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Predictors of women's aggressive driving behavior were explored in a study involving 256 female motorists. Sex role orientation, dispositional aggressiveness, age, and annual mileage were measured as independent variables, and aggressive driving behavior was included as the dependent variable. Stepwise hierarchical regression analysis showed that age was negatively related to driving aggression, whereas annual mileage had a positive relationship with driving aggression. Dispositional aggressiveness was a significant predictor of driving aggression. Of the two components of sex role orientation, only femininity was associated with driving aggression, with higher femininity scores predicting lower aggressive driving scores. Masculinity failed to predict aggressive driving, as did the interaction of masculinity and femininity. In combination, the predictors explained 29% of the variance in women's aggressive driving. The results are discussed with respect to the role of dispositional variables as predictors of driving aggression in women. Aggr. Behav. 31:537-546, 2005. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Individual differences in women's avoidant and vigilant style in coping with the threat of rape were explored in four studies. In the first study, 97 women read a rape scenario and completed measures of cognitive vigilance and avoidance. They also provided ratings of fear of rape and anticipated coping problems in case of sexual assault. Vigilance was associated with significantly higher levels of fear of rape and anticipation of more severe coping problems. No effects were found for cognitive avoidance. Study 2 replicated these findings with a sample of 275 women. In addition, it showed that high vigilance was associated with significantly more rape-preventive behaviors. Study 3, including 172 women, was an online study on the effect of cognitive coping style on fear of rape, anticipated coping problems, and two behavioral measures of rape avoidance. High vigilance was related to higher levels of fear of rape, anticipation of more severe coping problems, and more rape-preventive behaviors. Finally, Study 4 (N = 2 10) showed that individual differences in cognitive coping style affected rape-related affect and behavior in the absence of a rape scenario, underlining the chronic salience of the threat of rape for women. Vigilance was positively related to fear of rape, rape-avoidance behavior, and anticipated coping problems. In contrast, a negative relationship was found between cognitive avoidance and fear of rape, rape-avoidance strategies, and anticipated coping problems. Across the four studies, no evidence was found for an interactive effect of cognitive avoidance and vigilance, as suggested by the construct of repression versus sensitization. The findings are discussed in the light of previous research on repression- sensitization in coping with threatening information
We resolve a controversy about reading fixations before word-skipping saccades which were reported as longer or shorter than control fixations in earlier studies. Our statistics are based on resampling of matched sets of fixations before skipped and nonskipped words, drawn from a database of 121,321 single fixations contributed by 230 readers of the Potsdam sentence corpus. Matched fixations originated from single-fixation forward-reading patterns and were equated for their positions within words. Fixations before skipped words were shorter before short or high-frequency words and longer before long or low-frequency words in comparison with control fixations. Reasons for inconsistencies in past research and implications for computational models are discussed
When participants judge the parity of visually presented digits, left-hand responses are faster for numerically small numbers, whereas right-hand responses are faster for large numbers [SNARC effect; S. Dehaene, S. Bossini, P. Giraux, The mental representation of parity and number magnitude. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 122, (1993) 371-396]. The present study aimed to find more direct evidence for the functional locus of this effect by recording brain waves while participants performed speeded parity judgments giving manual responses. Our results show clear and robust SNARC effects in the response-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) compared to the stimulus-locked ERPs, confirming that the SNARC effect arises during response-related rather than stimulus-related processing stages. Further analyses of lateralized readiness potentials strongly suggest that the SNARC effect begins to emerge in a response-related stage prior to response preparation and execution, more specifically, in a response selection stage. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved
This paper describes the current findings concerning efficacy from randomized controlled trials of family-based interventions for children and adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. To date, parents have only been included in controlled trials of cognitive-behavioral interventions. Efficacy trials for anxiety disorders have only been carried out in 6- to 14-year olds, but have shown that younger children (7 to 10 years old) benefited when the family was involved. By contrast, the existing efficacy trials for depressive disorders have been limited to adolescents (13 to 18 years old), and have shown that family-based interventions are not superior to pure adolescent therapy
Mathematical, models,have become an important tool for understanding the control of eye movements during reading. Main goals of the development of the SWIFT model (R. Engbert, A. Longtin, & R. Kliegl, 2002) were to investigate the possibility of spatially distributed processing and to implement a general mechanism for all types of eye movements observed in reading experiments. The authors present an advanced version of SWIFT that integrates properties of the oculomotor system and effects of word recognition to explain many of the experimental phenomena faced in reading research. They propose new procedures for the estimation of model parameters and for the test of the model's performance. They also present a mathematical analysis of the dynamics of the SWIFT model. Finally, within this framework, they present an analysis of the transition from parallel to serial processing
Background: Several studies have reported higher smoking rates among adolescents with externalizing disorders (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder) as compared to healthy controls. Objective: To follow the association between childhood externalizing disorders and smoking during development, to determine the type of problems most strongly related to later tobacco use, and to control for the influence of covarying factors. Methods: Participants were from a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 384 children born with different perinatal and psychosocial risks. Standardized assessments of behavioral disorders between 2 and 11 years and of tobacco use at age 15 were obtained. Results: 15-year-olds with externalizing disorders between 2 and 11 years reported higher tobacco use than those without a history of disorder. This association could be followed back into early childhood and held up even after controlling for covariates. Conclusions: The findings suggest that childhood externalizing disorders may represent an independent risk factor for elevated tobacco use in adolescence
We propose two principles that facilitate integration of two relational premises in spatial reasoning. Integration is easier if the anaphor in the second premise, P2, bears the role of the relatum (relatum = given). Moreover, integration is easier if, in P2, the anaphor is mentioned before the new element (given-new). In premises with canonical word order (grammatical subjects mentioned first), these principles always conflict with one another. In topicalized statements mentioning the prepositional phrase first, the two principles work in tandem. By varying word order, we tested the two principles by measuring P2 comprehension times. Comprehension times indicated that integration was easiest when P2 obeyed both principles and most difficult when both principles were violated. Canonical premises were of intermediate difficulty. This pattern emerged regardless of whether the anaphor was a definite description or a pronoun
The extent to which international students and academics feel discriminated against in the host country was explored in three samples from two countries: students in Germany (N = 161), students in the UK (N = 139), and academics in Germany (N = 79). Respondents completed a measure of perceived discrimination of increasing severity, comprising antilocution (verbal derogation), avoidance, behavioural discrimination, and physical assault. Physical discernibility as foreigner, quality of private contacts with host nationals, and language proficiency were explored as predictors of perceived discrimination. Across the three samples, respondents who were identifiable as foreigners by their appearance reported more discrimination. Positive contacts with host nationals were associated with lower levels of perceived discrimination. Language proficiency predicted perceived antilocution in the two German samples. All samples perceived their personal level of discrimination to be lower than that of their respective in-groups (international students/ academics), but the tendency was moderated by visibility and contact quality
We present an integrated model for the understanding of and the reasoning from conditional statements. Central assumptions from several approaches are integrated into a causal path model. According to the model, the cognitive availability of exceptions to a conditional reduces the subjective conditional probability of the consequent, given the antecedent. This conditional probability determines people's degree of belief in the conditional, which in turn affects their willingness to accept logically valid inferences. In addition to this indirect pathway, the model contains a direct pathway: Availability of exceptional situations directly reduces the endorsement of valid inferences. We tested the integrated model with three experiments using conditional statements embedded in pseudonaturalistic cover stories. An explicitly mentioned causal link between antecedent and consequent was either present (causal conditionals) or absent (arbitrary conditionals). The model was supported for the causal but not for the arbitrary conditional statements
Bimanual parity judgments of numerically small (large) digits are faster with the left (right) hand (the SNARC effect; Dehaene, Bossini, & Giraux, 1993). According to one explanation, this effect is culturally derived and reflects ontogenetic influences such as the direction of written language; it might therefore be limited to, or at least be larger with, pairs of lateralized effectors which are instrumental to the production and comprehension of written language. We report two experiments which test for SNARC effects with pedal responses, and compare these effects to manual results. Pedal responses yielded highly systematic SNARC effects; furthermore, these effects did not differ from manual SNARC effects, These results argue against accounts in which the SNARC effect is specific for effectors that are habitually associated with the production or comprehension of written language
Searching for the functional locus of the SNARC effect : evidence for a response-related origin
(2005)
Criteria-Based Content Analysis (Steller & Kohnken, 1989) is part of a method used for assessing the credibility of witness statements. One underlying assumption of CBCA is that deceivers will leave out certain contents that they believe will damage their self-image. Recent studies on content-related deceptive strategies of children and adults support this assumption. Nevertheless, results concerning certain motivation-related contents (self-deprecation, pardoning the perpetrator) were inconsistent with this assumption. However, previous studies have dealt with issues other than sexual offense and therefore were of limited external validity concerning specific forensic issues. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of content characteristics with regard to false statements in rape cases. Female non-student adults (N = 120) were given a standardized questionnaire which targeted participants' content- related deception strategies. Results show differences in the strategic value of content characteristics. Moreover, strategies of deception seem to strongly depend on the type of event assessed
"At-risk" concept
(2005)
The authors demonstrate that the timing and sequencing of target durations require low-level timing and executive control. Sixteen young (M-age = 19 years) and 16 older (M-age = 70 years) adults participated in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, individual mean-variance functions for low-level timing (isochronous tapping) and the sequencing of multiple targets (rhythm production) revealed (a) a dissociation of low-level timing and sequencing in both age groups, (b) negligible age differences for low-level timing, and (c) large age differences for sequencing. Experiment 2 supported the distinction between low-level timing and executive functions: Selection against a dominant rhythm and switching between rhythms impaired performances in both age groups and induced pronounced perseveration of the dominant pattern in older adults.
Comparing continuous and discrete birthday coincidences : "Same-Day" versus "Within 24 Hours"
(2010)
In its classical form the famous birthday problem (Feller 1968; Mosteller 1987) addresses coincidences within a discrete sample space, looking at births that fall on the same calendar day. However, coincidence phenomena often arise in situations in which it is more natural to consider a continuous-time parameter. We first describe an elementary variant of the classical problem in continuous time, and then derive and illustrate close approximate relations that exist between the discrete and the continuous formulations.