restricted to a smaller temporal scale than the annual one. This allowed for the explicit determination of the exact days of year (DOYs) when certain streamflow trends emerge, which were then linked with the corresponding DOYs of the trends and characteristic dates of other observed variables, e.g. the average DOY when temperature crosses the freezing point in spring. Based on these analyses, an empirical statistical model was derived that was able to simulate daily streamflow trends sufficiently well. Analyses of subdaily streamflow changes provided additional insights. Finally, the present study supports many modelling approaches in the literature which found out that the main drivers of alpine streamflow changes are increased glacial melt, earlier snowmelt and lower snow accumulation in wintertime.
Motivated by conflicting evidence in the literature, we re-assessed the role of facial feedback when detecting quantitative or qualitative changes in others’ emotional expressions. Fifty-three healthy adults observed self-paced morph sequences where the emotional facial expression either changed quantitatively (i.e., sad-to-neutral, neutral-to-sad, happy-to-neutral, neutral-to-happy) or qualitatively (i.e. from sad to happy, or from happy to sad). Observers held a pen in their own mouth to induce smiling or frowning during the detection task. When morph sequences started or ended with neutral expressions we replicated a congruency effect: Happiness was perceived longer and sooner while smiling; sadness was perceived longer and sooner while frowning. Interestingly, no such congruency effects occurred for transitions between emotional expressions. These results suggest that facial feedback is especially useful when evaluating the intensity of a facial expression, but less so when we have to recognize which emotion our counterpart is expressing.
The poly(A) tail at 3’ ends of eukaryotic mRNAs promotes their nuclear export, stability and translational efficiency, and changes in its length can strongly impact gene expression. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes three canonical nuclear poly(A) polymerases, PAPS1, PAPS2 and PAPS4. As shown by their different mutant phenotypes, these three isoforms are functionally specialized, with PAPS1 modifying organ growth and suppressing a constitutive immune response. However, the molecular basis of this specialization is largely unknown. Here, we have estimated poly(A)-tail lengths on a transcriptome-wide scale in wild-type and paps1 mutants. This identified categories of genes as particularly strongly affected in paps1 mutants, including genes encoding ribosomal proteins, cell-division factors and major carbohydrate-metabolic proteins. We experimentally verified two novel functions of PAPS1 in ribosome biogenesis and redox homoeostasis that were predicted based on the analysis of poly(A)-tail length changes in paps1 mutants. When overlaying the PAPS1-dependent effects observed here with coexpression analysis based on independent microarray data, the two clusters of transcripts that are most closely coexpressed with PAPS1 show the strongest change in poly(A)-tail length and transcript abundance in paps1 mutants in our analysis. This suggests that their coexpression reflects at least partly the preferential polyadenylation of these transcripts by PAPS1 versus the other two poly(A)-polymerase isoforms. Thus, transcriptome-wide analysis of poly(A)-tail lengths identifies novel biological functions and likely target transcripts for polyadenylation by PAPS1. Data integration with large-scale co-expression data suggests that changes in the relative activities of the isoforms are used as an endogenous mechanism to co-ordinately modulate plant gene expression.
Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient for development and function of the nervous system. Deficiencies in Mn transport have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD), an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of medium spiny neurons of the striatum. Brain Mn levels are highest in striatum and other basal ganglia structures, the most sensitive brain regions to Mn neurotoxicity. Mouse models of HD exhibit decreased striatal Mn accumulation and HD striatal neuron models are resistant to Mn cytotoxicity. We hypothesized that the observed modulation of Mn cellular transport is associated with compensatory metabolic responses to HD pathology. Here we use an untargeted metabolomics approach by performing ultraperformance liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry (UPLC-IM-MS) on control and HD immortalized mouse striatal neurons to identify metabolic disruptions under three Mn exposure conditions, low (vehicle), moderate (non-cytotoxic) and high (cytotoxic). Our analysis revealed lower metabolite levels of pantothenic acid, and glutathione (GSH) in HD striatal cells relative to control cells. HD striatal cells also exhibited lower abundance and impaired induction of isobutyryl carnitine in response to increasing Mn exposure. In addition, we observed induction of metabolites in the pentose shunt pathway in HD striatal cells after high Mn exposure. These findings provide metabolic evidence of an interaction between the HD genotype and biologically relevant levels of Mn in a striatal cell model with known HD by Mn exposure interactions. The metabolic phenotypes detected support existing hypotheses that changes in energetic processes underlie the pathobiology of both HD and Mn neurotoxicity.
We investigate the ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacements for particle diffusion in a simple model for disordered media by assuming that the local diffusivity is both fluctuating in time and has a deterministic average growth or decay in time. In this study we compare computer simulations of the stochastic Langevin equation for this random diffusion process with analytical results. We explore the regimes of normal Brownian motion as well as anomalous diffusion in the sub- and superdiffusive regimes. We also consider effects of the inertial term on the particle motion. The investigation of the resulting diffusion is performed for unconfined and confined motion.
What are the physical laws of the mutual interactions of objects bound to cell membranes, such as various membrane proteins or elongated virus particles? To rationalise this, we here investigate by extensive computer simulations mutual interactions of rod-like particles adsorbed on the surface of responsive elastic two-dimensional sheets. Specifically, we quantify sheet deformations as a response to adhesion of such filamentous particles. We demonstrate that tip-to-tip contacts of rods are favoured for relatively soft sheets, while side-by-side contacts are preferred for stiffer elastic substrates. These attractive orientation-dependent substrate-mediated interactions between the rod-like particles on responsive sheets can drive their aggregation and self-assembly. The optimal orientation of the membrane-bound rods is established via responding to the elastic energy profiles created around the particles. We unveil the phase diagramme of attractive–repulsive rod–rod interactions in the plane of their separation and mutual orientation. Applications of our results to other systems featuring membrane-associated particles are also discussed.
Polysarcosine (Mn = 3650–20 000 g mol−1, Đ ∼ 1.1) was synthesized from the air and moisture stable N-phenoxycarbonyl-N-methylglycine. Polymerization was achieved by in situ transformation of the urethane precursor into the corresponding N-methylglycine-N-carboxyanhydride, when in the presence of a non-nucleophilic tertiary amine base and a primary amine initiator.
The folding of single-stranded telomeric DNA into guanine (G) quadruplexes is a conformational change that plays a major role in sensing and drug targeting. The telomeric DNA can be placed on DNA origami nanostructures to make the folding process extremely selective for K+ ions even in the presence of high Na+ concentrations. Here, we demonstrate that the K+-selective G-quadruplex formation is reversible when using a cryptand to remove K+ from the G-quadruplex. We present a full characterization of the reversible switching between single-stranded telomeric DNA and G-quadruplex structures using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the dyes fluorescein (FAM) and cyanine3 (Cy3). When attached to the DNA origami platform, the G-quadruplex switch can be incorporated into more complex photonic networks, which is demonstrated for a three-color and a four-color FRET cascade from FAM over Cy3 and Cy5 to IRDye700 with G-quadruplex-Cy3 acting as a switchable transmitter.
In this paper, we show experimentally that inside a microfluidic device, where the reactants are segregated, the reaction rate of an autocatalytic clock reaction is accelerated in comparison to the case where all the reactants are well mixed. We also find that, when mixing is enhanced inside the microfluidic device by introducing obstacles into the flow, the clock reaction becomes slower in comparison to the device where mixing is less efficient. Based on numerical simulations, we show that this effect can be explained by the interplay of nonlinear reaction kinetics (cubic autocatalysis) and differential diffusion, where the autocatalytic species diffuses slower than the substrate.
Depression is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in the general population. Despite a large demand for efficient treatment options, the majority of older depressed adults does not receive adequate treatment: Additional low-threshold treatments are needed for this age group. Over the past two decades, a growing number of randomized controlled trials (RCT) have been conducted, testing the efficacy of physical exercise in the alleviation of depression in older adults. This meta-analysis systematically reviews and evaluates these studies; some subanalyses testing specific effects of different types of exercise and settings are also performed. In order to be included, exercise programs of the RCTs had to fulfill the criteria of exercise according to the American College of Sports Medicine, including a sample mean age of 60 or above and an increased level of depressive symptoms. Eighteen trials with 1,063 participants fulfilled our inclusion criteria. A comparison of the posttreatment depression scores between the exercise and control groups revealed a moderate effect size in favor of the exercise groups (standardized mean difference (SMD) of –0.68, p < .001). The effect was comparable to the results achieved when only the eleven trials with low risk of bias were included (SMD = –0.63, p < .001). The subanalyses showed significant effects for all types of exercise and for supervised interventions. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that physical exercise may serve as a feasible, additional intervention to fight depression in older adults. However, because of small sample sizes of the majority of individual trials and high statistical heterogeneity, results must be interpreted carefully.
lower development is controlled by the action of key regulatory transcription factors of the MADS-domain family. The function of these factors appears to be highly conserved among species based on mutant phenotypes. However, the conservation of their downstream processes is much less well understood, mostly because the evolutionary turnover and variation of their DNA-binding sites (BSs) among plant species have not yet been experimentally determined. Here, we performed comparative ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation)-seq experiments of the MADS-domain transcription factor SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) in two closely related Arabidopsis species: Arabidopsis thaliana and A. lyrata which have very similar floral organ morphology. We found that BS conservation is associated with DNA sequence conservation, the presence of the CArG-box BS motif and on the relative position of the BS to its potential target gene. Differences in genome size and structure can explain that SEP3 BSs in A. lyrata can be located more distantly to their potential target genes than their counterparts in A. thaliana. In A. lyrata, we identified transposition as a mechanism to generate novel SEP3 binding locations in the genome. Comparative gene expression analysis shows that the loss/gain of BSs is associated with a change in gene expression. In summary, this study investigates the evolutionary dynamics of DNA BSs of a floral key-regulatory transcription factor and explores factors affecting this phenomenon.
We report on rendering polyelectrolyte brushes photosensitive by loading them with azobenzene-containing cationic surfactants. Planar poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) brushes are synthesized using the “grafting from” free-radical polymerization scheme followed by exposure to a solution of photosensitive surfactants consisting of positively-charged head groups and hydrophobic tails into which azobenzene moieties are inserted. In this study the length of the hydrophobic methylene spacer connecting the azobenzene and the charged head group ranges from 4 to 10 CH2 groups. Under irradiation with UV light, the photo-isomerization of azobenzene integrated into a surfactant results in a change in size, geometry, dipole moment and free volume of the whole molecule. When the brush loaded with photosensitive surfactants is exposed to irradiation with UV interference patterns, the topography of the brush deforms following the distribution of the light intensity, exhibiting surface relief gratings (SRG). Since SRG formation is accompanied by a local rupturing of polymer chains in areas from which the polymer material is receding, most of the polymer material is removed from the surface during treatment with good solvent, leaving behind characteristic patterns of lines or dots. The azobenzene molecules still integrated within the polymer film can be removed by washing the brush with water. The remaining nano-structured brush can then be re-used for further functionalization. Although the opto-mechanically induced rupturing occurs for all surfactants, larger species do not penetrate deep enough into the brush such that after rupturing a leftover layer of polymer material remains on the substrate. This indicates that rupturing occurs predominantly in regions of high surfactant density.
In the Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model of genetic incompatibilities post-zygotic gene-flow
barriers arise by fixation of novel alleles at interacting loci in separated populations. Many such incompatibilities are polymorphic in plants, implying an important role for genetic drift or balancing selection in their origin and evolution. Here we show that NPR1 and RPP5 loci cause a genetic incompatibility between the incipient species Capsella grandiflora and C. rubella, and the more distantly related C. rubella and C. orientalis. The incompatible RPP5 allele results from a mutation in C. rubella, while the incompatible NPR1 allele is frequent in the ancestral C. grandiflora. Compatible and incompatible NPR1 haplotypes are maintained by balancing selection in C. grandiflora, and were divergently sorted into the derived C. rubella and
C. orientalis. Thus, by maintaining differentiated alleles at high frequencies, balancing selection
on ancestral polymorphisms can facilitate establishing gene-flow barriers between derived populations through lineage sorting of the alternative alleles.
Island biotas emerge from the interplay between colonisation, speciation and extinction and are often the scene of spectacular adaptive radiations. A common assumption is that insular diversity is at a dynamic equilibrium, but for remote islands, such as Hawaii or Galápagos, this idea remains untested. Here, we reconstruct the temporal accumulation of terrestrial bird species of the Galápagos using a novel phylogenetic method that estimates rates of biota assembly for an entire community. We show that species richness on the archipelago is in an ascending phase and does not tend towards equilibrium. The majority of the avifauna diversifies at a slow rate, without detectable ecological limits. However, Darwin's finches form an exception: they rapidly reach a carrying capacity and subsequently follow a coalescent-like diversification process. Together, these results suggest that avian diversity of remote islands is rising, and challenge the mutual exclusivity of the non-equilibrium and equilibrium ecological paradigms.
Background
It has been demonstrated that core strength training is an effective means to enhance trunk muscle strength (TMS) and proxies of physical fitness in youth. Of note, cross-sectional studies revealed that the inclusion of unstable elements in core strengthening exercises produced increases in trunk muscle activity and thus provide potential extra training stimuli for performance enhancement. Thus, utilizing unstable surfaces during core strength training may even produce larger performance gains. However, the effects of core strength training using unstable surfaces are unresolved in youth. This randomized controlled study specifically investigated the effects of core strength training performed on stable surfaces (CSTS) compared to unstable surfaces (CSTU) on physical fitness in school-aged children.
Methods
Twenty-seven (14 girls, 13 boys) healthy subjects (mean age: 14 ± 1 years, age range: 13–15 years) were randomly assigned to a CSTS (n = 13) or a CSTU (n = 14) group. Both training programs lasted 6 weeks (2 sessions/week) and included frontal, dorsal, and lateral core exercises. During CSTU, these exercises were conducted on unstable surfaces (e.g., TOGU© DYNAIR CUSSIONS, THERA-BAND© STABILITY TRAINER).
Results
Significant main effects of Time (pre vs. post) were observed for the TMS tests (8-22%, f = 0.47-0.76), the jumping sideways test (4-5%, f = 1.07), and the Y balance test (2-3%, f = 0.46-0.49). Trends towards significance were found for the standing long jump test (1-3%, f = 0.39) and the stand-and-reach test (0-2%, f = 0.39). We could not detect any significant main effects of Group. Significant Time x Group interactions were detected for the stand-and-reach test in favour of the CSTU group (2%, f = 0.54).
Conclusions
Core strength training resulted in significant increases in proxies of physical fitness in adolescents. However, CSTU as compared to CSTS had only limited additional effects (i.e., stand-and-reach test). Consequently, if the goal of training is to enhance physical fitness, then CSTU has limited advantages over CSTS.
In this project I constructed a workflow that takes a DNA sequence as input and provides a phylogenetic tree, consisting of the input sequence and other sequences which were found during a database search. In this phylogenetic tree the sequences are arranged depending on similarities. In bioinformatics, constructing phylogenetic trees is often used to explore the evolutionary relationships of genes or organisms and to understand the mechanisms of evolution itself.
Spotlocator is a game wherein people have to guess the spots of where photos were taken. The photos of a defined area for each game are from panoramio.com. They are published at http://spotlocator. drupalgardens.com with an ID. Everyone can guess the photo spots by sending a special tweet via Twitter that contains the hashtag #spotlocator, the guessed coordinates and the ID of the photo. An evaluation is published for all tweets. The players are informed about the distance to the real photo spots and the positions are shown on a map.
Exploratory Data Analysis
(2014)
In bioinformatics the term exploratory data analysis refers to different methods to get an overview of large biological data sets. Hence, it helps to create a framework for further analysis and hypothesis testing. The workflow facilitates this first important step of the data analysis created by high-throughput technologies. The results are different plots showing the structure of the measurements. The goal of the workflow is the automatization of the exploratory data analysis, but also the flexibility should be guaranteed. The basic tool is the free software R.
The protein classification workflow described in this report enables users to get information about a novel protein sequence automatically. The information is derived by different bioinformatic analysis tools which calculate or predict features of a protein sequence. Also, databases are used to compare the novel sequence with known proteins.
Lessons Learned
(2014)
This chapter summarizes the experience and the lessons we learned concerning the application of the jABC as a framework for design and execution of scientific workflows. It reports experiences from the domain modeling (especially service integration) and workflow design phases and evaluates the resulting models statistically with respect to the SIB library and hierarchy levels.
The Course's SIB Libraries
(2014)
This chapter gives a detailed description of the service framework underlying all the example projects that form the foundation of this book. It describes the different SIB libraries that we made available for the course “Process modeling in the natural sciences” to provide the functionality that was required for the envisaged applications. The students used these SIB libraries to realize their projects.
A major part of the scientific experiments that are carried out today requires thorough computational support. While database and algorithm providers face the problem of bundling resources to create and sustain powerful computation nodes, the users have to deal with combining sets of (remote) services into specific data analysis and transformation processes. Today’s attention to “big data” amplifies the issues of size, heterogeneity, and process-level diversity/integration. In the last decade, especially workflow-based approaches to deal with these processes have enjoyed great popularity. This book concerns a particularly agile and model-driven approach to manage scientific workflows that is based on the XMDD paradigm. In this chapter we explain the scope and purpose of the book, briefly describe the concepts and technologies of the XMDD paradigm, explain the principal differences to related approaches, and outline the structure of the book.
We summarize here the main characteristics and features of the jABC framework, used in the case studies as a graphical tool for modeling scientific processes and workflows. As a comprehensive environment for service-oriented modeling and design according to the XMDD (eXtreme Model-Driven Design) paradigm, the jABC offers much more than the pure modeling capability. Associated technologies and plugins provide in fact means for a rich variety of supporting functionality, such as remote service integration, taxonomical service classification, model execution, model verification, model synthesis, and model compilation. We describe here in short both the essential jABC features and the service integration philosophy followed in the environment. In our work over the last years we have seen that this kind of service definition and provisioning platform has the potential to become a core technology in interdisciplinary service orchestration and technology transfer: Domain experts, like scientists not specially trained in computer science, directly define complex service orchestrations as process models and use efficient and complex domain-specific tools in a simple and intuitive way.
The current study investigates to what extent masked morphological priming is modulated by language-particular properties, specifically by its writing system. We present results from two masked priming experiments investigating the processing of complex Japanese words written in less common (moraic) scripts. In Experiment 1, participants performed lexical decisions on target verbs; these were preceded by primes which were either (i) a past-tense form of the same verb, (ii) a stem-related form with the epenthetic vowel -i, (iii) a semantically-related form, and (iv) a phonologically-related form. Significant priming effects were obtained for prime types (i), (ii), and (iii), but not for (iv). This pattern of results differs from previous findings on languages with alphabetic scripts, which found reliable masked priming effects for morphologically related prime/target pairs of type (i), but not for non-affixal and semantically-related primes of types (ii), and (iii). In Experiment 2, we measured priming effects for prime/target pairs which are neither morphologically, semantically, phonologically nor - as presented in their moraic scripts—orthographically related, but which—in their commonly written form—share the same kanji, which are logograms adopted from Chinese. The results showed a significant priming effect, with faster lexical-decision times for kanji-related prime/target pairs relative to unrelated ones. We conclude that affix-stripping is insufficient to account for masked morphological priming effects across languages, but that language-particular properties (in the case of Japanese, the writing system) affect the processing of (morphologically) complex words.
Species can adjust their traits in response to selection which may strongly influence species coexistence. Nevertheless, current theory mainly assumes distinct and time-invariant trait values. We examined the combined effects of the range and the speed of trait adaptation on species coexistence using an innovative multispecies predator–prey model. It allows for temporal trait changes of all predator and prey species and thus simultaneous coadaptation within and among trophic levels. We show that very small or slow trait adaptation did not facilitate coexistence because the stabilizing niche differences were not sufficient to offset the fitness differences. In contrast, sufficiently large and fast trait adaptation jointly promoted stable or neutrally stable species coexistence. Continuous trait adjustments in response to selection enabled a temporally variable convergence and divergence of species traits; that is, species became temporally more similar (neutral theory) or dissimilar (niche theory) depending on the selection pressure, resulting over time in a balance between niche differences stabilizing coexistence and fitness differences promoting competitive exclusion. Furthermore, coadaptation allowed prey and predator species to cluster into different functional groups. This equalized the fitness of similar species while maintaining sufficient niche differences among functionally different species delaying or preventing competitive exclusion. In contrast to pre-
vious studies, the emergent feedback between biomass and trait dynamics enabled supersaturated coexistence for a broad range of potential trait adaptation and parameters. We conclude that accounting for trait adaptation may explain stable and supersaturated species coexistence for a broad range of environmental conditions in natural systems when the absence of such adaptive changes would preclude it. Small trait changes, coincident with those that may occur within many natural populations, greatly enlarged the number of coexisting species.
Recombination of free charge is a key process limiting the performance of solar cells. For low mobility materials, such as organic semiconductors, the kinetics of non-geminate recombination (NGR) is strongly linked to the motion of charges. As these materials possess significant disorder, thermalization of photogenerated carriers in the inhomogeneously broadened density of state distribution is an unavoidable process. Despite its general importance, knowledge about the kinetics of NGR in complete organic solar cells is rather limited. We employ time delayed collection field (TDCF) experiments to study the recombination of photogenerated charge in the high-performance polymer:fullerene blend PCDTBT:PCBM. NGR in the bulk of this amorphous blend is shown to be highly dispersive, with a continuous reduction of the recombination coefficient throughout the entire time scale, until all charge carriers have either been extracted or recombined. Rapid, contact-mediated recombination is identified as an additional loss channel, which, if not properly taken into account, would erroneously suggest a pronounced field dependence of charge generation. These findings are in stark contrast to the results of TDCF experiments on photovoltaic devices made from ordered blends, such as P3HT:PCBM, where non-dispersive recombination was proven to dominate the charge carrier dynamics under application relevant conditions.
Two experiments examined how individuals respond to a restriction presented within an approach versus an avoidance frame. In Study 1, working on a problem-solving task, participants were initially free to choose their strategy, but for a second task were told to change their strategy. The message to change was embedded in either an approach or avoidance frame. When confronted with an avoidance compared to an approach frame, the participants’ reactance toward the request was greater and, in turn, led to impaired performance. The role of reactance as a response to threat to freedom was explicitly examined in Study 2, in which participants evaluated a potential change in policy affecting their program of study herein explicitly varying whether a restriction was present or absent and whether the message was embedded in an approach versus avoidance frame. When communicated with an avoidance frame and as a restriction, participants showed the highest resistance in terms of reactance, message agreement and evaluation of the communicator. The difference in agreement with the change was mediated by reactance only when a restriction was present. Overall, avoidance goal frames were associated with more resistance to change on different levels of experience (reactance, performance, and person perception). Reactance mediated the effect of goal frame on other outcomes only when a restriction was present.
Metal-containing ionic liquids (ILs) are of interest for a variety of technical applications, e.g., particle synthesis and materials with magnetic or thermochromic properties. In this paper we report the synthesis of, and two structures for, some new tetrabromidocuprates(II) with several “onium” cations in comparison to the results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic analyses. The sterically demanding cations were used to separate the paramagnetic Cu(II) ions for EPR measurements. The EPR hyperfine structure in the spectra of these new compounds is not resolved, due to the line broadening resulting from magnetic exchange between the still-incomplete separated paramagnetic Cu(II) centres. For the majority of compounds, the principal g values (g|| and gK) of the tensors could be determined and information on the structural changes in the [CuBr4]2- anions can be obtained. The complexes have high potential, e.g., as ionic liquids, as precursors for the synthesis of copper bromide particles, as catalytically active or paramagnetic ionic liquids.
Compared to their inorganic counterparts, organic semiconductors suffer from relatively low charge carrier mobilities. Therefore, expressions derived for inorganic solar cells to correlate characteristic performance parameters to material properties are prone to fail when applied to organic devices. This is especially true for the classical Shockley-equation commonly used to describe current-voltage (JV)-curves, as it assumes a high electrical conductivity of the charge transporting material. Here, an analytical expression for the JV-curves of organic solar cells is derived based on a previously published analytical model. This expression, bearing a similar functional dependence as the Shockley-equation, delivers a new figure of merit α to express the balance between free charge recombination and extraction in low mobility photoactive materials. This figure of merit is shown to determine critical device parameters such as the apparent series resistance and the fill factor.
Background
The efficiency of multiplex editing in plants by the RNA-guided Cas9 system is limited by efficient introduction of its components into the genome and by their activity. The possibility of introducing large fragment deletions by RNA-guided Cas9 tool provides the potential to study the function of any DNA region of interest in its ‘endogenous’ environment.
Results
Here, an RNA-guided Cas9 system was optimized to enable efficient multiplex editing in Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate the flexibility of our system for knockout of multiple genes, and to generate heritable large-fragment deletions in the genome. As a proof of concept, the function of part of the second intron of the flower development gene AGAMOUS in Arabidopsis was studied by generating a Cas9-free mutant plant line in which part of this intron was removed from the genome. Further analysis revealed that deletion of this intron fragment results 40 % decrease of AGAMOUS gene expression without changing the splicing of the gene which indicates that this regulatory region functions as an activator of AGAMOUS gene expression.
Conclusions
Our modified RNA-guided Cas9 system offers a versatile tool for the functional dissection of coding and non-coding DNA sequences in plants.
Walking while concurrently performing cognitive and/or motor interference tasks is the norm rather than the exception during everyday life and there is evidence from behavioral studies that it negatively affects human locomotion. However, there is hardly any information available regarding the underlying neural correlates of single- and dual-task walking. We had 12 young adults (23.8 ± 2.8 years) walk while concurrently performing a cognitive interference (CI) or a motor interference (MI) task. Simultaneously, neural activation in frontal, central, and parietal brain areas was registered using a mobile EEG system. Results showed that the MI task but not the CI task affected walking performance in terms of significantly decreased gait velocity and stride length and significantly increased stride time and tempo-spatial variability. Average activity in alpha and beta frequencies was significantly modulated during both CI and MI walking conditions in frontal and central brain regions, indicating an increased cognitive load during dual-task walking. Our results suggest that impaired motor performance during dual-task walking is mirrored in neural activation patterns of the brain. This finding is in line with established cognitive theories arguing that dual-task situations overstrain cognitive capabilities resulting in motor performance decrements.
Dependency Resolution Difficulty Increases with Distance in Persian Separable Complex Predicates
(2016)
Delaying the appearance of a verb in a noun-verb dependency tends to increase processing difficulty at the verb; one explanation for this locality effect is decay and/or interference of the noun in working memory. Surprisal, an expectation-based account, predicts that delaying the appearance of a verb either renders it no more predictable or more predictable, leading respectively to a prediction of no effect of distance or a facilitation. Recently, Husain et al. (2014) suggested that when the exact identity of the upcoming verb is predictable (strong predictability), increasing argument-verb distance leads to facilitation effects, which is consistent with surprisal; but when the exact identity of the upcoming verb is not predictable (weak predictability), locality effects are seen. We investigated Husain et al.'s proposal using Persian complex predicates (CPs), which consist of a non-verbal element—a noun in the current study—and a verb. In CPs, once the noun has been read, the exact identity of the verb is highly predictable (strong predictability); this was confirmed using a sentence completion study. In two self-paced reading (SPR) and two eye-tracking (ET) experiments, we delayed the appearance of the verb by interposing a relative clause (Experiments 1 and 3) or a long PP (Experiments 2 and 4). We also included a simple Noun-Verb predicate configuration with the same distance manipulation; here, the exact identity of the verb was not predictable (weak predictability). Thus, the design crossed Predictability Strength and Distance. We found that, consistent with surprisal, the verb in the strong predictability conditions was read faster than in the weak predictability conditions. Furthermore, greater verb-argument distance led to slower reading times; strong predictability did not neutralize or attenuate the locality effects. As regards the effect of distance on dependency resolution difficulty, these four experiments present evidence in favor of working memory accounts of argument-verb dependency resolution, and against the surprisal-based expectation account of Levy (2008). However, another expectation-based measure, entropy, which was computed using the offline sentence completion data, predicts reading times in Experiment 1 but not in the other experiments. Because participants tend to produce more ungrammatical continuations in the long-distance condition in Experiment 1, we suggest that forgetting due to memory overload leads to greater entropy at the verb.
Different systems for habitual versus goal-directed control are thought to underlie human decision-making. Working memory is known to shape these decision-making systems and
their interplay, and is known to support goal-directed decision making even under stress. Here, we investigated if and how decision systems are differentially influenced by breaks filled with diverse everyday life activities known to modulate working memory performance. We used a within-subject design where young adults listened to music and played a video game during breaks interleaved with trials of a sequential two-step Markov decision task, designed to assess habitual as well as goal-directed decision making. Based on a neurocomputational model of task performance, we observed that for individuals with a rather limited
working memory capacity video gaming as compared to music reduced reliance on the goal-directed decision-making system, while a rather large working memory capacity prevented such a decline. Our findings suggest differential effects of everyday activities on key decision-making processes.
We tested the influence of two light intensities [40 and 300 μmol PAR / (m2s)] on the fatty acid composition of three distinct lipid classes in four freshwater phytoplankton species. We chose species of different taxonomic classes in order to detect potentially similar reaction characteristics that might also be present in natural phytoplankton communities. From samples of the bacillariophyte Asterionella formosa, the chrysophyte Chromulina sp., the cryptophyte Cryptomonas ovata and the zygnematophyte Cosmarium botrytis we first separated glycolipids (monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol), phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine) as well as non-polar lipids (triacylglycerols), before analyzing the fatty acid composition of each lipid class. High variation in the fatty acid composition existed among different species. Individual fatty acid compositions differed in their reaction to changing light intensities in the four species. Although no generalizations could be made for species across taxonomic classes, individual species showed clear but small responses in their ecologically-relevant omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in terms of proportions and of per tissue carbon quotas. Knowledge on how lipids like fatty acids change with environmental or culture conditions is of great interest in ecological food web studies, aquaculture, and biotechnology, since algal lipids are the most important sources of omega-3 long-chain PUFA for aquatic and terrestrial consumers, including humans.
We examined the effects of argument-head distance in SVO and SOV languages (Spanish and German), while taking into account readers' working memory capacity and controlling for expectation (Levy, 2008) and other factors. We predicted only locality effects, that is, a slowdown produced by increased dependency distance (Gibson, 2000; Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). Furthermore, we expected stronger locality effects for readers with low working memory capacity. Contrary to our predictions, low-capacity readers showed faster reading with increased distance, while high-capacity readers showed locality effects. We suggest that while the locality effects are compatible with memory-based explanations, the speedup of low-capacity readers can be explained by an increased probability of retrieval failure. We present a computational model based on ACT-R built under the previous assumptions, which is able to give a qualitative account for the present data and can be tested in future research. Our results suggest that in some cases, interpreting longer RTs as indexing increased processing difficulty and shorter RTs as facilitation may be too simplistic: The same increase in processing difficulty may lead to slowdowns in high-capacity readers and speedups in low-capacity ones. Ignoring individual level capacity differences when investigating locality effects may lead to misleading conclusions.
The gravitational field of a laser pulse of finite lifetime, is investigated in the framework of linearized gravity. Although the effects are very small, they may be of fundamental physical interest. It is shown that the gravitational field of a linearly polarized light pulse is modulated as the norm of the corresponding electric field strength, while no modulations arise for circular polarization. In general, the gravitational field is independent of the polarization direction. It is shown that all physical effects are confined to spherical shells expanding with the speed of light, and that these shells are imprints of the spacetime events representing emission and absorption of the pulse. Nearby test particles at rest are attracted towards the pulse trajectory by the gravitational field due to the emission of the pulse, and they are repelled from the pulse trajectory by the gravitational field due to its absorption. Examples are given for the size of the attractive effect. It is recovered that massless test particles do not experience any physical effect if they are co-propagating with the pulse, and that the acceleration of massless test particles counter-propagating with respect to the pulse is four times stronger than for massive particles
at rest. The similarities between the gravitational effect of a laser pulse and Newtonian gravity in two dimensions are pointed out. The spacetime curvature close to the pulse is compared to that induced by gravitational waves from astronomical sources.
Children’s interpretations of sentences containing focus particles do not seem adult-like until school age. This study investigates how German 4-year-old children comprehend sentences with the focus particle ‘nur’ (only) by using different tasks and controlling for the impact of general cognitive abilities on performance measures. Two sentence types with ‘only’ in either pre-subject or pre-object position were presented. Eye gaze data and verbal responses were collected via the visual world paradigm combined with a sentence-picture verification task. While the eye tracking data revealed an adult-like pattern of focus particle processing, the sentence-picture verification replicated previous findings of poor comprehension, especially for ‘only’ in pre-subject position. A second study focused on the impact of general cognitive abilities on the outcomes of the verification task. Working memory was related to children’s performance in both sentence types whereas inhibitory control was selectively related to the number of errors for sentences with ‘only’ in pre-subject position. These results suggest that children at the age of 4 years have the linguistic competence to correctly interpret sentences with focus particles, which–depending on specific task demands–may be masked by immature general cognitive abilities.
Recent research has indicated that university students sometimes use caffeine pills for neuroenhancement (NE; non-medical use of psychoactive substances or technology to produce a subjective enhancement in psychological functioning and experience), especially during exam preparation. In our factorial survey experiment, we manipulated the evidence participants were given about the prevalence of NE amongst peers and measured the resulting effects on the psychological predictors included in the Prototype-Willingness Model of risk behavior. Two hundred and thirty-one university students were randomized to a high prevalence condition (read faked research results overstating usage of caffeine pills amongst peers by a factor of 5; 50%), low prevalence condition (half the estimated prevalence; 5%) or control condition (no information about peer prevalence). Structural equation modeling confirmed that our participants’ willingness and intention to use caffeine pills in the next exam period could be explained by their past use of neuroenhancers, attitude to NE and subjective norm about use of caffeine pills whilst image of the typical user was a much less important factor. Provision of inaccurate information about prevalence reduced the predictive power of attitude with respect to willingness by 40-45%. This may be because receiving information about peer prevalence which does not fit with their perception of the social norm causes people to question their attitude. Prevalence information might exert a deterrent effect on NE via the attitude-willingness association. We argue that research into NE and deterrence of associated risk behaviors should be informed by psychological theory.
Filling the Silence
(2016)
In a self-paced reading experiment, we investigated the processing of sluicing constructions (“sluices”) whose antecedent contained a known garden-path structure in German. Results showed decreased processing times for sluices with garden-path antecedents as well as a disadvantage for antecedents with non-canonical word order downstream from the ellipsis site. A post-hoc analysis showed the garden-path advantage also to be present in the region right before the ellipsis site. While no existing account of ellipsis processing explicitly predicted the results, we argue that they are best captured by combining a local antecedent mismatch effect with memory trace reactivation through reanalysis.
Background
Overweight and obesity are increasing health problems that are not restricted to adults only. Childhood obesity is associated with metabolic, psychological and musculoskeletal comorbidities. However, knowledge about the effect of obesity on the foot function across maturation is lacking. Decreased foot function with disproportional loading characteristics is expected for obese children. The aim of this study was to examine foot loading characteristics during gait of normal-weight, overweight and obese children aged 1-12 years.
Methods
A total of 10382 children aged one to twelve years were enrolled in the study. Finally, 7575 children (m/f: n = 3630/3945; 7.0 +/- 2.9yr; 1.23 +/- 0.19m; 26.6 +/- 10.6kg; BMI: 17.1 +/- 2.4kg/m(2)) were included for (complete case) data analysis. Children were categorized to normalweight (>= 3rd and <90th percentile; n = 6458), overweight (>= 90rd and <97th percentile; n = 746) or obese (>97th percentile; n = 371) according to the German reference system that is based on age and gender-specific body mass indices (BMI). Plantar pressure measurements were assessed during gait on an instrumented walkway. Contact area, arch index (AI), peak pressure (PP) and force time integral (FTI) were calculated for the total, fore-, mid-and hindfoot. Data was analyzed descriptively (mean +/- SD) followed by ANOVA/Welch-test (according to homogeneity of variances: yes/no) for group differences according to BMI categorization (normal-weight, overweight, obesity) and for each age group 1 to 12yrs (post-hoc Tukey Kramer/Dunnett's C; alpha = 0.05).
Results
Mean walking velocity was 0.95 +/- 0.25 m/s with no differences between normal-weight, overweight or obese children (p = 0.0841). Results show higher foot contact area, arch index, peak pressure and force time integral in overweight and obese children (p< 0.001). Obese children showed the 1.48-fold (1 year-old) to 3.49-fold (10 year-old) midfoot loading (FTI) compared to normal-weight.
Conclusion
Additional body mass leads to higher overall load, with disproportional impact on the midfoot area and longitudinal foot arch showing characteristic foot loading patterns. Already the feet of one and two year old children are significantly affected. Childhood overweight and obesity is not compensated by the musculoskeletal system. To avoid excessive foot loading with potential risk of discomfort or pain in childhood, prevention strategies should be developed and validated for children with a high body mass index and functional changes in the midfoot area. The presented plantar pressure values could additionally serve as reference data to identify suspicious foot loading patterns in children.
DNA origami nanostructures are a versatile tool to arrange metal nanostructures and other chemical entities with nanometer precision. In this way gold nanoparticle dimers with defined distance can be constructed, which can be exploited as novel substrates for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We have optimized the size, composition and arrangement of Au/Ag nanoparticles to create intense SERS hot spots, with Raman enhancement up to 1010, which is sufficient to detect single molecules by Raman scattering. This is demonstrated using single dye molecules (TAMRA and Cy3) placed into the center of the nanoparticle dimers. In conjunction with the DNA origami nanostructures novel SERS substrates are created, which can in the future be applied to the SERS analysis of more complex biomolecular targets, whose position and conformation within the SERS hot spot can be precisely controlled.
Sixteen new ionic liquids (ILs) with tetraethylammonium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 3-methyl-1-octylimidazolium and tetrabutylphosphonium cations paired with 2-substituted 4,5-dicyanoimidazolate anions (substituent at C2 = methyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, N,N′-dimethyl amino and nitro) have been synthesized and characterized by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effects of cation and anion type and structure of the resulting ILs, including several room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), are reflected in the crystallization, melting points and thermal decomposition of the ILs. ILs exhibited large liquid and crystallization ranges and formed glasses on cooling with glass transition temperatures in the range of −22 to −71 °C. We selected one of the newly designed ILs due to its bigger size, compared to the common conventional IL anion and high electron-withdrawing nitrile group leads to an overall stabilization anion that may stabilize the metal nanoparticles. Stable and better separated iron and silver nanoparticles are obtained by the decomposition of corresponding Fe2(CO)9 and AgPF6, respectively, under N2-atmosphere in newly designed nitrile functionalized 4,5-dicyanoimidazolate anion based IL. Very small and uniform size for Fe-nanoparticles of about 1.8 ± 0.6 nm were achieved without any additional stabilizers or capping molecules. Comparatively bigger size of Ag-nanoparticles was obtained through the reduction of AgPF6 by hydrogen gas. Additionally, the AgPF6 precursor was decomposed under microwave irradiation (MWI), fabricating nut-in-shell-like, that is, core-separated-from-shell Ag-nano-structures.
Catalytic amounts of a weak base are sufficient to induce the decomposition of anthracene endoperoxides to anthraquinone. The mechanism has been elucidated by isolation of intermediates in combination with DFT calculations. The whole process is suitable for the convenient generation of hydrogen peroxide under very mild conditions.
A multi-reference study of the byproduct formation for a ring-closed dithienylethene photoswitch
(2015)
Photodriven molecular switches are sometimes hindered in their performance by forming byproducts which act as dead ends in sequences of switching cycles, leading to rapid fatigue effects. Understanding the reaction pathways to unwanted byproducts is a prerequisite for preventing them. This article presents a study of the photochemical reaction pathways for byproduct formation in the photochromic switch 1,2-bis-(3-thienyl)-ethene. Specifically, using single- and multi-reference methods the post-deexcitation reaction towards the byproduct in the electronic ground state S0 when starting from the S1–S0 conical intersection (CoIn), is considered in detail. We find an unusual low-energy pathway, which offers the possibility for the formation of a dyotropic byproduct. Several high-energy pathways can be excluded with high probability.
Spatio-temporal control of cellular uptake achieved by photoswitchable cell-penetrating peptides
(2015)
The selective uptake of compounds into specific cells of interest is a major objective in cell biology and drug delivery. By incorporation of a novel, thermostable azobenzene moiety we generated peptides that can be switched optically between an inactive state and an active, cell-penetrating state with excellent spatio-temporal control.
NaYF4:Yb:Er nanoparticles (UCNP) were synthesized under mild experimental conditions to obtain a pure cubic lattice. Upon annealing at different temperatures up to Tan = 700 °C phase transitions to the hexagonal phase and back to the cubic phase were induced. The UCNP materials obtained for different Tan were characterized with respect to the lattice phase using standard XRD and Raman spectroscopy as well as steady state and time resolved upconversion luminescence. The standard techniques showed that for the annealing temperature range 300 °C < Tan < 600 °C the hexagonal lattice phase was dominant. For Tan < 300 °C hardly any change in the lattice phase could be deduced, whereas for Tan > 600 °C a back transfer to the α-phase was observed. Complementarily, the luminescence upconversion properties of the annealed UCNP materials were characterized in steady state and time resolved luminescence measurements. Distinct differences in the upconversion luminescence intensity, the spectral intensity distribution and the luminescence decay kinetics were found for the cubic and hexagonal lattice phases, respectively, corroborating the results of the standard analytical techniques used. In laser power dependent measurements of the upconversion luminescence intensity it was found that the green (G1, G2) and red (R) emission of Er3+ showed different effects of Tan on the number of required photons reflecting the differences in the population routes of different energy levels involved. Furthermore, the intensity ratio of Gfull/R is highly effected by the laser power only when the β-phase is present, whereas the G1/G2 intensity ratio is only slightly effected regardless of the crystal phase. Moreover, based on different upconversion luminescence kinetics characteristics of the cubic and hexagonal phase time-resolved area normalized emission spectra (TRANES) proved to be a very sensitive tool to monitor the phase transition between cubic and hexagonal phases. Based on the TRANES analysis it was possible to resolve the lattice phase transition in more detail for 200 °C < Tan < 300 °C, which was not possible with the standard techniques.
Upconversion NaYF4:Yb:Er nanoparticles co-doped with Gd3+ and Nd3+ for thermometry on the nanoscale
(2015)
In the present work, the upconversion luminescence properties of oleic acid capped NaYF4:Gd3+:Yb3+:Er3+ upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) with pure β crystal phase and Nd3+ ions as an additional sensitizer were studied in the temperature range of 288 K < T < 328 K. The results of this study showed that the complex interplay of different mechanisms and effects, causing the special temperature behavior of the UCNP can be developed into thermometry on the nanoscale, e.g. to be applied in biological systems on a cellular level. The performance was improved by the use of Nd3+ as an additional dopant utilizing the cascade sensitization mechanism in tri-doped UCNP.
What are the fundamental laws for the adsorption of charged polymers onto oppositely charged surfaces, for convex, planar, and concave geometries? This question is at the heart of surface coating applications, various complex formation phenomena, as well as in the context of cellular and viral biophysics. It has been a long-standing challenge in theoretical polymer physics; for realistic systems the quantitative understanding is however often achievable only by computer simulations. In this study, we present the findings of such extensive Monte-Carlo in silico experiments for polymer–surface adsorption in confined domains. We study the inverted critical adsorption of finite-length polyelectrolytes in three fundamental geometries: planar slit, cylindrical pore, and spherical cavity. The scaling relations extracted from simulations for the critical surface charge density sc—defining the adsorption–desorption transition—are in excellent agreement with our analytical calculations based on the ground-state analysis of the Edwards equation. In particular, we confirm the magnitude and scaling of sc for the concave interfaces versus the Debye screening length 1/k and the extent of confinement a for these three interfaces for small ka values. For large ka the critical adsorption condition approaches the known planar limit. The transition between the two regimes takes place when the radius of surface curvature or half of the slit thickness a is of the order of 1/k. We also rationalize how sc(k) dependence gets modified for semi-flexible versus flexible chains under external confinement. We examine the implications of the chain length for critical adsorption—the effect often hard to tackle theoretically—putting an emphasis on polymers inside attractive spherical cavities. The applications of our findings to some biological systems are discussed, for instance the adsorption of nucleic acids onto the inner surfaces of cylindrical and spherical viral capsids.
The phase behavior of an amphiphilic block copolymer based on a poly(aspartic acid) hydrophilic block and a poly(n-butyl acrylate) hydrophobic block was investigated at the air–water and air–buffer interface. The polymer forms stable monomolecular films on both subphases. At low pH, the isotherms exhibit a plateau. Compression–expansion experiments and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy suggest that the plateau is likely due to the formation of polymer bi- or multilayers. At high pH the films remain intact upon compression and no multilayer formation is observed. Furthermore, the mineralization of calcium phosphate beneath the monolayer was studied at different pH. The pH of the subphase and thus the polymer charge strongly affects the phase behavior of the film and the mineral formation. After 4 h of mineralization at low pH, atomic force microscopy shows smooth mineral films with a low roughness. With increasing pH the mineral films become inhomogeneous and the roughness increases. Transmission electron microscopy confirms this: at low pH a few small but uniform particles form whereas particles grown at higher pH are larger and highly agglomerated. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm the formation of calcium phosphate. The levels of mineralization are higher in samples grown at high pH.
Optical properties of modified diamondoids have been studied theoretically using vibrationally resolved electronic absorption, emission and resonance Raman spectra. A time-dependent correlation function approach has been used for electronic two-state models, comprising a ground state (g) and a bright, excited state (e), the latter determined from linear-response, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The harmonic and Condon approximations were adopted. In most cases origin shifts, frequency alteration and Duschinsky rotation in excited states were considered. For other cases where no excited state geometry optimization and normal mode analysis were possible or desired, a short-time approximation was used. The optical properties and spectra have been computed for (i) a set of recently synthesized sp2/sp3 hybrid species with C[double bond, length as m-dash]C double-bond connected saturated diamondoid subunits, (ii) functionalized (mostly by thiol or thione groups) diamondoids and (iii) urotropine and other C-substituted diamondoids. The ultimate goal is to tailor optical and electronic features of diamondoids by electronic blending, functionalization and substitution, based on a molecular-level understanding of the ongoing photophysics.
Although eye movements during reading are modulated by cognitive processing demands, they also reflect visual sampling of the input, and possibly preparation of output for speech or the inner voice. By simultaneously recording eye movements and the voice during reading aloud, we obtained an output measure that constrains the length of time spent on cognitive processing. Here we investigate the dynamics of the eye-voice span (EVS), the distance between eye and voice. We show that the EVS is regulated immediately during fixation of a word by either increasing fixation duration or programming a regressive eye movement against the reading direction. EVS size at the beginning of a fixation was positively correlated with the likelihood of regressions and refixations. Regression probability was further increased if the EVS was still large at the end of a fixation: if adjustment of fixation duration did not sufficiently reduce the EVS during a fixation, then a regression rather than a refixation followed with high probability. We further show that the EVS can help understand cognitive influences on fixation duration during reading: in mixed model analyses, the EVS was a stronger predictor of fixation durations than either word frequency or word length. The EVS modulated the influence of several other predictors on single fixation durations (SFDs). For example, word-N frequency effects were larger with a large EVS, especially when word N-1 frequency was low. Finally, a comparison of SFDs during oral and silent reading showed that reading is governed by similar principles in both reading modes, although EVS maintenance and articulatory processing also cause some differences. In summary, the EVS is regulated by adjusting fixation duration and/or by programming a regressive eye movement when the EVS gets too large. Overall, the EVS appears to be directly related to updating of the working memory buffer during reading.
Background
African weakly-electric fishes of the family Mormyridae are able to produce and perceive weak electric signals (typically less than one volt in amplitude) owing to the presence of a specialized, muscle-derived electric organ (EO) in their tail region. Such electric signals, also known as Electric Organ Discharges (EODs), are used for objects/prey localization, for the identification of conspecifics, and in social and reproductive behaviour. This feature might have promoted the adaptive radiation of this family by acting as an effective pre-zygotic isolation mechanism. Despite the physiological and evolutionary importance of this trait, the investigation of the genetic basis of its function and modification has so far remained limited. In this study, we aim at: i) identifying constitutive differences in terms of gene expression between electric organ and skeletal muscle (SM) in two mormyrid species of the genus Campylomormyrus: C. compressirostris and C. tshokwe, and ii) exploring cross-specific patterns of gene expression within the two tissues among C. compressirostris, C. tshokwe, and the outgroup species Gnathonemus petersii.
Results
Twelve paired-end (100 bp) strand-specific RNA-seq Illumina libraries were sequenced, producing circa 330 M quality-filtered short read pairs. The obtained reads were assembled de novo into four reference transcriptomes. In silico cross-tissue DE-analysis allowed us to identify 271 shared differentially expressed genes between EO and SM in C. compressirostris and C.tshokwe. Many of these genes correspond to myogenic factors, ion channels and pumps, and genes involved in several metabolic pathways. Cross-species analysis has revealed that the electric organ transcriptome is more variable in terms of gene expression levels across species than the skeletal muscle transcriptome.
Conclusions
The data obtained indicate that: i) the loss of contractile activity and the decoupling of the excitation-contraction processes are reflected by the down-regulation of the corresponding genes in the electric organ’s transcriptome; ii) the metabolic activity of the EO might be specialized towards the production and turn-over of membrane structures; iii) several ion channels are highly expressed in the EO in order to increase excitability; iv) several myogenic factors might be down-regulated by transcription repressors in the EO.
Many chemical reactions in biological cells occur at very low concentrations of constituent molecules. Thus, transcriptional gene-regulation is often controlled by poorly expressed transcription-factors, such as E.coli lac repressor with few tens of copies. Here we study the effects of inherent concentration fluctuations of substrate-molecules on the seminal Michaelis-Menten scheme of biochemical reactions. We present a universal correction to the Michaelis-Menten equation for the reaction-rates. The relevance and validity of this correction for enzymatic reactions and intracellular gene-regulation is demonstrated. Our analytical theory and simulation results confirm that the proposed variance-corrected Michaelis-Menten equation predicts the rate of reactions with remarkable accuracy even in the presence of large non-equilibrium concentration fluctuations. The major advantage of our approach is that it involves only the mean and variance of the substrate-molecule concentration. Our theory is therefore accessible to experiments and not specific to the exact source of the concentration fluctuations.
Background
Generating percentile values is helpful for the identification of children with specific fitness characteristics (i.e., low or high fitness level) to set appropriate fitness goals (i.e., fitness/health promotion and/or long-term youth athlete development). Thus, the aim of this longitudinal study was to assess physical fitness development in healthy children aged 9–12 years and to compute sex- and age-specific percentile values.
Methods
Two-hundred and forty children (88 girls, 152 boys) participated in this study and were tested for their physical fitness. Physical fitness was assessed using the 50-m sprint test (i.e., speed), the 1-kg ball push test, the triple hop test (i.e., upper- and lower- extremity muscular power), the stand-and-reach test (i.e., flexibility), the star run test (i.e., agility), and the 9-min run test (i.e., endurance). Age- and sex-specific percentile values (i.e., P10 to P90) were generated using the Lambda, Mu, and Sigma method. Adjusted (for change in body weight, height, and baseline performance) age- and sex-differences as well as the interactions thereof were expressed by calculating effect sizes (Cohen’s d).
Results
Significant main effects of Age were detected for all physical fitness tests (d = 0.40–1.34), whereas significant main effects of Sex were found for upper-extremity muscular power (d = 0.55), flexibility (d = 0.81), agility (d = 0.44), and endurance (d = 0.32) only. Further, significant Sex by Age interactions were observed for upper-extremity muscular power (d = 0.36), flexibility (d = 0.61), and agility (d = 0.27) in favor of girls. Both, linear and curvilinear shaped curves were found for percentile values across the fitness tests. Accelerated (curvilinear) improvements were observed for upper-extremity muscular power (boys: 10–11 yrs; girls: 9–11 yrs), agility (boys: 9–10 yrs; girls: 9–11 yrs), and endurance (boys: 9–10 yrs; girls: 9–10 yrs). Tabulated percentiles for the 9-min run test indicated that running distances between 1,407–1,507 m, 1,479–1,597 m, 1,423–1,654 m, and 1,433–1,666 m in 9- to 12-year-old boys and 1,262–1,362 m, 1,329–1,434 m, 1,392–1,501 m, and 1,415–1,526 m in 9- to 12-year-old girls correspond to a “medium” fitness level (i.e., P40 to P60) in this population.
Conclusions
The observed differences in physical fitness development between boys and girls illustrate that age- and sex-specific maturational processes might have an impact on the fitness status of healthy children. Our statistical analyses revealed linear (e.g., lower-extremity muscular power) and curvilinear (e.g., agility) models of fitness improvement with age which is indicative of timed and capacity-specific fitness development pattern during childhood. Lastly, the provided age- and sex-specific percentile values can be used by coaches for talent identification and by teachers for rating/grading of children’s motor performance.
Fluid force microscopy combines the positional accuracy and force sensitivity of an atomic
force microscope (AFM) with nanofluidics via a microchanneled cantilever. However, adequate
loading and cleaning procedures for such AFM micropipettes are required for various
application situations. Here, a new frontloading procedure is described for an AFM micropipette
functioning as a force- and pressure-controlled microscale liquid dispenser. This frontloading
procedure seems especially attractive when using target substances featuring high
costs or low available amounts. Here, the AFM micropipette could be filled from the tip side
with liquid from a previously applied droplet with a volume of only a few μL using a short
low-pressure pulse. The liquid-loaded AFM micropipettes could be then applied for experiments
in air or liquid environments. AFM micropipette frontloading was evaluated with the
well-known organic fluorescent dye rhodamine 6G and the AlexaFluor647-labeled antibody
goat anti-rat IgG as an example of a larger biological compound. After micropipette usage,
specific cleaning procedures were tested. Furthermore, a storage method is described, at
which the AFM micropipettes could be stored for a few hours up to several days without drying
out or clogging of the microchannel. In summary, the rapid, versatile and cost-efficient
frontloading and cleaning procedure for the repeated usage of a single AFM micropipette is
beneficial for various application situations from specific surface modifications through to
local manipulation of living cells, and provides a simplified and faster handling for already
known experiments with fluid force microscopy.
Background
Body image distortion is highly prevalent among overweight individuals. Whilst there is evidence that body-dissatisfied women and those suffering from disordered eating show a negative attentional bias towards their own unattractive body parts and others’ attractive body parts, little is known about visual attention patterns in the area of obesity and with respect to males. Since eating disorders and obesity share common features in terms of distorted body image and body dissatisfaction, the aim of this study was to examine whether overweight men and women show a similar attentional bias.
Methods/Design
We analyzed eye movements in 30 overweight individuals (18 females) and 28 normalweight individuals (16 females) with respect to the participants’ own pictures as well as gender-
and BMI-matched control pictures (front and back view). Additionally, we assessed body image and disordered eating using validated questionnaires.
Discussion
The overweight sample rated their own body as less attractive and showed a more disturbed body image. Contrary to our assumptions, they focused significantly longer on attractive
compared to unattractive regions of both their own and the control body. For one’s own body, this was more pronounced for women. A higher weight status and more frequent body checking predicted attentional bias towards attractive body parts. We found that overweight adults exhibit an unexpected and stable pattern of selective attention, with a distinctive focus on their own attractive body regions despite higher levels of body dissatisfaction. This positive attentional bias may either be an indicator of a more pronounced pattern of attentional avoidance or a self-enhancing strategy. Further research is warranted to clarify these results.
Brownianmotion is ergodic in the Boltzmann–Khinchin sense that long time averages of physical observables such as the mean squared displacement provide the same information as the corresponding ensemble average, even at out-of-equilibrium conditions. This property is the fundamental prerequisite for single particle tracking and its analysis in simple liquids. We study analytically and by event-driven molecular dynamics simulations the dynamics of force-free cooling granular gases and reveal a violation of ergodicity in this Boltzmann–
Khinchin sense as well as distinct ageing of the system. Such granular gases comprise materials such as dilute gases of stones, sand, various types of powders, or large molecules, and their mixtures are ubiquitous in Nature and technology, in particular in Space. We treat—depending on the physical-chemical properties of the inter-particle interaction upon their pair collisions—both a constant and a velocity-dependent (viscoelastic) restitution coefficient e. Moreover we compare the granular gas dynamics with an effective single particle stochastic model based on an underdamped Langevin equation with time dependent diffusivity. We find that both models share the same behaviour of the ensemble mean squared displacement (MSD) and the velocity correlations in the limit of weak dissipation. Qualitatively, the reported non-ergodic behaviour is generic for granular gases with any realistic dependence of e on the impact velocity of particles.
The present article is among the first reports on the effects of poly(ampholyte)s and poly(betaine)s on the biomimetic formation of calcium phosphate. We have synthesized a series of di- and triblock copolymers based on a non-ionic poly(ethylene oxide) block and several charged methacrylate monomers, 2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl methacrylate chloride, 2-((3-cyanopropyl)-dimethylammonium)ethyl methacrylate chloride, 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt, and [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide. The resulting copolymers are either positively charged, ampholytic, or betaine block copolymers. All the polymers have very high molecular weights of over 106 g mol−1. All polymers are water-soluble and show a strong effect on the precipitation and dissolution of calcium phosphate. The strongest effects are observed with triblock copolymers based on a large poly(ethylene oxide) middle block (nominal Mn = 100 000 g mol−1). Surprisingly, the data show that there is a need for positive charges in the polymers to exert tight control over mineralization and dissolution, but that the exact position of the charge in the polymer is of minor importance for both calcium phosphate precipitation and dissolution.
We investigate the ergodic properties of a random walker performing (anomalous) diffusion on a random fractal geometry. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations of the motion of tracer particles on an ensemble of realisations of percolation clusters are performed for a wide range of percolation densities. Single trajectories of the tracer motion are analysed to quantify the time averaged mean squared displacement (MSD) and to compare this with the ensemble averaged MSD of the particle motion. Other complementary physical observables associated with ergodicity are studied, as well. It turns out that the time averaged MSD of individual realisations exhibits non-vanishing fluctuations even in the limit of very long observation times as the percolation density approaches the critical value. This apparent non-ergodic behaviour concurs with the ergodic behaviour on the ensemble averaged level. We demonstrate how the non-vanishing fluctuations in single particle trajectories are analytically expressed in terms of the fractal dimension and the cluster size distribution of the random geometry, thus being of
purely geometrical origin. Moreover, we reveal that the convergence scaling law to ergodicity, which is known to be inversely proportional to the observation time T for ergodic diffusion processes, follows a power-law BTh with h o 1 due to the fractal structure of the accessible space. These results provide useful measures for differentiating the subdiffusion on random fractals from an otherwise closely related process, namely, fractional Brownian motion. Implications of our results on the analysis of single particle tracking experiments are provided.
The interruption of learning processes by breaks filled with diverse activities is common in everyday life. We investigated the effects of active computer gaming and passive relaxation (rest and music) breaks on working memory performance. Young adults were exposed to breaks involving (i) eyes-open resting, (ii) listening to music and (iii) playing the video game “Angry Birds” before performing the n-back working memory task. Based on linear mixed-effects modeling, we found that playing the “Angry Birds” video game during a short learning break led to a decline in task performance over the course of the task as compared to eyes-open resting and listening to music, although overall task performance was not impaired. This effect was associated with high levels of daily mind wandering and low self-reported ability to concentrate. These findings indicate that video games can negatively affect working memory performance over time when played in between learning tasks. We suggest further investigation of these effects because of their relevance to everyday activity.
The Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, is a burrowing decapod with a rhythmic burrow emergence (24 h) governed by the circadian system. It is an important resource for European fisheries and its behavior deeply affects its availability. The current knowledge of Nephrops circadian biology is phenomenological as it is currently the case for almost all crustaceans. In attempt to elucidate the putative molecular mechanisms underlying circadian gene regulation in Nephrops, we used a transcriptomics approach on cDNA extracted from the eyestalk, a structure playing a crucial role in controlling behavior of decapods. We studied 14 male lobsters under 12–12 light-darkness blue light cycle. We used the Hiseq 2000 Illumina platform to sequence two eyestalk libraries (under light and darkness conditions) obtaining about 90 millions 100-bp paired-end reads. Trinity was used for the de novo reconstruction of transcriptomes; the size at which half of all assembled bases reside in contigs (N50) was equal to 1796 (light) and 2055 (darkness). We found a list of candidate clock genes and focused our attention on canonical ones: timeless, period, clock and bmal1. The cloning of assembled fragments validated Trinity outputs. The putative Nephrops clock genes showed high levels of identity (blastx on NCBI) with known crustacean clock gene homologs such as Eurydice pulchra (period: 47%, timeless: 59%, bmal1: 79%) and Macrobrachium rosenbergii (clock: 100%). We also found a vertebrate-like cryptochrome 2. RT-qPCR showed that only timeless had a robust diel pattern of expression. Our data are in accordance with the current knowledge of the crustacean circadian clock, reinforcing the idea that the molecular clockwork of this group shows some differences with the established model in Drosophila melanogaster.
Climate change is likely to impact the seasonality and generation processes of floods in the Nordic countries, which has direct implications for flood risk assessment, design flood estimation, and hydropower production management. Using a multi-model/multi-parameter approach to simulate daily discharge for a reference (1961–1990) and a future (2071–2099) period, we analysed the projected changes in flood seasonality and generation processes in six catchments with mixed snowmelt/rainfall regimes under the current climate in Norway. The multi-model/multi-parameter ensemble consists of (i) eight combinations of global and regional climate models, (ii) two methods for adjusting the climate model output to the catchment scale, and (iii) one conceptual hydrological model with 25 calibrated parameter sets. Results indicate that autumn/winter events become more frequent in all catchments considered, which leads to an intensification of the current autumn/winter flood regime for the coastal catchments, a reduction of the dominance of spring/summer flood regimes in a high-mountain catchment, and a possible systematic shift in the current flood regimes from spring/summer to autumn/winter in the two catchments located in northern and south-eastern Norway. The changes in flood regimes result from increasing event magnitudes or frequencies, or a combination of both during autumn and winter. Changes towards more dominant autumn/winter events correspond to an increasing relevance of rainfall as a flood generating process (FGP) which is most pronounced in those catchments with the largest shifts in flood seasonality. Here, rainfall replaces snowmelt as the dominant FGP primarily due to increasing temperature.We further analysed the ensemble components in contributing to overall uncertainty in the projected changes and found that the climate
projections and the methods for downscaling or bias correction tend to be the largest contributors. The relative role of hydrological parameter uncertainty, however, is highest for those catchments showing the largest changes in flood seasonality, which confirms the lack of robustness in hydrological model parameterization for simulations under transient hydrometeorological conditions.
Introduction
We investigated blood glucose (BG) and hormone response to aerobic high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate continuous exercise (CON) matched for mean load and duration in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
Material and Methods
Seven trained male subjects with T1DM performed a maximal incremental exercise test and HIIE and CON at 3 different mean intensities below (A) and above (B) the first lactate turn point and below the second lactate turn point (C) on a cycle ergometer. Subjects were adjusted to ultra-long-acting insulin Degludec (Tresiba/ Novo Nordisk, Denmark). Before exercise, standardized meals were administered, and short-acting insulin dose was reduced by 25% (A), 50% (B), and 75% (C) dependent on mean exercise intensity. During exercise, BG, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, cortisol, glucagon, and insulin-like growth factor-1, blood lactate, heart rate, and gas exchange variables were measured. For 24 h after exercise, interstitial glucose was measured by continuous glucose monitoring system.
Results
BG decrease during HIIE was significantly smaller for B (p = 0.024) and tended to be smaller for A and C compared to CON. No differences were found for post-exercise interstitial glucose, acute hormone response, and carbohydrate utilization between HIIE and CON for A, B, and C. In HIIE, blood lactate for A (p = 0.006) and B (p = 0.004) and respiratory exchange ratio for A (p = 0.003) and B (p = 0.003) were significantly higher compared to CON but not for C.
Conclusion
Hypoglycemia did not occur during or after HIIE and CON when using ultra-long-acting insulin and applying our methodological approach for exercise prescription. HIIE led to a smaller BG decrease compared to CON, although both exercises modes were matched for mean load and duration, even despite markedly higher peak workloads applied in HIIE. Therefore, HIIE and CON could be safely performed in T1DM.
In living cells, there are always a plethora of processes taking place at the same time. Their precise regulation is the basis of cellular functions, since small failures can lead to severe dysfunctions. For a comprehensive understanding of intracellular homeostasis, simultaneous multiparameter detection is a versatile tool for revealing the spatial and temporal interactions of intracellular parameters. Here, a recently developed time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) board was evaluated for simultaneous fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM/PLIM). Therefore, the metabolic activity in insect salivary glands was investigated by recording ns-decaying intrinsic cellular fluorescence, mainly related to oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and the μs-decaying phosphorescence of the oxygen-sensitive ruthenium-complex Kr341. Due to dopamine stimulation, the metabolic activity of salivary glands increased, causing a higher pericellular oxygen consumption and a resulting increase in Kr341 phosphorescence decay time. Furthermore, FAD fluorescence decay time decreased, presumably due to protein binding, thus inducing a quenching of FAD fluorescence decay time. Through application of the metabolic drugs antimycin and FCCP, the recorded signals could be assigned to a mitochondrial origin. The dopamine-induced changes could be observed in sequential FLIM and PLIM recordings, as well as in simultaneous FLIM/PLIM recordings using an intermediate TCSPC timing resolution.
The distinction of enantiomers is a key aspect of chemical analysis. In mass spectrometry the distinction of enantiomers has been achieved by ionizing the sample with circularly polarized laser pulses and comparing the ion yields for light of opposite handedness. While resonant excitation conditions are expected to be most efficient, they are not required for the detection of a circular dichroism (CD) in the ion yield. However, the prediction of the size and sign of the circular dichroism becomes challenging if non-resonant multiphoton excitations are used to ionize the sample. Employing femtosecond laser pulses to drive electron wavepacket dynamics based on ab initio calculations, we attempt to reveal underlying mechanisms that determine the CD under non-resonant excitation conditions. Simulations were done for (R)-1,2-propylene oxide, using time-dependent configuration interaction singles with perturbative doubles (TD-CIS(D)) and the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. Interactions between the electric field and the electric dipole and quadrupole as well as between the magnetic field and the magnetic dipole were explicitly accounted for. The ion yield was determined by treating states above the ionization potential as either stationary or non-stationary with energy-dependent lifetimes based on an approved heuristic approach. The observed population dynamics do not allow for a simple interpretation, because of highly non-linear interactions. Still, the various transition pathways are governed by resonant enantiospecific n-photon excitation, with preferably high transition dipole moments, which eventually dominate the CD in the ionized population.