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Thirty six novel ionic liquids (ILs) with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium and 3-methyl-1-octylimidazolium cations paired with 2-substitited 4,5-dicyanoimidazolate anions (substituent at C2=chloro, bromo, methoxy, vinyl, amino, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl and phenyl) have been synthesized and characterized by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The effects of cation and anion type and structure on the thermal properties of the resulting ionic liquids, including several room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are examined and discussed. ILs exhibited large liquid and crystallization ranges and formed glasses on cooling with glass transition temperatures in the range of -22 to -68 degrees C. The effects of alkyl substituents of the imidazolate anion reflected the crystallization, melting points and thermal decomposition of the ILs. The Coulombic packing force, van der Waals forces and size of the anions can be considered for altering the thermal transitions. Three crystal structures of the ILs were determined and the effects of changes to the cations and anions on the packing of the structure were investigated.
Tetrahalidocuprates(II) show a high degree of structural flexibility. We present the results of crystallographic and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic analyses of four new tetrabromidocuprate(II) compounds and compare the results with previously reported data. The cations in the new compounds are the sterically demanding benzyltriphenylphosphonium, methyltriphenylphosphonium, tetraphenylphosphonium, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium ions; they were used to achieve a reasonable separation of the paramagnetic Cu(II) ions for EPR spectroscopy. X-Ray crystallography shows that in all four complexes the [CuBr4](2-) units have a distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry which is in agreement with DFT calculations. The EPR hyperfine structure was not resolved. This is due to the exchange broadening resulting from still incomplete separation of the paramagnetic Cu(II) centres. Nevertheless, the principal values of the electron Zeemann tensor (g(parallel to) and g(perpendicular to)) of the complexes could be determined. A correlation of structural (X-ray) parameters with the spin density at the copper centres (DFT) is well reflected in the EPR spectra of the bromidocuprates. This enables the correlation of X-ray and EPR parameters to predict the structure of tetrabromidocuprates in physical states other than the crystalline state. As a result, we provide a method to structurally characterize [CuBr4](2-) in, for example, ionic liquids or in solution, which has important implications for e.g. catalysis or materials science.
A protected derivative of (3R, 4R)-hexa-1,5-diene-3,4-diol, a conveniently accessible C-2-symmetric building block, undergoes single or double cross metathesis with methyl acryl-ate. The cross metathesis products are amenable to stereoselective conjugate addition reactions and can be converted into either gamma-butyrolactones or gamma-lactams.
The interaction of Cu(II) with three beta-diketone ligands of type R(1)C(O)CH(2)C(O)R(2) (where R(1) = 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl and R(2) = C(6)H(5), respectively), HL(1)-HL(3), along with the X-ray structures and the pK(a) values of each ligand, are reported. HL(1) yields a dimeric complex of type [Cu(L(1))(2)](2). In this structure, two deprotonated HL(1) ligands coordinate in a trans planar fashion around each Cu(II) center, one oxygen from each CuL(2) unit bridges to an axial site of the second complex unit such that both Cu(II) centers attain equivalent five-coordinate square pyramidal geometries. The two-substituted pyridyl groups in this complex do not coordinate, perhaps reflecting steric factors associated with the closeness of the pyridyl nitrogen to the attached (conjugated) beta-diketonato backbone of each ligand. The remaining two Cu(II) species, derived from HL(2) and HL(3), are both coordination polymers of type [Cu(L)(2)](n) in which the terminal pyridine group of each ligand is intermolecularly linked to an adjacent copper center to generate the respective infinite structures. HL(2) was also demonstrated to form a fibrous metallogel when reacted with CuCl(2) in an acetonitrile/water mixture under defined conditions.
The first total synthesis of the natural product (3S,7R)-5,6-dehydro-de-O-methyl centrolobine and various analogues is reported, using a highly regio- and diastereoselective Mizoroki-Heck reaction of phenol diazonium salts and enantiopure dihydropyrans. The assigned relative configuration was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis, but a revision of the absolute configuration is proposed based on polarimetric measurement.
Pd-Catalyzed [2+2+1] coupling of alkynes and arenes phenol diazonium salts as mechanistic trapdoors
(2011)
Alkynes and phenol diazonium salts undergo a Pd-catalyzed [2+2+1] cyclization reaction to spiro[4,5]decatetraene-7-ones. This structure was confirmed for one example by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis. The reaction is believed to proceed through oxidative addition of the phenol diazonium cation to Pd(0), subsequent insertion of two alkynes, followed by irreversible spirocyclization.
We report the synthesis of free 1,6,7,12-tetraazaperylene (tape). Tape was obtained from 1,1'-bis-2,7-naphthyridine by potassium promoted cyclization followed by oxidation with air. Mono-and dinuclear ruthenium(II) 1,6,7,12-tetraazaperylene complexes of the general formulas [Ru(L-L)(2)(tape)](PF6)(2), [1] (PF6)(2)-[5](PF6)(2), and [{Ru(L-L)(2)}(2)(mu-tape)](PF6)(4), [6](PF6)(4)-[10](PF6)(4), with{L-L = phen, bpy, dmbpy (4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine), dtbbpy (4,4'-ditertbutyl-2,2'-bipyridine) and tmbpy (4,4' 5,5'-tetramethyl-2,2'- bipyridine)}, respectively, were synthesized. The X-ray structures of tape center dot 2CHCl(3) and the mononuclear complexes [Ru(bpy)(2)(tape)](PF6)(2)center dot 0.5CH(3)CN center dot 0.5toluene, [Ru(dmbpy)(2)(tape)] (PF6)(2)center dot 2toluene and [Ru(dtbbpy)(2)(tape)](PF6)(2) center dot 3acetone center dot 0.5H(2)O were solved. The UV-vis absorption spectra and the electrochemical behavior of the ruthenium(II) tape complexes were explored and compared with the data of the analogous dibenzoeilatin (dbneil), 2,2'-bipyrimidine (bpym) and tetrapyrido [3,2-a:2',3'-c:3 '',2''-h:2''',3'''-j] phenazin (tpphz) species.
A series of new monocationic iridium(III) complexes [Ir((CN)-N-boolean AND)(2)((NN)-N-boolean AND)]PF6 with "large-surface" alpha,alpha'-diimin ligands (NN)-N-boolean AND (dap = 1,12-diazaperylene, dmedap = 2,11-dimethyl-1,12-diazaperylene, dipdap = 2,11-diisopropyl-1,12-diazaperylene) and different cyclometalating ligands (CN)-N-boolean AND (piq = 1-phenylisoquinoline, bzq = benzo[h]quinoline, ppz = 1-phenylpyrazole, thpy = 2-(2-thienyl)pyridine, ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, meppy = 2-(4-methylphenyl)pyridine, dfppy = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine) were synthesized. The solid structures of the complexes [Ir(piq)(2)(dap)]PF6, [Ir(bzq)(2)(dap)]PF6, [Ir(ppy)(2)(dipdap)]PF6, [Ir(piq)(2)(dmedap)]PF6, [Ir(ppy)(2)(dap)]PF6 and [Ir(ppz)(2)(dap)]PF6 are reported. In [Ir(piq)(2)(dap)]PF6, the dap ligand and one of the piq ligands of each cationic complex are involved in pi-pi stacking interactions forming supramolecular channels running along the crystallographic c axis. In the crystalline [Ir(bzq)(2)(dap)]PF6 pi-pi stacking interactions between the metal complexes lead to the formation of a 2D layer structure. In addition, CH-pi interactions were found in all compounds, which are what stabilizes the solid structure. In particular, a significant number of them were found in [Ir(piq)(2)(dap)]PF6 and [Ir(bzq)(2)(dap)]PF6. The crystal structures of [Ir(ppy)(2)(dipdap)]PF6 and [Ir(ppy)(2)(dmedap)]PF6 are also presented, being the first examples of bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with phenanthroline-type alpha,alpha'-diimin ligands bearing bulky alkyl groups in the neighbourhood of the N-donor atoms. These ligands implicate a distorted octahedral coordination geometry that in turn destabilized the Ir-N-N boolean AND N bonds. The new iridium (III) complexes are not luminescent. All compounds show an electrochemically irreversible anodic peak between 1.15 and 1.58 V, which is influenced by the different cyclometalated ligands. All of the new complexes show two reversible successive one-electron "large-surface" ligand-centred reductions around -0.70 V and -1.30 V. Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and collision induced decomposition (CID) measurements were used to investigate the stability of the new complexes. Thereby, the stability agreed well with the order of the Ir-N-N boolean AND N bond lengths.
The synthesis of 7-methoxy-8-(4-methyl-3-furyl)-2H-chromen-2-one, a natural product with antileishmanial activity recently isolated from the plant Galipea panamensis, is described. The key step is a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of a furan-3-boronic acid and an 8-halocoumarin, which is advantageously synthesized using a ring-closing metathesis reaction. Several non-natural analogues are also available along these lines.
There is a demand for new and robust PdII extractants due to growing recycling rates. Chelating dithioethers are promising substances for solvent extraction as they form stable square-planar complexes with PdII. We have modified unsaturated dithioethers, which are known to coordinate PdII, and adapted them to the requirements of industrial practice. The ligands are analogues of 1,2-dithioethene with varying electron-withdrawing backbones and polar end-groups. The crystal structures of several ligands and their palladium complexes were determined as well as their electro- and photochemical properties, complex stability and behaviour in solution. Solvent extraction experiments showed the superiority of some of our ligands over conventionally used extractants in terms of their very fast reaction rates. With highly selective 1,2-bis(2-methoxyethylthio)benzene (4) it is possible to extract PdII from a highly acidic medium in the presence of other base and palladium-group metals.
We report on a new series of isoreticular frameworks based on zinc and 2-substituted imidazolate-4-amide-5-imidate (IFP-14, IFP=imidazolate framework Potsdam) that form one-dimensional, microporous hexagonal channels. Varying R in the 2-substitued linker (R=Me (IFP-1), Cl (IFP-2), Br (IFP-3), Et (IFP-4)) allowed the channel diameter (4.01.7 angstrom), the polarisability and functionality of the channel walls to be tuned. Frameworks IFP-2, IFP-3 and IFP-4 are isostructural to previously reported IFP-1. The structures of IFP-2 and IFP-3 were solved by X-ray crystallographic analyses. The structure of IFP-4 was determined by a combination of PXRD and structure modelling and was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and 1H MAS and 13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy. All IFPs showed high thermal stability (345400?degrees C); IFP-1 and IFP-4 were stable in boiling water for 7 d. A detailed porosity analysis was performed on the basis of adsorption measurements by using various gases. The potential of the materials to undergo specific interactions with CO2 was investigated by measuring the isosteric heats of adsorption. The capacity to adsorb CH4 (at 298 K), CO2 (at 298 K) and H2 (at 77 K) at high pressure were also investigated. In situ IR spectroscopy showed that CO2 is physisorbed on IFP-14 under dry conditions and that both CO2 and H2O are physisorbed on IFP-1 under moist conditions.
Ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(L-N4Me2)(dape)](PF6)2 {[1](PF6)2}, [Ru(L-N4Me2)(tape)](PF6)2 {[2](PF6)2}, and [{Ru(L-N4Me2)}2(mu-tape)](PF6)4 {[3](PF6)4} were synthesized in two reaction steps by first reacting [Ru(DMSO)4Cl2] with tetraazamacrocyclic ligand N,N'-dimethyl-2,11-diaza[3.3](2,6)-pyridinophane (L-N4Me2) in ethanol under microwave irradiation to the intermediate [Ru(L-N4Me2)Cl2], which was subsequently, without further isolation, reacted with 1,12-diazaperylene (dape) or 1,6,7,12-tetraazaperylene (tape). X-ray structures of [Ru(L-N4Me2)(dape)](PF6)2, [Ru(L-N4Me2)(tape)](PF6)2.acetone, and [{Ru(L-N4Me2)}2(mu-tape)](ClO4)4.MeCN were determined. The UV/Vis absorption spectra of [1](PF6)2, [2](PF6)2, and [3](PF6)4 in acetonitrile display intense low-energy dp(Ru)?p* (dape or tape) MLCT absorption bands centered at 579, 637, and 794 nm, respectively. Reversible metal oxidations for the bimetallic complex [{Ru(L-N4Me2)}2(mu-tape)]4+ ([3]4+) are detected at 1.69 and 1.28 V vs. SCE. The potential difference ?E = 410 mV and the intervalence-charge-transfer (IVCT) transition at 2472 nm indicate a high degree of electronic interaction between the two ruthenium ions mediated through the tape bridging ligand. All three complexes, [1]2+, [2]2+, and [3]4+, were characterized by UV/Vis spectroelectrochemistry. The monooxidized and monoreduced states, [1]3+, [2]3+, [3]5+, and [1]+, [2]+, [3]3+, are accessible by reversible one-electron oxidation and one-electron reduction processes, respectively, as documented by the observation of several stable isosbestic points in the spectral progressions. The second reduction in each complex and the second oxidation in [3]4+ prove to be irreversible in these spectroelectrochemical experiments. Monoreduced species [1]+, [2]+, and [3]3+ yield EPR signals indicating that the unpaired electron is mainly centered on the large surface ligands dape or tape.
A rare example of in situ linker generation with the formation of soft porous Zn- and Co-MOFs (IFP-9 and -10, respectively) is reported. The flexible ethoxy groups of IFP-9 and -10 protrude into the 1D hexagonal channels. The gas-sorption behavior of both materials for H-2, CO2 and CH4 showed wide hysteretic isotherms, typical for MOFs having a flexible substituent which can give rise to a gate effect.
An asymmetric variant of the dehydro-Diels-Alder (DDA) reaction has been developed and applied in the atropselective synthesis of various (1,5)naphthalenophanes. Whereas the suitability of the photochemically induced DDA (PDDA) was limited, the thermally induced DDA provided the desired product, depending on the chiral auxiliary used and the length of the linker, with nearly perfect stereoselectivity. Furthermore, the mechanism of the DDA was investigated by means of DFT calculations, and a stepwise mechanism involving 1,4-biradicals was suggested.
The new N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors 4,5-dicyano-1, -dimesityl- (9) and 4, 5-dicyano-1, 3-dineopentyl-2-(pentafluorophenyl)imidazoline (14) were synthesized. 9 could be determined by X-ray crystallography. With the 2-pentafluorophenyl-substituted imidazolines 9 and 14, the [AgCl(NHC)], [RhCl(COD)(NHC)], and [RhCl(CO)(2)(NHC)] complexes [NHC = 4, 5-dicyano-1, 3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene (3) and 4, 5-dicyano-1, 3-dineopentylimidazol-2-ylidene (4)] were obtained. Crystal structures of [AgCl(3)] (15), [RhCl(COD)(3)] (17), [RhCl(COD)(4)] (18), and [RhCl(CO)(2)(3)] (19) were solved and with the crystal data of 19, the percent buried volume (%V-bur) of 31.8(+/- 0.1)% was determined for NHC 3. Infrared spectra of the imidazolines 9 and 14 and of the complexes 15-20 were recorded and the CO stretching frequencies of complexes 19 and 20 were used to determine the 3 ( (-1)) and 4 ( (-1)), thus proving that 1, 3-substitution of maleonitrile-NHCs does not have a significant effect for the high -acceptor strength of these carbenes.
We have synthesized a set of new unsaturated macrocyclic dithioethers with an increasing number of flexible methylene units 1-7 (Scheme 2) to investigate the correlation between the ring size of these ligands, the chelation effect and the consequences for an efficient PdCl2 coordination. The dithioethers 1-7 and the complex [PdCl2(4)]center dot CHCl3 were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal structures of 1-7 show that 2-7 are better preorganized chelating ligands for an exocyclic PdCl2 coordination than 1. The chelation effect of 1-7, the orientation of the sulfur atoms and the S center dot center dot center dot S donor distances, are influenced by the flexibility of the methylene units. In this series the unsaturated macrocyclic ligands 5 and 6 are the best chelating ligands for an efficient PdCl2 coordination. Comparative solvent extraction experiments with mn-12S(2)O(2) (mn = maleonitrile) reveal that the low interface activity of the new ligands reduces the extraction rate. However, a comparison with open-chain dithiomaleonitriles shows the impact of the macrocyclic effect of 4 and 5 on the extraction yield.
A Co(II)-imidazolate-4-amide-5-imidate based MOF, IFP-5, is synthesized by using an imidazolate anion-based novel ionic liquid as a linker precursor under solvothermal conditions. IFP-5 shows significant amounts of gas (N2, CO2, CH4 and H2) uptake capacities. IFP-5 exhibits an independent high spin Co(II) centre and antiferromagnetic coupling.
A rare example of in situ linker generation with the formation of soft porous Zn- and Co-MOFs (IFP-9 and -10, respectively) is reported. The flexible ethoxy groups of IFP-9 and -10 protrude into the 1D hexagonal channels. The gas- sorption behavior of both materials for H2, CO2 and CH4 showed wide hysteretic isotherms, typical for MOFs having a flexible substituent which can give rise to a gate effect.
The title compound, bis(5-methylthio-1,2-dithiole-3-thione)-disulfide, was yielded for the first time as by- product of the reaction of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions with 5-methylthio-1,2-dithiole-3-thione-4-thiolate. The compound can be obtained directly by oxidation of the ammonium salt of the ligand. C8H6S10 forms three polymorphs: (I), which crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121, (II) and (III), which crystallize in the monoclinic space groups P21/c and P21/n, respectively. The crystal and molecular structures are presented here. The determination of the absolute configuration of (I) indicated the P-helical enantiomer. In contrast to this, the crystals of (II) und (III) are racemic, containing P- and M-helical enantiomers. The polymorphs differ in the kind of skewing around the disulfide bond and of the positions of the both dithiole rings to the S-S-moiety
Acid-catalyzed reaction of trifluoromethanesulfonamide with paraformaldehyde in ethyl acetate led to the formation of oxymethylated products that did not form in the reaction carried out in sulfuric acid. Following products were obtained: 5-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-1,3-dioxazinane, 3,7-bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-1,5,3,7-dioxadiazocane, and a complex of trifluoromethanesulfonamide with 2,4,8,10-tetraoxospiro[5,5]undecene, 1:1. The spiroring resulted from the cyclization of pentaerythritol under the action of formaldehyde. The pentaerythritol formed in its turn by oxymethylation of the methyl group of ethyl acetate with paraformaldehyde followed by the reduction of the COOEt group into CH2 OH by the formaldehyde.
3,4-Dihydro-2-H-pyran and oxalyl chloride react, depending on the conditions, to keto esters, a pyran-3- carboxylic acid or derivatives thereof, or to an hitherto unknown bicyclic acetal containing a vinyl chloride moiety. The structure of the latter product has been unambiguously elucidated by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. A mechanism for its formation is proposed.
Narrow channels with polar walls are the structural and functional features responsible for the high capacity of a zinc-organic framework based on an imidazolate-amide-imidate ligand for the uptake of H2 and CO2 (see structure: orange Zn, blue N, red O, dark gray C, light gray H). The rigid and stable chelating ligand was synthesized in situ by partial hydrolysis of a dicyanoimidazole compound.
2,11-Dialkylated 1,12-diazaperylenes (alkyl = Me, Et, iPr) dmedap, detdap and dipdap have been synthesized by reductive cyclization of 3,3-dialkylated 1,1-biisoquinolines 3a-c, resulting in the first copper(I) complexes of a large- surface ligand. The new copper(I) complexes show low-energy MLCT absorptions unprecedented for bis(-diimin)copper(I) complexes. The solid structures of the complexes[Cu(dipdap)2]BF4·CH2Cl2·1.5H2O, [Cu(dipdap)2]OTf·CH2Cl2, [Cu(dipdap)2]I·C2H4Cl2·THF·2H2O, [Cu(dmedap)2]OTf and [Cu(dipdap)2]AQSO3·H2O (AQSO3 = sodium 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2- anthracenesulfonate) are reported. In [Cu(dipdap)2]BF4·CH2Cl2·1.5H2O, each copper(I) complex cation interacts with two others by - stacking interactions forming a novel supramolecular column structural motif running along the crystallographic c axis. In the crystalline compound [Cu(dipdap)2]AQSO3·H2O, aggregation between two complex cations and two additional anions by - stacking interactions is observed, leading to a tetrameric assembly. Furthermore, the three complex compounds [Cu(L)2]BF4 (L = dmedap, detdap, dipdap) were tested for sensory applications in aqueous buffer solutions in electrochemical studies of the complex immobilized on glassy carbon electrodes.
The synthesis and single crystal X-ray structures of eight AgI, HgII, and PtII complexes with the thiacrown ethers maleonitrile-tetrathia-12-crown-4 (mn12S4), maleonitrile-tetrathia-13-crown-4 (mn13S4), and maleonitrile- pentathia-15-crown-5 (mn15S5) (1) are reported. The ligand mn15S5 was synthesized for the first time and characterized by X-ray diffraction. With silver(I) perchlorate and silver(I) tetrafluoroborate it forms the chiral complexes [Ag(mn15S5)]ClO4·CH3NO2 (2) and [Ag(mn15S5)]BF4·CH3NO2·0.25H2O (3) with half-sandwich moieties. AgI is located in a distorted tetrahedral coordination environment, involving three sulfur atoms of the crown cycle and a fourth one of the adjacent half-sandwich moiety, forming a helical structure. The reaction of Hg(ClO4)2 with mn13S4 yielded the dinuclear complex [Hg2(mn13S4)3](ClO4)4 (4) containing two half-sandwich moieties with a third ligand molecule as a bridging unit. Mercury(II) chloride and mercury(II) iodide react with mn12S4 and mn13S4 to form complexes of the general composition [HgX2(L)] (X = Cl, I; L = mn12S4, mn13S4): [HgCl2(mn12S4)] (5), [HgI2(mn12S4)] (6), [HgCl2(mn13S4)] (7) or [HgX2(L)2] (X = I; L = mn13S4): [HgI2(mn13S4)2] (8). Only one or two sulfur atoms of the ligand are involved in the complexation, and chain or ribbon structures are formed. In these compounds the HgX2 units (X = Cl, I) are preserved, coordinated by sulfur atoms of bridging mn12S4 or mn13S4 ligands. In all complexes of this type, the metal atoms are not coordinated inside the cavity, but in an exocyclic mode, because the diameter of the macrocycle is too small. Additionally, the PtCl2 complex of mn12S4 was investigated, where PtII is coordinated in an exocyclic mode forming the complex [PtCl2(mn12S4)] (9). Two of the four sulfur atoms of the macrocycle are bonded to the metal giving together with both chlorine atoms a square-planar coordination geometry. Together with a long-range interaction with a further sulfur atom of the macrocycle a square-pyramidal coordination environment is formed.
A series of 9,10-diarylanthracenes with various substituents at the ortho positions have been synthesised by palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions. Such compounds exhibit interesting physical properties and can be applied as molecular switches. Despite the high steric demand of the substituents, products were formed in moderate-to-good yields. In some cases, microwave conditions further improved yields. Bis-coupling afforded two isomers (syn and anti) that do not interconvert at room temperature. These products were easily separated and their relative stereochemistries were unequivocally assigned by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis. The syn and anti isomers exhibit different physical properties (e.g., melting points and solubilities) and interconversion by rotation around the aryl-aryl axis commences at <100 °C for fluoro-substituted diarylanthracenes and at >300 °C for alkyl- or alkoxy-substituted diarylanthracenes. The reactions with singlet oxygen were studied separately and revealed different reactivities and reaction pathways. The yields and reactivities depend on the size and electronic nature of the substituents. The anti isomers form the same 9,10-endoperoxides as the syn species, occasionally accompanied by unexpected 1,4-endoperoxides as byproducts. Thermolysis of the endoperoxides exclusively yielded the syn isomers. The interesting rotation around the aryl-aryl axis allows the application of 9,10-diarylanthracenes as molecular switches, which are triggered by light and air under mild conditions. Finally, the oxygenation and thermolysis sequence provides a simple, synthetic access to a single stereoisomer (syn) from an unselective coupling step.
Reduction of 4-nitro-1-ethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole with aluminum in alkaline medium resulted in a syn-isomer of 1,2- bis(1-ethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)diazene 1-oxide. The latter according to the data of X-ray diffraction analysis existed in the crystal as the most stable s-cis,s-trans-conformer, and in solution, as showed NMR data, as a mixture of s-cis,s-trans- and s-trans,s-trans-conformers. The data of quantum-chemical calculations are in agreement with the results of the structural studies.
Ferrocenyl macrocyclic conjugates involving 22pi oxasmaragdyrins and 18pi oxacorroles have been synthesized and characterized. The direct covalent linkage of the ferrocenyl moiety to the meso position of the macrocycle is achieved by simple oxidative coupling of appropriate precursors with trifluoroacetic acid as catalyst. The electronic coupling between the ferrocenyl moiety and the macrocyclic pi system is apparent from: a) the red shifts (293-718 cm(-1)) of the Soret and Q-bands in the electronic absorption spectra of ferrocenyl conjugates; b) the shift of oxidation potentials (50 130 mV) of both the ferrocene and the corrole rings to the positive potentials; and c) considerable shortening of the C-C bond which connects the ferrocene and the meso-carbon atom of the macrocycle. The single-crystal X-ray structure of oxasmaragdyrin-ferrocene conjugate 9 reveals the planarity of the 22pi skeleton with very small deviations of the meso-carbon atoms. The meso-ferrocenyl substituent has a small dihedral angle of 38degrees, making way for mixing of the molecular orbitals of the ferrocene and the macrocycle. However, the other two meso substituents are almost perpendicular to the mean plane, defined by the three meso carbon atoms. Classical C-(HO)-O-... and nonclassical C- H(...)pi interactions lead to a two-dimensional supramolecular network. Ferrocene-smaragdyrin conjugate 9 bonds to a chloride ion in the protonated form and a rhodium(i) ion in the free base form. Nonlinear optical measurements reveal a larger nonlinear refractive index (-5.83 x 10(-8) cm(2) W-1) and figure of merit (2.28 x 10(-8) cm(3)W(-1)) for the rhodium smaragdyrin-ferrocene conjugate 19 than for the others, suggesting its possible application in optical devices
Heterobimetallic 3d-4-complexes with bis(1;2-dithiooxalato)nickelate(II) as planar bridging block
(2005)
Planar bis(1,2-dithiooxalato)nickelates(II) react in aqueous solutions of lanthanide ions to form pentanuclear, heterobimetallic complexes of the general composition [{Ln(H2O)(n)}(2)- {Ni(dto)(2)}(3)] (.) xH(2)O (Ln = Y3+, La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Tm3+, Yb3+, Lu3+; n = 4 or 5; x = 9-12). With [{Nd(H2O)(5)}(2){Ni(S2C2O2)(2)}(3)] (.) xH(2)O (x = 10-12) (1) and [{Er(H2O)(4)}(2){Ni(S2C2O2)(2)}(3)] (.) xH(2)O (x = 9- 10) (2) we were able to isolate two complexes of this series as single crystals, which were characterized by X-ray structure analysis. Depending on the individual ionic radii of the lanthanide ions, the compounds crystallize in two different crystal systems with the following unit cell parameters: 1, monoclinic in P2(1)/c with a = 11.3987(13), b = 11.4878(8), c = 20.823(2)angstrom , beta = 98.907(9)degrees and Z = 2; 2, triclinic in P (1) over bar with a = 10.5091(6), b = 11.0604(6), c = 11.2823(6) angstrom, alpha = 107.899(4)degrees, beta = 91.436(4)degrees, gamma = 112.918(4)degrees and Z = 1. The channels and cavities appearing in the packing of the molecules are occupied by uncoordinated water molecules. High magnetic moments up to 14.65 BM./f.u. have been observed at room temperature due to the combined moments of the individual lanthanide ions
The reaction of methyl acridin-9-ylthiosemicarbazide under basic conditions with methyl bromoacetate resulted in a 1,3-thiazolin-4-one structure as provided by X-ray crystallography. The structure forced a re-evaluation of the reactant methyl acridin-9-ylthiosemicarbazide, originally thought to be 2-methyl 4-acridin-9-ylthiosemicarbazide based on synthetic expectations, but which when examined by X-ray crystallography was found to be in fact the isomeric 2- methyl 1-acridin-9-ylthiosemicarbazide resulting from rearrangement via a spiro form which it is in equilibrium with in solution. The product resulting from reaction with methyl iodide was also studied and the previously reported semicarbazide produced by reaction with MNO was re-examined. In both cases, the 1,2 isomer rather than the 2,4 isomer was found to be present based on the sign of the 3JCH3,N11 coupling. Full characterization of the compounds was rendered by 1H, 13C, and 15N solution-state NMR, and in the solid state, by both 13C and 15N NMR.
The complexes [(HgCl2)(2)((ch)(2)30S(4)O(6))] (1), [HgCl,(mn21S(2)O(5))] (2), [HgCl2(ch18S(2)O(4))] (3) and [HgI(meb12S(2)O(2))](2)[Hg2I6] (4) have been synthesized, characterized and their crystal structures were determined. In [(HgCl2)(2)((ch)(2)3OS(4)O(6))] two HgCl2 units are discretely bonded within the ligand cavity of the 30-membered dichinoxaline-tetrathia-30-crown-10 ((ch)(2)30S(4)O(6)) forming a binuclear complex. HgCl2 forms I : I "in-cavity" complexes with the 21-membered maleonitrile-dithia-21-crown-7(mn21S(2)O(5)) ligand and the 18-membered chinoxaline- dithia-18-crown-6 (ch18S(2)O(4)) ligand, respectively. The 12-membered 4-methyl-benzo-dithia-12-crown-4 (meb12S(2)O(2)) ligand gave with two equivalents HgI2 the compound [HgI(meb12S(2)O(2))](2)[Hg2I6]. In the cation [HgI(meb12S(2)O(2))](+) meb12S(2)O(2) forms with the cation HgI+ a half-sandwich complex
Homoleptic Ni-II and Fe-II complexes of the "large-surface" phenanthroline-type ligand 1,12-diazaperylene (dap), [Ni(dap)(3)](BF4)(2) (1) and [Fe(dap)(3)](PF6)(2) (2), respectively, were synthesized. In the crystal structure the complex cation [M(dap)(3)](2+) (M = Ni, Fe) exhibits C-3 symmetry and interacts with three other cations by pi-pi stacking. It forms a new metalla-supramolecular assembly with a honeycomb structure containing nanochannels running parallel to the crystallographic c axis. Aggregation by pi-pi stacking between metal complexes of "large-surface" ligands should give new perspectives for inorganic supramolecular chemistry.
The new tetrathiacrown ethers maleonitrile-tetrathia-12-crown-4 (mn12S(4)) and maleonitrile-tetrathia-13-crown- 4 (mn13S(4)) have been prepared and characterised by X-ray crystallographic analysis. These crown ethers form 2:1, 3:2 and 1: 1 complexes with AgY (Y = BF4, PF6). The crystal structures of [Ag(mn12S(4))(2)]BF4 (3a), [Ag(mn13S(4))(2)]BF4 (4a) and [Ag-2(mn13S(4))(3)](PF6)(2) (6b) have been determined. Compound 3a contains the centrosymmetric sandwich complex cation [Ag(mn12S(4))(2)](+) where each mn12S(4) ligand is coordinated to the Ag centre in an endo manner through all four S atoms. The 2:1 complex [Ag(mn12S(4))(2)](+) is the first sandwich complex with a tetrathiacrown ether and the first complex with an octa(thioether) coordination sphere. The crystal structure of compound 4a also reveals a 2:1 complex. This complex, [Ag(mnl3S(4))(2)](+), exhibits a half-sandwich structure. One mn13S(4) ligand coordinates to Ag+ by all four S donor atoms and the other 13S(4) crown by only one S atom. Compound 6b contains a dinuclear Ag complex. The Ag complexes 3a,b-8a,b were also studied by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) was used to compare the relative stability of 2:1 complexes [AgL2]+ and 1:1 complexes [AgL](+) (L = mn12S(4), mn13S(4)). The C-13 NMR chemical shifts of 2:1 and 1:1 Ag complexes and their corresponding free ligands were also estimated and compared. The free energy of the barrier of ring inversion (Delta G(double dagger)) for [Ag(mn12S(4))(2)](+) was determined to be 64 kJmol(-1).
The title compounds, [(1R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-bis(acetyloxy)-7-oxo-2-oxabicyclo-
[4.2.0]octan-3-yl]methyl acetate, C14H18O8, (I), [(1S,4R,5S,6R)-5-acetyloxy-7-
hydroxyimino-2-oxobicyclo[4.2.0]octan-4-yl acetate, C11H15NO6, (II), and
[(3aR,5R,6R,7R,7aS)-6,7-bis(acetyloxy)-2-oxooctahydropyrano[3,2-b]pyrrol-5-
yl]methyl acetate, C14H19NO8, (III), are stable bicyclic carbohydrate derivatives.
They can easily be synthesized in a few steps from commercially available
glycals. As a result of the ring strain from the four-membered rings in (I) and
(II), the conformations of the carbohydrates deviate strongly from the ideal
chair form. Compound (II) occurs in the boat form. In the five-membered
lactam (III), on the other hand, the carbohydrate adopts an almost ideal chair
conformation. As a result of the distortion of the sugar rings, the configurations
of the three bicyclic carbohydrate derivatives could not be determined from
their NMR coupling constants. From our three crystal structure determinations,
we were able to establish for the first time the absolute configurations of all new
stereocenters of the carbohydrate rings.
The title compounds, [(1R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-bis(acetyloxy)-7-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[4.2.0]octan-3-yl]methyl acetate, C14H18O8, (I), [(1S,4R,5S,6R)-5-acetyloxy-7-hydroxyimino-2-oxobicyclo[4.2.0]octan-4-yl acetate, C11H15NO6, (II), and [(3aR,5R,6R,7R,7aS)-6,7-bis(acetyloxy)-2-oxooctahydropyrano[3,2-b]pyrrol-5-yl]methyl acetate, C14H19NO8, (III), are stable bicyclic carbohydrate derivatives. They can easily be synthesized in a few steps from commercially available glycals. As a result of the ring strain from the four-membered rings in (I) and (II), the conformations of the carbohydrates deviate strongly from the ideal chair form. Compound (II) occurs in the boat form. In the five-membered lactam (III), on the other hand, the carbohydrate adopts an almost ideal chair conformation. As a result of the distortion of the sugar rings, the configurations of the three bicyclic carbohydrate derivatives could not be determined from their NMR coupling constants. From our three crystal structure determinations, we were able to establish for the first time the absolute configurations of all new stereocenters of the carbohydrate rings.
We present and discuss the results of crystallographic and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic analyses of five tetrachloridocuprate(II) complexes to supply a useful tool for the structural characterisation of the [CuCl4]2− moiety in the liquid state, for example in ionic liquids, or in solution. Bis(benzyltriethylammonium)-, bis(trimethylphenylammonium)-, bis(ethyltriphenylphosphonium)-, bis(benzyltriphenylphosphonium)-, and bis(tetraphenylarsonium)tetrachloridocuprate(II) were synthesised and characterised by elemental, IR, EPR and X-ray analyses. The results of the crystallographic analyses show distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry of all [CuCl4]2− anions in the five complexes and prove that all investigated complexes are stabilised by hydrogen bonds of different intensities. Despite the use of sterically demanding ammonium, phosphonium and arsonium cations to obtain the separation of the paramagnetic Cu(II) centres for EPR spectroscopy no hyperfine structure was observed in the EPR spectra but the principal values of the electron Zeeman tensor, g∥ and g⊥, could be determined. With these EPR data and the crystallographic parameters we were able to carry out a correlation study to anticipate the structural situation of tetrachloridocuprates in different physical states. This correlation is in good agreement with DFT calculations.
A Co(II)–imidazolate-4-amide-5-imidate based MOF, IFP-5, is synthesized by using an imidazolate anion-based novel ionic liquid as a linker precursor under solvothermal conditions. IFP-5 shows significant amounts of gas (N2, CO2, CH4 and H2) uptake capacities. IFP-5 exhibits an independent high spin Co(II) centre and antiferromagnetic coupling.
A rare example of in situ linker generation with the formation of soft porous Zn- and Co-MOFs (IFP-9 and -10, respectively) is reported. The flexible ethoxy groups of IFP-9 and -10 protrude into the 1D hexagonal channels. The gas-sorption behavior of both materials for H2, CO2 and CH4 showed wide hysteretic isotherms, typical for MOFs having a flexible substituent which can give rise to a gate effect.
Metal-containing ionic liquids (ILs) are of interest for a variety of technical applications, e.g., particle synthesis and materials with magnetic or thermochromic properties. In this paper we report the synthesis of, and two structures for, some new tetrabromidocuprates(II) with several “onium” cations in comparison to the results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic analyses. The sterically demanding cations were used to separate the paramagnetic Cu(II) ions for EPR measurements. The EPR hyperfine structure in the spectra of these new compounds is not resolved, due to the line broadening resulting from magnetic exchange between the still-incomplete separated paramagnetic Cu(II) centres. For the majority of compounds, the principal g values (g|| and gK) of the tensors could be determined and information on the structural changes in the [CuBr4]2- anions can be obtained. The complexes have high potential, e.g., as ionic liquids, as precursors for the synthesis of copper bromide particles, as catalytically active or paramagnetic ionic liquids.