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Flament and Apfelbaum observed that differences in resource possession lead to group structure in the form of exchange coalitions and hierarchical structure in sociometric choices. We showed that these effects occur even with a uniform distribution of resources. However, knowing the initial distribution of the resources is useful for predicting the final distribution of positive messages received during the expreriment. the two tests we performed indicate that participants in the early part ofthe experiment either react at random or intentionally create a uniform distribution of the positive messages they send to the other positions. Ordered exchange behavior depends on a certain minimum amount of information about the behavior of the others being available to (almost) all participants. We report formal analyses of the reciprocity and the debtor principles. Row reciprocity assumes the return of positive messages to senders without further consideration. Under optimal conditions, it leads within few trials to fixed exchange coalitions. Relative reciprocity uses the information on the amount of positive messages received from the other participants as well.
Three studies examined the processes of mental model generation after pre-exposure to uncontrollability and in a depressive state. The main purpose of the experiments was to test the implications of the cognitive exhaustion model applying an explicit conceptualization of social mental models and a process tracing method developed by von Hecker (1997). An experimental situation was created for observation of consecutive, rule-based construction steps as a function of input diagnosticity, and for the quality assessment of the constructed mental model. The findings showed that participants pre-exposed to uncontrollability, as well as depressed students, were able as were controls, to identify rule-relevant information needed for model construction. However, they were less able than controls to engage in more cognitively demanding and generative step of processing , i.e. in integrating the pieces of input information into a coherent mental model of sentiment relations.
A necessary adjustment of protocol for use of DPC Coat-a-Count Total Testosterone assay with saliva
(1999)
Strategies for resolving interpersonal conflicts in adolescence : a german-Indonesia comparsion
(1999)
Measuring sexual aggression : the reliability of the Sexual Experiences Survey in a German sample
(1999)
Concluding observations
(1999)
The impact of social structure on development : an analysis of individual differences in cognition
(2000)
The fast and the slow of skilled bimanual rhythm production : parallel versus integrated timing
(2000)
The psycho-social development of both preterm and term children (n=347) whose mothers reported tocolytic treatment was assessed at the ages of 2, 4.5, 8 years. Term children exposed to tocolysis showed a higher rate of psychiatric disorders as well as poorer cognitive and motor performance than controls. In the preterm children no adverse impact of tocolysis could be found. The results are discussed concerning possible ways in which tocolytic treatment may influence child development. Restrictions because of the preliminary character of this study and the need of further prospective studies to clarify the developmental impact of tocolysis are also considered.
Ageing and executive control
(2001)
Dissociating retention and access in working memory : an age-comparative study of mental arithmetic
(2001)
Implicit power motivation predicts testosterone changes after winning or losing a domiance contest
(2001)
The ralationship between early mother-infant interaction at 3 mo old, biological and psychosocial risks, and later social withdrawal was examined using a hierarchical logistics regression approach. A group of childeren (N=20; aged 4.5-8 yrs old) who were stabily socially withdrawn and a control group of healthy children (N=143) were formed. Variables were entered into the regression models in the follwing order: At first, biological and psychosocial risks and sex, followed by mother and child variables separately, while in a final regression model all of the variables were entered at once. The results show that child behaviors (smilling and gazing) as well as maternal behaviors (facial and motor responsiveness) significantly predict social withdrawal in middle childhood. Among the risks only biolgical risks significantly contribute to later child outcome. These results suggest that a dysfunctional interaction pattern between mother and infant may be a precursor of childhood social withdrawal.
A dynamical model of saccade generation in reading based on spatially distributed lexical processing
(2002)
EEG coherence analysis for examining an automatizational deficit in dyslexia - a pilot study Objectives: Do dyslexic children exhibit a general automatizational deficit as well as a phonological deficit? Methods: In 1,6 children aged 9-11 years the reaction time, the number of mistakes and EEG (19 scalp electrodes) were measured in three experiments (verbal and nonverbal). The EEG data was baseline-corrected and after a fast fourier transformation, analyzed with the coherence tool of the Brainvision(C) Software. Results: The dyslexic group made more mistakes than the control group on all tasks but their reaction times were significantly longer only on the verbal tasks. There were no coherence differences on the nonverbal task. On the language-dependent tasks the dyslexics showed higher total-frontal and lower left-frontal coherences only in the theta-frequency range, while in the alpha and beta frequency ranges coherences did not differ. Conclusions: A language-dependent cognitive automatizational deficit in the dyslexic group is assumed that is depicted by the higher synchronization of total-frontal coherences (involvement of the central executive) and is based on the less established functional coupling of cortical subsystems for language processing
We question the assumption of serial attention shifts and the assumption that saccade programs are initiated or canceled only after stage one of word identification. Evidence: (1) Fixation durations prior to skipped words are not consistently higher compared to those prior to non-skipped words. (2) Attentional modulation of microsaccade rate might occur after early visual processing. Saccades are probably triggered by attentional selection
Computational models such as E-Z Reader and SWIFT are ideal theoretical tools to test quantitatively our current understanding of eye-movement control in reading. Here we present a mathematical analysis of word skipping in the E-Z Reader model by semianalytic methods, to highlight the differences in current modeling approaches. In E-Z Reader, the word identification system must outperform the oculomotor system to induce word skipping. In SWIFT, there is competition among words to be selected as a saccade target. We conclude that it is the question of competitors in the "game" of word skipping that must be solved in eye movement research
SWIFT explorations
(2003)