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This is a brief survey of a constructive technique of analytic continuation related to an explicit integral formula of Golusin and Krylov (1933). It goes far beyond complex analysis and applies to the Cauchy problem for elliptic partial differential equations as well. As started in the classical papers, the technique is elaborated in generalised Hardy spaces also called Hardy-Smirnov spaces.
Fazit und Folgerungen
(2017)
Cybermobbing
(2017)
Einführung in den Band
(2017)
Wie reagieren Lehrkräfte bei Gewalt und Mobbing? Welche Rolle spielen dabei Wissen, Überzeugungen oder Empathie? Und: Wie hat sich das Ausmaß von Gewalt und Mobbing an deutschen Schulen in den letzten Jahren entwickelt? Auf diese Fragen hat die Forschung bisher kaum Antworten. Der Band stellt die Ergebnisse des von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) geförderten Projektes 'Lehrerhandeln bei Gewalt und Mobbing' vor, das diese Fragen an einer groß angelegten Studie mit über 2000 Schülerinnen und Schülern und 550 Lehrkräften untersucht hat. Sowohl aus Lehrer- als auch aus Schülerperspektive wird erstmals analysiert, wie häufig Lehrerinnen und Lehrer bei Gewaltvorfällen eingreifen und was genau sie mit welchem Ziel und mit welchem Erfolg tun. Die Forschungsergebnisse decken neben Entwicklungstrends insbesondere auf, welche Interventionsstrategien hilfreich sind und was kompetente Lehrerinnen und Lehrer auszeichnet. Folgerungen für die Lehrerbildung und die Schulentwicklung werden gezogen. Der Band richtet sich an einen breiten Adressatenkreis aus den Bereichen Wissenschaft, Lehrerbildung und Schulpraxis.
Ce volume se consacre tout particulièrement à une série de romancières de la génération nées dans les années 1760 et 1770, dont certaines, longtemps oubliées, se retrouvent aujourd’hui au centre de l’intérêt de la recherche. Selon le système d’une écriture du mouvement, on peut distinguer plusieurs types de déplacements, d’échanges, de transports intérieurs. Si les déplacements prennent, pour certaines, la forme de trajets diplomatiques et de voyages à vocation touristique, ils sont pour beaucoup des voyages contraints, provoqués par les violences de l’Histoire qu’il faut fuir en terre d’exil. L’expérience traumatisante de l’émigration et du déracinement qu’elle implique travaille en profondeur les romans du tournant du siècle. Le mouvement dans un deuxième sens nous conduit à mettre au jour l’intense et diverse circulation des idées et des oeuvres à travers.
Trunk loading and back pain
(2017)
An essential function of the trunk is the compensation of external forces and loads in order to guarantee stability. Stabilising the trunk during sudden, repetitive loading in everyday tasks, as well as during performance is important in order to protect against injury. Hence, reduced trunk stability is accepted as a risk factor for the development of back pain (BP). An altered activity pattern including extended response and activation times as well as increased co-contraction of the trunk muscles as well as a reduced range of motion and increased movement variability of the trunk are evident in back pain patients (BPP). These differences to healthy controls (H) have been evaluated primarily in quasi-static test situations involving isolated loading directly to the trunk. Nevertheless, transferability to everyday, dynamic situations is under debate. Therefore, the aim of this project is to analyse 3-dimensional motion and neuromuscular reflex activity of the trunk as response to dynamic trunk loading in healthy (H) and back pain patients (BPP).
A measurement tool was developed to assess trunk stability, consisting of dynamic test situations. During these tests, loading of the trunk is generated by the upper and lower limbs with and without additional perturbation. Therefore, lifting of objects and stumbling while walking are adequate represents. With the help of a 12-lead EMG, neuromuscular activity of the muscles encompassing the trunk was assessed. In addition, three-dimensional trunk motion was analysed using a newly developed multi-segmental trunk model. The set-up was checked for reproducibility as well as validity. Afterwards, the defined measurement set-up was applied to assess trunk stability in comparisons of healthy and back pain patients.
Clinically acceptable to excellent reliability could be shown for the methods (EMG/kinematics) used in the test situations. No changes in trunk motion pattern could be observed in healthy adults during continuous loading (lifting of objects) of different weights. In contrast, sudden loading of the trunk through perturbations to the lower limbs during walking led to an increased neuromuscular activity and ROM of the trunk. Moreover, BPP showed a delayed muscle response time and extended duration until maximum neuromuscular activity in response to sudden walking perturbations compared to healthy controls. In addition, a reduced lateral flexion of the trunk during perturbation could be shown in BPP.
It is concluded that perturbed gait seems suitable to provoke higher demands on trunk stability in adults. The altered neuromuscular and kinematic compensation pattern in back pain patients (BPP) can be interpreted as increased spine loading and reduced trunk stability in patients. Therefore, this novel assessment of trunk stability is suitable to identify deficits in BPP. Assignment of affected BPP to therapy interventions with focus on stabilisation of the trunk aiming to improve neuromuscular control in dynamic situations is implied. Hence, sensorimotor training (SMT) to enhance trunk stability and compensation of unexpected sudden loading should be preferred.