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- motor control (8)
- nanocomposite (8)
- narcissism (8)
- neuroplasticity (8)
- noise (8)
- numerical relativity (8)
- numerical simulation (8)
- outflows (8)
- parliamentary government (8)
- persistence (8)
- phosphorylation (8)
- plankton (8)
- polarization (8)
- polyelectrolyte (8)
- polyunsaturated fatty acids (8)
- productivity (8)
- professional development (8)
- pronouns (8)
- proteomics (8)
- public administration (8)
- public health (8)
- quantum dots (8)
- quasars: general (8)
- reanalysis (8)
- rehabilitation (8)
- representation (8)
- resources (8)
- restoration (8)
- risk perception (8)
- rotation (8)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (8)
- seed dispersal (8)
- selection (8)
- sexual scripts (8)
- signal transduction (8)
- snow (8)
- social inclusion (8)
- soil (8)
- spatial frequencies (8)
- starch metabolism (8)
- stars: activity (8)
- stars: emission-line, Be (8)
- statistics (8)
- surface chemistry (8)
- surface modification (8)
- suspended sediment (8)
- sustainable development (8)
- time-series (8)
- trends (8)
- ultrafast (8)
- ventral striatum (8)
- virtual reality (8)
- vitamin A (8)
- water quality (8)
- ADHD (7)
- Anisotropy (7)
- Apoptosis (7)
- Aromaticity (7)
- Austria (7)
- C. elegans (7)
- COVID-19 pandemic (7)
- Capsella (7)
- Central Europe (7)
- Competition (7)
- Complex networks (7)
- Connectivity (7)
- Conversation Analysis (7)
- Crustal structure (7)
- Cytotoxicity (7)
- DNA damage (7)
- DNA radiation damage (7)
- Decision-making (7)
- Dirac operator (7)
- E. coli (7)
- East African Rift System (7)
- Eutrophication (7)
- Fokus (7)
- Forschungsprojekte (7)
- Fredholm property (7)
- Future SOC Lab (7)
- Galaxien (7)
- Gender (7)
- Geochemistry (7)
- Geologie (7)
- Geschäftsprozessmanagement (7)
- Global change (7)
- Gravitationswellen (7)
- Greenland (7)
- Hertzsprung-Russell and C-M diagrams (7)
- Higher education (7)
- In-Memory Technologie (7)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (7)
- Interoception (7)
- Judaism (7)
- Kalman filter (7)
- Kohlenstoff (7)
- LCSM (7)
- Leguminosae (7)
- LiDAR (7)
- Longitudinal study (7)
- Mekong Delta (7)
- Molecular dynamics (7)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers (7)
- Molybdenum cofactor (7)
- Monsoon (7)
- Monsun (7)
- Morphology (7)
- Multicore Architekturen (7)
- Muscle strength (7)
- NICS (7)
- Netzwerke (7)
- Nutrition (7)
- Optimization (7)
- Palaeoclimate (7)
- Patterns (7)
- Phosphorus (7)
- Phylogeography (7)
- Prevention (7)
- Prosodie (7)
- Prosody (7)
- Protein (7)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7)
- RIXS (7)
- Remote sensing (7)
- Seasonality (7)
- Soil (7)
- Soil moisture (7)
- Solanaceae (7)
- Spain (7)
- Sprachverarbeitung (7)
- Starch metabolism (7)
- Subduktion (7)
- Survey (7)
- Switzerland (7)
- TAVI (7)
- Tectonics (7)
- Tien Shan (7)
- Time series analysis (7)
- Uncertainty (7)
- Unsicherheit (7)
- Unsicherheiten (7)
- Vesikel (7)
- Visualisierung (7)
- Vorhersage (7)
- Vulnerabilität (7)
- Walking (7)
- Water quality (7)
- X-rays: ISM (7)
- Youth (7)
- acquisition (7)
- adolescent (7)
- aggregation (7)
- air pollution (7)
- allostatic load (7)
- amygdala (7)
- arctic (7)
- arithmetic (7)
- articulation (7)
- bicameralism (7)
- binaries: eclipsing (7)
- birth weight (7)
- bystander (7)
- cAMP (7)
- calibration (7)
- catalogs (7)
- cell adhesion (7)
- cellulose (7)
- charge generation (7)
- chemistry (7)
- chemotaxis (7)
- child (7)
- circadian clock (7)
- circulation (7)
- circumstellar matter (7)
- cities (7)
- climate-change mitigation (7)
- cluster expansion (7)
- coastal erosion (7)
- community (7)
- community ecology (7)
- comparison (7)
- complex systems (7)
- complexes (7)
- control (7)
- coronary artery disease (7)
- cyber aggression (7)
- defense (7)
- density (7)
- dietary patterns (7)
- discrepancy principle (7)
- distribution (7)
- duplicate detection (7)
- dust (7)
- ecological modelling (7)
- ecosystem functioning (7)
- energy (7)
- ensemble Kalman filter (7)
- enzyme (7)
- enzyme catalysis (7)
- experiments (7)
- extinction (7)
- extraction (7)
- extreme rainfall (7)
- fatty acids (7)
- films (7)
- first passage time (7)
- flood (7)
- flow (7)
- fluorescence microscopy (7)
- food webs (7)
- frequency (7)
- function (7)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (7)
- galaxies (7)
- galaxies: dwarf (7)
- galaxies: starburst (7)
- gender differences (7)
- gene flow (7)
- geochemistry (7)
- geophysics (7)
- globalization (7)
- grain size (7)
- graphene (7)
- habitat (7)
- heart (7)
- heterogeneous catalysis (7)
- home range (7)
- human behaviour (7)
- human impact (7)
- imaging spectroscopy (7)
- immigration (7)
- immobilization (7)
- inference (7)
- infrared: stars (7)
- insect (7)
- institutions (7)
- insula (7)
- interoceptive awareness (7)
- isotopes (7)
- jumping (7)
- kinematics (7)
- land-use change (7)
- last glacial maximum (7)
- lipid metabolism (7)
- low-energy electrons (7)
- malnutrition (7)
- measurement (7)
- mechanisms (7)
- memory retrieval (7)
- metaanalysis (7)
- metabolite profiling (7)
- methane (7)
- microbial ecology (7)
- minerals (7)
- mobility (7)
- modality (7)
- multilingualism (7)
- natural language processing (7)
- natural products (7)
- nuclear lamina (7)
- numerical simulations (7)
- organic matter (7)
- organic photovoltaics (7)
- orthography (7)
- oscillations (7)
- pH (7)
- pain (7)
- palaeoecology (7)
- paleoecology (7)
- parafoveal processing (7)
- parameter estimation (7)
- pathogens (7)
- perceptual span (7)
- phase transition (7)
- phase transitions (7)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (7)
- planetary nebulae: general (7)
- planets and satellites: rings (7)
- plant diversity (7)
- plasmonics (7)
- policy (7)
- pollution (7)
- porous materials (7)
- predator-prey dynamics (7)
- presidential government (7)
- preview benefit (7)
- production control (7)
- pronoun resolution (7)
- prosodic boundary cues (7)
- proteasome (7)
- pulsars: general (7)
- quality (7)
- quantification (7)
- race (7)
- radiocarbon (7)
- recombination (7)
- repair (7)
- reproducibility (7)
- residual stress (7)
- retinol (7)
- rheology (7)
- roughness (7)
- secular trend (7)
- seismic hazard (7)
- selenium (7)
- shape-memory effect (7)
- sharing economy (7)
- silicon (7)
- size (7)
- social rejection (7)
- solar cells (7)
- solar wind (7)
- sorption (7)
- stabile Isotope (7)
- standardization (7)
- stars: late-type (7)
- sunspots (7)
- surfactants (7)
- surveillance (7)
- tVNS (7)
- techniques: image processing (7)
- thermokarst (7)
- time series (7)
- tomography (7)
- transfer (7)
- transition (7)
- treeline (7)
- trunk (7)
- urbanization (7)
- verification (7)
- visualization (7)
- weather (7)
- wh-in-situ (7)
- wh-questions (7)
- working memory capacity (7)
- yellow flags (7)
- youth sports (7)
- AFM (6)
- Adipositas (6)
- Ageing (6)
- Alaska (6)
- Alps (6)
- Anisotropy effect (6)
- Anpassung (6)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (6)
- Aphasie (6)
- Arbeitsgedächtnis (6)
- Arsenolipids (6)
- Assessment (6)
- Atmosphäre (6)
- BMI (6)
- Bakterien (6)
- Balance (6)
- Bayesian data analysis (6)
- Bewegungsökologie (6)
- Big Data (6)
- Bioelectrocatalysis (6)
- Biogenic amine (6)
- Biophysik (6)
- Blockcopolymere (6)
- C-reactive protein (6)
- CO2 (6)
- Chytridiomycota (6)
- Click chemistry (6)
- Colombia (6)
- Computational modelling (6)
- Coping (6)
- Copper (6)
- Data assimilation (6)
- Deep learning (6)
- Design (6)
- Design Thinking (6)
- Dezentralisierung (6)
- Digitalisierung (6)
- Disturbance (6)
- Dynamic NMR (6)
- EEG/ERP (6)
- Earthquake hazards (6)
- Emotions (6)
- Energy (6)
- Flood risk (6)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (6)
- GIS (6)
- Gammastrahlungsastronomie (6)
- Gene-environment interaction (6)
- Genomics (6)
- Groundwater (6)
- H II regions (6)
- HIREC (6)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- Insurance (6)
- Interaction (6)
- Interest (6)
- Israel (6)
- Japan (6)
- Klimaänderung (6)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (6)
- Lake Van (6)
- Land use change (6)
- Language acquisition (6)
- Lasers (6)
- Levy flights (6)
- Local Group (6)
- Longitudinal (6)
- Lysiphlebus fabarum (6)
- Magnetismus (6)
- Magnetohydrodynamik (6)
- Mandarin Chinese (6)
- Massenspektrometrie (6)
- Mental arithmetic (6)
- Meta-analysis (6)
- Methane (6)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (6)
- Microtubules (6)
- Mobility (6)
- Modell (6)
- Monitoring (6)
- Mortality (6)
- Movement (6)
- Movement ecology (6)
- NASH (6)
- Namibia (6)
- Neotektonik (6)
- Neuroenhancement (6)
- Neurotoxicity (6)
- Norway (6)
- Nutrients (6)
- O-antigen (6)
- Oxygen heterocycles (6)
- PBPK (6)
- Paleolimnology (6)
- Paläoklimatologie (6)
- Perception (6)
- Perceptual span (6)
- Phenotypic plasticity (6)
- Phonons (6)
- Photosynthese (6)
- Poecilia mexicana (6)
- Polyelektrolyte (6)
- Polymerchemie (6)
- Polymers (6)
- Population genetics (6)
- Predictors (6)
- Prenatal stress (6)
- Prevalence (6)
- Prozessmodellierung (6)
- Prunus avium L. (6)
- Pyrenees (6)
- Quasare (6)
- R&D (6)
- Raman (6)
- Reinforcement learning (6)
- Reliability (6)
- Resistance training (6)
- Return to work (6)
- Rheologie (6)
- Rheology (6)
- Ring current effect (6)
- SDS-PAGE (6)
- Schadensmodellierung (6)
- Seesedimente (6)
- Seismology (6)
- Sentinel-1 (6)
- Sexual scripts (6)
- Sexual selection (6)
- Smalltalk (6)
- Soil erosion (6)
- Speech perception (6)
- Sphingosine 1-phosphate (6)
- Stable isotopes (6)
- Sternentwicklung (6)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (6)
- Subduction zone processes (6)
- Svalbard (6)
- Synthesis (6)
- TMS (6)
- TRMM (6)
- Taxonomy (6)
- Theoretical seismology (6)
- Theory (6)
- Thermochronologie (6)
- Time reference (6)
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- Topography (6)
- Toxicity (6)
- Transformation (6)
- Transkriptionsfaktoren (6)
- USA (6)
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- Variability (6)
- Vegetation (6)
- Vietnam (6)
- Water (6)
- Westerlies (6)
- Wind erosion (6)
- Zinc (6)
- acid ceramidase (6)
- administration (6)
- admixture (6)
- age of acquisition (6)
- alexithymia (6)
- algorithms (6)
- alignment (6)
- animal movement (6)
- anthropometry (6)
- antibody (6)
- antioxidants (6)
- attitudes (6)
- bias (6)
- biodegradable polymers (6)
- black holes (6)
- brain (6)
- bryophytes (6)
- business processes (6)
- carbon dioxide (6)
- cartel (6)
- change (6)
- change detection (6)
- chloroplast (6)
- co-limitation (6)
- coherence (6)
- collusion (6)
- colonialism (6)
- community effect (6)
- corruption (6)
- costs (6)
- crown compounds (6)
- crystal-structure (6)
- cyber victimization (6)
- cyber-physical systems (6)
- cytoskeleton (6)
- data (6)
- databases (6)
- depressive symptoms (6)
- diabetic nephropathy (6)
- dielectrophoresis (6)
- diffuse radiation (6)
- digital education (6)
- domestication (6)
- droughts (6)
- dust, extinction (6)
- dyslexia (6)
- early warning (6)
- eclogite (6)
- ecohydrology (6)
- effectiveness (6)
- efficient (6)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (6)
- electrons (6)
- electrostatic interactions (6)
- elementary particles (6)
- energy storage (6)
- engagement (6)
- english (6)
- entropy (6)
- environmental change (6)
- enzymes (6)
- exercise therapy (6)
- extension (6)
- fNIRS (6)
- fabrication (6)
- facilitation (6)
- fertilization (6)
- first passage (6)
- first-passage time (6)
- floodplain (6)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (6)
- formal semantics (6)
- galaxies: abundances (6)
- galaxy evolution (6)
- gamma-ray astronomy (6)
- gamma-rays: general (6)
- gas (6)
- gelatin (6)
- general relativity (6)
- genes (6)
- geodynamics (6)
- geology (6)
- giving-up density (6)
- global (6)
- global warming (6)
- grammar (6)
- gravity (6)
- habituation (6)
- heat stress (6)
- heterocycles (6)
- history and philosophy of astronomy (6)
- holocene (6)
- hybridization capture (6)
- hydrolysis (6)
- impacts (6)
- infancy (6)
- infection (6)
- injury (6)
- interfaces (6)
- introgression (6)
- invasive species (6)
- kosmische Strahlung (6)
- leadership (6)
- life history (6)
- linagliptin (6)
- lithosphere (6)
- macrophytes (6)
- magnetism (6)
- mapping (6)
- maximal isometric Adaptive Force (6)
- meaning (6)
- mechanism (6)
- media violence (6)
- melt inclusions (6)
- mental simulation (6)
- metabolic networks (6)
- metabolites (6)
- methods: analytical (6)
- miRNA (6)
- micelles (6)
- microbial communities (6)
- microbial diversity (6)
- microtubules (6)
- mixed methods (6)
- molecular modeling (6)
- molecular motors (6)
- muscle (6)
- muscle power (6)
- neotectonics (6)
- neurodegeneration (6)
- neutron diffraction (6)
- next generation sequencing (6)
- nonergodicity (6)
- nuclear envelope (6)
- nucleus (6)
- numerical development (6)
- organization (6)
- overweight (6)
- oxygen (6)
- p53 (6)
- palaeoclimate (6)
- parameters (6)
- participation (6)
- pattern formation (6)
- perturbation (6)
- phenology (6)
- phonetics (6)
- phosphate (6)
- phylogenetic diversity (6)
- piezoelectricity (6)
- plant (6)
- plants (6)
- plyometric training (6)
- political equality (6)
- polyelectrolytes (6)
- polystyrene (6)
- polyzwitterions (6)
- population density (6)
- porosity (6)
- porous carbon (6)
- postural stability (6)
- pregnancy (6)
- programming (6)
- projections (6)
- propensity score matching (6)
- protection (6)
- protein-protein interaction (6)
- public management (6)
- racism (6)
- radical polymerization (6)
- rainfall (6)
- rat (6)
- reciprocal class (6)
- reduction (6)
- reflection (6)
- reproduction (6)
- retinol-binding protein 4 (6)
- risk factor (6)
- saccades (6)
- salinity gradient (6)
- salivary gland (6)
- scale development (6)
- scattering (6)
- scrambling (6)
- sedaDNA (6)
- sediment transport (6)
- self-concept (6)
- self-healing (6)
- self-regulation (6)
- sensitivity analysis (6)
- silver nanoparticles (6)
- soccer (6)
- social comparison (6)
- socioeconomic status (6)
- sodium (6)
- software engineering (6)
- speed (6)
- star formation (6)
- stars: horizontal-branch (6)
- stars: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- stars: magnetic fields (6)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (6)
- stroke (6)
- sulfite oxidase (6)
- support vector machine (6)
- teaching (6)
- thaliana (6)
- therapist competence (6)
- thermoresponsive polymers (6)
- tomato (6)
- topography (6)
- tracking (6)
- trade-offs (6)
- training adaptation (6)
- traits (6)
- transcriptional memory (6)
- trust (6)
- ultrafast dynamics (6)
- uncertainty analysis (6)
- unemployment (6)
- uplift (6)
- user experience (6)
- variation (6)
- violence (6)
- visions of democracy (6)
- walking (6)
- water management (6)
- weight loss (6)
- women (6)
- world literature (6)
- zebrafish (6)
- 3D point clouds (5)
- 3D visualization (5)
- AC electrokinetics (5)
- ALAN (5)
- Absorption (5)
- Ackerschmalwand (5)
- African Humid Period (5)
- Aftercare (5)
- Age of acquisition (5)
- Agency (5)
- Air pollution (5)
- Algeria (5)
- Alterung (5)
- Amygdala (5)
- Ancient DNA (5)
- Animal personality (5)
- Antwortmengenprogrammierung (5)
- Arctic lakes (5)
- Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (5)
- Asian monsoon (5)
- Asteraceae (5)
- Autocorrelation (5)
- Basketball (5)
- Bayesian inversion (5)
- Big Five (5)
- Bilingualism (5)
- Biodiversity Exploratories (5)
- Biodiversity exploratories (5)
- Biofilm (5)
- Bioinformatik (5)
- Biosensors (5)
- Black Sea (5)
- Block copolymers (5)
- Blockcopolymer (5)
- Blood (5)
- Bodenfeuchte (5)
- Body composition (5)
- Boric acid (5)
- Boron exposure (5)
- Bose-Einstein condensation (5)
- Brassicaceae (5)
- Cardiovascular diseases (5)
- Caribbean (5)
- Cattle (5)
- Cayley Graph (5)
- Cell polarity (5)
- Child (5)
- Chitooligosaccharides (5)
- Chloroplast (5)
- Cognitive control (5)
- Cold War (5)
- Community assembly (5)
- Conservation (5)
- Cost-effectiveness (5)
- Cue-based retrieval (5)
- Cultural diversity (5)
- Cyanobakterien (5)
- Cystic fibrosis (5)
- DRD4 (5)
- Data profiling (5)
- Datenassimilation (5)
- Datenbank (5)
- Decision making (5)
- Dexamethasone (5)
- Dictyostelium discoideum (5)
- Duplikaterkennung (5)
- EPR (5)
- ERA5 (5)
- EU (5)
- Earthquake dynamics (5)
- East Germany (5)
- Ecotoxicology (5)
- Electrical conductivity (5)
- Electropolymerization (5)
- Ellenberg indicator values (5)
- Elliptic complexes (5)
- Embodiment (5)
- Emulsion (5)
- Entwicklung (5)
- Environmental sciences (5)
- Europa (5)
- European hare (5)
- Europäische Union (5)
- Extraction (5)
- Extreme events (5)
- Eye movement (5)
- Feature selection (5)
- Fetal programming (5)
- Fire-bellied toad (5)
- Flood (5)
- Flow cytometry (5)
- Fluorescence imaging (5)
- Fokker-Planck equation (5)
- Food quality (5)
- Frailty (5)
- Free Group (5)
- Functional ankle instability (5)
- G-protein-coupled receptor (5)
- Galaxy: center (5)
- Geodynamik (5)
- Geomagnetic field (5)
- Geomagnetism (5)
- Geomorphology (5)
- Geophysik (5)
- Geostatistics (5)
- German colonialism (5)
- Glucose (5)
- Gold nanoparticles (5)
- Governance (5)
- Graph theory (5)
- Grassland (5)
- Ground reaction force (5)
- HVSR (5)
- Habitat fragmentation (5)
- Heart rate variability (5)
- Hebrew (5)
- Heterocycles (5)
- Holding isometric muscle action (5)
- Hypertension (5)
- IAT (5)
- IR-MALDI (5)
- ISM: jets and outflows (5)
- ISM: lines and bands (5)
- ISM: magnetic fields (5)
- Imaging (5)
- Individual-based models (5)
- Induced seismicity (5)
- Information (5)
- Insect (5)
- Intervention (5)
- Ionosphere (5)
- Janus emulsions (5)
- Jugendliche (5)
- Kant (5)
- Kinder (5)
- Klimapolitik (5)
- Kosmologie (5)
- L2 processing (5)
- LC–MS/MS (5)
- Lactams (5)
- Lactones (5)
- Lakes (5)
- Land-use intensity (5)
- Landslides (5)
- Langmuir monolayer (5)
- Language production (5)
- Larix (5)
- Late Holocene (5)
- Late Pleistocene (5)
- Leadership (5)
- Life history (5)
- Lonar Lake (5)
- MQTT (5)
- Magnetostratigraphy (5)
- Magnetotellurics (5)
- Magnetotellurik (5)
- Measurement (5)
- Mechanotendography (5)
- Mediterranean (5)
- Memory (5)
- Menderes Massif (5)
- Mental disorders (5)
- Metabolic syndrome (5)
- Metathesis (5)
- Middle East (5)
- Mikrofluidik (5)
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- Mitochondrial DNA (5)
- Moco biosynthesis (5)
- Molekulardynamik (5)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (5)
- NAFLD (5)
- NE81 (5)
- NLP (5)
- NW Argentina (5)
- Nachhaltigkeit (5)
- Nanostruktur (5)
- Natural language processing (5)
- Navier-Stokes equations (5)
- Neo-Tethys (5)
- Nepal (5)
- Network clustering (5)
- Neumann problem (5)
- Neural networks (5)
- Northeast German Basin (5)
- O2C spectrophotometer (5)
- Open innovation (5)
- Organic Chemistry (5)
- Organic solar cells (5)
- PCA (5)
- PUFA (5)
- Palaeolimnology (5)
- Paleoclimatology (5)
- Palynology (5)
- Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (5)
- Peptides (5)
- Permian (5)
- Perturbation (5)
- Pesticides (5)
- Ph.D. retreat (5)
- Phase transitions (5)
- Photochemistry (5)
- Plant functional types (5)
- Plio-Pleistocene (5)
- Population dynamics (5)
- Postural control (5)
- Priming (5)
- Process (5)
- Process mining (5)
- Productivity (5)
- Proteins (5)
- Pseudo-differential operators (5)
- Pushing isometric muscle action (5)
- Python (5)
- Quantum chemical calculations (5)
- RAFT polymerization (5)
- RNA (5)
- RNA-Seq (5)
- ROS (5)
- Residual stress (5)
- Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (5)
- Respiration (5)
- Risk assessment (5)
- Ruthenium (5)
- Röntgenbeugung (5)
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- accuracy (4)
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- actin (4)
- action language (4)
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- actuation (4)
- adaptive force (4)
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- adherence (4)
- adipogenesis (4)
- adiponectin (4)
- adjectives (4)
- administrative reform (4)
- advanced dynamic flow (4)
- affective (4)
- agent-based model (4)
- agility (4)
- agreement attraction (4)
- aldehyde oxidase (4)
- allelopathy (4)
- anaphors (4)
- antifouling (4)
- antilocality (4)
- app (4)
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- aquatic ecosystems (4)
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- arabidopsis (4)
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- architecture (4)
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- arsenolipids present (4)
- association (4)
- astronomy (4)
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- categories (4)
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- clinical sample (4)
- clone (4)
- cluster analysis (4)
- co-occurrence analysis (4)
- cod-liver (4)
- codon usage (4)
- coefficient (4)
- coevolution (4)
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- collaboration (4)
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- common vole (4)
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- competence (4)
- compliance (4)
- composites (4)
- computer games (4)
- computer-based training (4)
- concepts (4)
- conceptualization (4)
- conduct problems (4)
- conductivity (4)
- confidence (4)
- confocal microscopy (4)
- conjugated polymers (4)
- content-addressable memory (4)
- context (4)
- contracts (4)
- conversational agents (4)
- convolutional neural network (4)
- coping strategies (4)
- copper(II) (4)
- core (4)
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- corrosion (4)
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- counting (4)
- covariance (4)
- creep (4)
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- deformation (4)
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- deposition (4)
- design (4)
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- differentiation (4)
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- dynamic (4)
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- effect (4)
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- emulsion (4)
- endophytes (4)
- enhancement (4)
- entanglement (4)
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- equifinality (4)
- errata, addenda (4)
- ethnicity (4)
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- family (4)
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- fault (4)
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- fiction (4)
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- glucosinolates (4)
- glutathione (4)
- grammaticalization (4)
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- honey bee (4)
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- relatedness (4)
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- cognitive impairment (3)
- cognitive module (3)
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- coherency (3)
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- comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (3)
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- salinity (3)
- salt diffusion (3)
- sample preparation (3)
- satellite data (3)
- scalability (3)
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- scene perception (3)
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- sibilant (3)
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- signalling (3)
- silica (3)
- similarity (3)
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- simulation model (3)
- simultaneous bilingualism (3)
- singularity (3)
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- size distribution (3)
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- ) (2)
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- 1 (2)
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- 47A52 (2)
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- Plant height (2)
- Plant macrofossils (2)
- Plant performance (2)
- Plant sciences (2)
- Plant-based diet (2)
- Plasma membrane (2)
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- Plate tectonics (2)
- Plateau (2)
- Platelets (2)
- Platform Innovation (2)
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- Podanthus mitiqui (2)
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- Poecilia formosa (2)
- Poecilia latipinna (2)
- Poeciliidae (2)
- Poincare inequality (2)
- Point-based rendering (2)
- Point-light action (2)
- Pointing (2)
- Polarization (2)
- Policy (2)
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- Policy advice (2)
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- Politics & International Relations (2)
- Politics of childhood (2)
- Pollen record (2)
- Pollen trap (2)
- Pollimyrus-Isidori (2)
- Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- Polyelectrolytes (2)
- Polyelektrolyt-Multischichten (2)
- Polyethyleneimine (2)
- Polymer chemistry (2)
- Polymer dispersions (2)
- Polymerisation (2)
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- Polypeptid (2)
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- Polyunsaturated Fatty-Acids (2)
- Polyzwitterion (2)
- Ponds (2)
- Population density (2)
- Population structure (2)
- Population viability analysis (2)
- Population-Growth (2)
- Porosity (2)
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- Poshtuk metapelites (2)
- Position Generator (2)
- Positive selection (2)
- Postmasburg manganese field (2)
- Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (2)
- Potassium (2)
- Potsdam Grievance Statistics File (PGSF) (2)
- Pragmatik (2)
- Precipitation gradient (2)
- Predation (2)
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- Predictability (2)
- Prediction of disability/intensity (2)
- Predictive processing (2)
- Predictor (2)
- Preference (2)
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- Preis der Anarchie (2)
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- Preterm birth (2)
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- Pull-Apart (2)
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- Push-pull character (2)
- Push-pull effect (2)
- Puumala virus seroprevalence (2)
- QCA (2)
- QDs (2)
- QTL (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
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- Query optimization (2)
- R (2)
- R Shiny (2)
- RAFT-Polymerisation (2)
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- RCT (2)
- REDD+ (2)
- REE (2)
- REMPI (2)
- REVEALS (2)
- RGB-D cameras (2)
- RIXS (resonant inelastic X-ray scattering) (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RNA virus (2)
- RNA-seq (2)
- ROK (2)
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- ROP (2)
- RP-HPLC (2)
- RP2 (2)
- RRR (2)
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- RT models (2)
- RUNX2 (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
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- Raman imaging (2)
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- Randelementmethode (2)
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- Rasa (2)
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- Reasoning (2)
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- Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength (2)
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- Richard Schomburgk (2)
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- Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation (2)
- Serine cycle (2)
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- Sesia Zone (2)
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- Shocks (2)
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- Sol-Gel (2)
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- Spanish modal adverbs (2)
- Spanish verbs of cognitive attitude (2)
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- Spatial bias (2)
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- Speech Motor Control (2)
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- Sprachkontakt (2)
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- Stochastic Differential Equation (2)
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- Strain (2)
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- Strategic growth adjustment (2)
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- Streuung (2)
- Strike-slip faults (2)
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- Stroop effect (2)
- Structural equation modeling (2)
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- Structuring (2)
- Strukturbildung (2)
- Student motivation (2)
- Sturm-Liouville problem (2)
- Style modification (2)
- Störungen (2)
- Subarctic North Pacific (2)
- Subject-verb agreement (2)
- Subjective well-being (2)
- Submarine permafrost (2)
- Submariner Permafrost (2)
- Subsampling (2)
- Subsea permafrost (2)
- Subsurface biosphere (2)
- Sulfate (2)
- Sulfite oxidase (2)
- Sulphoxide (2)
- Sumatra (2)
- Sun: UV radiation (2)
- Sun: filaments (2)
- Sun: heliosphere (2)
- Sun: magnetic topology (2)
- Sun: sunspots (2)
- Sundaland (2)
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- Support (2)
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- Surface (2)
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- Sustainable (2)
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- Sway (2)
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- Syllabic tone (2)
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- Synchronisierung (2)
- Synchronization control (2)
- Synchrotron (2)
- Synchrotronstrahlung (2)
- Syntax-semantics interface (2)
- Synthesis and processing (2)
- Syria (2)
- SysML (2)
- Systematic reviews (2)
- Säugetiere (2)
- Säuglinge (2)
- Südafrika (2)
- Südamerika (2)
- Südkorea (2)
- TACC (2)
- TAM (2)
- TDR (2)
- TELEMAC-2D model (2)
- TGF-beta 1 (2)
- TIG-welding (2)
- TIN (2)
- TLR signaling (2)
- TMR (2)
- TPACK (2)
- TRLFS (2)
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- TRPC6 (2)
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- Taft equation (2)
- Tailspike (2)
- Taiwan (2)
- Takab (2)
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- Teachers (2)
- Technical enzymes (2)
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- Tectonic Evolution (2)
- Tectonic stress (2)
- Temperate forest (2)
- Temperature reconstruction (2)
- Temperature-memory effect (2)
- Temporallogik (2)
- Tendons (2)
- Tenebrio molitor larvae (2)
- Tense (2)
- Tensid (2)
- Tephrosia purpurea (2)
- Terrestrial Si cycle (2)
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- Testen (2)
- Teteriv (2)
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- Ti4O7 (2)
- TiO2 nanoparticles (2)
- Tianshan orogenic belt (2)
- Tibet Plateau (2)
- Tibetan plateau (2)
- Tiefer See (2)
- Tight integration (2)
- Tikhonov regularization (2)
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- Time-motion analysis (2)
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- Tiredness (2)
- To learners in which of the following categories does your work apply (2)
- Toll and Imd pathways (2)
- Tomato (2)
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- Tonian–Cryogenian (2)
- Topik (2)
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- Total organic carbon (2)
- Totes Meer Störungssystem (2)
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- Trace element geochemistry (2)
- Training volume (2)
- Trans-European Suture Zone (2)
- Transcriptome assembly (2)
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- Transform faults (2)
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- Transmembranprotein (2)
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- Treatment pathways (2)
- Treewidth (2)
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- Turbidity retrieval (2)
- Turbulence (2)
- Turkish German (2)
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- Turn-Constructional Units (2)
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- TusA (2)
- Typ-2-Diabetes (2)
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- Typicality (2)
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- UK (2)
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- UV femtosecond laser ablation (2)
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- UV-vis spectroscopy (2)
- UVR (2)
- UX (2)
- Ulcerative colitis (2)
- Ultimatum Game (2)
- Ultrafast (2)
- Ultrafast X-rays (2)
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- Ultrazentrifuge (2)
- Unaccusatives (2)
- Uncertainty Processor (2)
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- Unemployment (2)
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- Universität Potsdam (2)
- Unmanaged vs. managed forests (2)
- Unsaturated zone (2)
- Upper Cambrian (2)
- Upper Cretaceous (2)
- Urban pluvial flood susceptibility (2)
- Usage (2)
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- VERB (2)
- VERB code (2)
- VERITAS (2)
- VGCC (2)
- VI (2)
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- Valence (2)
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- Values (2)
- Vegetation dynamics (2)
- Velocity (2)
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- Verb doubling (2)
- Verbal cues (2)
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- Vereinte Nationen (2)
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- Verhandlungsmanagement (2)
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- Verwerfungen (2)
- Vesicle (2)
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- VideoScan technology (2)
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- Viscoelasticity (2)
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- Visual representations (2)
- Visual search (2)
- Visual system (2)
- Vitamin C (2)
- Vitamin D-binding protein (2)
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- Vocabulary (2)
- Vocal-Tract (2)
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- Volcano monitoring (2)
- Voles (2)
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Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (4796)
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (4613)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (3248)
- Institut für Chemie (2831)
- Institut für Mathematik (1555)
- Department Psychologie (1386)
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (1005)
- Department Linguistik (911)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (825)
- Institut für Informatik und Computational Science (792)
Studies on French adults using a written lexical decision task with masked priming, in which targets were more primed by consonant- (jalu-JOLI) than vowel-related (vobi-JOLI) primes, support the proposal that consonants have more weight than vowels in lexical processing.
This study examines the phonological and/or lexical nature of this consonant bias
(C-bias), using a sandwich priming task in which a brief presentation of the target
(pre-prime) precedes the prime-target sequence, a manipulation blocking lexical neighbourhood effects.
Results from three experiments (varying pre-prime/prime durations) show consistent
C-priming and no significant V-priming at earlier and later processing stages (50 or 66 ms primes).
Yet, a joint analysis reveals a small V-priming, while confirming a significant consonant advantage.
This demonstrates the contribution of the phonological level to the C-bias.
Second, differences in performance comparing the classic versus sandwich priming task also establish a contribution of lexical neighbourhood inhibition effects to the C-bias.
Efforts have been made in the past to enhance building exposure models on a regional scale with increasing spatial resolutions by integrating different data sources. This work follows a similar path and focuses on the downscaling of the existing SARA exposure model that was proposed for the residential building stock of the communes of Valparaiso and Vina del Mar (Chile). Although this model allowed great progress in harmonising building classes and characterising their differential physical vulnerabilities, it is now outdated, and in any case, it is spatially aggregated over large administrative units. Hence, to more accurately consider the impact of future earthquakes on these cities, it is necessary to employ more reliable exposure models. For such a purpose, we propose updating this existing model through a Bayesian approach by integrating ancillary data that has been made increasingly available from Volunteering Geo-Information (VGI) activities. Its spatial representation is also optimised in higher resolution aggregation units that avoid the inconvenience of having incomplete building-by-building footprints. A worst-case earthquake scenario is presented to calculate direct economic losses and highlight the degree of uncertainty imposed by exposure models in comparison with other parameters used to generate the seismic ground motions within a sensitivity analysis. This example study shows the great potential of using increasingly available VGI to update worldwide building exposure models as well as its importance in scenario-based seismic risk assessment.
An instance of the marriage problem is given by a graph G = (A boolean OR B, E), together with, for each vertex of G, a strict preference order over its neighbors. A matching M of G is popular in the marriage instance if M does not lose a head-to-head election against any matching where vertices are voters. Every stable matching is a min-size popular matching; another subclass of popular matchings that always exists and can be easily computed is the set of dominant matchings. A popular matching M is dominant if M wins the head-to-head election against any larger matching. Thus, every dominant matching is a max-size popular matching, and it is known that the set of dominant matchings is the linear image of the set of stable matchings in an auxiliary graph. Results from the literature seem to suggest that stable and dominant matchings behave, from a complexity theory point of view, in a very similar manner within the class of popular matchings. The goal of this paper is to show that there are instead differences in the tractability of stable and dominant matchings and to investigate further their importance for popular matchings. First, we show that it is easy to check if all popular matchings are also stable; however, it is co-NP hard to check if all popular matchings are also dominant. Second, we show how some new and recent hardness results on popular matching problems can be deduced from the NP-hardness of certain problems on stable matchings, also studied in this paper, thus showing that stable matchings can be employed to show not only positive results on popular matchings (as is known) but also most negative ones. Problems for which we show new hardness results include finding a min-size (resp., max-size) popular matching that is not stable (resp., dominant). A known result for which we give a new and simple proof is the NP-hardness of finding a popular matching when G is nonbipartite.
We present a study of the control of electric field induced strain on the magnetic and electrical transport properties in a magnetoelastically coupled artificial multiferroic Fe3O4/BaTiO3 heterostructure.
In this Fe3O4/BaTiO3 heterostructure, the Fe3O4 thin film is epitaxially grown in the form of bilateral domains, analogous to a-c stripe domains of the underlying BaTiO3(001) substrate.
By in situ electric field dependent magnetization measurements, we demonstrate the extrinsic control of the magnetic anisotropy and the characteristic Verwey metal-insulator transition of the epitaxial Fe3O4 thin film in a wide temperature range between 20-300 K, via strain mediated converse magnetoelectric coupling.
In addition, we observe strain induced modulations in the magnetic and electrical transport properties of the Fe3O4 thin film across the thermally driven intrinsic ferroelectric and structural phase transitions of the BaTiO3 substrate.
In situ electric field dependent Raman measurements reveal that the electric field does not significantly modify the antiphase boundary defects in the Fe3O4 thin film once it is thermodynamically stable after deposition and that the modification of the magnetic properties is mainly caused by strain induced lattice distortions and magnetic anisotropy.
These results provide a framework to realize electrical control of the magnetization in a classical highly correlated transition metal oxide.
Seismic scattering and absorption of oceanic lithospheric S waves in the Eastern North Atlantic
(2021)
The scattering and absorption of high-frequency seismic waves in the oceanic lithosphere is to date only poorly constrained by observations. Such estimates would not only improve our understanding of the propagation of seismic waves, but also unravel the small-scale nature of the lithosphere and its variability. Our study benefits from two exceptional situations: (1) we deployed over 10 months a mid-aperture seismological array in the central part of the Eastern North Atlantic in 5 km water depth and (2) we could observe in total 340 high-frequency (up to 30 Hz) Po and So arrivals with tens to hundreds of seconds long seismic coda from local and regional earthquakes in a wide range of backazimuths and epicentral distances up to 850 km with a travel path in the oceanic lithosphere. Moreover, the array was located about 100 km north of the Gloria fault, defining the plate boundary between the Eurasian and African plates at this location which also allows an investigation of the influence of an abrupt change in lithospheric age (20 Ma in this case) on seismic waves. The waves travel with velocities indicating upper-mantle material. We use So waves and their coda of pre-selected earthquakes to estimate frequency-dependent seismic scattering and intrinsic attenuation parameters. The estimated scattering attenuation coefficients are between 10(-4) and 4 x 10(-5) m(-1) and are typical for the lithosphere or the upper mantle. Furthermore, the total quality factors for So waves below 5 Hz are between 20 and 500 and are well below estimates from previous modelling for observations in the Pacific Ocean. This implies that the Atlantic Ocean is more attenuative for So waves compared to the Pacific Ocean, which is inline with the expected behaviour for the lithospheric structures resulting from the slower spreading rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The results for the analysed events indicate that for frequencies above 3 Hz, intrinsic attenuation is equal to or slightly stronger than scattering attenuation and that the So-wave coda is weakly influenced by the oceanic crust. Both observations are in agreement with the proposed propagation mechanism of scattering in the oceanic mantle lithosphere. Furthermore, we observe an age dependence which shows that an increase in lithospheric age is associated with a decrease in attenuation. However, we also observe a trade-off of this age-dependent effect with either a change in lithospheric thickness or thermal variations, for example due to small-scale upwellings in the upper mantle in the southeast close to Madeira and the Canaries. Moreover, the influence of the nearby Gloria fault is visible in a reduction of the intrinsic attenuation below 3 Hz for estimates across the fault. This is the first study to estimate seismic scattering and absorption parameters of So waves for an area with several hundreds of kilometres radius centred in the Eastern North Atlantic and using them to characterize the nature of the oceanic lithosphere.
Assessment of climate change impact on discharge of the lakhmass catchment (Northwest Tunisia)
(2022)
The Mediterranean region is increasingly recognized as a climate change hotspot but is highly underrepresented in hydrological climate change studies. This study aims to investigate the climate change effects on the hydrology of Lakhmass catchment in Tunisia. Lakhmass catchment is a part of the Medium Valley of Medjerda in northwestern Tunisia that drains an area of 126 km(2). First, the Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning light (HBV-light) model was calibrated and validated successfully at a daily time step to simulate discharge during the 1981-1986 period. The Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency and Percent bias (NSE, PBIAS) were (0.80, +2.0%) and (0.53, -9.5%) for calibration (September 1982-August 1984) and validation (September 1984-August 1986) periods, respectively. Second, HBV-light model was considered as a predictive tool to simulate discharge in a baseline period (1981-2009) and future projections using data (precipitation and temperature) from thirteen combinations of General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Regional Climatic Models (RCMs). We used two trajectories of Representative Concentration Pathways, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Each RCP is divided into three projection periods: near-term (2010-2039), mid-term (2040-2069) and long-term (2070-2099). For both scenarios, a decrease in precipitation and discharge will be expected with an increase in air temperature and a reduction in precipitation with almost 5% for every +1 degrees C of global warming. By long-term (2070-2099) projection period, results suggested an increase in temperature with about 2.7 degrees C and 4 degrees C, and a decrease in precipitation of approximately 7.5% and 15% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. This will likely result in a reduction of discharge of 12.5% and 36.6% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. This situation calls for early climate change adaptation measures under a participatory approach, including multiple stakeholders and water users.
Understanding the influence of climate change and population pressure on human conflict remains a critically important topic in the social sciences. Long-term records that evaluate these dynamics across multiple centuries and outside the range of modern climatic variation are especially capable of elucidating the relative effect of-and the interaction between-climate and demography. This is crucial given that climate change may structure population growth and carrying capacity, while both climate and population influence per capita resource availability. This study couples paleoclimatic and demographic data with osteological evaluations of lethal trauma from 149 directly accelerator mass spectrometry C-14-dated individuals from the Nasca highland region of Peru. Multiple local and supraregional precipitation proxies are combined with a summed probability distribution of 149 C-14 dates to estimate population dynamics during a 700-y study window. Counter to previous findings, our analysis reveals a precipitous increase in violent deaths associated with a period of productive and stable climate, but volatile population dynamics. We conclude that favorable local climate conditions fostered population growth that put pressure on the marginal and highly circumscribed resource base, resulting in violent resource competition that manifested in over 450 y of internecine warfare. These findings help support a general theory of intergroup violence, indicating that relative resource scarcity-whether driven by reduced resource abundance or increased competition-can lead to violence in subsistence societies when the outcome is lower per capita resource availability.
Southeastern Tibetan Plateau growth revealed by inverse analysis of landscape evolution model
(2022)
The Cenozoic history of the Tibetan Plateau topography is critical for understanding the evolution of the Indian-Eurasian collision, climate, and biodiversity. However, the long-term growth and landscape evolution of the Tibetan Plateau remain ambiguous, it remains unclear if plateau uplift occurred soon after the India-Asia collision in the Paleogene (similar to 50-25 Ma) or later in the Neogene (similar to 20-5 Ma). Here, we reproduce the uplift history of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau using a 2D landscape evolution model, which simultaneously solves fluvial erosion and sediment transport processes in the drainage basins of the Three Rivers region (Yangtze, Mekong, and Salween Rivers). Our model was optimized through a formal inverse analysis with 20,000 forward simulations, which aims to reconcile the transient states of the present-day river profiles. The results, compared to existing paleoelevation and thermochronologic data, suggest initially low elevations (similar to 300-500 m) during the Paleogene, followed by a gradual southeastward propagation of topographic uplift of the plateau margin.
In the context of persistent images of self-perpetuated technologies, we discuss the interplay of digital technologies and organisational dynamics against the backdrop of systems theory. Building on the case of an international corporation that, during an agile reorganisation, introduced an AI-based personnel management platform, we show how technical systems produce a form of algorithmic contingency that subsequently leads to the emergence of formal and informal interaction systems. Using the concept of datafication, we explain how these interactions are barriers to the self-perpetuation of data-based decision-making, making it possible to take into consideration further decision factors and complementing the output of the platform. The research was carried out within the scope of the research project ‘Organisational Implications of Digitalisation: The Development of (Post-)Bureaucratic Organisational Structures in the Context of Digital Transformation’ funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).
Fast-localized electron loss, resulting from interactions with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, can produce deepening minima in phase space density (PSD) radial profiles. Here, we perform a statistical analysis of local PSD minima to quantify how readily these are associated with radiation belt depletions. The statistics of PSD minima observed over a year are compared to the Versatile Electron Radiation Belts (VERB) simulations, both including and excluding EMIC waves. The observed minima distribution can only be achieved in the simulation including EMIC waves, indicating their importance in the dynamics of the radiation belts. By analyzing electron flux depletions in conjunction with the observed PSD minima, we show that, in the heart of the outer radiation belt (L* < 5), on average, 53% of multi-MeV electron depletions are associated with PSD minima, demonstrating that fast localized loss by interactions with EMIC waves are a common and crucial process for ultra-relativistic electron populations.
The investigation of stresses, faults, structure and seismic hazards requires a good understanding and mapping of earthquake rupture and slip. Constraining the finite source of earthquakes from seismic and geodetic waveforms is challenging because the directional effects of the rupture itself are small and dynamic numerical solutions often include a large number of free parameters. The computational effort is large and therefore difficult to use in an exploratory forward modelling or inversion approach. Here, we use a simplified self-similar fracture model with only a few parameters, where the propagation of the fracture front is decoupled from the calculation of the slip. The approximative method is flexible and computationally efficient. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the model with real-case examples of well-studied earthquakes. These include the M-w 8.3 2015 Illapel, Chile, megathrust earthquake at the plate interface of a subduction zone and examples of continental intraplate strike-slip earthquakes like the M-w 7.1 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, multisegment variable slip event or the M-w 7.5 2018 Palu, Indonesia, supershear earthquake. Despite the simplicity of the model, a large number of observational features ranging from different rupture-front isochrones and slip distributions to directional waveform effects or high slip patches are easy to model. The temporal evolution of slip rate and rise time are derived from the incremental growth of the rupture and the stress drop without imposing other constraints. The new model is fast and implemented in the open-source Python seismology toolbox Pyrocko, ready to study the physics of rupture and to be used in finite source inversions.
Electronic databases of landslides seldom include the triggering mechanisms, rendering these inventories unusable for landslide hazard modeling. We present a method for classifying the triggering mechanisms of landslides in existing inventories, thus, allowing these inventories to aid in landslide hazard modeling corresponding to the correct event chain. Our method uses various geometric characteristics of landslides as the feature space for the machine-learning classifier random forest, resulting in accurate and robust classifications of landslide triggers. We applied the method to six landslide inventories spread over the Japanese archipelago in several different tests and training configurations to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. We achieved mean accuracy ranging from 67% to 92%. We also provide an illustrative example of a real-world usage scenario for our method using an additional inventory with unknown ground truth. Furthermore, our feature importance analysis indicates that landslides having identical trigger mechanisms exhibit similar geometric properties.
Pressure induced structural changes in silicate melts have a great impact on their physico-chemical properties and hence on their behaviour in the deep Earth's interior. In order to gain a deeper understanding we have studied the densification mechanism in multicomponent aluminosilicate glasses (albitic and albit-diopside composition) by means of extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy coupled to a diamond anvil cell up to 164 GPa. We have monitored the structural modifications from the network-former Ge as well as the network-modifier Sr. Notably, we tracked the evolution of Ge-O and Sr-O bond lengths (RGe-O, RSr-O) and their coordination number with pressure. We show that RGe-O increases strongly up to about 32 GPa, whereas RSr-O increases only slightly up to similar to 26 GPa. We assign these extensions to the increase of the coordination number from 4 to 6 (Ge) and from similar to 6 to at least 9 (Sr). Upon further compression RGe-O and RSr-O exhibit a continuous decrease to the highest probed pressure. These bond contractions, notably of RGe-O, that are continuous and exceed the one observed in pure SiO2 and GeO2, reflect a higher structural flexibility of multi-component glasses compared to those simple systems. Particularly, the high fraction of non-bridging oxygen atoms due to the presence of Na, Sr, Ca, Mg in the studied glasses, favours the simple compression of the highly-coordinated polyhedra of Si and Ge at pressure greater than 30 GPa. This is in strong contrast to pure oxides where cation polyhedral distortions govern the densification mechanism of the glass. The results of this study demonstrate that low field-strength alkali and alkaline earth cations, ubiquitous in deep Earth's melts, have a profound influence on the densification mechanism of glasses. Our results provide important constrains for interpreting the observed low velocity anomalies at the Earth's core-mantle boundary that have been, beyond others, referred to the presence of high-density melts. The hypothesis that non-buoyant melts at the Earth's core-mantle boundary can be formed by peculiar structural transformations in melts leading to higher coordination numbers compared to their crystalline equivalents is not supported from the present observations. The present results rather suggest that if velocity anomalies are to be explained by melts, these likely have considerable differences in chemical composition to the surrounding crystalline phase assemblage.
Background: Following the rapid increase of asylum seekers arriving in the European Union in 2015/16, policymakers have invested heavily in improving their foresight and forecasting capabilities. A common method to elicit expert predictions are Delphi surveys. This approach has attracted concern in the literature, given the high uncertainty in experts’ predictions. However, there exists limited guidance on specific design choices for future-related Delphi surveys.
Objective: We test whether or not small adjustments to the Delphi survey can increase certainty (i.e., reduce variation) in expert predictions on immigration to the EU in 2030.
Methods: Based on a two-round Delphi survey with 178 migration experts, we compare variation and subjective confidence in expert predictions and assess whether additional context information (type of migration flow, sociopolitical context) promotes convergence among experts (i.e., less variation) and confidence in their own estimates.
Results: We find that additional context information does not reduce variation and does not increase confidence in expert predictions on migration.
Conclusions: The results reaffirm recent concerns regarding the limited scope for reducing uncertainty by manipulating the survey setup. Persistent uncertainty may be a result of the complexity of migration processes and limited agreement among migration experts regarding key drivers.
Contribution: We caution policymakers and academics on the use of Delphi surveys for eliciting expert predictions on immigration, even when conducted based on a large pool of experts and using specific scenarios. The potential of alternative approaches such as prediction markets should be further explored.
A circulatory loop
(2023)
In the digitalization debate, gender biases in digital technologies play a significant role because of their potential for social exclusion and inequality. It is therefore remarkable that organizations as drivers of digitalization and as places for social integration have been widely overlooked so far. Simultaneously, gender biases and digitalization have structurally immanent connections to organizations. Therefore, a look at the reciprocal relationship between organizations, digitalization, and gender is needed. The article provides answers to the question of whether and how organizations (re)produce, reinforce, or diminish gender‐specific inequalities during their digital transformations. On the one hand, gender inequalities emerge when organizations use post‐bureaucratic concepts through digitalization. On the other hand, gender inequalities are reproduced when organizations either program or implement digital technologies and fail to establish control structures that prevent gender biases. This article shows that digitalization can act as a catalyst for inequality‐producing mechanisms, but also has the potential to mitigate inequalities. We argue that organizations must be considered when discussing the potential of exclusion through digitalization.
Poaching is driving many species toward extinction, and as a result, lowering poaching pressure is a conservation priority. This requires understanding where poaching pressure is high and which factors determine these spatial patterns. However, the cryptic and illegal nature of poaching makes this difficult.
Ranger patrol data, typically recorded in protected area logbooks, contain information on patrolling efforts and poaching detection and should thus provide opportunities for a better understanding of poaching pressure. However, these data are seldom analyzed and rarely used to inform adaptive management strategies.
We developed a novel approach to making use of analog logbook records to map poaching pressure and to test environmental criminology and predator-prey relationship hypotheses explaining poaching patterns. We showcase this approach for Golestan National Park in Iran, where poaching has substantially depleted ungulate populations. We digitized data from >4800 ranger patrols from 2014 to 2016 and used an occupancy modeling framework to relate poaching to (1) accessibility, (2) law enforcement, and (3) prey availability factors. Based on predicted poaching pressure and patrolling intensity, we provide suggestions for future patrol allocation strategies. Our results revealed a low probability (12%) of poacher detection during patrols. Poaching distribution was best explained by prey availability, indicating that poachers target areas with high concentrations of ungulates. Poaching pressure was estimated to be high (>0.49) in 39% of our study area. To alleviate poaching pressure, we recommend ramping up patrolling intensity in 12% of the national park, which could be achievable by reducing excess patrols in about 20% of the park.
However, our results suggest that for 27% of the park, it is necessary to improve patrolling quality to increase detection probability of poaching, for example, by closing temporal patrolling gaps or expanding informant networks. Our approach illustrates that analog ranger logbooks are an untapped resource for evidence-based and adaptive planning of protected area management. Using this wealth of data can open up new avenues to better understand poaching and its determinants, to expand effectiveness assessments to the past, and, more generally, to allow for strategic conservation planning in protected areas.
A comparative whole-genome approach identifies bacterial traits for marine microbial interactions
(2022)
Luca Zoccarato, Daniel Sher et al. leverage publicly available bacterial genomes from marine and other environments to examine traits underlying microbial interactions.
Their results provide a valuable resource to investigate clusters of functional and linked traits to better understand marine bacteria community assembly and dynamics.
Microbial interactions shape the structure and function of microbial communities with profound consequences for biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem health. Yet, most interaction mechanisms are studied only in model systems and their prevalence is unknown. To systematically explore the functional and interaction potential of sequenced marine bacteria, we developed a trait-based approach, and applied it to 473 complete genomes (248 genera), representing a substantial fraction of marine microbial communities.
We identified genome functional clusters (GFCs) which group bacterial taxa with common ecology and life history. Most GFCs revealed unique combinations of interaction traits, including the production of siderophores (10% of genomes), phytohormones (3-8%) and different B vitamins (57-70%). Specific GFCs, comprising Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria, displayed more interaction traits than expected by chance, and are thus predicted to preferentially interact synergistically and/or antagonistically with bacteria and phytoplankton. Linked trait clusters (LTCs) identify traits that may have evolved to act together (e.g., secretion systems, nitrogen metabolism regulation and B vitamin transporters), providing testable hypotheses for complex mechanisms of microbial interactions.
Our approach translates multidimensional genomic information into an atlas of marine bacteria and their putative functions, relevant for understanding the fundamental rules that govern community assembly and dynamics.
The time instant-the first-passage time (FPT)-when a diffusive particle (e.g., a ligand such as oxygen or a signalling protein) for the first time reaches an immobile target located on the surface of a bounded three-dimensional domain (e.g., a hemoglobin molecule or the cellular nucleus) is a decisive characteristic time-scale in diverse biophysical and biochemical processes, as well as in intermediate stages of various inter- and intra-cellular signal transduction pathways. Adam and Delbruck put forth the reduction-of-dimensionality concept, according to which a ligand first binds non-specifically to any point of the surface on which the target is placed and then diffuses along this surface until it locates the target. In this work, we analyse the efficiency of such a scenario and confront it with the efficiency of a direct search process, in which the target is approached directly from the bulk and not aided by surface diffusion. We consider two situations: (i) a single ligand is launched from a fixed or a random position and searches for the target, and (ii) the case of 'amplified' signals when N ligands start either from the same point or from random positions, and the search terminates when the fastest of them arrives to the target. For such settings, we go beyond the conventional analyses, which compare only the mean values of the corresponding FPTs. Instead, we calculate the full probability density function of FPTs for both scenarios and study its integral characteristic-the 'survival' probability of a target up to time t. On this basis, we examine how the efficiencies of both scenarios are controlled by a variety of parameters and single out realistic conditions in which the reduction-of-dimensionality scenario outperforms the direct search.
Archaea belonging to the phylum Bathyarchaeota are the predominant archaeal species in cold, anoxic marine sediments and additionally occur in a variety of habitats, both natural and man-made. Metagenomic and single-cell sequencing studies suggest that Bathyarchaeota may have a significant impact on the emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, either through direct production of methane or through the degradation of complex organic matter that can subsequently be converted into methane. This is especially relevant in permafrost regions where climate change leads to thawing of permafrost, making high amounts of stored carbon bioavailable. Here we present the analysis of nineteen draft genomes recovered from a sediment core metagenome of the Polar Fox Lagoon, a thermokarst lake located on the Bykovsky Peninsula in Siberia, Russia, which is connected to the brackish Tiksi Bay. We show that the Bathyarchaeota in this lake are predominantly peptide degraders, producing reduced ferredoxin from the fermentation of peptides, while degradation pathways for plant-derived polymers were found to be incomplete. Several genomes encoded the potential for acetogenesis through the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, but methanogenesis was determined to be unlikely due to the lack of genes encoding the key enzyme in methanogenesis, methyl-CoM reductase. Many genomes lacked a clear pathway for recycling reduced ferredoxin. Hydrogen metabolism was also hardly found: one type 4e [NiFe] hydrogenase was annotated in a single MAG and no [FeFe] hydrogenases were detected. Little evidence was found for syntrophy through formate or direct interspecies electron transfer, leaving a significant gap in our understanding of the metabolism of these organisms.
Predictors and prevalence of hazardous alcohol use in middle-late to late adulthood in Europe
(2022)
Objectives:
Even low to moderate levels of alcohol consumption can have detrimental health consequences, especially in older adults (OA). Although many studies report an increase in the proportion of drinkers among OA, there are regional variations. Therefore, we examined alcohol consumption and the prevalence of hazardous alcohol use (HAU) among men and women aged 50+ years in four European regions and investigated predictors of HAU.
Methods:
We analyzed data of N = 35,042 participants of the European SHARE study. We investigated differences in alcohol consumption (units last week) according to gender, age and EU-region using ANOVAs. Furthermore, logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of income, education, marital status, history of a low-quality parent-child relationship and smoking on HAU, also stratified for gender and EU-region. HAU was operationalized as binge drinking or risky drinking (<12.5 units of 10 ml alcohol/week).
Results:
Overall, past week alcohol consumption was 5.0 units (+/- 7.8), prevalence of HAU was 25.4% within our sample of European adults aged 50+ years. Male gender, younger age and living in Western Europe were linked to both higher alcohol consumption and higher risks of HAU. Income, education, smoking, a low-quality parent-child relationship, living in Northern and especially Eastern Europe were positively associated with HAU. Stratified analyses revealed differences by region and gender.
Conclusions:
HAU was highly prevalent within this European sample of OA. Alcohol consumption and determinants of HAU differed between EU-regions, hinting to a necessity of risk-stratified population-level strategies to prevent HAU and subsequent alcohol use disorders.
Over the last few decades, a network of misogynist blogs, websites, wikis, and forums has developed, where users share their bigoted, sexist, and toxic views of society in general and masculinity and femininity in particular. This chapter outlines conceptual framework of hegemonic and hybrid masculinity. It provides a brief overview of the historical development of the manosphere and its various configurations and present our analysis of the masculinities performed by the five groups of the manosphere. The concept of hegemonic masculinity was articulated by Connell and colleagues in the 1980s as “the pattern of practice that allowed men’s dominance over women to continue.” Prior to the advent of the manosphere, an online iteration of male supremacist mobilizations, both Men’s Rights Activists and Pick-up artists developed as offline movements in the 1970s. MRAs perceive their respective societies as inherently stacked against men. This chapter analyses the masculinities of the manosphere and how they “repudiat[e] and reif[y]” hegemonic masculinity and male supremacism.
Can compression garments reduce the deleterious effects of physical exercise on muscle strength?
(2022)
Background
The use of compression garments (CGs) during or after training and competition has gained popularity in the last few decades. However, the data concerning CGs' beneficial effects on muscle strength-related outcomes after physical exercise remain inconclusive.
Objective
The aim was to determine whether wearing CGs during or after physical exercise would facilitate the recovery of muscle strength-related outcomes.
Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted across five databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCOhost). Data from 19 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including 350 healthy participants were extracted and meta-analytically computed. Weighted between-study standardized mean differences (SMDs) with respect to their standard errors (SEs) were aggregated and corrected for sample size to compute overall SMDs. The type of physical exercise, the body area and timing of CG application, and the time interval between the end of the exercise and subsequent testing were assessed.
Results
CGs produced no strength-sparing effects (SMD [95% confidence interval]) at the following time points (t) after physical exercise: immediately <= t < 24 h: - 0.02 (- 0.22 to 0.19), p = 0.87; 24 <= t < 48 h: - 0.00 (- 0.22 to 0.21), p = 0.98; 48 <= t < 72 h: - 0.03 (- 0.43 to 0.37), p = 0.87; 72 <= t < 96 h: 0.14 (- 0.21 to 0.49), p = 0.43; 96 h <= t: 0.26 (- 0.33 to 0.85), p = 0.38. The body area where the CG was applied had no strength-sparing effects. CGs revealed weak strength-sparing effects after plyometric exercise.
Conclusion
Meta-analytical evidence suggests that wearing a CG during or after training does not seem to facilitate the recovery of muscle strength following physical exercise. Practitioners, athletes, coaches, and trainers should reconsider the use of CG as a tool to reduce the effects of physical exercise on muscle strength.
Background
The role of trunk muscle training (TMT) for physical fitness (e.g., muscle power) and sport-specific performance measures (e.g., swimming time) in athletic populations has been extensively examined over the last decades. However, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of TMT on measures of physical fitness and sport-specific performance in young and adult athletes is lacking.
Objective
To aggregate the effects of TMT on measures of physical fitness and sport-specific performance in young and adult athletes and identify potential subject-related moderator variables (e.g., age, sex, expertise level) and training-related programming parameters (e.g., frequency, study length, session duration, and number of training sessions) for TMT effects.
Data Sources
A systematic literature search was conducted with PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus, with no date restrictions, up to June 2021.
Study Eligibility Criteria
Only controlled trials with baseline and follow-up measures were included if they examined the effects of TMT on at least one measure of physical fitness (e.g., maximal muscle strength, change-of-direction speed (CODS)/agility, linear sprint speed) and sport-specific performance (e.g., throwing velocity, swimming time) in young or adult competitive athletes at a regional, national, or international level. The expertise level was classified as either elite (competing at national and/or international level) or regional (i.e., recreational and sub-elite).
Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods
The methodological quality of TMT studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. A random-effects model was used to calculate weighted standardized mean differences (SMDs) between intervention and active control groups. Additionally, univariate sub-group analyses were independently computed for subject-related moderator variables and training-related programming parameters.
Results
Overall, 31 studies with 693 participants aged 11-37 years were eligible for inclusion. The methodological quality of the included studies was 5 on the PEDro scale. In terms of physical fitness, there were significant, small-to-large effects of TMT on maximal muscle strength (SMD = 0.39), local muscular endurance (SMD = 1.29), lower limb muscle power (SMD = 0.30), linear sprint speed (SMD = 0.66), and CODS/agility (SMD = 0.70). Furthermore, a significant and moderate TMT effect was found for sport-specific performance (SMD = 0.64). Univariate sub-group analyses for subject-related moderator variables revealed significant effects of age on CODS/agility (p = 0.04), with significantly large effects for children (SMD = 1.53, p = 0.002). Further, there was a significant effect of number of training sessions on muscle power and linear sprint speed (p <= 0.03), with significant, small-to-large effects of TMT for > 18 sessions compared to <= 18 sessions (0.45 <= SMD <= 0.84, p <= 0.003). Additionally, session duration significantly modulated TMT effects on linear sprint speed, CODS/agility, and sport-specific performance (p <= 0.05). TMT with session durations <= 30 min resulted in significant, large effects on linear sprint speed and CODS/agility (1.66 <= SMD <= 2.42, p <= 0.002), whereas session durations > 30 min resulted in significant, large effects on sport-specific performance (SMD = 1.22, p = 0.008).
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that TMT is an effective means to improve selected measures of physical fitness and sport-specific performance in young and adult athletes. <br /> Independent sub-group analyses suggest that TMT has the potential to improve CODS/agility, but only in children. Additionally, more (> 18) and/or shorter duration (<= 30 min) TMT sessions appear to be more effective for improving lower limb muscle power, linear sprint speed, and CODS/agility in young or adult competitive athletes.
Gender at the crossroads
(2021)
Since the early 2000s, the United Nations (UN) global counterterrorism architecture has seen significant changes towards increased multilateralism, a focus on prevention, and inter-institutional coordination across the UN’s three pillars of work. Throughout this reform process, gender aspects have increasingly become presented as a “cross-cutting” theme. In this article, I investigate the role of gender in the UN’s counterterrorism reform process at the humanitarian-development-peace nexus, or “triple nexus”, from a feminist institutionalist perspective. I conduct a feminist discourse analysis of the counterterrorism discourses of three UN entities, which represent the different UN pillars of peace and security (DPO), development (UNDP), and humanitarianism and human rights (OHCHR). The article examines the role of gender in the inter-institutional reform process by focusing on the changes, overlaps and differences in the discursive production of gender in the entities’ counterterrorism agendas over time and in two recent UN counterterrorism conferences. I find that gendered dynamics of nested newness and institutional layering have played an essential role both as a justification for the involvement of individual entities in counterterrorism and as a vehicle for inter-institutional cooperation and struggle for discursive power.
How related are the ergodic properties of the over- and underdamped Langevin equations driven by fractional Gaussian noise? We here find that for massive particles performing fractional Brownian motion (FBM) inertial effects not only destroy the stylized fact of the equivalence of the ensemble-averaged mean-squared displacement (MSD) to the time-averaged MSD (TAMSD) of overdamped or massless FBM, but also dramatically alter the values of the ergodicity-breaking parameter (EB). Our theoretical results for the behavior of EB for underdamped or massive FBM for varying particle mass m, Hurst exponent H, and trace length T are in excellent agreement with the findings of stochastic computer simulations. The current results can be of interest for the experimental community employing various single-particle-tracking techniques and aiming at assessing the degree of nonergodicity for the recorded time series (studying, e.g., the behavior of EB versus lag time). To infer FBM as a realizable model of anomalous diffusion for a set single-particle-tracking data when massive particles are being tracked, the EBs from the data should be compared to EBs of massive (rather than massless) FBM.
In recent years, there have been a growing number of online and offline attacks linked to a loosely connected network of misogynist and antifeminist online communities called ‘the manosphere’. Since 2016, the ideas spread among and by groups of the manosphere have also become more closely aligned with those of other Far-Right online networks. In this commentary, I explore the role of what I term ‘evidence-based misogyny’ for mobilization and radicalization into the antifeminist and misogynist subcultures of the manosphere. Evidence-based misogyny is a discursive strategy, whereby members of the manosphere refer to (and misinterpret) knowledge in the form of statistics, studies, news items and pop-culture and mimic accepted methods of knowledge presentation to support their essentializing, polarizing views about gender relations in society. Evidence-based misogyny is a core aspect for manosphere-related mobilization as it provides a false sense of authority and forges a collective identity, which is framed as a supposed ‘alternative’ to mainstream gender knowledge. Due to its core function to justify and confirm the misogynist sentiments of users, evidence-based misogyny serves as connector between the manosphere and both mainstream conservative as well as other Far-Right and conspiratorial discourses.
Marine sedimentary archives are routinely used to reconstruct past environmental changes. In many cases, bioturbation and sedimentary mixing affect the proxy time-series and the age-depth relationship. While idealized models of bioturbation exist, they usually assume homogeneous mixing, thus that a single sample is representative for the sediment layer it is sampled from.
However, it is largely unknown to which extent this assumption holds for sediments used for paleoclimate reconstructions.
To shed light on
1) the age-depth relationship and its full uncertainty,
2) the magnitude of mixing processes affecting the downcore proxy variations, and
3) the representativity of the discrete sample for the sediment layer, we designed and performed a case study on South China Sea sediment material which was collected using a box corer and which covers the last glacial cycle.
Using the radiocarbon content of foraminiferal tests as a tracer of time, we characterize the spatial age-heterogeneity of sediments in a three-dimensional setup. In total, 118 radiocarbon measurements were performed on defined small- and large-volume bulk samples ( similar to 200 specimens each) to investigate the horizontal heterogeneity of the sediment. Additionally, replicated measurements on small numbers of specimens (10 x 5 specimens) were performed to assess the heterogeneity within a sample volume. Visual assessment of X-ray images and a quantitative assessment of the mixing strength show typical mixing from bioturbation corresponding to around 10 cm mixing depth.
Notably, our 3D radiocarbon distribution reveals that the horizontal heterogeneity (up to 1,250 years), contributing to the age uncertainty, is several times larger than the typically assumed radiocarbon based age-model error (single errors up to 250 years). Furthermore, the assumption of a perfectly bioturbated layer with no mixing underneath is not met.
Our analysis further demonstrates that the age-heterogeneity might be a function of sample size; smaller samples might contain single features from the incomplete mixing and are thus less representative than larger samples.
We provide suggestions for future studies, optimal sampling strategies for quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions and realistic uncertainty in age models, as well as discuss possible implications for the interpretation of paleoclimate records.
In this study, the kinetics of the adsorption of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F(4)TCNQ) on the surface of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in chloroform has been intensively investigated, as molecular doping is known to play a crucial role in organic electronic devices. Based on the results obtained from UV-visible (vis)-near-infrared (NIR) absorption spectroscopy, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, scanning nanobeam electron diffraction, and electron energy loss spectroscopy, a two-step interaction kinetics has been proposed for the Ag NPs and F(4)TCNQ molecules, which includes the first step of electron transfer from Ag NPs to F(4)TCNQ indicated by the ionization of F(4)TCNQ and the second step of the formation of a Ag-F(4)TCNQ complex. The whole process has been followed via UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, which reveals distinct kinetics at two stages: the instantaneous ionization and the long-term complex formation. The kinetics and the influence of the molar ratio of Ag NPs/F(4)TCNQ molecules on the interaction between Ag NPs and F(4)TCNQ molecules in an organic solution are reported herein for the first time. Furthermore, the control experiment with silica-coated Ag NPs manifests that the charge transfer at the surface between Ag NPs and F(4)TCNQ molecules is prohibited by a silica layer of 18 nm.
The within-site variability in site response is the randomness in site response at a given site from different earthquakes and is treated as aleatory variability in current seismic hazard/risk analyses.
In this study, we investigate the single-station variability in linear site response at K-NET and KiK-net stations in Japan using a large number of earthquake recordings.
We found that the standard deviation of the horizontal-to-vertical Fourier spectral ratio at individual sites, that is single-station horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) sigma sigma(HV,s), approximates the within-site variability in site response quantified using surface-to-borehole spectral ratios (for oscillator frequencies higher than the site fundamental frequency) or empirical ground-motion models.
Based on this finding, we then utilize the single-station HVSR sigma as a convenient tool to study the site-response variability at 697 KiK-net and 1169 K-NET sites.
Our results show that at certain frequencies, stiff, rough and shallow sites, as well as small and local events tend to have a higher sigma(HV,s).
However, when being averaged over different sites, the single-station HVSR sigma, that is sigma(HV), increases gradually with decreasing frequency. In the frequency range of 0.25-25 Hz, sigma(HV) is centred at 0.23-0.43 in ln scales (a linear scale factor of 1.26-1.54) with one standard deviation of less than 0.1. sigma(HV) is quite stable across different tectonic regions, and we present a constant, as well as earthquake magnitude- and distance-dependent sigma(HV) models.
The power of opposition
(2022)
Proposing a novel way to look at the consolidation of democratic regimes, this book presents important theoretical and empirical contributions to the study of democratic consolidation, legislative organization, and public opinion.
Theoretically, Simone Wegmann brings legislatures into focus as the main body representing both winners and losers of democratic elections. Empirically, Wegmann shows that the degree of policy-making power of opposition players varies considerably between countries. Using survey data from the CSES, the ESS, and the LAPOP and systematically analyzing more than 50 legislatures across the world and the specific rights they grant to opposition players during the policy-making process, Wegmann demonstrates that neglecting the curial role of the legislature in a democratic setting can only lead to an incomplete assessment of the importance of institutions for democratic consolidation.
The Power of Opposition will be of great interest to scholars of comparative politics, especially those working on questions related to legislative organization, democratic consolidation, and/or public opinion.
We employ Langevin-dynamics simulations to unveil non-Brownian and non-Gaussian center-of-mass self-diffusion of massive flexible dumbbell-shaped particles in crowded two-dimensional solutions. We study the intradumbbell dynamics of the relative motion of the two constituent elastically coupled disks. Our main focus is on effects of the crowding fraction phi and of the particle structure on the diffusion characteristics. We evaluate the time-averaged mean-squared displacement (TAMSD), the displacement probability-density function (PDF), and the displacement autocorrelation function (ACF) of the dimers. For the TAMSD at highly crowded conditions of dumbbells, e.g., we observe a transition from the short-time ballistic behavior, via an intermediate subdiffusive regime, to long-time Brownian-like spreading dynamics. The crowded system of dimers exhibits two distinct diffusion regimes distinguished by the scaling exponent of the TAMSD, the dependence of the diffusivity on phi, and the features of the displacement-ACF. We attribute these regimes to a crowding-induced transition from viscous to viscoelastic diffusion upon growing phi. We also analyze the relative motion in the dimers, finding that larger phi suppress their vibrations and yield strongly non-Gaussian PDFs of rotational displacements. For the diffusion coefficients D(phi) of translational and rotational motion of the dumbbells an exponential decay with phi for weak and a power-law variation D(phi) proportional to (phi - phi(star))(2.4) for strong crowding is found. A comparison of simulation results with theoretical predictions for D(phi) is discussed and some relevant experimental systems are overviewed.
Sven Siefken und Hilmar Rommetvedt (Hrsg.). 2021. Parliamentary committees in the policy process
(2023)
In this study we present a novel method for the automatic detection of minerals and elements using hyperspectral transmittance imaging microscopy measurements of complete thin sections (HyperTIM).
This is accomplished by using a hyperspectral camera system that operates in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) range with a specifically designed sample holder, scanning setup, and a microscope lens.
We utilize this method on a monazite ore thin section from Steenkampskraal (South Africa), which we analyzed for the rare earth element (REE)-bearing mineral monazite ((Ce,Nd,La)PO4), with high concentrations of Nd. The transmittance analyses with the hyperspectral VNIR camera can be used to identify REE minerals and Nd in thin sections.
We propose a three-point band depth index, the Nd feature depth index (NdFD), and its related product the Nd band depth index (NdBDI), which enables automatic mineral detection and classification for the Nd-bearing monazites in thin sections. In combination with the average concentration of the relative Nd content, it permits a destruction-free, total concentration calculation for Nd across the entire thin section.
We consider the spatiotemporal states of an ensemble of nonlocally coupled nonidentical phase oscillators, which correspond to different regimes of the long-term evolution of such a system. We have obtained homogeneous, twisted, and nonhomogeneous stationary solutions to the Ott-Antonsen equations corresponding to key variants of the realized collective rotational motion of elements of the medium in question with nonzero mesoscopic characteristics determining the degree of coherence of the dynamics of neighboring particles. We have described the procedures of the search for the class of nonhomogeneous solutions as stationary points of the auxiliary point map and of determining the stability based on analysis of the eigenvalue spectrum of the composite operator. Static and breather cluster regimes have been demonstrated and described, as well as the regimes with an irregular behavior of averaged complex fields including, in particular, the local order parameter.
Groundwater recharge (GWR) is one of the most challenging water fluxes to estimate, as it relies on observed data that are often limited in many developing countries.
This study developed an innovative water budget method using satellite products for estimating the spatially distributed GWR at monthly and annual scales in tropical wet sedimentary regions despite cloudy conditions.
The distinctive features proposed in this study include the capacity to address 1) evapotranspiration estimations in tropical wet regions frequently overlaid by substantial cloud cover; and 2) seasonal root-zone water storage estimations in sedimentary regions prone to monthly variations.
The method also utilises satellite-based information of the precipitation and surface runoff. The GWR was estimated and validated for the hydrologically contrasting years 2016 and 2017 over a tropical wet sedimentary region located in North-eastern Brazil, which has substantial potential for groundwater abstraction.
This study showed that applying a cloud-cleaning procedure based on monthly compositions of biophysical data enables the production of a reasonable proxy for evapotranspiration able to estimate groundwater by the water budget method.
The resulting GWR rates were 219 (2016) and 302 (2017) mm yr(-1), showing good correlations (CC = 0.68 to 0.83) and slight underestimations (PBIAS =-13 to-9%) when compared with the referenced estimates obtained by the water table fluctuation method for 23 monitoring wells. Sensitivity analysis shows that water storage changes account for +19% to-22% of our monthly evaluation.
The satellite-based approach consistently demonstrated that the consideration of cloud-cleaned evapotranspiration and root-zone soil water storage changes are essential for a proper estimation of spatially distributed GWR in tropical wet sedimentary regions because of their weather seasonality and cloudy conditions.
Don’t settle for less
(2021)
The Levenberg–Marquardt regularization for the backward heat equation with fractional derivative
(2022)
The backward heat problem with time-fractional derivative in Caputo's sense is studied. The inverse problem is severely ill-posed in the case when the fractional order is close to unity. A Levenberg-Marquardt method with a new a posteriori stopping rule is investigated. We show that optimal order can be obtained for the proposed method under a Hölder-type source condition. Numerical examples for one and two dimensions are provided.
Never again?
(2023)
The Holocaust was the most terrible atrocity of the 20th century. In many ways, it was also unprecedented in the history of atrocities: for its comprehensiveness and systematic nature; for the fanaticism with which its perpetrators scoured an entire continent in their pursuit of Jews; for the awful potency of the Nazis’ insinuation that the victims represented a pernicious and existential threat. Collectively, we have spent decades—and published millions of words—trying to understand what happened and why.
PC2P
(2021)
Motivation:
Prediction of protein complexes from protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks is an important problem in systems biology, as they control different cellular functions. The existing solutions employ algorithms for network community detection that identify dense subgraphs in PPI networks. However, gold standards in yeast and human indicate that protein complexes can also induce sparse subgraphs, introducing further challenges in protein complex prediction.
Results:
To address this issue, we formalize protein complexes as biclique spanned subgraphs, which include both sparse and dense subgraphs. We then cast the problem of protein complex prediction as a network partitioning into biclique spanned subgraphs with removal of minimum number of edges, called coherent partition. Since finding a coherent partition is a computationally intractable problem, we devise a parameter-free greedy approximation algorithm, termed Protein Complexes from Coherent Partition (PC2P), based on key properties of biclique spanned subgraphs. Through comparison with nine contenders, we demonstrate that PC2P: (i) successfully identifies modular structure in networks, as a prerequisite for protein complex prediction, (ii) outperforms the existing solutions with respect to a composite score of five performance measures on 75% and 100% of the analyzed PPI networks and gold standards in yeast and human, respectively, and (iii,iv) does not compromise GO semantic similarity and enrichment score of the predicted protein complexes. Therefore, our study demonstrates that clustering of networks in terms of biclique spanned subgraphs is a promising framework for detection of complexes in PPI networks.
Agricultural production worldwide has been increasing in the last decades at a very fast pace and with it the waste generation. Livestock activities are one of the largest producers of residues in the agricultural sector and contribute greatly to climate change. The present chapter gives an introduction and an in-depth analysis of the waste management of livestock for the conversion in a circular agriculture and economy based on research and experience in the sector conducted in the last decades. The conversion of animal waste into energy generation is an opportunity for farmers to obtain additional economic benefits, while contributing to the environment by preventing the release of GHGs into the atmosphere. The use of animal waste for energy generation through anaerobic digestion is a progressive technique and is being widely accepted in Europe, where Germany is the leading country in the use of biogas plants for energy production among others in the European Union. Economically speaking, the livestock industry faces the challenge of converting its production into a clean and more profitable production. The goal of this chapter is to analyze the economic benefit as well as the environmental contribution and future challenges of the use of livestock waste in the biorefineries sector from different perspectives, based on an intensive literature review. This review is accompanied by a geospatial analysis component, mapping biogas reactor hotspots and clusters in Germany, by means of methods of spatial statistics as analysis methods as kernel density estimations (KDE) and K-means clustering, based on volunteer geographic data. The applied methods easily can be transferred to other regions and allow a quick macroscopic overview over existing biogas reactors; furthermore, an identification of cluster and hotspots with a high biogas potential, that in a subsequent step can be analyzed in depth in larger scales.
In recent years, many efforts have been made to apply image processing techniques for plant leaf identification. However, categorizing leaf images at the cultivar/variety level, because of the very low inter-class variability, is still a challenging task. In this research, we propose an automatic discriminative method based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for classifying 12 different cultivars of common beans that belong to three various species. We show that employing advanced loss functions, such as Additive Angular Margin Loss and Large Margin Cosine Loss, instead of the standard softmax loss function for the classification can yield better discrimination between classes and thereby mitigate the problem of low inter-class variability. The method was evaluated by classifying species (level I), cultivars from the same species (level II), and cultivars from different species (level III), based on images from the leaf foreside and backside. The results indicate that the performance of the classification algorithm on the leaf backside image dataset is superior. The maximum mean classification accuracies of 95.86, 91.37 and 86.87% were obtained at the levels I, II and III, respectively. The proposed method outperforms the previous relevant works and provides a reliable approach for plant cultivars identification.
Carbonate minerals are common in both marine and lacustrine records, and are frequently used for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. The sedimentary sequence of the endorheic Dead Sea and its precursors contain aragonite laminae that provide a detailed sedimentary archive of climatic, hydrologic, limnologic and environmental conditions since the Pleistocene. However, the interpretation of these archives requires a detailed understanding of the constraints and mechanisms affecting CaCO3 precipitation, which are still debated. The implications of aragonite precipitation in the Dead Sea and in its late Pleistocene predecessor (Lake Lisan) were investigated in this study by mixing natural and synthetic brines with a synthetic bicarbonate solution that mimics flash-floods composition, with and without the addition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Aragonite precipitation was monitored, and precipitation rates and carbonate yields were calculated and are discussed with respect to modern aquatic environments. The experimental insights on aragonite precipitation are then integrated with microfacies analyses in order to reconstruct and constrain prevailing limnogeological processes and their hydroclimatic drivers under low (interglacial) and high (glacial) lake level stands. Aragonite precipitation took place within days to several weeks after the mixing of the brines with a synthetic bicarbonate solution. Incubation time was proportional to bicarbonate concentration, and precipitation rates were partially influenced by ionic strength. Additionally, extracellular polymeric substances inhibited aragonite precipitation for several months. As for the lake's water budget, our calculations suggest that the precipitation of a typical aragonite lamina (0.5 mm thick) during high lake stand requires unreasonable freshwater inflow from either surface or subsurface sources. This discrepancy can be resolved by considering one or a combination of the following scenarios; (1) discontinuous aragonite deposition over parts of the lake floor; (2) supply of additional carbonate flux (or fluxes) to the lake from aeolian dust and the remobilization and dissolution of dust deposits at the watershed; (3) carbonate production via oxidation of organic carbon by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Altogether, it is suggested that aragonite laminae thickness cannot be directly interpreted for quantitatively reconstructing the hydrological balance for the entire lake, they may still prove valuable for identifying inherent hydroclimatic periodicities at a single site.
In this introductory article to the special issue, we ask what role sexuality plays in the reproduction and contestation of border regimes and think sexuality towards its various entanglements with border control. As borders have been understood as a method for reproducing racialized distinctions, we argue that sexuality is also a method of bordering and illustrate how sexuality works as a key strategy for the capture, containment and regulation of mobility and movement. Taking a transnational approach, we bring together queer scholarship on borders and migration with the rich archive of feminist, Black, Indigenous and critical border perspectives to suggest that these strategies need to be understood in close relation to the (I) intersecting dynamics of colonial histories of racialization, (II) national regimes of reproductive control and (III) the containment of contagion, disease and sexual deviance.
Background
Fetuin-A is a hepatokine which has the capacity to prevent vascular calcification. Moreover, it is linked to the induction of metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance and associated with increased risk of diabetes.
It has not been clarified whether fetuin-A associates with risk of vascular, specifically microvascular, complications in patients with diabetes.
We aimed to investigate whether pre-diagnostic plasma fetuin-A is associated with risk of complications once diabetes develops.
Methods
Participants with incident type 2 diabetes and free of micro- and macrovascular disease from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam cohort (n = 587) were followed for microvascular and macrovascular complications (n = 203 and n = 60, respectively, median follow-up: 13 years).
Plasma fetuin-A was measured approximately 4 years prior to diabetes diagnosis. Prospective associations between baseline fetuin-A and risk of complications were assessed with Cox regression.
Results
In multivariable models, fetuin-A was linearly inversely associated with incident total and microvascular complications, hazard ratio (HR, 95% CI) per standard deviation (SD) increase: 0.86 (0.74; 0.99) for total, 0.84 (0.71; 0.98) for microvascular and 0.92 (0.68; 1.24) for macrovascular complications. After additional adjustment for cardiometabolic plasma biomarkers, including triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein, the associations were slightly attenuated: 0.88 (0.75; 1.02) for total, 0.85 (0.72; 1.01) for microvascular and 0.95 (0.67; 1.34) for macrovascular complications. No interaction by sex could be observed (p > 0.10 for all endpoints).
Conclusions
Our data show that lower plasma fetuin-A levels measured prior to the diagnosis of diabetes may be etiologically implicated in the development of diabetes-associated microvascular disease.
Gender at the crossroads
(2023)
Since the early 2000s, the United Nations (UN) global counterterrorism architecture has seen significant changes towards increased multilateralism, a focus on prevention, and inter-institutional coordination across the UN’s three pillars of work. Throughout this reform process, gender aspects have increasingly become presented as a “cross-cutting” theme. In this article, I investigate the role of gender in the UN’s counterterrorism reform process at the humanitarian-development-peace nexus, or “triple nexus”, from a feminist institutionalist perspective. I conduct a feminist discourse analysis of the counterterrorism discourses of three UN entities, which represent the different UN pillars of peace and security (DPO), development (UNDP), and humanitarianism and human rights (OHCHR). The article examines the role of gender in the inter-institutional reform process by focusing on the changes, overlaps and differences in the discursive production of gender in the entities’ counterterrorism agendas over time and in two recent UN counterterrorism conferences. I find that gendered dynamics of nested newness and institutional layering have played an essential role both as a justification for the involvement of individual entities in counterterrorism and as a vehicle for inter-institutional cooperation and struggle for discursive power.
Over the past decades, the growing proliferation of international institutions governing the global environment has impelled institutional interplay as a result of functional and normative overlap across multiple regimes.
This article synthesizes primary contributions made in research on institutional interplay over the past twenty years, with particular focus on publications with International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. Broadening our understanding about the different types, dimensions, pathways, and effects of institutional interplay, scholars have produced key insights into the ways and means by which international institutions cooperate, manage discord, engage in problem solving, and capture synergies across levels and scales.
As global environmental governance has become increasingly fragmented and complex, we recognize that recent studies have highlighted the growing interactions between transnationally operating institutions in the wake of polycentric governance and hybrid institutional complexes.
However, our findings reveal that there is insufficient empirical and conceptual research to fully understand the relationship, causes, and consequences of interplay between intergovernmental and transnational institutions. Reflecting on the challenges of addressing regulatory gaps and mitigating the crisis of multilateralism, we expound the present research frontier for further advancing research on institutional interplay and provide recommendations to support policy-making.
Introduction
(2023)
Several global governance initiatives launched in recent years have explicitly sought to integrate concern for gender equality and gendered harms into efforts to counter terrorism and violent extremism. As a result, commitments to gender-sensitivity and gender equality in international and regional counterterrorism and countering violent extremism (CT/CVE) initiatives, in national action plans, and at the level of civil society programming, have become a common aspect of the multilevel governance of terrorism and violent extremism. In light of these developments, aspects of our own research have turned in the past years to explore how concerns about gender are being incorporated in the governance of terrorism and violent extremism and how this development has affected (gendered) practices and power relations in CT policymaking and implementation. We were inspired by the growing literature on gender and CT/CVE, and critical scholarship on terrorism and political violence, to bring together a collection of new research addressing these questions.
This book brings together a variety of innovative perspectives on the inclusion of gender in the governance of (counter-)terrorism and violent extremism.
Several global governance initiatives launched in recent years have explicitly sought to integrate concern for gender equality and gendered harms into efforts to counter terrorism and violent extremism (CT/CVE). As a result, commitments to gender-sensitivity and gender equality in international and regional CT/CVE initiatives, in national action plans and at the level of civil society programming, ´have become a common aspect of the multilevel governance of terrorism and violent extremism. In light of these developments, there is a need for more systematic analysis of how concerns about gender are being incorporated in the governance of (counter-)terrorism and violent extremism and how it has affected (gendered) practices and power relations in counterterrorism policy-making and implementation.
Ranging from the processes of global and regional integration of gender into the governance of terrorism, via the impact of the shift on government responses to the return of foreign fighters, to state and civil society-led CVE programming and academic discussions, the essays engage with the origins and dynamics behind recent shifts which bring gender to the forefront of the governance of terrorism. This book will be of great value to researchers and scholars interested in gender, governance and terrorism.
The chapters in this book were originally published in Critical Studies on Terrorism.
The field of movement ecology has seen a rapid increase in high-resolution data in recent years, leading to the development of numerous statistical and numerical methods to analyse relocation trajectories. Data are often collected at the level of the individual and for long periods that may encompass a range of behaviours.
Here, we use the power spectral density (PSD) to characterise the random movement patterns of a black-winged kite (Elanus caeruleus) and a white stork (Ciconia ciconia). The tracks are first segmented and clustered into different behaviours (movement modes), and for each mode we measure the PSD and the ageing properties of the process.
For the foraging kite we find 1/f noise, previously reported in ecological systems mainly in the context of population dynamics, but not for movement data. We further suggest plausible models for each of the behavioural modes by comparing both the measured PSD exponents and the distribution of the single-trajectory PSD to known theoretical results and simulations.
Improving nitrogen (N) status in European water bodies is a pressing issue. N levels depend not only on current but also past N inputs to the landscape, that have accumulated through time in legacy stores (e.g., soil, groundwater).
Catchment-scale N models, that are commonly used to investigate in-stream N levels, rarely examine the magnitude and dynamics of legacy components.
This study aims to gain a better understanding of the long-term fate of the N inputs and its uncertainties, using a legacy-driven N model (ELEMeNT) in Germany's largest national river basin (Weser; 38,450 km(2)) over the period 1960-2015.
We estimate the nine model parameters based on a progressive constraining strategy, to assess the value of different observational data sets.
We demonstrate that beyond in-stream N loading, soil N content and in-stream N concentration allow to reduce the equifinality in model parameterizations.
We find that more than 50% of the N surplus denitrifies (1480-2210 kg ha(-1)) and the stream export amounts to around 18% (410-640 kg ha(-1)), leaving behind as much as around 230-780 kg ha(-1) of N in the (soil) source zone and 10-105 kg ha(-1) in the subsurface.
A sensitivity analysis reveals the importance of different factors affecting the residual uncertainties in simulated N legacies, namely hydrologic travel time, denitrification rates, a coefficient characterizing the protection of organic N in source zone and N surplus input.
Our study calls for proper consideration of uncertainties in N legacy characterization, and discusses possible avenues to further reduce the equifinality in water quality modeling.
The public health insurance in Germany will face huge economic challenges in the upcoming years. New diagnostic and therapeutic methods as well as the demographic change contribute to constantly rising expenditure. Although incentives for health-promoting behaviour or financial sanctions for an unhealthy lifestyle have been already discussed in the past, there has been a general reluctance to legally establish corresponding mechanisms for fear of eroding solidarity and increasing state control. In the course of the Coronavirus pandemic however, a stronger awareness rose to the fact that personal health-related life choices can have a huge impact on the stability of the healthcare system including public health insurance. Not only in Germany but throughout much of Europe, the pandemic led to a new and more fundamental debate about the relationship between individual responsibility for personal health and the wider responsibility for public health assumed by the community of solidarity.
Drainage-divide migration, controlled by rock-uplift and rainfall patterns, may play a major role in the geomorphic evolution of mountain ranges.
However, divide-migration rates over geologic timescales have only been estimated by theoretical studies and remain empirically poorly constrained.
Geomorphological evidence suggests that the Sierra de Aconquija, on the eastern side of the southern Central Andes, northwest Argentina, is undergoing active westward drainage-divide migration. The mountain range has been subjected to steep rock trajectories and pronounced orographic rainfall for the last several million years, presenting an ideal setting for using low-temperature thermochronometric data to explore its topographic evolution.
We perform three-dimensional thermal-kinematic modeling of previously published thermochronometric data spanning the windward and leeward sides of the range to explore the most likely structural and topographic evolution of the range.
We find that the data can be explained by scenarios involving drainage-divide migration alone, or by scenarios that also involve changes in the structures that have accommodated deformation through time.
By combining new Be-10-derived catchment-average denudation rates with geomorphic constraints on probable fault activity, we conclude that the evolution of the range was likely dominated by west-vergent faulting on a high-angle reverse fault underlying the range, together with westward drainage-divide migration at a rate of several km per million years.
Our findings place new constraints on the magnitudes and rates of drainage-divide migration in real landscapes, quantify the effects of orographic rainfall and erosion on the topographic evolution of a mountain range, and highlight the importance of considering drainage-divide migration when interpreting thermochronometer age patterns.
We conduct a laboratory experiment to study how locus of control operates through people’s preferences and beliefs to influence their decisions. Using the principal–agent setting of the delegation game, we test four key channels that conceptually link locus of control to decision-making: (i) preference for agency, (ii) optimism and (iii) confidence regarding the return to effort, and (iv) illusion of control. Knowing the return and cost of stated effort, principals either retain or delegate the right to make an investment decision that generates payoffs for themselves and their agents. Extending the game to the context in which the return to stated effort is unknown allows us to explicitly study the relationship between locus of control and beliefs about the return to effort. We find that internal locus of control is linked to the preference for agency, an effect that is driven by women. We find no evidence that locus of control influences optimism and confidence about the return to stated effort, or that it operates through an illusion of control.
Atwood (2022) analyzes the effects of the 1963 U.S. measles vaccination on longrun labor market outcomes, using a generalized difference-in-differences approach. We reproduce the results of this paper and perform a battery of robustness checks. Overall, we confirm that the measles vaccination had positive labor market effects. While the negative effect on the likelihood of living in poverty and the positive effect on the probability of being employed are very robust across the different specifications, the headline estimate-the effect on earnings-is more sensitive to the exclusion of certain regions and survey years.
This study examines the institutionalization of information technologies for policy formulation by investigating the case of eNAP. The digital tool was introduced in the spring of 2018 with the aim of supporting and improving sustainability impact assessments (SIAs) within the German Federal Government. Applying a neo-institutional perspective, this study shows how a tool like eNAP is embedded into prevailing regulative, normative, and cultural–cognitive structures. Findings from 10 semi-structured interviews indicate that the application of eNAP varies according to intra-ministerial coordination practices and portfolio-specific information-processing schemata. Overall, the tool serves to translate the abstract regulation to conduct an SIA, as well as to translate the vague norm of “sustainability” into a concrete assessment requirement, thereby helping increase policy officials’ awareness of sustainability goals. However, consistent with previous studies, great importance is not attached to SIAs in policy formulation, and prevailing norms and routines make the implementation of eNAP to increase the use of evidence or in-depth considerations of policy alternatives and their consequences unlikely.
Public sector organizations at all levels of government increasingly rely on Big Data Algorithmic Systems (BDAS) to support decision-making along the entire policy cycle. But while our knowledge on the use of big data continues to grow for government agencies implementing and delivering public services, empirical research on applications for anticipatory policy design is still in its infancy. Based on the concept of policy analytical capacity (PAC), this case study examines the application of BDAS for early crisis detection within the German Federal Government—that is, the German Federal Foreign Office (FFO) and the Federal Ministry of Defence (FMoD). It uses the nested model of PAC to reflect on systemic, organizational, and individual capacity-building from a neoinstitutional perspective and allow for the consideration of embedded institutional contexts. Results from semi-structured interviews indicate that governments seeking to exploit BDAS in policymaking depend on their institutional environment (e.g., through research and data governance infrastructure). However, specific capacity-building strategies may differ according to the departments' institutional framework, with the FMoD relying heavily on subordinate agencies and the FFO creating network-like structures with external researchers. Government capacity-building at the individual and organizational level is similarly affected by long-established institutional structures, roles, and practices within the organization and beyond, making it important to analyze these three levels simultaneously instead of separately.
Food preferences are crucial for diet-related decisions, which substantially impact individual health and global climate. However, the persistence of unfavorable food preferences is a significant obstacle to changing eating behavior.
Here we explored the effects of posthypnotic suggestions (PHS) on food-related decisions by measuring food choices, subjective ratings, and indifference points. In Session 1, demographic data and hypnotic susceptibility of participants were assessed. In Session 2, following hypnosis induction, PHS aiming to increase the desirability of healthy food was delivered.
Afterward, a task set was administrated twice, once when PHS was activated and once deactivated. The order of PHS activation was counterbalanced across participants. The task set included a liking-rating task for 170 pictures of different food items, followed by an online supermarket where participants were instructed to select enough food for a fictitious week of quarantining from the same item pool. After 1 week, Session 3 repeated Session 2 without hypnosis induction in order to assess the persistence of PHS.
The crucial dependent measures were food choices, subjective ratings, and the indifference points as a function of time and PHS condition.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common form of adrenal insufficiency in childhood; it requires cortisol replacement therapy with hydrocortisone (HC, synthetic cortisol) from birth and therapy monitoring for successful treatment. In children, the less invasive dried blood spot (DBS) sampling with whole blood including red blood cells (RBCs) provides an advantageous alternative to plasma sampling.
Potential differences in binding/association processes between plasma and DBS however need to be considered to correctly interpret DBS measurements for therapy monitoring. While capillary DBS samples would be used in clinical practice, venous cortisol DBS samples from children with adrenal insufficiency were analyzed due to data availability and to directly compare and thus understand potential differences between venous DBS and plasma. A previously published HC plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) model was extended by leveraging these DBS concentrations.
In addition to previously characterized binding of cortisol to albumin (linear process) and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG; saturable process), DBS data enabled the characterization of a linear cortisol association with RBCs, and thereby providing a quantitative link between DBS and plasma cortisol concentrations. The ratio between the observed cortisol plasma and DBS concentrations varies highly from 2 to 8. Deterministic simulations of the different cortisol binding/association fractions demonstrated that with higher blood cortisol concentrations, saturation of cortisol binding to CBG was observed, leading to an increase in all other cortisol binding fractions.
In conclusion, a mathematical PK model was developed which links DBS measurements to plasma exposure and thus allows for quantitative interpretation of measurements of DBS samples.
Lennard-Jones mixtures represent one of the popular systems for the study of glass-forming liquids.
Spatio/temporal heterogeneity and rare (activated) events are at the heart of the slow dynamics typical of these systems. Such slow dynamics is characterised by the development of a plateau in the mean-squared displacement (MSD) at intermediate times, accompanied by a non-Gaussianity in the displacement distribution identified by exponential tails.
As pointed out by some recent works, the non-Gaussianity persists at times beyond the MSD plateau, leading to a Brownian yet non-Gaussian regime and thus highlighting once again the relevance of rare events in such systems.
Single-particle motion of glass-forming liquids is usually interpreted as an alternation of rattling within the local cage and cage-escape motion and therefore can be described as a sequence of waiting times and jumps. In this work, by using a simple yet robust algorithm, we extract jumps and waiting times from single-particle trajectories obtained via molecular dynamics simulations.
We investigate the presence of correlations between waiting times and find negative correlations, which becomes more and more pronounced when lowering the temperature.
Sedimentary ancient DNA-based studies have been used to probe centuries of climate and environmental changes and how they affected cyanobacterial assemblages in temperate lakes. Due to cyanobacteria containing potential bloom-forming and toxin-producing taxa, their approximate reconstruction from sediments is crucial, especially in lakes lacking long-term monitoring data. To extend the resolution of sediment record interpretation, we used high-throughput sequencing, amplicon sequence variant (ASV) analysis, and quantitative PCR to compare pelagic cyanobacterial composition to that in sediment traps (collected monthly) and surface sediments in Lake Tiefer See. Cyanobacterial composition, species richness, and evenness was not significantly different among the pelagic depths, sediment traps and surface sediments (p > 0.05), indicating that the cyanobacteria in the sediments reflected the cyanobacterial assemblage in the water column. However, total cyanobacterial abundances (qPCR) decreased from the metalimnion down the water column. The aggregate-forming (Aphanizomenon) and colony-forming taxa (Snowella) showed pronounced sedimentation. In contrast, Planktothrix was only very poorly represented in sediment traps (meta- and hypolimnion) and surface sediments, despite its highest relative abundance at the thermocline (10 m water depth) during periods of lake stratification (May-October). We conclude that this skewed representation in taxonomic abundances reflects taphonomic processes, which should be considered in future DNA-based paleolimnological investigations.
Sulfated biomolecules are known to influence numerous biological processes in all living organisms. Particularly, they contribute to prevent and inhibit the hypercoagulation condition. The failure of polymeric implants and blood contacting devices is often related to hypercoagulation and microbial contamination. Here, bioactive sulfated biomacromolecules are mimicked by sulfation of poly(glycerol glycidyl ether) (polyGGE) films. Autoclaving, gamma-ray irradiation and ethylene oxide (EtO) gas sterilization techniques were applied to functionalized materials. The sulfate group density and hydrophilicity of sulfated polymers were decreased while chain mobility and thermal degradation were enhanced post autoclaving when compared to those after EtO sterilization. These results suggest that a quality control after sterilization is mandatory to ensure the amount and functionality of functionalized groups are retained.
A comprehensive study on seismic hazard and earthquake triggering is crucial for effective mitigation of earthquake risks. The destructive nature of earthquakes motivates researchers to work on forecasting despite the apparent randomness of the earthquake occurrences. Understanding their underlying mechanisms and patterns is vital, given their potential for widespread devastation and loss of life. This thesis combines methodologies, including Coulomb stress calculations and aftershock analysis, to shed light on earthquake complexities, ultimately enhancing seismic hazard assessment.
The Coulomb failure stress (CFS) criterion is widely used to predict the spatial distributions of aftershocks following large earthquakes. However, uncertainties associated with CFS calculations arise from non-unique slip inversions and unknown fault networks, particularly due to the choice of the assumed aftershocks (receiver) mechanisms. Recent studies have proposed alternative stress quantities and deep neural network approaches as superior to CFS with predefined receiver mechanisms. To challenge these propositions, I utilized 289 slip inversions from the SRCMOD database to calculate more realistic CFS values for a layered-half space and variable receiver mechanisms. The analysis also investigates the impact of magnitude cutoff, grid size variation, and aftershock duration on the ranking of stress metrics using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results reveal the performance of stress metrics significantly improves after accounting for receiver variability and for larger aftershocks and shorter time periods, without altering the relative ranking of the different stress metrics.
To corroborate Coulomb stress calculations with the findings of earthquake source studies in more detail, I studied the source properties of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and its aftershocks, aiming to unravel the seismotectonics of the NW Himalayan syntaxis. I simultaneously relocated the mainshock and its largest aftershocks using phase data, followed by a comprehensive analysis of Coulomb stress changes on the aftershock planes. By computing the Coulomb failure stress changes on the aftershock faults, I found that all large aftershocks lie in regions of positive stress change, indicating triggering by either co-seismic or post-seismic slip on the mainshock fault.
Finally, I investigated the relationship between mainshock-induced stress changes and associated seismicity parameters, in particular those of the frequency-magnitude (Gutenberg-Richter) distribution and the temporal aftershock decay (Omori-Utsu law). For that purpose, I used my global data set of 127 mainshock-aftershock sequences with the calculated Coulomb Stress (ΔCFS) and the alternative receiver-independent stress metrics in the vicinity of the mainshocks and analyzed the aftershocks properties depend on the stress values. Surprisingly, the results show a clear positive correlation between the Gutenberg-Richter b-value and induced stress, contrary to expectations from laboratory experiments. This observation highlights the significance of structural heterogeneity and strength variations in seismicity patterns. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that aftershock productivity increases nonlinearly with stress, while the Omori-Utsu parameters c and p systematically decrease with increasing stress changes. These partly unexpected findings have significant implications for future estimations of aftershock hazard.
The findings in this thesis provides valuable insights into earthquake triggering mechanisms by examining the relationship between stress changes and aftershock occurrence. The results contribute to improved understanding of earthquake behavior and can aid in the development of more accurate probabilistic-seismic hazard forecasts and risk reduction strategies.
We study the effect of energy and transport policies on pollution in two developing country cities. We use a quantitative equilibrium model with choice of housing, energy use, residential location, transport mode, and energy technology. Pollution comes from commuting and residential energy use. The model parameters are calibrated to replicate key variables for two developing country cities, Maputo, Mozambique, and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In the counterfactual simulations, we study how various transport and energy policies affect equilibrium pollution. Policies may be induce rebound effects from increasing residential energy use or switching to high emission modes or locations. In general, these rebound effects tend to be largest for subsidies to public transport or modern residential energy technology.
Megathrust earthquakes impose changes of differential stress and pore pressure in the lithosphere-asthenosphere system that are transiently relaxed during the postseismic period primarily due to afterslip, viscoelastic and poroelastic processes.
Especially during the early postseismic phase, however, the relative contribution of these processes to the observed surface deformation is unclear.
To investigate this, we use geodetic data collected in the first 48 days following the 2010 Maule earthquake and a poro-viscoelastic forward model combined with an afterslip inversion.
This model approach fits the geodetic data 14% better than a pure elastic model. Particularly near the region of maximum coseismic slip, the predicted surface poroelastic uplift pattern explains well the observations.
If poroelasticity is neglected, the spatial afterslip distribution is locally altered by up to +/- 40%.
Moreover, we find that shallow crustal aftershocks mostly occur in regions of increased postseismic pore-pressure changes, indicating that both processes might be mechanically coupled.
While the economic harm of cartels is caused by their price-increasing effect, sanctioning by courts rather targets at the underlying process of firms reaching a price-fixing agreement. This paper provides experimental evidence on the question whether such sanctioning meets the economic target, i.e., whether evidence of a collusive meeting of the firms and of the content of their communication reliably predicts subsequent prices. We find that already the mere mutual agreement to meet predicts a strong increase in prices. Conversely, express distancing from communication completely nullifies its otherwise price-increasing effect. Using machine learning, we show that communication only increases prices if it is very explicit about how the cartel plans to behave.
A mechanism known as Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) describes a phenomenon by which the values of environmental cues acquired through Pavlovian conditioning can motivate instrumental behavior. PIT may be one basic mechanism of action control that can characterize mental disorders on a dimensional level beyond current classification systems. Therefore, we review human PIT studies investigating subclinical and clinical mental syndromes. The literature prevails an inhomogeneous picture concerning PIT. While enhanced PIT effects seem to be present in non-substance-related disorders, overweight people, and most studies with AUD patients, no altered PIT effects were reported in tobacco use disorder and obesity. Regarding AUD and relapsing alcohol-dependent patients, there is mixed evidence of enhanced or no PIT effects.
Additionally, there is evidence for aberrant corticostriatal activation and genetic risk, e.g., in association with high-risk alcohol consumption and relapse after alcohol detoxification. In patients with anorexia nervosa, stronger PIT effects elicited by low caloric stimuli were associated with increased disease severity.
In patients with depression, enhanced aversive PIT effects and a loss of action-specificity associated with poorer treatment outcomes were reported. Schizophrenic patients showed disrupted specific but intact general PIT effects. Patients with chronic back pain showed reduced PIT effects.
We provide possible reasons to understand heterogeneity in PIT effects within and across mental disorders. Further, we strengthen the importance of reliable experimental tasks and provide test-retest data of a PIT task showing moderate to good reliability.
Finally, we point toward stress as a possible underlying factor that may explain stronger PIT effects in mental disorders, as there is some evidence that stress per se interacts with the impact of environmental cues on behavior by selectively increasing cue-triggered wanting.
To conclude, we discuss the results of the literature review in the light of Research Domain Criteria, suggesting future studies that comprehensively assess PIT across psychopathological dimensions.
On their way from inland to the ocean, flowing water bodies, their constituents and their biotic communities are ex-posed to complex transport and transformation processes. However, detailed process knowledge as revealed by La-grangian measurements adjusted to travel time is rare in large rivers, in particular at hydrological extremes. To fill this gap, we investigated autotrophic processes, heterotrophic carbon utilization, and micropollutant concentrations applying a Lagrangian sampling design in a 600 km section of the River Elbe (Germany) at historically low discharge. Under base flow conditions, we expect the maximum intensity of instream processes and of point source impacts. Phy-toplankton biomass and photosynthesis increased from upstream to downstream sites but maximum chlorophyll con-centration was lower than at mean discharge. Concentrations of dissolved macronutrients decreased to almost complete phosphate depletion and low nitrate values. The longitudinal increase of bacterial abundance and production was less pronounced than in wetter years and bacterial community composition changed downstream. Molecular analyses revealed a longitudinal increase of many DOM components due to microbial production, whereas saturated lipid-like DOM, unsaturated aromatics and polyphenols, and some CHOS surfactants declined. In decomposition exper-iments, DOM components with high O/C ratios and high masses decreased whereas those with low O/C ratios, low masses, and high nitrogen content increased at all sites. Radiocarbon age analyses showed that DOC was relatively old (890-1870 years B.P.), whereas the mineralized fraction was much younger suggesting predominant oxidation of algal lysis products and exudates particularly at downstream sites. Micropollutants determining toxicity for algae (terbuthylazine, terbutryn, isoproturon and lenacil), hexachlorocyclohexanes and DDTs showed higher concentrations from the middle towards the downstream part but calculated toxicity was not negatively correlated to phytoplankton. Overall, autotrophic and heterotrophic process rates and micropollutant concentrations increased from up-to down-stream reaches, but their magnitudes were not distinctly different to conditions at medium discharges.
This thesis presents a comprehensive exploration of the application of DNA origami nanofork antennas (DONAs) in the field of spectroscopy, with a particular focus on the structural analysis of Cytochrome C (CytC) at the single-molecule level. The research encapsulates the design, optimization, and application of DONAs in enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of Raman spectroscopy, thereby offering new insights into protein structures and interactions.
The initial phase of the study involved the meticulous optimization of DNA origami structures. This process was pivotal in developing nanoscale tools that could significantly enhance the capabilities of Raman spectroscopy. The optimized DNA origami nanoforks, in both dimer and aggregate forms, demonstrated an enhanced ability to detect and analyze molecular vibrations, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of protein dynamics.
A key aspect of this research was the comparative analysis between the dimer and aggregate forms of DONAs. This comparison revealed that while both configurations effectively identified oxidation and spin states of CytC, the aggregate form offered a broader range of detectable molecular states due to its prolonged signal emission and increased number of molecules. This extended duration of signal emission in the aggregates was attributed to the collective hotspot area, enhancing overall signal stability and sensitivity.
Furthermore, the study delved into the analysis of the Amide III band using the DONA system. Observations included a transient shift in the Amide III band's frequency, suggesting dynamic alterations in the secondary structure of CytC. These shifts, indicative of transitions between different protein structures, were crucial in understanding the protein’s functional mechanisms and interactions.
The research presented in this thesis not only contributes significantly to the field of spectroscopy but also illustrates the potential of interdisciplinary approaches in biosensing. The use of DNA origami-based systems in spectroscopy has opened new avenues for research, offering a detailed and comprehensive understanding of protein structures and interactions. The insights gained from this research are expected to have lasting implications in scientific fields ranging from drug development to the study of complex biochemical pathways. This thesis thus stands as a testament to the power of integrating nanotechnology, biochemistry, and spectroscopic techniques in addressing complex scientific questions.
This study on the Messianic Jewish movement and its relationship to the Torah explores the various aspects of the relationship to the Torah on the basis of 10 interviews with selected Yeshua-believing Jews in leadership positions. The selection of interviewees results in a range of different positions typical of the movement as a whole, which overlap in many respects but are often fundamentally different and sometimes contradictory. Particular attention is paid to the theologically based, divergent and contradictory positions in an attempt to make these understandable.
After a brief introduction to the Messianic Jewish movement, aspects of the Messianic Jewish dual identity are examined and their relevance for the relationship to the Torah is demonstrated. This is followed by an overview of the forums in which Yeshua-believing Jews discuss their relationship to the Torah. The extensive bibliography at the end of the work provides an insight into a lively discussion process within the movement that is still far from complete. A briefly annotated differentiation of terms serves as an overview of the most important meanings of Torah used in the Messianic Jewish movement. Following this preliminary work, the field study is presented. A description of the research field and methodological reflections precede the interviews. In the interviews, the associations with the term Torah are first recorded and the conceptual meaning and use clarified. This already reveals some serious differences. The theological positions and understandings of Torah are presented with the biographical context and main field of influence, and the most important formative influences are named. The points on which they all agree are noted first, as they serve as a common basis. All study the written Torah and consider it, as well as the rest of the Tanakh and the writings of the New Testament in their present form, to be divinely inspired and authoritative. All have found a positive approach to the Torah according to their own definition of the term. For all of them, the written Torah and the Tanakh point to Yeshua. All agree that Yeshua did not abrogate the Torah, but fulfilled it. And all feel a responsibility as a Jew to the Torah in some way. With regard to keeping commandments, all say that no one can earn their way to heaven by doing so. G-d's faithfulness to His promises to Israel is affirmed by all, but whether the new covenant in Yeshua superseded the old covenant of Mt. Sinai, or whether it is simply added to the already existing covenant of Sinai, whether ritual commandments are to continue to be kept after Yeshua's death and resurrection and the destruction of the Temple, whether the commandments aiming at separation from the nations should continue to be kept, whether and under what conditions rabbinic halacha should be followed and what individuals do and teach in their families and communities - all this is discussed interview by interview. It becomes clear how different ways of reading and weighting key scriptures produce different positions. Just as the diversity of positions in relation to the Torah already suggests, the interview partners are divided on the question of a Messianic Jewish Halacha. But here too, the term halacha is interpreted differently by the representatives. At the end of the field study, the attempts to produce Messianic Jewish Halacha and the problems and points of criticism expressed by other interviewees are explained. The work concludes with a theological framework able to contain all the different positions and relationships to the Torah and some starting points for a possible Messianic Jewish hermeneutic theology of the Torah.
Arctic and alpine aquatic ecosystems are changing rapidly under recent global warming, threatening water resources by diminishing trophic status and changing biotic composition. Macrophytes play a key role in the ecology of freshwaters and we need to improve our understanding of long-term macrophytes diversity and environmental change so far limited by the sporadic presence of macrofossils in sediments.
In our study, we applied metabarcoding using the trnL P6 loop marker to retrieve macrophyte richness and composition from 179 surface-sediment samples from arctic Siberian and alpine Chinese lakes and three representative lake cores.
The surface-sediment dataset suggests that macrophyte richness and composition are mostly affected by temperature and conductivity, with highest richness when mean July temperatures are higher than 12 degrees C and conductivity ranges between 40 and 400 mu S cm(-1). Compositional turnover during the Late Pleistocene/Holocene is minor in Siberian cores and characterized by a less rich, but stable emergent macrophyte community. Richness decreases during the Last Glacial Maximum and rises during wetter and warmer climate in the Late-glacial and Mid-Holocene.
In contrast, we detect a pronounced change from emergent to submerged taxa at 14 ka in the Tibetan alpine core, which can be explained by increasing temperature and conductivity due to glacial runoff and evaporation.
Our study provides evidence for the suitability of the trnL marker to recover modern and past macrophyte diversity and its applicability for the response of macrophyte diversity to lake-hydrochemical and climate variability predicting contrasting macrophyte changes in arctic and alpine lakes under intensified warming and human impact.
Land-use type temporarily affects active pond community structure but not gene expression patterns
(2022)
Changes in land use and agricultural intensification threaten biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of small water bodies. We studied 67 kettle holes (KH) in an agricultural landscape in northeastern Germany using landscape-scale metatranscriptomics to understand the responses of active bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic communities to land-use type. These KH are proxies of the millions of small standing water bodies of glacial origin spread across the northern hemisphere. Like other landscapes in Europe, the study area has been used for intensive agriculture since the 1950s. In contrast to a parallel environmental DNA study that suggests the homogenization of biodiversity across KH, conceivably resulting from long-lasting intensive agriculture, land-use type affected the structure of the active KH communities during spring crop fertilization, but not a month later. This effect was more pronounced for eukaryotes than for bacteria. In contrast, gene expression patterns did not differ between months or across land-use types, suggesting a high degree of functional redundancy across the KH communities. Variability in gene expression was best explained by active bacterial and eukaryotic community structures, suggesting that these changes in functioning are primarily driven by interactions between organisms. Our results indicate that influences of the surrounding landscape result in temporary changes in the activity of different community members. Thus, even in KH where biodiversity has been homogenized, communities continue to respond to land management. This potential needs to be considered when developing sustainable management options for restoration purposes and for successful mitigation of further biodiversity loss in agricultural landscapes.
A room full of ‘views’
(2023)
Quantitative research into the effectiveness of the UN human rights treaty bodies (UNTBs) in eliciting remedial responses from states is impeded by a lack of usable data on how states respond to their decisions. The new Treaty Body Views Dataset (TBVD) aims to fill this gap. It comprises details on all published decisions in individual complaints cases issued by the UNTBs between 1979 and 2019 and matches these with information on their state of compliance. The TBVD can be used for research on the activities of the treaty bodies, the nature of the decisions themselves, or state behavior following a decision. An empirical application illustrates how the TBVD can advance knowledge about the factors that correlate with compliance with adverse UNTB decisions. Results show that the likelihood of implementation hinges critically on decision-level characteristics, and reveal differences and similarities between compliance with UNTB decisions and regional human rights court judgments.
LegacyPollen 1.0
(2022)
Here we describe the LegacyPollen 1.0, a dataset of 2831 fossil pollen records with metadata, a harmonized taxonomy, and standardized chronologies.
A total of 1032 records originate from North America, 1075 from Europe, 488 from Asia, 150 from Latin America, 54 from Africa, and 32 from the Indo-Pacific.
The pollen data cover the late Quaternary (mostly the Holocene). The original 10 110 pollen taxa names (including variations in the notations) were harmonized to 1002 terrestrial taxa (including Cyperaceae), with woody taxa and major herbaceous taxa harmonized to genus level and other herbaceous taxa to family level.
The dataset is valuable for synthesis studies of, for example, taxa areal changes, vegetation dynamics, human impacts (e.g., deforestation), and climate change at global or continental scales.
The harmonized pollen and metadata as well as the harmonization table are available from PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.929773; Herzschuh et al., 2021). R code for the harmonization is provided at Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5910972; Herzschuh et al., 2022) so that datasets at a customized harmonization level can be easily established.
Manganese (Mn) as well as iron (Fe) are essential trace elements (TE) important for the maintenance of physiological functions including fetal development. However, in the case of Mn, evidence suggests that excess levels of intrauterine Mn are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although Mn is known to cross the placenta, the fundamentals of Mn transfer kinetics and mechanisms are largely unknown. Moreover, exposure to combinations of TEs should be considered in mechanistic transfer studies, in particular for TEs expected to share similar transfer pathways. Here, we performed a mechanistic in vitro study on the placental transfer of Mn across a BeWo b30 trophoblast layer. Our data revealed distinct differences in the placental transfer of Mn and Fe. While placental permeability to Fe showed a clear inverse dose-dependency, Mn transfer was largely independent of the applied doses. Concurrent exposure of Mn and Fe revealed transfer interactions of Fe and Mn, indicating that they share common transfer mechanisms. In general, mRNA and protein expression of discussed transporters like DMT1, TfR, or FPN were only marginally altered in BeWo cells despite the different exposure scenarios highlighting that Mn transfer across the trophoblast layer likely involves a combination of active and passive transport processes.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease affecting neuromuscular transmission and causing skeletal muscle weakness. Additionally, systemic inflammation, cognitive deficits and autonomic dysfunction have been described.
However, little is known about myasthenia gravis-related reorganization of the brain. In this study, we thus investigated the structural and functional brain changes in myasthenia gravis patients.
Eleven myasthenia gravis patients (age: 70.64 +/- 9.27; 11 males) were compared to age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls (age: 70.18 +/- 8.98; 11 males). Most of the patients (n = 10, 0.91%) received cholinesterase inhibitors.
Structural brain changes were determined by applying voxel-based morphometry using high-resolution T-1-weighted sequences. Functional brain changes were assessed with a neuropsychological test battery (including attention, memory and executive functions), a spatial orientation task and brain-derived neurotrophic factor blood levels.
Myasthenia gravis patients showed significant grey matter volume reductions in the cingulate gyrus, in the inferior parietal lobe and in the fusiform gyrus. Furthermore, myasthenia gravis patients showed significantly lower performance in executive functions, working memory (Spatial Span, P = 0.034, d = 1.466), verbal episodic memory (P = 0.003, d = 1.468) and somatosensory-related spatial orientation (Triangle Completion Test, P = 0.003, d = 1.200).
Additionally, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were significantly higher in myasthenia gravis patients (P = 0.001, d = 2.040). Our results indicate that myasthenia gravis is associated with structural and functional brain alterations. Especially the grey matter volume changes in the cingulate gyrus and the inferior parietal lobe could be associated with cognitive deficits in memory and executive functions.
Furthermore, deficits in somatosensory-related spatial orientation could be associated with the lower volumes in the inferior parietal lobe. Future research is needed to replicate these findings independently in a larger sample and to investigate the underlying mechanisms in more detail.
Klaus et al. compared myasthenia gravis patients to matched healthy control subjects and identified functional alterations in memory functions as well as structural alterations in the cingulate gyrus, in the inferior parietal lobe and in the fusiform gyrus.
Large-scale groundwater models are required to estimate groundwater availability and to inform water management strategies on the national scale.
However, parameterization of large-scale groundwater models covering areas of major river basins and more is challenging due to the lack of observational data and the mismatch between the scales of modeling and measurements.
In this work, we propose to bridge the scale gap and derive regional hydraulic parameters by spectral analysis of groundwater level fluctuations.
We hypothesize that specific locations in aquifers can reveal regional parameters of the hydraulic system.
We first generate ensembles of synthetic but realistic aquifers which systematically differ in complexity. Applying Liang and Zhang's (2013), , semi-analytical solution for the spectrum of hydraulic head time series, we identify for each ensemble member and at different locations representative aquifer parameters.
Next, we extend our study to investigate the use of spectral analysis in more complex numerical models and in real settings.
Our analyses indicate that the variance of inferred effective transmissivity and storativity values for stochastic aquifer ensembles is small for observation points which are far away from the Dirichlet boundary.
Moreover, the head time series has to cover a period which is roughly 10 times as long as the characteristic time of the aquifer. In deterministic aquifer models we infer equivalent, regionally valid parameters. A sensitivity analysis further reveals that as long as the aquifer length and the position of the groundwater measurement location is roughly known, the parameters can be robustly estimated.
Worldwide, companies are increasingly making claims about their current climate efforts and their future mitigation commitments. These claims tend to be underpinned by carbon credits issued in voluntary carbon markets to offset emissions. Corporate climate claims are largely unregulated which means that they are often (perceived to be) misleading and deceptive. As such, corporate climate claims risk undermining, rather than contributing to, global climate mitigation. This paper takes as its point of departure the proposition that a better understanding of corporate climate claims is needed to govern such claims in a manner that adequately addresses potential greenwashing risks. To that end, the paper reviews the nascent literature on corporate climate claims relying on the use of voluntary carbon credits. Drawing on the reviewed literature, three key dimensions of corporate climate claims as related to carbon credits are discussed: 1) the intended use of carbon credits: offsetting versus non-offsetting claims; 2) the framing and meaning of headline terms: net-zero versus carbon neutral claims; and 3) the status of the claim: future aspirational commitments versus stated achievements. The paper thereby offers a preliminary categorization of corporate climate claims and discusses risks associated with and governance implications for each of these categories.
The 2022 Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) and Paris Agreement (PA) are highly complementary agreements where each depends on the other’s success to be effective. The GBF offers a very specific framework of interim goals and targets that break down the objective of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) into a decade-spanning work plan. Comprised of 10 sections – including a 2050 vision and a 2030 mission, four overarching goals and 23 specific targets – the GBF is expected to guide biodiversity policy around the world in the coming years to decades. A similar set of global interim climate policy targets could translate the global temperature goal into concrete policy milestones that would provide policy makers and civil society with reference points for policy making and efforts to hold governments accountable. Beyond inspiring climate policy experts to convert temperature goals into policy milestones, GBF has the potential to strengthen the implementation of the PA at the nexus of biodiversity and climate (adaptation and mitigation) action. For example, the GBF can help to ensure that nature-based climate solutions are implemented with full consideration of biodiversity concerns, of the rights and interests of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, and with fair and transparent benefit sharing arrangements. In sum, the GBF should be mandatory reading for all climate policy makers.
From laggards to leaders
(2021)
The 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change embraces the participation of non-state actors in a separate governance track – the ‘Non-state actor zone for global action’ (nazca) – that runs alongside the formal track of unfccc negotiations and the implementation of the Paris Agreement by State Parties through ‘nationally determined contributions’. unfccc Secretariat is entrusted with orchestrating non-state global and transnational initiatives, partnerships and networks. The involvement of non-state actors in the implementation of the Paris Agreement helps to address an action gap by countries that are unable or unwilling to implement ambitious ndcs.
However, the increased prominence of initiatives driven by non-state actors also increases their direct and indirect influence on processes and rules which raises a number of questions with regards to the legitimacy of action and the democratic deficit of the global climate regime. Balancing legitimacy with effectiveness requires non-state initiatives to ensure transparent and inclusive governance, and accountability towards progress against their goals and pledges.
Despite its encouragement towards private initiatives, the Paris Agreement creates surprisingly little regulatory space for non-state actors to gain hold. Neither are there measures that would link ndcs to nazca initiatives, nor are functional requirements such as transparency or reporting extended to non-state initiatives. While the Paris Agreement marks an important step towards harnessing private sector ability and ambition for climate action, more remains to be done to create a truly enabling framework for private action to strive and complement public efforts to address climate change.
We argue for a perspective on bilingual heritage speakers as native speakers of both their languages and present results from a large-scale, cross-linguistic study that took such a perspective and approached bilinguals and monolinguals on equal grounds.
We targeted comparable language use in bilingual and monolingual speakers, crucially covering broader repertoires than just formal language. A main database was the open-access RUEG corpus, which covers comparable informal vs. formal and spoken vs. written productions by adolescent and adult bilinguals with heritage-Greek, -Russian, and -Turkish in Germany and the United States and with heritage-German in the United States, and matching data from monolinguals in Germany, the United States, Greece, Russia, and Turkey. Our main results lie in three areas.
(1) We found non-canonical patterns not only in bilingual, but also in monolingual speakers, including patterns that have so far been considered absent from native grammars, in domains of morphology, syntax, intonation, and pragmatics.
(2) We found a degree of lexical and morphosyntactic inter-speaker variability in monolinguals that was sometimes higher than that of bilinguals, further challenging the model of the streamlined native speaker.
(3) In majority language use, non-canonical patterns were dominant in spoken and/or informal registers, and this was true for monolinguals and bilinguals. In some cases, bilingual speakers were leading quantitatively. In heritage settings where the language was not part of formal schooling, we found tendencies of register leveling, presumably due to the fact that speakers had limited access to formal registers of the heritage language.
Our findings thus indicate possible quantitative differences and different register distributions rather than distinct grammatical patterns in bilingual and monolingual speakers. This supports the integration of heritage speakers into the native-speaker continuum. Approaching heritage speakers from this perspective helps us to better understand the empirical data and can shed light on language variation and change in native grammars.
Furthermore, our findings for monolinguals lead us to reconsider the state-of-the art on majority languages, given recurring evidence for non-canonical patterns that deviate from what has been assumed in the literature so far, and might have been attributed to bilingualism had we not included informal and spoken registers in monolinguals and bilinguals alike.
The present study proposes and tests pathways by which racial discrimination might be positively related to bullying victimization among Black and White adolescents. Data were derived from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health, a national survey that provides data on children's physical and mental health and their families. Data were collected from households with one or more children between June 2016 to February 2017.
A letter was sent to randomly selected households, who were invited to participate in the survey. The caregivers consisted of 66.9% females and 33.1% males for the White sample, whose mean age was 47.51 (SD = 7.26), and 76.8% females and 23.2% males for the Black sample, whose mean age was 47.61 (SD = 9.71).
In terms of the adolescents, 49.0% were females among the White sample, whose mean age was 14.73 (SD = 1.69). For Black adolescents, 47.9% were females and the mean age was 14.67(SD = 1.66).
Measures for the study included bullying perpetration, racial discrimination, academic disengagement, and socio-demographic variables of the parent and child.
Analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and structural path analyses.
For adolescents in both racial groups, racial discrimination appears to be positively associated with depression, which was positively associated with bullying perpetration. For White adolescents, racial discrimination was positively associated with academic disengagement, which was also positively associated with bullying perpetration. For Black adolescents, although racial discrimination was not significantly associated with academic disengagement, academic disengagement was positively associated with bullying perpetration.
The holocaust in the USSR
(2021)
This paper sketches the current status of international scholarship on the subject of the Holocaust in the USSR and its place in the wider military conflict of the Second World War. Research on this topic over the last 20 to 30 years has been truly international and the findings of this research cannot be sketched here without pointing to the contributions made by German, American, Russian, Israeli, British and Australian historians. Historians from these countries have made important contributions to our understanding of key questions relating to this subject. These questions address, among other things, pre-invasion orders issued to German units; the radicalisation of German policy, culminating in the root-and-branch extermination of Soviet Jewry; the network of ghettos set up on Soviet territory; the nature of the killing and the methods used to murder these victims; the total death toll of the Holocaust in the USSR; and the relationship between war and extermination, in which genocide can be regarded as an actual strategy of warfare pursued by the German Reich.
High annotation costs are a substantial bottleneck in applying deep learning architectures to clinically relevant use cases, substantiating the need for algorithms to learn from unlabeled data.
In this work, we propose employing self-supervised methods. To that end, we trained with three self-supervised algorithms on a large corpus of unlabeled dental images, which contained 38K bitewing radiographs (BWRs). We then applied the learned neural network representations on tooth-level dental caries classification, for which we utilized labels extracted from electronic health records (EHRs). Finally, a holdout test-set was established, which consisted of 343 BWRs and was annotated by three dental professionals and approved by a senior dentist.
This test-set was used to evaluate the fine-tuned caries classification models. Our experimental results demonstrate the obtained gains by pretraining models using self-supervised algorithms. These include improved caries classification performance (6 p.p. increase in sensitivity) and, most importantly, improved label-efficiency.
In other words, the resulting models can be fine-tuned using few labels (annotations).
Our results show that using as few as 18 annotations can produce >= 45% sensitivity, which is comparable to human-level diagnostic performance.
This study shows that self-supervision can provide gains in medical image analysis, particularly when obtaining labels is costly and expensive.
Boreal forests cover over half of the global permafrost area and protect underlying permafrost. Boreal forest development, therefore, has an impact on permafrost evolution, especially under a warming climate.
Forest disturbances and changing climate conditions cause vegetation shifts and potentially destabilize the carbon stored within the vegetation and permafrost. Disturbed permafrost-forest ecosystems can develop into a dry or swampy bush- or grasslands, shift toward broadleaf- or evergreen needleleaf-dominated forests, or recover to the pre-disturbance state.
An increase in the number and intensity of fires, as well as intensified logging activities, could lead to a partial or complete ecosystem and permafrost degradation. We study the impact of forest disturbances (logging, surface, and canopy fires) on the thermal and hydrological permafrost conditions and ecosystem resilience.
We use a dynamic multilayer canopy-permafrost model to simulate different scenarios at a study site in eastern Siberia. We implement expected mortality, defoliation, and ground surface changes and analyze the interplay between forest recovery and permafrost. We find that forest loss induces soil drying of up to 44%, leading to lower active layer thicknesses and abrupt or steady decline of a larch forest, depending on disturbance intensity.
Only after surface fires, the most common disturbances, inducing low mortality rates, forests can recover and overpass pre-disturbance leaf area index values. We find that the trajectory of larch forests after surface fires is dependent on the precipitation conditions in the years after the disturbance. Dryer years can drastically change the direction of the larch forest development within the studied period.
We demonstrate a recycling system for synthetic nicotinamide cofactor analogues using a soluble hydrogenase with turnover number of >1000 for reduction of the cofactor analogues by H-2.
Coupling this system to an ene reductase, we show quantitative conversion of N-ethylmaleimide to N-ethylsuccinimide.
The biocatalyst system retained >50% activity after 7 h.
Land-based climate mitigation measures have gained significant attention and importance in public and private sector climate policies. Building on previous studies, we refine and update the mitigation potentials for 20 land-based measures in >200 countries and five regions, comparing “bottom-up” sectoral estimates with integrated assessment models (IAMs). We also assess implementation feasibility at the country level. Cost-effective (available up to $100/tCO2eq) land-based mitigation is 8–13.8 GtCO2eq yr−1 between 2020 and 2050, with the bottom end of this range representing the IAM median and the upper end representing the sectoral estimate. The cost-effective sectoral estimate is about 40% of available technical potential and is in line with achieving a 1.5°C pathway in 2050. Compared to technical potentials, cost-effective estimates represent a more realistic and actionable target for policy. The cost-effective potential is approximately 50% from forests and other ecosystems, 35% from agriculture, and 15% from demand-side measures. The potential varies sixfold across the five regions assessed (0.75–4.8 GtCO2eq yr−1) and the top 15 countries account for about 60% of the global potential. Protection of forests and other ecosystems and demand-side measures present particularly high mitigation efficiency, high provision of co-benefits, and relatively lower costs. The feasibility assessment suggests that governance, economic investment, and socio-cultural conditions influence the likelihood that land-based mitigation potentials are realized. A substantial portion of potential (80%) is in developing countries and LDCs, where feasibility barriers are of greatest concern. Assisting countries to overcome barriers may result in significant quantities of near-term, low-cost mitigation while locally achieving important climate adaptation and development benefits. Opportunities among countries vary widely depending on types of land-based measures available, their potential co-benefits and risks, and their feasibility. Enhanced investments and country-specific plans that accommodate this complexity are urgently needed to realize the large global potential from improved land stewardship.
Honey traceability is an important topic, especially for honeydew honeys, due to the increased incidence of adulteration. This study aimed to establish specific markers to quantify proteins in honey. A proteomics strategy to identify marker peptides from bracatinga honeydew honey was therefore developed. The proteomics approach was based on initial untargeted identification of honey proteins and peptides by LC-ESI-Triple-TOF-MS/MS, which identified the major royal jelly proteins (MRJP) presence. Afterwards, the peptides were selected by the in silico digestion. The marker peptides were quantified by the developed targeted LC-QqQ-MS/MS method, which provided good linearity and specificity, besides recoveries between 92 and 100% to quantify peptides from bracatinga honeydew honey. The uniqueness and high response in mass spectrometry were backed by further complementary protein analysis (SDS-PAGE). The selected marker peptides EALPHVPIFDR (MRJP 1), ILGANVK (MRJP 2), TFVTIER (MRJP 3), QNIDVVAR (MRJP 4), FINNDYNFNEVNFR (MRJP 5) and LLQPYPDWSWTK (MRJP 7), quantified by LC-QqQ-MS/MS, highlighted that the content of QNIDVVAR from MRJP 4 could be used to differentiate bracatinga honeydew honey from floral honeys (p < 0.05) as a potential marker for its authentication. Finally, principal components analysis highlighted the QNIDVVAR content as a good descriptor of the analyzed bracatinga honeydew honey samples.
Measuring the variability of incoming neutrons locally would be usefull for the cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) method. As the measurement of high energy neutrons is not so easy, alternative particles can be considered for such purpose. Among them, muons are particles created from the same cascade of primary cosmic-ray fluxes that generate neutrons at the ground. In addition, they can be easily detected by small and relatively inexpensive detectors. For these reasons they could provide a suitable local alternative to incoming corrections based on remote neutron monitor data. The reported measurements demonstrated that muon detection system can detect incoming cosmic-ray variations locally. Furthermore the precision of this measurement technique is considered adequate for many CRNS applications.
A large landslide (frozen debris avalanche) occurred at Assapaat on the south coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula in Central West Greenland on June 13, 2021, at 04:04 local time. We present a compilation of available data from field observations, photos, remote sensing, and seismic monitoring to describe the event. Analysis of these data in combination with an analysis of pre- and post-failure digital elevation models results in the first description of this type of landslide. The frozen debris avalanche initiated as a 6.9 * 10(6) m(3) failure of permafrozen talus slope and underlying colluvium and till at 600-880 m elevation. It entrained a large volume of permafrozen colluvium along its 2.4 km path in two subsequent entrainment phases accumulating a total volume between 18.3 * 10(6) and 25.9 * 10(6) m(3). About 3.9 * 10(6) m(3) is estimated to have entered the Vaigat strait; however, no tsunami was reported, or is evident in the field. This is probably because the second stage of entrainment along with a flattening of slope angle reduced the mobility of the frozen debris avalanche. We hypothesise that the initial talus slope failure is dynamically conditioned by warming of the ice matrix that binds the permafrozen talus slope. When the slope ice temperature rises to a critical level, its shear resistance is reduced, resulting in an unstable talus slope prone to failure. Likewise, we attribute the large-scale entrainment to increasing slope temperature and take the frozen debris avalanche as a strong sign that the permafrost in this region is increasingly at a critical state. Global warming is enhanced in the Arctic and frequent landslide events in the past decade in Western Greenland let us hypothesise that continued warming will lead to an increase in the frequency and magnitude of these types of landslides. Essential data for critical arctic slopes such as precipitation, snowmelt, and ground and surface temperature are still missing to further test this hypothesis. It is thus strongly required that research funds are made available to better predict the change of landslide threat in the Arctic.
A novel idea for an optimal time delay state space reconstruction from uni- and multivariate time series is presented. The entire embedding process is considered as a game, in which each move corresponds to an embedding cycle and is subject to an evaluation through an objective function. This way the embedding procedure can be modeled as a tree, in which each leaf holds a specific value of the objective function. By using a Monte Carlo ansatz, the proposed algorithm populates the tree with many leafs by computing different possible embedding paths and the final embedding is chosen as that particular path, which ends at the leaf with the lowest achieved value of the objective function. The method aims to prevent getting stuck in a local minimum of the objective function and can be used in a modular way, enabling practitioners to choose a statistic for possible delays in each embedding cycle as well as a suitable objective function themselves. The proposed method guarantees the optimization of the chosen objective function over the parameter space of the delay embedding as long as the tree is sampled sufficiently. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over the classical time delay embedding methods using a variety of application examples. We compare recurrence plot-based statistics inferred from reconstructions of a Lorenz-96 system and highlight an improved forecast accuracy for map-like model data as well as for palaeoclimate isotope time series. Finally, we utilize state space reconstruction for the detection of causality and its strength between observables of a gas turbine type thermoacoustic combustor.
The politics of fear
(2022)
Deforestation is currently a widespread phenomenon and a growing environmental concern in the era of rapid climate change.
In temperate regions, it is challenging to quantify the impacts of deforestation on the catchment dynamics and downstream aquatic ecosystems such as reservoirs and disentangle these from direct climate change impacts, let alone project future changes to inform management.
Here, we tackled this issue by investigating a unique catchment-reservoir system with two reservoirs in distinct trophic states (meso- and eutrophic), both of which drain into the largest drinking water reservoir in Germany.
Due to the prolonged droughts in 2015-2018, the catchment of the mesotrophic reservoir lost an unprecedented area of forest (exponential increase since 2015 and ca. 17.1% loss in 2020 alone).
We coupled catchment nutrient exports (HYPE) and reservoir ecosystem dynamics (GOTM-WET) models using a process-based modeling approach. The coupled model was validated with datasets spanning periods of rapid deforestation, which makes our future projections highly robust.
Results show that in a short-term time scale (by 2035), increasing nutrient flux from the catchment due to vast deforestation (80% loss) can turn the mesotrophic reservoir into a eutrophic state as its counterpart.
Our results emphasize the more prominent impacts of deforestation than the direct impact of climate warming in impairment of water quality and ecological services to downstream aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, we propose to evaluate the impact of climate change on temperate reservoirs by incorporating a time scale-dependent context, highlighting the indirect impact of deforestation in the short-term scale. In the long-term scale (e.g. to 2100), a guiding hypothesis for future research may be that indirect effects (e.g., as mediated by catchment dynamics) are as important as the direct effects of climate warming on aquatic ecosystems.
Knowledge about causal structures is crucial for decision support in various domains. For example, in discrete manufacturing, identifying the root causes of failures and quality deviations that interrupt the highly automated production process requires causal structural knowledge. However, in practice, root cause analysis is usually built upon individual expert knowledge about associative relationships. But, "correlation does not imply causation", and misinterpreting associations often leads to incorrect conclusions. Recent developments in methods for causal discovery from observational data have opened the opportunity for a data-driven examination. Despite its potential for data-driven decision support, omnipresent challenges impede causal discovery in real-world scenarios. In this thesis, we make a threefold contribution to improving causal discovery in practice.
(1) The growing interest in causal discovery has led to a broad spectrum of methods with specific assumptions on the data and various implementations. Hence, application in practice requires careful consideration of existing methods, which becomes laborious when dealing with various parameters, assumptions, and implementations in different programming languages. Additionally, evaluation is challenging due to the lack of ground truth in practice and limited benchmark data that reflect real-world data characteristics.
To address these issues, we present a platform-independent modular pipeline for causal discovery and a ground truth framework for synthetic data generation that provides comprehensive evaluation opportunities, e.g., to examine the accuracy of causal discovery methods in case of inappropriate assumptions.
(2) Applying constraint-based methods for causal discovery requires selecting a conditional independence (CI) test, which is particularly challenging in mixed discrete-continuous data omnipresent in many real-world scenarios. In this context, inappropriate assumptions on the data or the commonly applied discretization of continuous variables reduce the accuracy of CI decisions, leading to incorrect causal structures.
Therefore, we contribute a non-parametric CI test leveraging k-nearest neighbors methods and prove its statistical validity and power in mixed discrete-continuous data, as well as the asymptotic consistency when used in constraint-based causal discovery. An extensive evaluation of synthetic and real-world data shows that the proposed CI test outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in the accuracy of CI testing and causal discovery, particularly in settings with low sample sizes.
(3) To show the applicability and opportunities of causal discovery in practice, we examine our contributions in real-world discrete manufacturing use cases. For example, we showcase how causal structural knowledge helps to understand unforeseen production downtimes or adds decision support in case of failures and quality deviations in automotive body shop assembly lines.
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have progressed rapidly in recent years through the development of novel organic photoactive materials, especially non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). Consequently, OSCs based on state-of-the-art NFAs have reached significant milestones, such as similar to 19% power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and small energy losses (less than 0.5 eV). Despite these significant advances, understanding of the interplay between molecular structure and optoelectronic properties lags significantly behind. For example, despite the theoretical framework for describing the energetic disorder being well developed for the case of inorganic semiconductors, the question of the applicability of classical semiconductor theories in analyzing organic semiconductors is still under debate. A general observation in the inorganic field is that inorganic photovoltaic materials possessing a polycrystalline microstructure exhibit suppressed disorder properties and better charge carrier transport compared to their amorphous analogs. Accordingly, this principle extends to the organic semiconductor field as many organic photovoltaic materials are synthesized to pursue polycrystalline-like features. Yet, there appears to be sporadic examples that exhibit an opposite trend. However, full studies decoupling energetic disorder from aggregation effects have largely been left out. Hence, the potential role of the energetic disorder in OSCs has received little attention. Interestingly, recently reported state-of-the-art NFA-based devices could achieve a small energetic disorder and high PCE at the same time; and interest in this investigation related to the disorder properties in OSCs was revived. In this contribution, progress in terms of the correlation between molecular design and energetic disorder is reviewed together with their effects on the optoelectronic mechanism and photovoltaic performance. Finally, the specific challenges and possible solutions in reducing the energetic disorder of OSCs from the viewpoint of materials and devices are proposed.
In organic solar cells, the resulting device efficiency depends strongly on the local morphology and intermolecular interactions of the blend film. Optical spectroscopy was used to identify the spectral signatures of interacting chromophores in blend films of the donor polymer PM6 with two state-of-the-art nonfullerene acceptors, Y6 and N4, which differ merely in the branching point of the side chain. From temperature-dependent absorption and luminescence spectroscopy in solution, it is inferred that both acceptor materials form two types of aggregates that differ in their interaction energy. Y6 forms an aggregate with a predominant J-type character in solution, while for N4 molecules the interaction is predominantly in a H-like manner in solution and freshly spin-cast film, yet the molecules reorient with respect to each other with time or thermal annealing to adopt a more J-type interaction. The different aggregation behavior of the acceptor materials is also reflected in the blend films and accounts for the different solar cell efficiencies reported with the two blends.