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Nils-Hendrik Grohmann beschäftigt sich mit dem noch andauernden Stärkungsprozess der UN-Menschenrechtsvertragsorgane. Er analysiert, welche rechtlichen Befugnisse die Ausschüsse haben, ob sie von sich aus Vorschläge einbringen können und inwieweit sie ihre Verfahrensweisen bisher aufeinander abgestimmt haben. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Zusammenarbeit zwischen den verschiedenen Ausschüssen und der Frage, welche Rolle das Treffen der Vorsitzenden bei der Stärkung spielen kann.
Legitimiertes Unrecht
(2024)
Das Oberste Gericht der DDR war integraler Bestandteil der sozialistischen Staatsführung und unterlag strengen Denk- und Organisationsstrukturen. Es war eng in die politische Agenda der SED eingebunden und genoss keinerlei Unabhängigkeit. Die Auslegung des DDR-Rechts durch das Gericht orientierte sich ausschließlich an den innen- und außenpolitischen Interessen der SED. Dies galt auch für die Rechtsprechung in Fällen der Republikflucht und ihrer gesetzlichen Vorläufer. Die höchste Gerichtsinstanz im Staat war aktiv an der Gestaltung und Umsetzung der Strafjustiz gegen Republikflüchtige beteiligt, was wesentlich zur Festigung der Herrschaftsgewalt der SED beitrug. Die vorliegende Untersuchung analysiert Urteile des Obersten Gerichts im historisch-politischen Kontext und zeigt auf, dass die Urteilspraxis ausschließlich im Interesse parteipolitischer Ziele handelte und weder dem Volk noch der eigentlichen Rechtsfindung verpflichtet war. Des Weiteren wird der maßgebliche Beitrag des Obersten Gerichts an der schrittweisen Kriminalisierung der Bürger der DDR beleuchtet. Dies wirft ein kritisches Licht auf die Rolle des Rechtssystems bei der Sicherung von Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Menschenrechten in autoritären Regimen.
Der Semi-Parlamentarismus beschreibt das Regierungssystem, in dem die Regierung von einem Teil des Parlaments gewählt wird und abberufen werden kann, von einem anderen Teil des Parlaments aber unabhängig ist. Beide Kammern müssen dabei der Gesetzgebung zustimmen. Dieses von Steffen Ganghof klassifizierte System ergänzt gängige Regierungssystemtypologien, wie sie beispielsweise von David Samuels und Matthew Shugart genutzt werden. Der Semi-Parlamentarismus ist der logische Gegenpart zum Semi-Präsidentialismus, bei dem nur ein Teil der Exekutive von der Legislative abhängt, während im Semi-Parlamentarismus die Exekutive von nur einem Teil der Legislative abhängt. Der Semi-Parlamentarismus verkörpert so ein System der Gewaltenteilung ohne einen exekutiven Personalismus, wie er durch die Direktwahl und Unabhängigkeit der Regierungchef:in im Präsidentialismus hervorgerufen wird. Dadurch ist der Semi-Parlamentarismus geeignet, Unterschiede zwischen Parlamentarismus und Präsidentialismus auf den separaten Einfluss der Gewaltenteilung und des exekutiven Personalismus zurückzuführen. Die Untersuchung des Semi-Parlamentarismus ist daher für die Regierungssystemliteratur insgesamt von Bedeutung. Der Semi-Parlamentarismus ist dabei kein rein theoretisches Konstrukt, sondern existiert im australischen Bundesstaat, den australischen Substaaten und Japan.
Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht erstmals umfassend die Gesetzgebung der semi-parlamentarischen Staaten als solchen. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf den zweiten Kammern, da diese durch die Unabhängigkeit von der Regierung der eigentliche Ort der Gesetzgebung sind. Die Gesetzgebung in Parlamentarismus und Präsidentialismus unterscheidet sich insbesondere in der Geschlossenheit der Parteien, der Koalitionsbildung und dem legislativen Erfolg der Regierungen. Diese Punkte sind daher auch von besonderem Interesse bei der Analyse des Semi-Parlamentarismus. Die semi-parlamentarischen Staaten unterscheiden sich auch untereinander teilweise erheblich in der institutionellen Ausgestaltung wie den Wahlsystemen oder den verfügbaren Mitteln zur Überwindung von Blockadesituationen. Die Darstellung und die Analyse der Auswirkungen dieser Unterschiede auf die Gesetzgebung ist neben dem Vergleich des Semi-Parlamentarismus mit anderen Systemen das zweite wesentliche Ziel dieser Arbeit.
Als Fundament der Analyse habe ich einen umfangreichen Datensatz erhoben, der alle Legislaturperioden der australischen Staaten zwischen 1997 und 2019 umfasst. Wesentliche Bestandteile des Datensatzes sind alle namentlichen Abstimmungen beider Kammern, alle
eingebrachten und verabschiedeten Gesetzen der Regierung sowie die mit Hilfe eines Expert-Surveys erhobenen Parteipositionen in den relevanten Politikfeldern auf substaatlicher Ebene.
Hauptsächlich mit der Hilfe von Mixed-Effects- und Fractional-Response-Analysen kann ich so zeigen, dass der Semi-Parlamentarismus in vielen Aspekten eher parlamentarischen als präsidentiellen Systemen gleicht. Nur die Koalitionsbildung erfolgt deutlich flexibler und unterscheidet sich daher von der typischen parlamentarischen Koalitionsbildung. Die Analysen legen nahe, dass wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen Parlamentarismus und Präsidentialismus eher auf den exekutiven Personalismus als auf die Gewaltenteilung zurückzuführen sind.
Zwischen den semi-parlamentarischen Staaten scheinen vor allem die Kontrolle des Medians beider Parlamentskammern durch die Regierung und die Möglichkeit der Regierung, die zweite Kammer mitaufzulösen, zu entscheidenden Unterschieden in der Gesetzgebung zu führen. Die Kontrolle des Medians ermöglicht eine flexible Koalitionsbildung und führt zu höheren legislativen Erfolgsraten. Ebenso führt eine möglichst leichte Auflösungsmöglichkeit der zweiten Kammern zu höheren legislativen Erfolgsraten. Die Parteigeschlossenheit ist unabhängig von diesen Aspekten in beiden Kammern der semi-parlamentarischen Parlamente sehr hoch.
Zum dreißigjährigen Bestehen des Kommunalwissenschaftlichen Instituts an der Universität Potsdam vereint dieser Jubiläumsband kurze Aufsätze von ehemaligen und aktuellen Vorstandsmitgliedern, von Ehrenmitgliedern des Vorstands, langjährigen wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeitern des Instituts und aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Kooperationspartnern. Die insgesamt zwölf Beiträge befassen sich mit den Kommunalwissenschaften und der Geschichte des Kommunalwissenschaftlichen Instituts, mit aktuellen kommunalwissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen und wissenschaftlichen Kooperationen des KWI. Der vom KWI-Vorstand herausgegebene Band soll einen breiten Blick auf 30 Jahre Kommunalwissenschaften in Brandenburg und an der Universität Potsdam werfen und einen Ausblick auf zukünftige kommunalwissenschaftliche Forschung geben.
Breaking down barriers
(2024)
Many researchers hesitate to provide full access to their datasets due to a lack of knowledge about research data management (RDM) tools and perceived fears, such as losing the value of one's own data. Existing tools and approaches often do not take into account these fears and missing knowledge. In this study, we examined how conversational agents (CAs) can provide a natural way of guidance through RDM processes and nudge researchers towards more data sharing. This work offers an online experiment in which researchers interacted with a CA on a self-developed RDM platform and a survey on participants’ data sharing behavior. Our findings indicate that the presence of a guiding and enlightening CA on an RDM platform has a constructive influence on both the intention to share data and the actual behavior of data sharing. Notably, individual factors do not appear to impede or hinder this effect.
Captive Red Army soldiers made up the majority of victims of Nazi Germany’s starvation policy against Soviet civilians and other non-combatants and thus constituted the largest single victim group of the German war of annihilation against the Soviet Union. Indeed, Soviet prisoners of war were the largest victim group of all National Socialist annihilation policies after the European Jews. Before the launch of Operation Barbarossa, it was clear to the Wehrmacht planning departments on exactly what scale they could expect to capture Soviet troops. Yet, they neglected to make the necessary preparations for feeding and sheltering the captured soldiers, who were viewed by the economic staffs and the military leadership alike as direct competitors of German troops and the German home front for precious food supplies. The number of extra mouths to feed was incompatible with German war aims. The obvious limitations on their freedom of movement and the relative ease with which large numbers could be segregated and their rations controlled were crucial factors in the death of over 3 million Soviet POWs, the vast majority directly or indirectly as a result of deliberate policies of neglect, undernourishment, and starvation while in the ‘care’ of the Wehrmacht. The most reliable figures for the mortality of Soviet POWs in German captivity reveal that up to 3.3 million died from a total of just over 5.7 million captured between June 1941 and February 1945 — a proportion of almost 58 percent. Of these, 2 million were already dead by the beginning of February 1942. In English, there is still neither a single monograph nor a single edited volume dedicated to the subject. This article now provides the first detailed stand-alone synthesis in that language addressing the whole period from 1941 to 1945.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system customization is often necessary because companies have unique processes that provide their competitive advantage. Despite new technological advances such as cloud computing or model-driven development, technical ERP customization options are either outdated or ambiguously formulated in the scientific literature. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) that analyzes 137 definitions from 26 papers, the result is an analysis and aggregation of technical customization types by providing clearance and aligning with future organizational needs. The results show a shift from ERP code modification in on-premises systems to interface and integration customization in cloud ERP systems, as well as emerging technological opportunities as a way for customers and key users to perform system customization. The study contributes by providing a clear understanding of given customization types and assisting ERP users and vendors in making customization decisions.
In the aftermath of the Shoah and the ostensible triumph of nationalism, it became common in historiography to relegate Jews to the position of the “eternal other” in a series of binaries: Christian/Jewish, Gentile/Jewish, European/Jewish, non-Jewish/Jewish, and so forth. For the longest time, these binaries remained characteristic of Jewish historiography, including in the Central European context. Assuming instead, as the more recent approaches in Habsburg studies do, that pluriculturalism was the basis of common experience in formerly Habsburg Central Europe, and accepting that no single “majority culture” existed, but rather hegemonies were imposed in certain contexts, then the often used binaries are misleading and conceal the complex and sometimes even paradoxical conditions that shaped Jewish life in the region before the Shoah.
The very complexity of Habsburg Central Europe both in synchronic and diachronic perspective precludes any singular historical narrative of “Habsburg Jewry,” and it is not the intention of this volume to offer an overview of “Habsburg Jewish history.” The selected articles in this volume illustrate instead how important it is to reevaluate categories, deconstruct historical narratives, and reconceptualize implemented approaches in specific geographic, temporal, and cultural contexts in order to gain a better understanding of the complex and pluricultural history of the Habsburg Empire and the region as a whole.
The wide distribution of location-acquisition technologies means that large volumes of spatio-temporal data are continuously being accumulated. Positioning systems such as GPS enable the tracking of various moving objects' trajectories, which are usually represented by a chronologically ordered sequence of observed locations. The analysis of movement patterns based on detailed positional information creates opportunities for applications that can improve business decisions and processes in a broad spectrum of industries (e.g., transportation, traffic control, or medicine). Due to the large data volumes generated in these applications, the cost-efficient storage of spatio-temporal data is desirable, especially when in-memory database systems are used to achieve interactive performance requirements.
To efficiently utilize the available DRAM capacities, modern database systems support various tuning possibilities to reduce the memory footprint (e.g., data compression) or increase performance (e.g., additional indexes structures). By considering horizontal data partitioning, we can independently apply different tuning options on a fine-grained level. However, the selection of cost and performance-balancing configurations is challenging, due to the vast number of possible setups consisting of mutually dependent individual decisions.
In this thesis, we introduce multiple approaches to improve spatio-temporal data management by automatically optimizing diverse tuning options for the application-specific access patterns and data characteristics. Our contributions are as follows:
(1) We introduce a novel approach to determine fine-grained table configurations for spatio-temporal workloads. Our linear programming (LP) approach jointly optimizes the (i) data compression, (ii) ordering, (iii) indexing, and (iv) tiering. We propose different models which address cost dependencies at different levels of accuracy to compute optimized tuning configurations for a given workload, memory budgets, and data characteristics. To yield maintainable and robust configurations, we further extend our LP-based approach to incorporate reconfiguration costs as well as optimizations for multiple potential workload scenarios.
(2) To optimize the storage layout of timestamps in columnar databases, we present a heuristic approach for the workload-driven combined selection of a data layout and compression scheme. By considering attribute decomposition strategies, we are able to apply application-specific optimizations that reduce the memory footprint and improve performance.
(3) We introduce an approach that leverages past trajectory data to improve the dispatch processes of transportation network companies. Based on location probabilities, we developed risk-averse dispatch strategies that reduce critical delays.
(4) Finally, we used the use case of a transportation network company to evaluate our database optimizations on a real-world dataset. We demonstrate that workload-driven fine-grained optimizations allow us to reduce the memory footprint (up to 71% by equal performance) or increase the performance (up to 90% by equal memory size) compared to established rule-based heuristics.
Individually, our contributions provide novel approaches to the current challenges in spatio-temporal data mining and database research. Combining them allows in-memory databases to store and process spatio-temporal data more cost-efficiently.
ADHS bei Jugendlichen
(2024)
ADHS galt lange als eine Störung des Kindesalters. Aber bis zu 80 % der Patienten sind auch noch als Jugendliche betroffen. Gerade sie brauchen Hilfe bei ihren Problemen!
In der Schule müssen sie öfter die Klasse wiederholen, im sozialen und emotionalen Bereich gibt es Konflikte mit Gleichaltrigen und Eltern. Unbehandelt drohen psychische Störungen, Drogenmissbrauch oder delinquentes Verhalten.
Das vorliegende Lerntraining ist das erste multimodale Behandlungskonzept für Jugendliche im Alter von 12 bis 17 Jahren. Es werden konkrete Probleme und Aufgaben aus Schule und Umwelt behandelt, um daran allgemeine Strategien herzuleiten. Eltern und Lehrer werden intensiv in die Behandlung mit einbezogen.
This thesis presents an attempt to use source code synthesised from Coq formalisations of device drivers for existing (micro)kernel operating systems, with a particular focus on the Linux Kernel.
In the first part, the technical background and related work are described. The focus is here on the possible approaches to synthesising certified software with Coq, namely the extraction to functional languages using the Coq extraction plugin and the extraction to Clight code using the CertiCoq plugin. It is noted that the implementation of CertiCoq is verified, whereas this is not the case for the Coq extraction plugin. Consequently, there is a correctness guarantee for the generated Clight code which does not hold for the code being generated by the Coq extraction plugin. Furthermore, the differences between user space and kernel space software are discussed in relation to Linux device drivers. It is elaborated that it is not possible to generate working Linux kernel module components using the Coq extraction plugin without significant modifications. In contrast, it is possible to produce working user space drivers both with the Coq extraction plugin and CertiCoq. The subsequent parts describe the main contributions of the thesis.
In the second part, it is demonstrated how to extend the Coq extraction plugin to synthesise foreign function calls between the functional language OCaml and the imperative language C. This approach has the potential to improve the type-safety of user space drivers. Furthermore, it is shown that the code being synthesised by CertiCoq cannot be used in kernel space without modifications to the necessary runtime. Consequently, the necessary modifications to the runtimes of CertiCoq and VeriFFI are introduced, resulting in the runtimes becoming compatible components of a Linux kernel module. Furthermore, justifications for the transformations are provided and possible further extensions to both plugins and solutions to failing garbage collection calls in kernel space are discussed.
The third part presents a proof of concept device driver for the Linux Kernel. To achieve this, the event handler of the original PC Speaker driver is partially formalised in Coq. Furthermore, some relevant formal properties of the formalised functionality are discussed. Subsequently, a kernel module is defined, utilising the modified variants of CertiCoq and VeriFFI to compile a working device driver. It is furthermore shown that it is possible to compile the synthesised code with CompCert, thereby extending the guarantee of correctness to the assembly layer. This is followed by a performance evaluation that compares a naive formalisation of the PC speaker functionality with the original PC Speaker driver pointing out the weaknesses in the formalisation and possible improvements. The part closes with a summary of the results, their implications and open questions being raised.
The last part lists all used sources, separated into scientific literature, documentations or reference manuals and artifacts, i.e. source code.
Enhancing economic efficiency in modular production systems through deep reinforcement learning
(2024)
In times of increasingly complex production processes and volatile customer demands, the production adaptability is crucial for a company's profitability and competitiveness. The ability to cope with rapidly changing customer requirements and unexpected internal and external events guarantees robust and efficient production processes, requiring a dedicated control concept at the shop floor level. Yet in today's practice, conventional control approaches remain in use, which may not keep up with the dynamic behaviour due to their scenario-specific and rigid properties. To address this challenge, deep learning methods were increasingly deployed due to their optimization and scalability properties. However, these approaches were often tested in specific operational applications and focused on technical performance indicators such as order tardiness or total throughput. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning based production control to optimize combined techno-financial performance measures. Based on pre-defined manufacturing modules that are supplied and operated by multiple agents, positive effects were observed in terms of increased revenue and reduced penalties due to lower throughput times and fewer delayed products. The combined modular and multi-staged approach as well as the distributed decision-making further leverage scalability and transferability to other scenarios.
In der DDR sollte die Rechtsprechung den Zielen der Politik und dem Aufbau sowie der Sicherung des Sozialismus dienen. Zur Verwirklichung dieser Ziele unternahm das SED-Regime insbesondere den Versuch, auf die Ausbildung des juristischen Nachwuchses Einfluss zu nehmen. Die Arbeit untersucht anhand der im Bundesarchiv verwahrten Originalquellen die Anforderungen, die an das juristische Studium in der DDR gestellt wurden, und die Umstände, unter denen die juristische Ausbildung erfolgte. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Auswahl, Aus- und Weiterbildung der Staatsanwälte beleuchtet die Arbeit die sog. »Kaderarbeit« der DDR-Justiz sowie die wesentlichen Zulassungs-, Prüfungs-, Studien- und Weiterbildungsbedingungen. Die Auswertung des überlieferten Archivmaterials führt zu der Erkenntnis, dass die Aus- und Weiterbildung der DDR-Juristen zur Sicherstellung der Ziele der sozialistischen Partei durch eine planmäßige und systematische politisch-ideologische Erziehung und Kontrolle bestimmt war.
Deep learning has seen widespread application in many domains, mainly for its ability to learn data representations from raw input data. Nevertheless, its success has so far been coupled with the availability of large annotated (labelled) datasets. This is a requirement that is difficult to fulfil in several domains, such as in medical imaging. Annotation costs form a barrier in extending deep learning to clinically-relevant use cases. The labels associated with medical images are scarce, since the generation of expert annotations of multimodal patient data at scale is non-trivial, expensive, and time-consuming. This substantiates the need for algorithms that learn from the increasing amounts of unlabeled data. Self-supervised representation learning algorithms offer a pertinent solution, as they allow solving real-world (downstream) deep learning tasks with fewer annotations. Self-supervised approaches leverage unlabeled samples to acquire generic features about different concepts, enabling annotation-efficient downstream task solving subsequently.
Nevertheless, medical images present multiple unique and inherent challenges for existing self-supervised learning approaches, which we seek to address in this thesis: (i) medical images are multimodal, and their multiple modalities are heterogeneous in nature and imbalanced in quantities, e.g. MRI and CT; (ii) medical scans are multi-dimensional, often in 3D instead of 2D; (iii) disease patterns in medical scans are numerous and their incidence exhibits a long-tail distribution, so it is oftentimes essential to fuse knowledge from different data modalities, e.g. genomics or clinical data, to capture disease traits more comprehensively; (iv) Medical scans usually exhibit more uniform color density distributions, e.g. in dental X-Rays, than natural images. Our proposed self-supervised methods meet these challenges, besides significantly reducing the amounts of required annotations.
We evaluate our self-supervised methods on a wide array of medical imaging applications and tasks. Our experimental results demonstrate the obtained gains in both annotation-efficiency and performance; our proposed methods outperform many approaches from related literature. Additionally, in case of fusion with genetic modalities, our methods also allow for cross-modal interpretability. In this thesis, not only we show that self-supervised learning is capable of mitigating manual annotation costs, but also our proposed solutions demonstrate how to better utilize it in the medical imaging domain. Progress in self-supervised learning has the potential to extend deep learning algorithms application to clinical scenarios.
The increasing number of known exoplanets raises questions about their demographics and the mechanisms that shape planets into how we observe them today. Young planets in close-in orbits are exposed to harsh environments due to the host star being magnetically highly active, which results in high X-ray and extreme UV fluxes impinging on the planet. Prolonged exposure to this intense photoionizing radiation can cause planetary atmospheres to heat up, expand and escape into space via a hydrodynamic escape process known as photoevaporation. For super-Earth and sub-Neptune-type planets, this can even lead to the complete erosion of their primordial gaseous atmospheres. A factor of interest for this particular mass-loss process is the activity evolution of the host star. Stellar rotation, which drives the dynamo and with it the magnetic activity of a star, changes significantly over the stellar lifetime. This strongly affects the amount of high-energy radiation received by a planet as stars age. At a young age, planets still host warm and extended envelopes, making them particularly susceptible to atmospheric evaporation. Especially in the first gigayear, when X-ray and UV levels can be 100 - 10,000 times higher than for the present-day sun, the characteristics of the host star and the detailed evolution of its high-energy emission are of importance.
In this thesis, I study the impact of stellar activity evolution on the high-energy-induced atmospheric mass loss of young exoplanets. The PLATYPOS code was developed as part of this thesis to calculate photoevaporative mass-loss rates over time. The code, which couples parameterized planetary mass-radius relations with an analytical hydrodynamic escape model, was used, together with Chandra and eROSITA X-ray observations, to investigate the future mass loss of the two young multiplanet systems V1298 Tau and K2-198. Further, in a numerical ensemble study, the effect of a realistic spread of activity tracks on the small-planet radius gap was investigated for the first time. The works in this thesis show that for individual systems, in particular if planetary masses are unconstrained, the difference between a young host star following a low-activity track vs. a high-activity one can have major implications: the exact shape of the activity evolution can determine whether a planet can hold on to some of its atmosphere, or completely loses its envelope, leaving only the bare rocky core behind. For an ensemble of simulated planets, an observationally-motivated distribution of activity tracks does not substantially change the final radius distribution at ages of several gigayears. My simulations indicate that the overall shape and slope of the resulting small-planet radius gap is not significantly affected by the spread in stellar activity tracks. However, it can account for a certain scattering or fuzziness observed in and around the radius gap of the observed exoplanet population.
Im Kontext der zunehmenden Relevanz des Umgangs mit Digitalität im schulischen Unterricht und der daraus resultierenden Popularität von Gaming und Gamification als Lehrmethoden ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit, Game Design als konstruktivistische Herangehensweise an Computerspiele zu untersuchen. Genauer geht es darum, diese Methode hinsichtlich der Tauglichkeit für den Kunstunterricht zu analysieren. Dazu wird darauf eingegangen, inwiefern Game Design als Instruktionsmethode generell Lernen fördert bzw. zur Ausbildung einer Digital Literacy geeignet ist. Der Schwerpunkt liegt darin, Game Design im Hinblick auf die zentralen Kompetenz- und Lerndimensionen des Kunstunterrichts zu beleuchten. Genauer sind damit die künstlerische Produktion und die ästhetische Rezeption als die beiden maßgeblichen künstlerisch-ästhetischen Handlungskompetenzen gemeint sowie die ästhetische Erfahrung als besonderes Lernerlebnis, welches im kunstpädagogischen Diskurs neben den beschriebenen Kompetenzen als höchstes Ziel der Lehre gilt. Ebendiese drei Dimensionen funktionieren hierbei als Analyseebenen der untersuchten Methode. Game Design stellt sich dabei als weitestgehend förderlich für alle drei benannten Bereiche heraus, wobei es in Bezug auf die sinnliche Wahrnehmung im Prozess der ästhetischen Rezeption nur eine ergänzende Funktion annimmt. Es werden nicht alle Bereiche der Gestaltungsfelder der künstlerischen Produktion angesprochen. Ein experimentell-offenes künstlerisches Arbeiten wird ebenso nicht zwangsläufig ermöglicht. Jedoch werden alle anderen Bestandteile dieser Kompetenzdimensionen angesprochen und insbesondere die ästhetische Erfahrung vollumfänglich gefördert. Die digitale Spielentwicklung lässt sich somit aus kunstpädagogischer Perspektive für den Einsatz im Kunstunterricht legitimieren. Mit Ausblick auf STEAM Education und einen projektorientierten Unterricht ist sie sogar zu empfehlen.
Während zur Geschichte des Strafrechts in der alten Bundesrepublik bislang lediglich überblicksartige Gesamtdarstellungen und Monographien zu einzelnen Deliktsbereichen existierten, nimmt dieser Band einige prägnante Facetten des Besonderen Teils detailreich in den Blick und setzt damit das Projekt fort, das die Herausgeber 2020 mit dem bereits erschienenen Band zum Allgemeinen Teil begonnen haben. Auch hier interessieren die einzelnen Teilbereiche weniger dogmengeschichtlich als in ihrer Interaktion mit der Strafrechtswissenschaft, -praxis, -politik und gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen. Die individuellen Zugänge, die die Autorinnen und Autoren hierzu gesucht haben, sollen in ihrer methodischen Vielfalt durchaus als Experiment verstanden werden.
§ 70 Hohe See
(2024)
In this essay I argue that while research in Jewish studies over the last several decades has done much to erode the historical narrative of Jewish/non-Jewish separation and detachment, it has also raised various questions pertaining to the outcome of Jewish/non-Jewish interactions and coexistence as well as the contours of Jewish difference. I contend that employing the concepts of conviviality, ethnic/religious/national indifference, and similarity will greatly facilitate answering these questions.
Habsburg Central Europe
(2024)
Central Europe is characterized by linguistic and cultural density as well as by endogenous and exogenous cultural influences. These constellations were especially visible in the former Habsburg Empire, where they influenced the formation of individual and collective identities. This led not only to continual crises and conflicts, but also to an equally enormous creative potential as became apparent in the culture of the fin-de-siècle.
Examining the dissemination of evidence on social media, we analyzed the discourse around eight visible scientists in the context of COVID-19. Using manual (N = 1,406) and automated coding (N = 42,640) on an account-based tracked Twitter/X dataset capturing scientists’ activities and eliciting reactions over six 2-week periods, we found that visible scientists’ tweets included more scientific evidence. However, public reactions contained more anecdotal evidence. Findings indicate that evidence can be a message characteristic leading to greater tweet dissemination. Implications for scientists, including explicitly incorporating scientific evidence in their communication and examining evidence in science communication research, are discussed.
It has been highlighted many times how difficult it is to draw a boundary between gift and bribe, and how the same transfer can be interpreted in different ways according to the position of the observer and the narrative frame into which it is inserted. This also applied of course to Ancient Rome; in both the Republic and Principate lawgivers tried to define the limits of acceptable transfers and thus also to identify what we might call ‘corruption’. Yet, such definitions remained to a large extent blurred, and what was constructed was mostly a ‘code of conduct’, allowing Roman politicians to perform their own ‘honesty’ in public duty – while being aware at all times that their involvement in different kinds of transfer might be used by their opponents against them and presented as a case of ‘corrupt’ behaviour.
The experience of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects up to 90% of individuals with an active menstrual cycle and involves a spectrum of aversive physiological and psychological symptoms in the days leading up to menstruation (Tschudin et al., 2010). Despite its high prevalence, the precise origins of PMS remain elusive, with influences ranging from hormonal fluctuations to cognitive, social, and cultural factors (Hunter, 2007; Matsumoto et al., 2013).
Biologically, hormonal fluctuations, particularly in gonadal steroids, are commonly believed to be implicated in PMS, with the central factor being varying susceptibilities to the fluctuations between individuals and cycles (Rapkin & Akopians, 2012). Allopregnanolone (ALLO), a neuroactive steroid and progesterone metabolite, has emerged as a potential link to PMS symptoms (Hantsoo & Epperson, 2020). ALLO is a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, influencing inhibitory communication (Rupprecht, 2003; Andréen et al., 2006). Different susceptibility to ALLO fluctuations throughout the cycle may lead to reduced GABAergic signal transmission during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
The GABAergic system's broad influence leads to a number of affected physiological systems, including a consistent reduction in vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) during the luteal phase (Schmalenberger et al., 2019). This reduction in vmHRV is more pronounced in individuals with high PMS symptoms (Baker et al., 2008; Matsumoto et al., 2007). Fear conditioning studies have shown inconsistent associations with cycle phases, suggesting a complex interplay between physiological parameters and PMS-related symptoms (Carpenter et al., 2022; Epperson et al., 2007; Milad et al., 2006).
The neurovisceral integration model posits that vmHRV reflects the capacity of the central autonomous network (CAN), which is responsible for regulatory processes on behavioral, cognitive, and autonomous levels (Thayer & Lane, 2000, 2009). Fear learning, mediated within the CAN, is suggested to be indicative of vmHRV's capacity for successful
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regulation (Battaglia & Thayer, 2022). Given the GABAergic mediation of central inhibitory functional connectivity in the CAN, which may be affected by ALLO fluctuations, this thesis proposes that fluctuating CAN activity in the luteal phase contributes to diverse aversive symptoms in PMS.
A research program was designed to empirically test these propositions. Study 1 investigated fear discrimination during different menstrual cycle phases and its interaction with vmHRV, revealing nuanced effects on acoustic startle response and skin conductance response. While there was heightened fear discrimination in acoustic startle responses in participants in the luteal phase, there was an interaction between menstrual cycle phase and vmHRV in skin conductance responses. In this measure, heightened fear discrimination during the luteal phase was only visible in individuals with high resting vmHRV; those with low vmHRV showed reduced fear discrimination and higher overall responses.
Despite affecting the vast majority of menstruating people, there are very limited tools available to reliably assess these symptoms in the German speaking area. Study 2 aimed at closing this gap, by translating and validating a German version of the short version of the Premenstrual Assessment Form (Allen et al., 1991), providing a reliable tool for future investigations, which closes the gap in PMS questionnaires in the German-speaking research area.
Study 3 employed a diary study paradigm to explore daily associations between vmHRV and PMS symptoms. The results showed clear simultaneous fluctuations between the two constructs with a peak in PMS and a low point in vmHRV a few days before menstruation onset. The association between vmHRV and PMS was driven by psychological PMS symptoms.
Based on the theoretical considerations regarding the neurovisceral perspective on PMS, another interesting construct to consider is attentional control, as it is closely related to functions of the CAN. Study 4 delved into attentional control and vmHRV differences between menstrual cycle phases, demonstrating an interaction between cycle phase and PMS symptoms. In a pilot, we found reduced vmHRV and attentional control during the luteal phase only in participants who reported strong PMS.
While Studies 1-4 provided evidence for the mechanisms underlying PMS, Studies 5 and 6 investigated short- and long-term intervention protocols to ameliorate PMS symptomatology. Study 5 explored the potential of heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) in alleviating PMS symptoms and a number of other outcome measures. In a waitlist-control design, participants underwent a 4-week smartphone-based HRVB intervention. The results revealed positive effects on PMS, with larger effect sizes on psychological symptoms, as well as on depressive symptoms, anxiety/stress and attentional control.
Finally, Study 6 examined the acute effects of HRVB on attentional control. The study found positive impact but only in highly stressed individuals.
The thesis, based on this comprehensive research program, expands our understanding of PMS as an outcome of CAN fluctuations mediated by GABAA receptor reactivity. The results largely support the model. These findings not only deepen our understanding of PMS but also offer potential avenues for therapeutic interventions. The promising results of smartphone-based HRVB training suggest a non-pharmacological approach to managing PMS symptoms, although further research is needed to confirm its efficacy.
In conclusion, this thesis illuminates the complex web of factors contributing to PMS, providing valuable insights into its etiological underpinnings and potential interventions. By elucidating the relationships between hormonal fluctuations, CAN activity, and psychological responses, this research contributes to more effective treatments for individuals grappling with the challenges of PMS. The findings hold promise for improving the quality of life for those affected by this prevalent and often debilitating condition.
What does the future hold for corporate communications? The Communications Trend Radar is an applied research project. On an annual basis, it identifies relevant trends for corporate communications from the fields of society, management, and technology. The research team at the University of Potsdam (Professor Stefan Stieglitz, Sünje Clausen, MS.) and Leipzig University (Professor Ansgar Zerfass, Dr Michelle Wloka) identified the following trends for 2024: Information Inflation, AI Literacy, Workforce Shift, Content Integrity, Decoding Humans. More information on the trends can be found in the Communications Trend Radar Report 2024
The plant cell wall plays several crucial roles during plant development with its integrity acting as key signalling component for growth regulation during biotic and abiotic stresses. Cellulose microfibrils, the principal load-bearing components is the major component of the primary cell wall, whose synthesis is mediated by microtubule-associated CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) COMPLEXES (CSC). Previous studies have shown that CSC interacting proteins COMPANION OF CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CC) facilitate sustained cellulose synthesis during salt stress by promoting repolymerization of cortical microtubules. However, our understanding of cellulose synthesis during salt stress remains incomplete.
In this study, a pull-down of CC1 protein led to the identification of a novel interactor, termed LEA-like. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LEA-like belongs to the LATE EMBRYOGENESIS ABUNDANT (LEA) protein family, specifically to the LEA_2 subgroup, showing a close relationship with the CC proteins. Roots of the double mutants lea-like and its closest homolog emb3135 exhibited hypersensitivity when grown on cellulose synthesis inhibitors. Further analysis of higher-order mutants of lea-like, emb3135, and cesa6 demonstrated a genetic interaction between them indicating a significant role in cellulose synthesis.
Live-cell imaging revealed that both LEA-like and EMB3135 migrated with the CSC at the plasma membrane along microtubule tracks in control and oryzalin-treated conditions which destabilize microtubules, suggesting a tight interaction. Investigation of fluorescently labeled lines of different domains of the LEA-like protein revealed that the N-terminal cytosolic domain of LEA-like colocalizes with microtubules, suggesting a physical association between the two.
Considering the established role of LEA proteins in abiotic stress tolerance, we performed phenotypic analysis of the mutant under various stresses. Growth of double mutants of lea-like and emb3135 on NaCl containing media resulted in swelling of root cell indicating a putative role in salt stress tolerance. Supportive of this the quadruple mutant, lacking LEA-like, EMB3135, CC1, and CC2 proteins, exhibited a severe root growth defect on NaCl media compared to control conditions. Live-cell imaging revealed that under salt stress, the LEA-like protein forms aggregates in the plasma membrane.
In conclusion, this study has unveiled two novel interactors of the CSC that act with the CC proteins that regulate plant growth in response to salt stress providing new insights into the intricate regulation of cellulose synthesis, particularly under such conditions.
Wie wurden die Soldaten der Wehrmacht – in der Kaserne und an der Front – von ihren Unteroffizieren und Offizieren behandelt? Wie war deren Menschenführung beeinflusst vom Nationalsozialismus und welche Bedeutung hatte sie für den Zusammenhalt des deutschen Heeres im Zweiten Weltkrieg? Konstantin Franz Eckert schließt, gestützt auf eine breite Quellenbasis, eine wichtige Forschungslücke. Seine Studie zeigt, wie junge Männer auf ihren Militärdienst vorbereitet wurden und was sie von ihren Vorgesetzten erwarteten. Sie weist nach, dass Vorbild und persönlicher Einsatz, Konstruktivität und absolute Unterordnung unter das Gehorsamsprinzip im Dienst des NS-Regimes zentrale Führungselemente der Wehrmacht waren. Zudem wirft sie einen Blick auf die militärische Ausbildung und ordnet die alten Narrative vom »Kasernenhofschleifer« sachlich ein.
Virtual reality promises high potential as an immersive, hands-on learning tool for training 21st-century skills. However, previous research revealed that the mere use of digital tools in higher education does not automatically translate into learning outcomes. Instead, information systems studies emphasized the importance of effective use behavior to achieve technology usage goals. Applying the affordance network approach, we investigated what constitutes effective usage behavior regarding a virtual reality collaboration system in digital education. Therefore, we conducted 18 interviews with students and observations of six course sessions. The results uncover how affordance actualization contributed to the achievement of learning goals. A comparison with findings of previous studies on other information systems (i.e., electronic medical record systems, big data analytics, fitness wearables) allowed us to highlight system-specific differences in effective use behavior. We also demonstrated a clear distinction between concepts surrounding effective use theory facilitating the application of the affordance network approach in information systems research.
The present thesis looks at cultural conceptualisations in relation to DEATH in Irish English from a Cultural Linguistic perspective and puts a special focus on the diachronic development of these conceptualisations. For the study, a corpus consisting of 1,400 death notices from the Dublin-based national newspaper The Irish Times from 14 historical periods between 1859 and 2023 was compiled, resulting in a highly specialised 70,000-word corpus. First, the manual qualitative analysis of the death notices produced evidence for eight superordinate cultural conceptualisations surrounding DEATH, namely, in the order of their frequency THE DEAD ARE TO BE REMEMBERED OR REGRETTED, DEATH IS SOMETHING POSITIVE, DEATH IS REST, DEATH IS A JOURNEY, DYING IS THE BEGINNING OF ANOTHER LIFE, DEATH IS (NOT) A TABOO, DEATH IS GOD’S WILL, and DEATH IS THE END. These conceptualisations were derived from linguistic expressions in the death notices that have these conceptualisations as a cognitive basis. Second, the quantitative comparison of the individual conceptualisations detected diachronic variation, which is interconnected with historical and social developments in Ireland. The thesis, therefore, illustrates the applicability of Cultural Linguistics as an adequate method for diachronic studies interested in culturally determined developments of conceptualisations.
Social media constitute an important arena for public debates and steady interchange of issues relevant to society. To boost their reputation, commercial organizations also engage in political, social, or environmental debates on social media. To engage in this type of digital activism, organizations increasingly utilize the social media profiles of executive employees and other brand ambassadors. However, the relationship between brand ambassadors’ digital activism and corporate reputation is only vaguely understood. The results of a qualitative inquiry suggest that digital activism via brand ambassadors can be risky (e.g., creating additional surface for firestorms, financial loss) and rewarding (e.g., emitting authenticity, employing ‘megaphones’ for industry change) at the same time. The paper informs both scholarship and practitioners about strategic trade-offs that need to be considered when employing brand ambassadors for digital activism.