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Hintergrund. Personen, die mit der chronischen Erkrankung HIV leben (PWH), müssen ihr Leben lang die sog. antiretrovirale Therapie (ART) einnehmen, um einen Ausbruch der Erkrankung in das Vollbild AIDS (Akquiriertes Immun-Defizienz-Syndrom) zu vermeiden. Gleichzeitig ist die ART und HIV selbst assoziiert mit dem Auftreten zusätzlicher Erkrankungen (Komorbiditäten) kardiovaskulärer oder psychologischer Natur. Die Prävalenz von Komorbiditäten und schlechter Lebensqualität ist im Vergleich zu HIV-negativen Personen deutlich höher.
Methoden. Es wurden zwei Metaanalysen zu sportlicher Betätigung, PWH und (1) kardiovaskulären und (2) psychologischen Parametern sowie eine Querschnittsstudie (HIBES-Studie, HIV-Begleiterkrankungen und Sport) durchgeführt. Für die Auswertung der metaanalytischen Daten wurde der Review Manager 5.3, für die Auswertung der Daten der HIBES-Studie das Analyseprogramm „R“ verwendet. In den Metaanalysen wurden, neben den Hauptanalysen verschiedener Parameter, erstmals spezifische Subgruppenanalysen durchgeführt. Die HIBES-Studie untersuchte Unterschiede zwischen kumulativen (2-3 verschiedenen Sportarten pro Woche) und einfachen (eine Sportart pro Woche) Freizeitsport und analysiert die Zusammenhänge von Parametern des Freizeitsports (Trainingshäufigkeit, -Minuten und –Intensität), Komorbiditäten und der Lebensqualität.
Ergebnisse. Ausdauer- und Krafttraining haben einen mittel-starken bis starken positiven Effekt auf die maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme (SMD= 0.66, p< .00001), den 6-Minuten-Walk-Test (6MWT) (SMD= 0.59, p= .02), die maximale Watt Zahl (SMD= 0.80, p= .009). Kein Effekt wurde bei der maximalen Herzfrequenz und dem systolischen sowie diastolischen Blutdruck gefunden. Subgruppenanalysen zu ≥3 Einheiten/Woche, ≥150 Min./Woche ergaben hohe Effektstärken in der maximalen Watt Zahl und 6MWT. Ausdauer- und Krafttraining zusammen mit Yoga haben einen starken Effekt auf Symptome der Depression (SMD= -0.84, p= .02) und Angststörungen (SMD= -1.23, p= .04). Die Subanalyse der Depression zu professioneller Supervision und sportlicher Betätigung wiesen einen sehr starken Effekt (SMD= -1.40, p= .03). Die HIBES-Studie wies ein sehr differenziertes Bild im Sportverhalten von PWH in Deutschland auf. 49% der Teilnehmer übten mehr als eine Sportart pro Woche aus. Es wurden keine Unterschiede zwischen kumuliertem (CTE) und einfachem Sport (STE) in der Lebensqualität gefunden. Die Freizeitsportparameter (Häufigkeiten/Woche, Minuten/Woche, Intensität/Woche) waren in der CTE-Gruppe deutlich höher als in der STE-Gruppe. Trainingsminuten und die -Intensität zeigten beim Vorhandensein einer Komorbidität einen großen Zusammenhang mit der Lebensqualität. Die Minuten und die Intensität des durchgeführten Sportes zeigten einen prädiktiven Zusammenhang mit der Lebensqualität.
Konklusion: Sportliche Betätigung verbessert die maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme und Symptome der Depression und Angststörungen. Die Aussagekraft der Subanalysen ist aufgrund der geringen Studienzahl, vorsichtig zu interpretieren. Erhöhte Trainingsparameter finden sich eher bei PWH, die mehr als eine Sportart pro Woche treiben. Daher kann kumulierter Sport als mediierender Faktor zur Steigerung der Lebensqualität interpretiert werden; zumindest bei PWH mit einer psychologischen Komorbidität.
Die gerechte, sichere und nachhaltige Rohstoffverteilung weltweit stellt eine der bedeutendsten Menschheitsaufgaben des 21. Jahrhunderts dar und entscheidet mit ihren Auswirkungen auf Leben, Umwelt und technischen Fortschritt über das Schicksal der kontinuierlich wachsenden Weltbevölkerung. Das Werk untersucht das gegenwärtige Rohstoffvölkerrecht, bestehend aus dem Grundsatz der ständigen Souveränität über natürliche Ressourcen, dem WTO-Recht, multilateralen Abkommen sowie Rohstoffkartellen wie der OPEC und kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich der aktuelle Regelungsbestand auf – in der Regel unverbindliche – organisatorische Maßnahmen und Konsultationen beschränkt. Das internationale Wirtschaftsrecht verfolgt einen passiven Ansatz, der der großen Relevanz dieses völkerrechtlichen Teilgebiets nicht gerecht wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden sechs verschiedene juristische Lösungsstrategien erarbeitet und im Anschluss auf ihre politische Realisierbarkeit überprüft. Dabei wird insbesondere auf die Stellung der Entwicklungsländer eingegangen, die trotz ihres Rohstoffreichtums bisher nicht von diesem profitieren.
Surface melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet contributes a large amount to current and future sea level rise. Increased surface melt may lower the reflectivity of the ice sheet surface and thereby increase melt rates: the so-called melt-albedo feedback describes this self-sustaining increase in surface melting. In order to test the effect of the melt-albedo feedback in a prognostic ice sheet model, we implement dEBM-simple, a simplified version of the diurnal Energy Balance Model dEBM, in the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM). The implementation includes a simple representation of the melt-albedo feedback and can thereby replace the positive-degree-day melt scheme. Using PISM-dEBM-simple, we find that this feedback increases ice loss through surface warming by 60 % until 2300 for the high-emission scenario RCP8.5 when compared to a scenario in which the albedo remains constant at its present-day values. With an increase of 90 % compared to a fixed-albedo scenario, the effect is more pronounced for lower surface warming under RCP2.6. Furthermore, assuming an immediate darkening of the ice surface over all summer months, we estimate an upper bound for this effect to be 70 % in the RCP8.5 scenario and a more than 4-fold increase under RCP2.6. With dEBM-simple implemented in PISM, we find that the melt-albedo feedback is an essential contributor to mass loss in dynamic simulations of the Greenland Ice Sheet under future warming.
Vom Gast zum Gastwirt?
(2021)
Die Arbeitsmigration zählt zu den prägenden gesellschaftlichen Wandlungsprozessen der deutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte. 14 Millionen »Gastarbeiter« kamen zwischen 1955 und 1973 in die Bundesrepublik, etwa 3 Millionen von ihnen kehrten nicht in ihre Heimatländer zurück. Vor allem Türkeistämmige blieben nach dem Anwerbestopp häufiger in Deutschland als die Arbeitskräfte aus anderen Ländern. Wie keine andere Stadt steht Berlin bis heute für die Einwanderung aus der Türkei.
Stefan Zeppenfeld untersucht den Wandel der türkischen Arbeitswelten von ihren Anfängen in den 1960er Jahren bis zur Wiedervereinigung. Ausgehend von der »Gastarbeit« im industriellen Großbetrieb spürt er in seiner Studie am Beispiel West-Berlins dem Übergang in andere Branchen nach. Er zeigt, wie der öffentliche Dienst auch für Migrantinnen und Migranten attraktive Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten eröffnete, zeichnet den schwierigen Weg in die gewerbliche Selbstständigkeit nach und legt illegale Beschäftigungsformen als alternative Verdienstmöglichkeit offen.
Damit bettet der Autor die Geschichte der türkischen Arbeitsmigration in die deutsche Zeitgeschichte ein.
Reciprocal space slicing
(2021)
An experimental technique that allows faster assessment of out-of-plane strain dynamics of thin film heterostructures via x-ray diffraction is presented. In contrast to conventional high-speed reciprocal space-mapping setups, our approach reduces the measurement time drastically due to a fixed measurement geometry with a position-sensitive detector. This means that neither the incident (ω) nor the exit (2θ) diffraction angle is scanned during the strain assessment via x-ray diffraction. Shifts of diffraction peaks on the fixed x-ray area detector originate from an out-of-plane strain within the sample. Quantitative strain assessment requires the determination of a factor relating the observed shift to the change in the reciprocal lattice vector. The factor depends only on the widths of the peak along certain directions in reciprocal space, the diffraction angle of the studied reflection, and the resolution of the instrumental setup. We provide a full theoretical explanation and exemplify the concept with picosecond strain dynamics of a thin layer of NbO2.
The galactic interstellar medium is magnetized and turbulent. The magnetic field and turbulence play important roles in many astrophysical mechanisms, including cosmic ray transport, star formation, etc. Therefore, measurements of magnetic field and turbulence information are crucial for the proper interpretation of astronomical observations. Nonetheless, the magnetic field observation is quite challenging, especially, there is not universal magnetic tracer for diffuse medium. Moreover, the modelling of turbulence can be oversimplified due to the lack of observational tools to diagnose the plasma properties of the turbulence in the galactic interstellar medium. The studies presented in this thesis have addressed these challenges by bridging the theoretical studies of magnetic field and turbulence with numerical simulations and observations.
The following research are presented in this thesis. The first observational evidence of the novel magnetic tracer, ground state alignment (GSA), is discovered, revealing the three-dimensional magnetic field as well as 2 orders of magnitude higher precision comparing to previous observational study in the stellar atmosphere of the post-AGB 89 Herculis. Moreover, the application of GSA in the sub-millimeter fine-structure lines is comprehensively studied for different elements and with magnetohydrodynamic simulations. Furthermore, the influence of GSA effect on the spectroscopy is analyzed and it is found that measurable variation will be produced on the spectral line intensity and the line ratio without accounting for the optical pumping process or magnetic field.
Additionally, a novel method to measure plasma modes in the interstellar medium, Signatures from Polarization Analysis (SPA), is proposed and applied to real observations. Magneto-sonic modes are discovered in different types of interstellar medium. An explanation is provided for the long-standing mystery, the origin of γ-ray enhanced emission “Cygnus Cocoon”, based on the comparison between the outcome of SPA and multi-waveband observational data. These novel methods have strong potentials for broader observational applications and will play crucial roles in future multi-wavelength astronomy.
The need for multifunctional materials is driven by emerging technologies and innovations, such as in the field of soft robotics and tactile or haptic systems, where minimizing the number of operational components is not only desirable, but can also be essential for realizing such devices. This study report on designing a multifunctional soft polymer material that can address a number of operating requirements such as solvent resistance, reshaping ability, self-healing capability, fluorescence stimuli-responsivity, and anisotropic structural functions. The numerous functional abilities are associated to rhodium(I)-phosphine coordination bonds, which in a polymer network act with their dynamic and non-covalently bonded nature as multifunctional crosslinks. Reversible aggregation of coordination bonds leads to changes in fluorescence emission intensity that responds to chemical or mechanical stimuli. The fast dynamics and diffusion of rhodium-phosphine ions across and through contacting areas of the material provide for reshaping and self-healing abilities that can be further exploited for assembly of multiple pieces into complex forms, all without any loss to material-sensing capabilities.
The epitope imprinting approach applies exposed peptides as templates to synthesize Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) for the recognition of the parent protein. While generally the template protein binding to such MIPs is considered to occur via the epitope-shaped cavities, unspecific interactions of the analyte with non-imprinted polymer as well as the detection method used may add to the complexity and interpretation of the target rebinding. To get new insights on the effects governing the rebinding of analytes, we electrosynthesized two epitope-imprinted polymers using the N-terminal pentapeptide VHLTP-amide of human hemoglobin (HbA) as the template. MIPs were prepared either by single-step electrosynthesis of scopoletin/pentapeptide mixtures or electropolymerization was performed after chemisorption of the cysteine extended VHLTP peptide. Rebinding of the target peptide and the parent HbA protein to the MIP nanofilms was quantified by square wave voltammetry using a redox probe gating, surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. While binding of the pentapeptide shows large influence of the amino acid sequence, all three methods revealed strong non-specific binding of HbA to both polyscopoletin-based MIPs with even higher affinities than the target peptides.
This thesis focuses on the synthesis of novel functional materials based on plasmonic nanoparticles. Three systems with targeted surface modification and functionalization have been designed and synthesized, involving modified perylenediimide doped silica-coated silver nanowires, polydopamine or TiO2 coated gold-palladium nanorods and thiolated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-SH)/dodecanethiol (DDT) modified silver nanospheres. Their possible applications as plasmonic resonators, chiral sensors as well as photo-catalysts have been studied. In addition, the interaction between silver nanospheres and 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) molecules has also been investigated in detail.
In the first part of the thesis, surface modification on Ag nanowires (NWs) with optimized silica coating through a modified Stöber method has been firstly conducted, employing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to replace ammonia solution (NH4OH). The coated silver nanowires with a smooth silica shell have been investigated by single-particle dark-field scattering spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron-energy loss spectroscopy to characterize the morphologies and structural components. The silica-coated silver nanowires can be further functionalized with fluorescent molecules in the silica shell via a facile one-step coating method. The as-synthesized nanowire is further coupled with a gold nanosphere by spin-coating for the application of the sub-diffractional chiral sensor for the first time. The exciton-plasmon-photon interconversion in the system eases the signal detection in the perfectly matched 1D nanostructure and contributes to the high contrast of the subwavelength chiral sensing for the polarized light.
In the second part of the thesis, dumbbell-shaped Au-Pd nanorods coated with a layer of polydopamine (PDA) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) have been constructed. The PDA- and TiO2- coated Au-Pd nanorods show a strong photothermal conversion performance under NIR illumination. Moreover, the catalytic performance of the particles has been investigated using the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) as the model reaction. Under light irradiation, the PDA-coated Au-Pd nanorods exhibit a superior catalytic activity by increasing the reaction rate constant of 3 times. The Arrhenius-like behavior of the reaction with similar activation energies in the presence and absence of light irradiation indicates the photoheating effect to be the dominant mechanism of the reaction acceleration. Thus, we attribute the enhanced performance of the catalysis to the strong photothermal effect that is driven by the optical excitation of the gold surface plasmon as well as the synergy with the PDA layer.
In the third part, the kinetic study on the adsorption of 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquino-dimethane (F4TCNQ) on the surface of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in chloroform has been reported in detail. Based on the results obtained from the UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), scanning nano-beam electron diffraction (NBED) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), a two-step interaction kinetics has been proposed for the Ag NPs and F4TCNQ molecules. It includes the first step of electron transfer from Ag NPs to F4TCNQ indicated by the ionization of F4TCNQ, and the second step of the formation of Ag-F4TCNQ complex. The whole process has been followed via UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, which reveals distinct kinetics at two stages: the instantaneous ionization and the long-term complex formation. The kinetics and the influence of the molar ratio of Ag NPs/F4TCNQ molecules on the interaction between Ag NPs and F4TCNQ molecules in the organic solution are reported herein for the first time. Furthermore, the control experiment with silica-coated Ag NPs indicates that the charge transfer at the surface between Ag NPs and F4TCNQ molecules has been prohibited by a silica layer of 18 nm.
In this study, the kinetics of the adsorption of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F(4)TCNQ) on the surface of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in chloroform has been intensively investigated, as molecular doping is known to play a crucial role in organic electronic devices. Based on the results obtained from UV-visible (vis)-near-infrared (NIR) absorption spectroscopy, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, scanning nanobeam electron diffraction, and electron energy loss spectroscopy, a two-step interaction kinetics has been proposed for the Ag NPs and F(4)TCNQ molecules, which includes the first step of electron transfer from Ag NPs to F(4)TCNQ indicated by the ionization of F(4)TCNQ and the second step of the formation of a Ag-F(4)TCNQ complex. The whole process has been followed via UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, which reveals distinct kinetics at two stages: the instantaneous ionization and the long-term complex formation. The kinetics and the influence of the molar ratio of Ag NPs/F(4)TCNQ molecules on the interaction between Ag NPs and F(4)TCNQ molecules in an organic solution are reported herein for the first time. Furthermore, the control experiment with silica-coated Ag NPs manifests that the charge transfer at the surface between Ag NPs and F(4)TCNQ molecules is prohibited by a silica layer of 18 nm.
We investigate the transition from incoherence to global collective motion in a three-dimensional swarming model of agents with helical trajectories, subject to noise and global coupling. Without noise this model was recently proposed as a generalization of the Kuramoto model and it was found that alignment of the velocities occurs discontinuously for arbitrarily small attractive coupling. Adding noise to the system resolves this singular limit and leads to a continuous transition, either to a directed collective motion or to center-of-mass rotations.
Sulfated biomolecules are known to influence numerous biological processes in all living organisms. Particularly, they contribute to prevent and inhibit the hypercoagulation condition. The failure of polymeric implants and blood contacting devices is often related to hypercoagulation and microbial contamination. Here, bioactive sulfated biomacromolecules are mimicked by sulfation of poly(glycerol glycidyl ether) (polyGGE) films. Autoclaving, gamma-ray irradiation and ethylene oxide (EtO) gas sterilization techniques were applied to functionalized materials. The sulfate group density and hydrophilicity of sulfated polymers were decreased while chain mobility and thermal degradation were enhanced post autoclaving when compared to those after EtO sterilization. These results suggest that a quality control after sterilization is mandatory to ensure the amount and functionality of functionalized groups are retained.
This study investigated how touching and being touched by a humanoid robot affects human physiology, impressions of the interaction, and attitudes towards humanoid robots. 21 healthy adult participants completed a 3 (touch style: touching, being touched, pointing) x 2 (body part: hand vs buttock) within-subject design using a Pepper robot. Skin conductance response (SCR) was measured during each interaction. Perceived impressions of the interaction (i.e., friendliness, comfort, arousal) were measured per questionnaire after each interaction. Participants' demographics and their attitude towards robots were also considered. We found shorter SCR rise times in the being touched compared to the touching condition, possibly reflecting psychological alertness to the unpredictability of robot-initiated contacts. The hand condition had shorter rise times than the buttock condition. Most participants evaluated the hand condition as most friendly and comfortable and the robot-initiated interactions as most arousing. Interacting with Pepper improved attitudes towards robots. Our findings require future studies with larger samples and improved procedures. They have implications for robot design in all domains involving tactile interactions, such as caring and intimacy.
The within-site variability in site response is the randomness in site response at a given site from different earthquakes and is treated as aleatory variability in current seismic hazard/risk analyses.
In this study, we investigate the single-station variability in linear site response at K-NET and KiK-net stations in Japan using a large number of earthquake recordings.
We found that the standard deviation of the horizontal-to-vertical Fourier spectral ratio at individual sites, that is single-station horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) sigma sigma(HV,s), approximates the within-site variability in site response quantified using surface-to-borehole spectral ratios (for oscillator frequencies higher than the site fundamental frequency) or empirical ground-motion models.
Based on this finding, we then utilize the single-station HVSR sigma as a convenient tool to study the site-response variability at 697 KiK-net and 1169 K-NET sites.
Our results show that at certain frequencies, stiff, rough and shallow sites, as well as small and local events tend to have a higher sigma(HV,s).
However, when being averaged over different sites, the single-station HVSR sigma, that is sigma(HV), increases gradually with decreasing frequency. In the frequency range of 0.25-25 Hz, sigma(HV) is centred at 0.23-0.43 in ln scales (a linear scale factor of 1.26-1.54) with one standard deviation of less than 0.1. sigma(HV) is quite stable across different tectonic regions, and we present a constant, as well as earthquake magnitude- and distance-dependent sigma(HV) models.
Mechanical behaviors of granite after thermal treatment under loading and unloading conditions
(2021)
Understanding the mechanical behaviors of granite after thermal treatment under loading and unloading conditions is of utmost relevance to deep geothermal energy recovery. In the present study, a series of loading and unloading triaxial compression tests (20, 40 and 60 MPa) on granite specimens after exposure to different temperatures (20, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 degrees C) was carried out to quantify the combined effects of thermal treatment and loading/unloading stress conditions on granite strength and deformation. Changes in the microstructure of granite exposed to high temperatures were revealed by optical microscopy. The experimental results indicate that both, thermal treatment and loading/unloading stress conditions, degrade the mechanical behaviors and further decrease the carrying capacity of granite. The gradual degradation of the mechanical characteristics of granite after thermal treatment is mainly associated with the evolution of thermal micro-cracks based on optical microscopy observations. The unloading stress state induces the extension of tension cracks parallel to the axial direction, and thus, the mechanical properties are degraded. Temperatures above 400 degrees C have a more significant influence on the mechanical characteristics of granite than the unloading treatment, whereby 400 degrees C can be treated as a threshold temperature for the delineation of significant deterioration. This study is expected to support feasibility and risk assessments by means of providing data for analytical calculations and numerical simulations on granite exposed to high temperatures during geothermal energy extraction.
As overconsumption has negative effects on ecological balance, social equality, and individual well-being, reducing consumption levels among the materially affluent is an emerging strategy for sustainable development. Today's youth form a crucial target group for intervening in unsustainable overconsumption habits and for setting the path and ideas on responsible living. This article explores young people's motivations for engaging in three behavioural patterns linked to anti-consumption (voluntary simplicity, collaborative consumption, and living within one's means) in relation to sustainability. Applying a qualitative approach, laddering interviews reveal the consequences and values behind the anti-consumption behaviours of young people of ages 14 to 24 according to a means-end chains analysis. The findings highlight potential for and the challenges involved in motivating young people to reduce material levels of consumption for the sake of sustainability. Related consumer policy tools from the fields of education and communication are identified. This article provides practical implications for policy makers, activists, and educators. Consumer policies may strengthen anti-consumption among young people by addressing individual benefits, enabling reflection on personal values, and referencing credible narratives. The presented insights can help give a voice to young consumers, who struggle to establish themselves as key players in shaping the future consumption regime.
Would the world be a better place if one were to adopt a European approach to state immunity?
(2021)
This chapter argues not only that there is no European Sonderweg (or ‘special way’) when it comes to the law of state immunity but that there ought not to be one. Debates within The Hague Conference on Private International Law in the late 1990s and those leading to the adoption of the 2002 UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States, as well as the development of the EU Brussels Regulation on Jurisdiction and Enforcement, as amended in 2015, all demonstrate that state immunity was not meant to be limited by such treaties but ‘safeguarded’. Likewise, there is no proof that regional European customary law limits state immunity when it comes to ius cogens violations, as Italy and (partly) Greece are the only European states denying state immunity in such cases while the European Court of Human Rights has, time and again, upheld a broad concept of state immunity. It therefore seems unlikely that in the foreseeable future a specific European customary law norm on state immunity will develop, especially given the lack of participation in such practice by those states most concerned by the matter, including Germany. This chapter considers the possible legal implications of the jurisprudence of the Italian Constitutional Court for European military operations (if such operations went beyond peacekeeping). These implications would mainly depend on the question of attribution: if one where to assume that acts undertaken within the framework of military operations led by the EU were to be, at least also, attributable to the troop-contributing member states, the respective troop-contributing state would be entitled to enjoy state immunity exactly to the same degree as in any kind of unilateral military operations. Additionally, some possible perspectives beyond Sentenza 238/2014 are examined, in particular concerning the redress awarded by domestic courts ‘as long as’ neither the German nor the international system grant equivalent protection to the victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law committed during World War II. In the author’s opinion, strengthening the jurisdiction of international courts and tribunals, bringing interstate cases for damages before the International Court of Justice, as well as providing for claims commissions where individual compensation might be sought for violations of international humanitarian law would be more useful and appropriate mechanisms than denying state immunity.
Volle Souveränität?
(2021)
Nach Art. 7 Abs. 1 S. 1 des Vertrages zur abschließenden Regelung in Bezug aufDeutschland vom 12. September 1990 (Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag)1beendeten die Fran-zösische Republik, die Union der Sozialistischen Sowjetrepubliken, das VereinigteKönigreich Großbritannien und Nordirland und die Vereinigten Staaten von Ameri-ka„ihre Rechte und Verantwortlichkeiten in Bezug auf Berlin und Deutschland alsGanzes“. Dies hatte, wie in dessen Art. 7 Abs. 1 S. 2 ausdrücklich niedergelegt, zurFolge, dass„die entsprechenden, damit zusammenhängenden vierseitigen Verein-barungen, Beschlüsse und Praktiken beendet und alle entsprechenden Einrichtun-gen der vier Mächte aufgelöst“wurden.2Art. 7 Abs. 2 Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag stelltdemgemäß fest, dass das vereinte Deutschland volle Souveränität über seine inne-ren und äußeren Angelegenheiten erhalten habe. Nach dem Wortlaut des Vertrageshaben die Alliierten damit jegliche Rechte in Bezug auf Deutschland abgegeben,rechtliche Auswirkungen der Besatzungsgeschichte Deutschlands noch bis in dieheutige Zeit scheinen danach zunächst ausgeschlossen.In dem folgenden Beitrag soll diese aus heutiger Sicht selbstverständlich er-scheinende Hypothese kritisch hinterfragt und der Frage nachgegangen werden, obund inwieweit die Besatzungsgeschichte Deutschlands noch immer rechtliche Fol-gen zeitigt. Hierbei soll insbesondere auf Fragen der Fortgeltung alliierten Rechts,Eigentumsfragen sowie auf Fragen der Nachfolge in völkerrechtlichen Verträgeneingegangen werden.
Legal shades of grey?
(2021)
As part of the current process of de-formalization in international law, States increasingly chose informal, non-legally binding agreements or 'Memoranda of Understanding' ('MOUs') to organize their international affairs. The increasing conclusion of such legally non-binding instruments in addition to their flexibility, however, also leads to uncertainties in international relations. Against this background, this article deals with possible indirect legal consequences produced by MOUs. It discusses the different legal mechanisms and avenues that may give rise to such secondary legal effects of MOUs through a process of interaction with, and interpretation in line with, other (formal) sources of international law. The article further considers various strategies how to avoid such eventual possible unintended or unexpected indirect legal effects of MOUs when drafting such instruments and when dealing with them subsequent to their respective 'adoption'.
As part of the current overall process of de-formalization in international law States increasingly chose informal, non-legally binding agreements or ‘Memoranda of Understanding’ (‘MOUs') to organize their international affairs. The increasing conclusion of such legally non-binding instruments in addition to their flexibility, however, also leads to uncertainties in international relations. Against this background, this article deals with possible indirect legal consequences produced by MOUs. It discusses the different legal mechanisms and avenues that may give rise to secondary legal effects of MOUs through a process of interaction with and interpretation in line with other (formal) sources of international law. The article further considers various strategies how to avoid such eventual possible unintended or unexpected indirect legal effects of MOUs when drafting such instruments and when dealing with them subsequent to their respective ‘adoption’.
We traced diatom composition and diversity through time using diatom-derived sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) from eastern continental slope sediments off Kamchatka (North Pacific) by applying a short, diatom-specific marker on 63 samples in a DNA metabarcoding approach. The sequences were assigned to diatoms that are common in the area and characteristic of cold water. SedaDNA allowed us to observe shifts of potential lineages from species of the genus Chaetoceros that can be related to different climatic phases, suggesting that pre-adapted ecotypes might have played a role in the long-term success of species in areas of changing environmental conditions. These sedaDNA results complement our understanding of the long-term history of diatom assemblages and their general relationship to environmental conditions of the past. Sea-ice diatoms (Pauliella taeniata [Grunow] Round & Basson, Attheya septentrionalis [ostrup] R. M. Crawford and Nitzschia frigida [Grunow]) detected during the late glacial and Younger Dryas are in agreement with previous sea-ice reconstructions. A positive correlation between pennate diatom richness and the sea-ice proxy IP25 suggests that sea ice fosters pennate diatom richness, whereas a negative correlation with June insolation and temperature points to unfavorable conditions during the Holocene. A sharp increase in proportions of freshwater diatoms at similar to 11.1 cal kyr BP implies the influence of terrestrial runoff and coincides with the loss of 42% of diatom sequence variants. We assume that reduced salinity at this time stabilized vertical stratification which limited the replenishment of nutrients in the euphotic zone.
In contrast to the common conception that the interfacial energy-level alignment is affixed once the interface is formed, we demonstrate that heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and metal-halide perovskites exhibit huge energy-level realignment during photoexcitation. Importantly, the photoinduced level shifts occur in the organic component, including the first molecular layer in direct contact with the perovskite. This is caused by charge-carrier accumulation within the organic semiconductor under illumination and the weak electronic coupling between the junction components.
State-of-the-art organic solar cells exhibit power conversion efficiencies of 18% and above. These devices benefit from the suppression of free charge recombination with regard to the Langevin limit of charge encounter in a homogeneous medium. It is recognized that the main cause of suppressed free charge recombination is the reformation and resplitting of charge-transfer (CT) states at the interface between donor and acceptor domains. Here, we use kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to understand the interplay between free charge motion and recombination in an energetically disordered phase-separated donor-acceptor blend. We identify conditions for encounter-dominated and resplitting-dominated recombination. In the former regime, recombination is proportional to mobility for all parameters tested and only slightly reduced with respect to the Langevin limit. In contrast, mobility is not the decisive parameter that determines the nongeminate recombination coefficient, k(2), in the latter case, where k2 is a sole function of the morphology, CT and charge-separated (CS) energetics, and CT-state decay properties. Our simulations also show that free charge encounter in the phase-separated disordered blend is determined by the average mobility of all carriers, while CT reformation and resplitting involves mostly states near the transport energy. Therefore, charge encounter is more affected by increased disorder than the resplitting of the CT state. As a consequence, for a given mobility, larger energetic disorder, in combination with a higher hopping rate, is preferred. These findings have implications for the understanding of suppressed recombination in solar cells with nonfullerene acceptors, which are known to exhibit lower energetic disorder than that of fullerenes.
The increasing development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has been a major problem for years, both in human and veterinary medicine. Prophylactic measures, such as the use of vaccines, are of great importance in reducing the use of antibiotics in livestock. These vaccines are mainly produced based on formaldehyde inactivation. However, the latter damages the recognition elements of the bacterial proteins and thus could reduce the immune response in the animal. An alternative inactivation method developed in this work is based on gentle photodynamic inactivation using carbon nanodots (CNDs) at excitation wavelengths λex > 290 nm. The photodynamic inactivation was characterized on the nonvirulent laboratory strain Escherichia coli K12 using synthesized CNDs. For a gentle inactivation, the CNDs must be absorbed into the cytoplasm of the E. coli cell. Thus, the inactivation through photoinduced formation of reactive oxygen species only takes place inside the bacterium, which means that the outer membrane is neither damaged nor altered. The loading of the CNDs into E. coli was examined using fluorescence microscopy. Complete loading of the bacterial cells could be achieved in less than 10 min. These studies revealed a reversible uptake process allowing the recovery and reuse of the CNDs after irradiation and before the administration of the vaccine. The success of photodynamic inactivation was verified by viability assays on agar. In a homemade flow photoreactor, the fastest successful irradiation of the bacteria could be carried out in 34 s. Therefore, the photodynamic inactivation based on CNDs is very effective. The membrane integrity of the bacteria after irradiation was verified by slide agglutination and atomic force microscopy. The method developed for the laboratory strain E. coli K12 could then be successfully applied to the important avian pathogens Bordetella avium and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale to aid the development of novel vaccines.
Unser modernes Strafrechtsbild ist geprägt von dem Gedanken, dass das Strafrecht den Bürgern ein freies und friedliches Zusammenleben unter Gewährleistung aller verfassungsrechtlich garantierten Grundrechte sichert. Der Einsatz des Strafrechts bedarf der Legitimation und darf nicht aus moralischen Vorstellungen oder Gedanken abgeleitet werden. Strafbar kann es demnach nicht sein, wenn ein Rechtsgutsträger über ein ihm disponibles Rechtsgut frei verfügt. Oftmals stehen hierbei der strafrechtliche Lebensschutz und das Selbstbestimmungsrecht des Einzelnen in einem Spannungsverhältnis.
Die vorliegende Arbeit hat untersucht, wie sich dieses Spannungsverhältnis in der höchstrichterlichen Judikatur entwickelt hat und wie es nunmehr gelöst wird. Konkret stellt sich hierbei die Frage, wie es strafrechtlich bewertet wurde, wenn jemand einen Tötungserfolg mitverursacht hat, der zugleich auf einem freiverantwortlichen Willensentschluss des Opfers beruhte.
This book presents an overview of European migration policy and the various institutional arrangements within and between various actors, such as local councils, local media, local economies, and local civil society initiatives. Both the role of local authorities in this policy field and their cooperation with civil society initiatives or networks are under-explored topics for research. In response, this book provides a range of detailed case studies focusing on the six main groups of national and administrative traditions in Europe: Germanic, Scandinavian, Napoleonic, Southeastern European, Central-Eastern European and Anglo-Saxon.
The present volume contains a selection of papers presented at the Fifth International Symposium Russian Grammar: System–Usus–Language Variation, from September 22 to 24, 2021, at the University of Potsdam (Germany). The selected essays tackle the issues that arise when Russian Grammar meets new linguistic paradigms (such as corpus linguistics) and new challenges (such as heritage languages). The relevant findings are discussed with a particular focus on an updated version of the 1980 Academy grammar of Russian.
Bilder in Bewegung
(2021)
Ikonotextualiät spielt im wissenschaftlichen Schaffen des Romanisten und Kulturwissenschaftlers Ottmar Ette eine zentrale Rolle. Der Sammelband zu Ehren seines 65. Geburtstages untersucht in drei Sektionen Zusammenhänge zwischen Bild und Text, die über eine statische Verbindung von Ekphrasis und Evidenz-Strategie hinausgehen. Der Fokus liegt auf Schnittstellen zwischen Bildlichkeit und Formen der Bewegung, die Ottmar Ette in zahlreichen Publikationen untersucht hat.
Autor*innen aus Europa, Lateinamerika, den USA, China und den Färöer-Inseln verfolgen einen interdisziplinären Parcours von der Naturgeschichte und dem Nature Writing über die Zusammenhänge von Schriftlichkeit und Bildlichkeit in literarischen und wissenschaftlichen Texten bis hin zu Bildern des Urbanen und der Reise in einem transarealen Netzwerk.
Gewaltgemeinschaften?
(2021)
Das massenhafte Sterben und die industrielle Kriegführung während des Ersten Weltkriegs führten zu einer erhöhten Gewaltbereitschaft in der Armee wie in der Zivilgesellschaft. Anhand konkreter Beispiele aus den am Krieg beteiligten Ländern beleuchtet dieser Band Konflikte zwischen Zivilisten, staatlichen Akteuren und militärischen Verbänden in der Kriegs- und Nachkriegszeit. Er geht der Frage nach, inwieweit solche Konflikte mit dem Konzept der Gewaltgemeinschaften zu analysieren sind, in denen sich einander oft fremde Menschen (spontan) zu hochmotivierten Gruppen mit einem gemeinsamen Gewaltziel zusammenschlossen. Die Beiträge zeigen, wie solche Gewaltgemeinschaften entstanden, wie sie kommunizierten, wieder zerfielen und was sie bewirkten.
Frauengemeinschaften haben neben den großen Männerklöstern bisher weniger Beachtung gefunden. Im deutschsprachigen Südwesten gibt es jedoch Ausnahmen: Imponierende Kirchen wie bei den Damenstiften Oberstenfeld oder Säckingen ließen Bedeutung immer anschaulich werden. Aus den Klöstern Wonnental und Günterstal stammen nicht weniger eindrucksvolle Zeugnisse liturgischer und pragmatischer Schriftlichkeit, mittelalterliche Alltagskulturen werden also auch bei Frauenkonventen greifbar. Oft entscheidet sich an der weltlichen Klosterherrschaft die Autonomie eines Frauenkonvents – aber auch hier ist die Bandbreite des Handelns groß und keineswegs stets durch „Vateräbte“ eingeschränkt. Alle Frauenklöster spiegeln folglich auf ihre Art Religiosität und soziale Vernetzung, Abhängigkeit und Selbständigkeit. Der Band vereinigt Beiträge zu Klöstern aus Deutschland, Frankreich und der Schweiz.
Der Band widmet sich kleinen Formen in der deutschen, polnischen, russischen, slowakischen, tschechischen und ungarischen Dichtung. Er befasst sich mit der Poetik des lyrischen Minimalismus, seinem ästhetischen Reiz und kreativen Potenzial. Dabei nimmt er Mittel- und Osteuropa in den Blick: eine Region, deren Dichter und Dichterinnen allgemein das Unfertige, Unsystematische und Undogmatische als subversive Protestform zu nutzen wussten und wissen.
This book explores how capitalism shapes the formation of the economic subject in modern European writing. How are subject positions determined by the subject’s relationship to money and work? How fair is a society that predicates social inclusion upon employment? And what happens when full employment is impossible? The volume traces how literary authors and social theorists have answered these questions in different social and historical contexts from the nineteenth century to the present day. The contributions confront the imperatives of productivity, notions of success and failure, the construction of work cultures and environments, the (in)visibility of certain labour groups, and the implications of the body as a productive site.
Brevitas et prolixitas
(2021)
Mit der florierenden Erforschung menschlicher Emotionalität ging die Erkenntnis einher, dass emotionale Prozesse eine wichtige Rolle in unserer Wahrnehmung, unserem Denken und unserem Handeln spielen. Diese sind jedoch keineswegs ausschließlich negativ zu betrachten, sondern erfüllen wichtige Funktionen, ohne die wir unser alltägliches Leben nicht bewältigen könnten. Welche Bedeutung diese Erkenntnis für das wissenschaftliche Denken und Handeln, aber auch für den Unterricht in Universität und Schule hat, ist kaum untersucht worden. Die Beiträger*innen des Bandes nehmen sich dieses Desiderats an und fragen nach den emotionalen Dimensionen von Forschung, Lehre und Unterricht.
Focus on English Linguistics
(2021)
This edited volume examines entanglements and disentanglements between Africa and East Germany during and after the Cold War from a global history perspective. Extending the view beyond political elites, it asks for the negotiated and plural character of socialism in these encounters and sheds light on migration, media, development, and solidarity through personal and institutional agency. With its distinctive focus on moorings and unmoorings, the volume shows how the encounters, albeit often brief, significantly influenced both African and East German histories.
Ferman 74
(2021)
„Ferman 74“ bezeichnet den systematischen Völkermord am jesidischen Volk durch fanatische Anhänger des sogenannten Islamischen Staats, der mit dem Überfall auf das Dorf Kotscho im Sintschar-Gebiet am 3.8.2014 begann.
Der vorliegende Band dokumentiert durch über 200 Aussagen und Interviews mit Überlebenden die Selektion der einzelnen Gruppen, sexuelle Mißhandlungen von Mädchen und jungen Frauen, den Menschenhandel in Syrien sowie die Tötung tausender junger Männer und älterer Personen. Wissenschaftliche Analysen u. a. zur Geschichte der Fermane, zur Menschenrechtsfrage, zum Jesidentum aus historischer und religionswissenschaftlicher Perspektive sowie zu den Interviews aus psychologischer Sicht begleiten den Band.
Strings, Sphären und SciFi
(2021)
Die Rede von mehreren Welten wird durch Science-Fiction und Computerspiele reich bebildert. Offensichtlich haben Menschen das Bedürfnis, sich staunenswerte Wirklichkeiten vorzustellen. ‚Alternative Welten‘ sind nicht nur Fiktionen, sondern werden in den Wissenschaften rational diskutiert: Die Philosophie begann mit der These, dass hinter der hiesigen Welt ein Ideenreich sei. In der Modallogik wird ausgelotet, wie sich von ‚möglichen‘ Welten sprechen lässt. Stringtheoretiker errechnen, wie viele Dimensionen notwendig sind. Die Religionswissenschaft erforscht, welche Himmelsmodelle geglaubt werden. Der Sammelband bringt die verschiedenen Zugänge zusammen. Allen Ansätzen ist der Zweifel gemeinsam, dass die hiesige Welt nicht die einzige sei.
Come Together
(2021)
Law of raw data
(2021)
Law of Raw Data gives an overview of the legal situation across major countries and how such data is contractually handled in practice in the respective countries. In recent years, digital technologies have transformed business and society, impacting all sectors of the economy and a wide variety of areas of life. Digitization is leading to rapidly growing volumes of data with great economic potential. Data, in its raw or unstructured form, has become an important and valuable economic asset, and protection of raw data has become a crucial subject for the intellectual property community. As legislators struggle to develop a settled legal regime in this complex area, this invaluable handbook will offer a careful and dedicated analysis of the legal instruments and remedies, both existing and potential, that provide such protection across a wide variety of national legal systems.
What’s in this book:
Produced under the auspices of the International Association for the Protection of International Property (AIPPI), more than forty active specialists of the association from twenty-three countries worldwide contribute national chapters on the relevant law in their respective jurisdictions. The contributions thoroughly explain how each country approaches such crucial matters as the following:
if there is any intellectual property right available to protect raw data; the nature of such intellectual property rights that exist in unstructured data; contracts on data and which legal boundaries stand in the way of contract drafting; liability for data products or services; and questions of international private law and cross-border portability.
Each country’s rules concerning specific forms of data – such as data embedded in household appliances and consumer goods, criminal offence data, data relating to human genetics, tax and bank secrecy, medical records, and clinical trial data – are described, drawing on legislation, regulation, and case law.
How this will help you:
A matchless legal resource on one of the most important raw materials of the twenty-first century, this book provides corporate counsel, practitioners and policymakers working in the field of intellectual property rights, and concerned academics with both a broad-based global overview on emerging legal strategies in the protection of unstructured data and the latest information on existing legislation and regulation in the area.
Die Henning-von-Tresckow-Kaserne in Geltow (GemeindeSchwielowsee) war einer der Ausgangspunkte deutscher, verbrecherischer Kriegführung im ZweitenWeltkrieg. In der Zeit der DDR plante man dort nicht nur dieLandesverteidigung, sondern sicherte auch die SED Diktatur.Mit der Bundeswehr zogen 1990 erstmals demokratisch legitimierte, gesamtdeutsche Streitkräfte in die Geltower Liegenschaft.Die Bände der Reihe Stand.Punkt.Ort des ZMSBwbieten anhand von Kasernen und Einrichtungen derBundeswehr eine kompakte Militärgeschichte mit Blick auf regionale Geschichte und historische Biografien.
30 Jahre Universität Potsdam
(2021)
Das Referat für Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit hat anlässlich des 30-jährigen Universitätsjubiläums einen Bildband zusammengestellt. Auf 168 Seiten finden sich rund 400 Fotos aus der Geschichte der Potsdamer Alma Mater – von der Pressekonferenz, auf der Brandenburgs Wissenschaftsminister Dr. Hinrich Enderlein die Gründung der Universität bekannt gibt, bis zu den traurig-schönen menschenleeren Campusimpressionen Anfang 2021. Die Auswahl aus Zehntausenden Bildern, die im Laufe der Jahre entstanden sind, dokumentiert die rasante Entwicklung der drei Uni-Standorte Golm, Am Neuen Palais und Griebnitzsee, begleitet Studierende und Forschende verschiedener Generationen und zeigt Eindrücke von wichtigen großen und kleinen Veranstaltungen und Ereignissen sowie – vor allem – vom Alltag einer Universität.
Berühren Lesen
(2021)
Berühren changiert zwischen Buchstäblichkeit und Metaphorik. Gegenüber dem Distanzsinn des Sehens wird mit dem Berühren eine größere Unmittelbarkeit assoziiert. Doch die Möglichkeit des Kontaktes ist von Beginn an prekär. Das Berühren kann sich selbst nicht berühren. In das Berühren schiebt sich ein Dazwischen, das den Entzug dieser ambivalenten Figur bedingt. Diese aporetische Bestimmung des Berührens begründet das Unternehmen des Bandes. Jeder Eintrag wiederholt eine Bewegung des Berührens: In einzelnen Text- oder Bildlektüren werden Spuren verfolgt, die das Berühren im stetigen Sich-Entziehen in seinen mannigfaltigen Nachbarschaften hinterlässt. Die einzelnen Einträge generieren sich aus diesen Lektüren. Dabei spielt die Nachbarschaft der Einträge selbst eine tragende Rolle. So wird das Berühren zum produktiven Prinzip von Philologie als einer kollektiven
Lektüre- und Schreibform.
Handbuch Versammlungsrecht
(2021)
Die Spielregeln im Versammlungsrecht. Versammlungsrecht komplett. Solange und soweit die Bundesländer keine eigenen Gesetze erlassen haben, gilt das Versammlungsgesetz des Bundes. Das Handbuch behandelt daher umfassend wie systematisch insbesondere die Rechtsgrundlagen im Grundgesetz sowie der Ausgestaltung der Versammlungsfreiheit im Versammlungsgesetz des Bundes und in den Versammlungsgesetzen der Länder Bayern, Niedersachsen, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, Berlin und Brandenburg. Ebenfalls berücksichtigt sind die Europäische Grundrechte-Charta und die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention.
Schwerpunkte bilden die versammlungsrechtlichen Pflichten, Verbote sowie die behördlichen Befugnisse, insbesondere zur Auflösung von Versammlungen. Auch das Versammlungsstrafrecht ist eingehend dargestellt. Erläuterungen zum gerichtlichen Rechtsschutz runden das Werk ab.
Die 2. Auflage ist in allen Teilen gründlich überarbeitet ; bietet eine umfassende Auswertung der aktuellen Rechtsprechung ; berücksichtigt die Auswirkungen der Corona-Krise, inklusive der aktuellen Entscheidungen zur Durchführung und Auflösung von Versammlungen.
Scholarship on German Idealism typically couches the systems of Idealism in terms of a rejection of or departure from Kant's critical philosophy. The few accounts that do look to the positive influence of Kant on the Idealists typically focus on the perceived need among the Idealists to revise Kant's system due to various shortcomings arising from his dualism. This volume seeks to reverse this norm. It does this by bringing together an original set of critical reflections on the ways in which the German Idealists maintain specific and fundamental Kantian qualities in their own systems. At the same time, the aim of this volume is not a reduction of German Idealism to Kant's thought. Instead, this volume highlights a set of core ways in which the German Idealists retain specific, fundamentally Kantian principles and qualities. To that extent, this volume paves the way for new interpretations by laying the ground for identifying those significant components of German Idealism that can defensibly be called "Kantian.