Refine
Year of publication
- 2014 (1892) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (1252)
- Doctoral Thesis (222)
- Postprint (127)
- Review (65)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (61)
- Preprint (47)
- Conference Proceeding (43)
- Part of Periodical (27)
- Part of a Book (20)
- Other (11)
Language
Keywords
- prevention (25)
- violence (22)
- Gewalt (21)
- Kriminalität (21)
- Nachhaltigkeit (21)
- Prävention (21)
- Rechtsextremismus (21)
- crime (21)
- right-wing extremism (21)
- sustainability (21)
Institute
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (251)
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (239)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (228)
- Institut für Chemie (189)
- Department Psychologie (92)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (62)
- Sozialwissenschaften (59)
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (58)
- Institut für Mathematik (54)
- Department Linguistik (52)
Im Folgenden schlage ich ein System gesellschaftlicher Dauerbeobachtung für den internationalen Vergleich von Gesellschaften vor, indem aufgrund einer Auseinandersetzung mit der sozialphilosophischen Diskussion acht Performanzkriterien für den Vergleich von Lebensbedingungen bzw. der „Wohlfahrt der Nationen“ entwickelt werden: Wohlstand und Wachstum; ökologische Nachhaltigkeit; Innovation; soziale Sicherung durch Unterstützungsleistungen im Risikofall sowie vorsorgend durch Bildungsinvestitionen; Anerkennung der Besonderheiten (Frauenfreundlichkeit und Migrantenfreundlichkeit); Gleichheit der Teilhabe; soziale Integration; Autonomie („freedom of choice and capabilities”). – Der Wandel von Wohlstand und Wohlfahrt wird im Kontext der Weltfinanzkrise und der folgenden großen Rezession betrachtet.
In meinem Lehrforschungsprojekt haben wir in einem ersten Schritt ab 2004 die Operationalisierung der gesellschaftlich wünschenswerten Ziele entwickelt und erste Auswertungen für 28 Länder vorgenommen (Holtmann, Dieter u. a.: Zur Performanz von Wohlfahrtsregimen und zu den Unterstützungspotentialen für die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtskonzepte. Potsdam 2006: Universitätsverlag). Im nächsten Schritt haben wir die Operationalisierungen weiterentwickelt und ab 2007 36 Länder in den Vergleich einbezogen (Holtmann, Dieter u.a.: Die Sozialstruktur der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich. Potsdam 20127: Universitätsverlag). Im dritten Schritt haben wir diesen systematischen Ländervergleich durch Fallstudien zu den einzelnen Ländern ergänzt (Holtmann, Dieter u.a.: Die Wohlfahrt der Nationen: 40 Länder-Fallstudien zu den Institutionen und ihrer Performanz. Aachen 2012: Shaker).
In meinem Ansatz gehe ich nicht von einem einheitlichen Pfad der Modernisierung in Richtung Wachstum, Partizipation und Inklusion aus, sondern unterscheide – in Erweiterung der „drei Welten des Wohlfahrtskapitalismus“ von Esping-Andersen (1990) – für die berücksichtigten Länder (u.a. alle EU-Mitglieder) insbesondere folgende sechs verschiedene institutionelle Entwicklungspfade der Modernisierung: Der sozialdemokratisch-universalistische Pfad, der wirtschaftsliberale Pfad, der Status-konservierende Pfad, der „familistische“ Pfad, die Entwicklung der Gruppe der post-sozialistischen Länder, die sich in einem Prozess der Ausdifferenzierung befinden, und den produktivistischen, aufstiegsorientierten Modernisierungspfad Ostasiens. Als Erweiterung über die 36 entwickelten Länder unserer Sozialstrukturvergleiche hinaus berücksichtige ich die fünf Aufsteiger Südkorea, Brasilien, Südafrika, China und Indien sowie mit Kroatien und Serbien ein neues bzw. prospektives EU-Mitglied.
Als gesellschaftliche Teilbereiche zur Analyse der Sozialstrukturen nach der Weltfinanzkrise werden behandelt: Bildung und Bildungsregime; Dienstleistungs-gesellschaften und Erwerbstätigkeit; Wohlfahrtsregime und soziale Sicherung (Bildung und nachsorgende soziale Sicherung); Wohlstand, Einkommen, Vermögen und Armut; Individualisierung und ihre Gegenbewegungen; soziale Ungleichheiten zwischen Frauen und Männern; Bevölkerungsstruktur und Lebensformen; zusammenfassender Vergleich von Lebensbedingungen in den verschiedenen Ländern und Wohlfahrtsregimen.
Wood is used for many applications because of its excellent mechanical properties, relative abundance and as it is a renewable resource. However, its wider utilization as an engineering material is limited because it swells and shrinks upon moisture changes and is susceptible to degradation by microorganisms and/or insects. Chemical modifications of wood have been shown to improve dimensional stability, water repellence and/or durability, thus increasing potential service-life of wood materials. However current treatments are limited because it is difficult to introduce and fix such modifications deep inside the tissue and cell wall. Within the scope of this thesis, novel chemical modification methods of wood cell walls were developed to improve both dimensional stability and water repellence of wood material. These methods were partly inspired by the heartwood formation in living trees, a process, that for some species results in an insertion of hydrophobic chemical substances into the cell walls of already dead wood cells, In the first part of this thesis a chemistry to modify wood cell walls was used, which was inspired by the natural process of heartwood formation. Commercially available hydrophobic flavonoid molecules were effectively inserted in the cell walls of spruce, a softwood species with low natural durability, after a tosylation treatment to obtain “artificial heartwood”. Flavonoid inserted cell walls show a reduced moisture absorption, resulting in better dimensional stability, water repellency and increased hardness. This approach was quite different compared to established modifications which mainly address hydroxyl groups of cell wall polymers with hydrophilic substances. In the second part of the work in-situ styrene polymerization inside the tosylated cell walls was studied. It is known that there is a weak adhesion between hydrophobic polymers and hydrophilic cell wall components. The hydrophobic styrene monomers were inserted into the tosylated wood cell walls for further polymerization to form polystyrene in the cell walls, which increased the dimensional stability of the bulk wood material and reduced water uptake of the cell walls considerably when compared to controls. In the third part of the work, grafting of another hydrophobic and also biodegradable polymer, poly(ɛ-caprolactone) in the wood cell walls by ring opening polymerization of ɛ-caprolactone was studied at mild temperatures. Results indicated that polycaprolactone attached into the cell walls, caused permanent swelling of the cell walls up to 5%. Dimensional stability of the bulk wood material increased 40% and water absorption reduced more than 35%. A fully biodegradable and hydrophobized wood material was obtained with this method which reduces disposal problem of the modified wood materials and has improved properties to extend the material’s service-life. Starting from a bio-inspired approach which showed great promise as an alternative to standard cell wall modifications we showed the possibility of inserting hydrophobic molecules in the cell walls and supported this fact with in-situ styrene and ɛ-caprolactone polymerization into the cell walls. It was shown in this thesis that despite the extensive knowledge and long history of using wood as a material there is still room for novel chemical modifications which could have a high impact on improving wood properties.
Numerous studies have demonstrated effects of word frequency on eye movements during reading, but the precise timing of this influence has remained unclear. The fast priming paradigm was previously used to study influences of related versus unrelated primes on the target word. Here, we use this procedure to investigate whether the frequency of the prime word has a direct influence on eye movements during reading when the prime-target relation is not manipulated. We found that with average prime intervals of 32 ms readers made longer single fixation durations on the target word in the low than in the high frequency prime condition. Distributional analyses demonstrated that the effect of prime frequency on single fixation durations occurred very early, supporting theories of immediate cognitive control of eye movements. Finding prime frequency effects only 207 ms after visibility of the prime and for prime durations of 32 ms yields new time constraints for cognitive processes controlling eye movements during reading. Our variant of the fast priming paradigm provides a new approach to test early influences of word processing on eye movement control during reading.
Workplaces contain by their very nature different anxiety-provoking characteristics. When workplace-related anxieties manifest, absenteeism, long-term-sick leave, and even disability pension can be the consequences. In medical-vocational rehabilitation about 30-60 % of the patients suffer from workplace-related anxieties that are often a barrier for return to work. Even in mentally healthy employees, 5 % said that they were prone to ask for a sick leave certificate due to workplace-related anxieties. Future research should focus on workplace-related anxieties not only in rehabilitation, but more earlier, i. e. in the workplace. The concept of workplace-related anxieties offers ideas which can be useful in mental-health-oriented work analysis, employee-workplace-fit, and job design.
Analyses of metagenomes in life sciences present new opportunities as well as challenges to the scientific community and call for advanced computational methods and workflows. The large amount of data collected from samples via next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies render manual approaches to sequence comparison and annotation unsuitable. Rather, fast and efficient computational pipelines are needed to provide comprehensive statistics and summaries and enable the researcher to choose appropriate tools for more specific analyses. The workflow presented here builds upon previous pipelines designed for automated clustering and annotation of raw sequence reads obtained from next-generation sequencing technologies such as 454 and Illumina. Employing specialized algorithms, the sequence reads are processed at three different levels. First, raw reads are clustered at high similarity cutoff to yield clusters which can be exported as multifasta files for further analyses. Independently, open reading frames (ORFs) are predicted from raw reads and clustered at two strictness levels to yield sets of non-redundant sequences and ORF families. Furthermore, single ORFs are annotated by performing searches against the Pfam database
Working memory load-dependent brain response predicts behavioral training gains in older adults
(2014)
In the domain of working memory (WM), a sigmoid-shaped relationship between WM load and brain activation patterns has been demonstrated in younger adults. It has been suggested that age-related alterations of this pattern are associated with changes in neural efficiency and capacity. At the same time, WM training studies have shown that some older adults are able to increase their WM performance through training. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging during an n-back WM task at different WM load levels was applied to compare blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses between younger and older participants and to predict gains in WM performance after a subsequent 12-session WM training procedure in older adults. We show that increased neural efficiency and capacity, as reflected by more "youth-like" brain response patterns in regions of interest of the frontoparietal WM network, were associated with better behavioral training outcome beyond the effects of age, sex, education, gray matter volume, and baseline WM performance. Furthermore, at low difficulty levels, decreases in BOLD response were found after WM training. Results indicate that both neural efficiency (i. e., decreased activation at comparable performance levels) and capacity (i. e., increasing activation with increasing WM load) of a WM-related network predict plasticity of the WM system, whereas WM training may specifically increase neural efficiency in older adults.
Purpose: Work-related anxieties are frequent and have a negative effect on the occupational performance of patients and absence due to sickness. Most important is workplace phobia, that is, panic when approaching or even thinking of the workplace. This study is the first to estimate the prevalence of workplace phobia among primary care patients suffering from chronic mental disorders and to describe which illness-related or workplace-specific context factors are associated with workplace phobia.
Methods: A convenience sample of 288 primary care patients with chronic mental disorders (70% women) seen by 40 primary care clinicians in Germany were assessed using a standardized diagnostic interview about mental disorders and workplace problems. Workplace phobia was assessed by the Workplace Phobia Scale and a structured Diagnostic and Statical Manual of Mental Disorders-based diagnostic interview. In addition, capacity and participation restrictions, illness severity, and sick leave were assessed.
Results: Workplace phobia was found in 10% of patients with chronic mental disorders, that is, approximately about 3% of all general practice patients. Patients with workplace phobia had longer durations of sick leave than patients without workplace phobia and were impaired to a higher degree in work-relevant capacities. They also had a higher degree of restrictions in participation in other areas of life.
Conclusions: Workplace phobia seems to be a frequent problem in primary care. It may behoove primary care clinicians to consider workplace-related anxiety, including phobia, particularly when patients ask for a work excuse for nonspecific somatic complaints.
World market governance
(2014)
Democratic capitalism or liberal democracy, as the successful marriage of convenience between market liberalism and democracy sometimes is called, is in trouble. The market economy system has become global and there is a growing mismatch with the territoriality of the nation-states. The functional global networks and inter-governmental order can no longer keep pace with the rapid development of the global market economy and regulatory capture is all too common. Concepts like de-globalization, self-regulation, and global government are floated in the debate. The alternatives are analysed and found to be improper, inadequate or plainly impossible. The proposed route is instead to accept that the global market economy has developed into an independent fundamental societal system that needs its own governance. The suggestion is World Market Governance based on the Rule of Law in order to shape the fitness environment for the global market economy and strengthen the nation-states so that they can regain the sovereignty to decide upon the social and cultural conditions in each country. Elements in the proposed Rule of Law are international legislation decided by an Assembly supported by a Council, and an independent Judiciary. Existing international organisations would function as executors. The need for broad sustained demand for regulations in the common interest is identified.
Eine Eurokrise existiert nicht! Der Euro erweist sich seit seiner Einführung binnen- und außenwirtschaftlich als außerordentlich stabil. Eine Beendigung der Währungsunion, geschweige denn der Ausstieg Deutschlands, ist unrealistisch. Sie entbehren der realökonomischen Grundlage und widersprechen den langfristigen machtpolitischen Interessen der Kernstaaten Europas sowie der gegenwärtigen Führungselite Deutschlands.
Let M be a closed connected spin manifold of dimension 2 or 3 with a fixed orientation and a fixed spin structure. We prove that for a generic Riemannian metric on M the non-harmonic eigenspinors of the Dirac operator are nowhere zero. The proof is based on a transversality theorem and the unique continuation property of the Dirac operator.
Zimzum
(2014)
Zimzum steht in der Kabbala für die Selbstzusammenziehung Gottes vor der Erschaffung der Welt und zum Zweck der Weltschöpfung. Geprägt wurde dieser Begriff im 16. Jahrhundert durch die Lehren des jüdischen Mystikers Isaak Luria. Der vor der Schöpfung allgegenwärtige Gott muss sich im Zimzum von sich selbst in sich selbst zurückziehen und konzentrieren, um für die Erschaffung der Welt in seiner eigenen Mitte Platz zu machen.
Dieses Buch spürt den Spuren des Zimzum quer durch die jüdische und christliche Geistesgeschichte in mehr als vier Jahrhunderten nach. Von den Kabbalisten in Safed bis zum Chassidismus, von den christlichen Hebraisten zu Newton und Schelling, von mystischen Handschriften bis zur Avantgarde von Else Lasker-Schüler oder Anselm Kiefer mischen und befruchten sich in den Deutungen und Aneignungen des Zimzum Göttliches und Menschliches, Jüdisches und Christliches, Mystik, Philosophie, Theologie, Literatur und Kunst.
Im 20. Jahrhundert schließlich wird in der Idee der Selbstbegrenzung einerseits eine radikale Gottverlassenheit der modernen Welt erkannt, andererseits aber auch ein unverzichtbares Moment menschlicher Kreativität, innerer Freiheit und friedlicher Koexistenz.
Zooplankton carcasses are ubiquitous in marine and freshwater systems, implicating the importance of non-predatory mortality, but both are often overlooked in ecological studies compared with predatory mortality. The development of several microscopic methods allows the distinction between live and dead zooplankton in field samples, and the reported percentages of dead zooplankton average 11.6 (minimum) to 59.8 (maximum) in marine environments, and 7.4 (minimum) to 47.6 (maximum) in fresh and inland waters. Common causes of non-predatory mortality among zooplankton include senescence, temperature change, physical and chemical stresses, parasitism and food-related factors. Carcasses resulting from non-predatory mortality may undergo decomposition leading to an increase in microbial production and a shift in microbial composition in the water column. Alternatively, sinking carcasses may contribute significantly to vertical carbon flux especially outside the phytoplankton growth seasons, and become a food source for the benthos. Global climate change is already altering freshwater ecosystems on multiple levels, and likely will have significant positive or negative effects on zooplankton non-predatory mortality. Better spatial and temporal studies of zooplankton carcasses and non-predatory mortality rates will improve our understanding of this important but under-appreciated topic.
Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit den sogenannten relativähnlichen Sätzen im Frühneuhochdeutschen und leistet somit einen Beitrag zur Subordinationsforschung des älteren Deutsch. Relativähnliche Sätze sind formal durch ein satzinitiales anaphorisches d-Element und die Endstellung des finiten Verbs gekennzeichnet. Semantisch gesehen beziehen sie sich auf den vorangehenden Satz als Ganzes, indem sie ihn in bestimmter Weise weiterführen oder kommentieren. In der bisherigen Forschung werden diese Sätze satztypologisch als Hauptsätze mit Verbendstellung analysiert (vgl. dazu Maurer 1926, Behaghel 1932 und Lötscher 2000). Nach der ausführlichen Diskussion der formalen Abhängigkeitsmarker im älteren Deutsch sowie anhand einer umfangreichen korpusbasierten Untersuchung wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass relativähnliche Sätze im Frühneuhochdeutschen auch als abhängige Sätze - analog zu den weiterführenden Relativsätzen im Gegenwartsdeutschen - analysiert werden können. Die weiterführenden Relativsätze im Gegenwartsdeutschen enthalten satzinitial auch ein anaphorisches Element, das sich auf das Gesagte in dem vorangehenden Satz bezieht. Verbendstellung weisen sie ebenfalls auf (mehr zur Grammatik der weiterführenden Relativsätze vgl. insb. Brandt 1990 und Holler 2005). Über die Untersuchung relativähnlicher Sätze hinaus befasst sich diese Arbeit ausführlich mit formalen Abhängigkeitsmarkern des älteren Deutsch, wie Verbendstellung, Einleiter und afinite Konstruktion.
Wir schlagen einen allgemein anwendbaren Algorithmus vor, der unter Verwendung des Skalarprodukts von Kraft und Weg zum richtigen Vorzeichen in den Gleichungen für die Arbeit und die Potentielle Energie bei reversiblen Prozessen (Druck-Volumen-Änderung, Dehnung, Elektrostatische Wechselwirkung, Hub)führt. Wir zeigen, dass es dabei möglich ist, systemimmanente oder externe Kräfte zu benutzen. Wir zeigen, dass bei Verwendung von systemimmanenten Kräften das Skalarprodukt mit negativem Vorzeichen anzusetzen ist. Zudem ist es sehr wichtig, nötige Vorzeichenwechsel bei den einzelnen Schritten zu beachten. Wir betonen dies, weil gelegentlich übersehen wird, dass ein Vorzeichenwechsel nötig ist, wenn das Wegdifferential ds durch das Höhendifferential dh beziehungsweise durch das Abstandsdifferential dx oder dr ersetzt werden muss.