Refine
Year of publication
- 2019 (276) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (216)
- Doctoral Thesis (24)
- Postprint (15)
- Other (9)
- Review (7)
- Habilitation Thesis (3)
- Conference Proceeding (1)
- Master's Thesis (1)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (276) (remove)
Keywords
- climate (5)
- remote sensing (4)
- Andes (3)
- Climate (3)
- Holocene (3)
- geochronology (3)
- melt inclusions (3)
- paleoclimate (3)
- photogrammetry (3)
- silicon (3)
- AMOC (2)
- Accuracy Asseessment (2)
- Anden (2)
- Asia (2)
- Baldeggersee (2)
- Bayesianism (2)
- CU (2)
- Central Andes (2)
- Climate change (2)
- Climate change adaptation (2)
- Connectivity (2)
- Deformation (2)
- Digital Elevation Model (2)
- Earthquake (2)
- Error (2)
- Expression (2)
- Extraction (2)
- Flood risk (2)
- Forecasting Framework (2)
- Geomechanical Model (2)
- Hochwasser (2)
- InSAR (2)
- Jaguaribe Basin (2)
- Landscape Response (2)
- Long-Term (2)
- MO (2)
- Magnetotellurics (2)
- Middle Strand (2)
- NW Argentina (2)
- NW Turkey (2)
- Nordeste (2)
- North Anatolian Fault (2)
- Northwestern Anatolia (2)
- OpenForecast (2)
- Paleoclimate (2)
- Paleogene (2)
- Paleolimnology (2)
- Pamir (2)
- Patterns (2)
- Permafrost (2)
- Permian (2)
- Pleistocene (2)
- Pollen (2)
- Precipitation (2)
- Pull-Apart (2)
- Pyrenees (2)
- Recurrence plot (2)
- Reservoir Networks (2)
- River Incision Model (2)
- Russia (2)
- SIO₂ (2)
- Sediment Transport (2)
- Shear Zone (2)
- Siberia (2)
- Site effects (2)
- Slip Distribution (2)
- Slope (2)
- Subjective well-being (2)
- Tectonic Evolution (2)
- Time-series analysis (2)
- UAV (2)
- Uncertainties (2)
- Uncertainty Processor (2)
- Validation (2)
- Water Availability (2)
- alps (2)
- carbon dioxide (2)
- climate change adaptation (2)
- clinopyroxenite (2)
- complexes (2)
- convective available potential energy (2)
- correlation (2)
- crystalline (2)
- data science (2)
- deep convection (2)
- delta-c-13 (2)
- detrital carbonate (2)
- dew-point temperature (2)
- eastern south–central Andes (2)
- eclogite (2)
- extreme rainfall (2)
- flood risk (2)
- fluid inclusions (2)
- forecasting (2)
- forest structure (2)
- geochemistry (2)
- geomagnetic observatories (2)
- geomagnetic observatory data (2)
- geomagnetic storm drivers (2)
- glass (2)
- historical geomagnetic storms (2)
- hydro-meterological hazards (2)
- hydrogeology (2)
- hydrology (2)
- induced seismicity (2)
- land cover change (2)
- magnetostratigraphy (2)
- metasomatism (2)
- methane (2)
- modelling (2)
- northern high latitudes (2)
- numerische Modellierung (2)
- object-based damage modeling (2)
- open (2)
- operational service (2)
- opinion (2)
- optical data (2)
- orogenic peridotite (2)
- oxygen (2)
- paleomagnetism (2)
- participation (2)
- permafrost (2)
- permafrost disturbances (2)
- point cloud (2)
- precipitation (2)
- pressures (2)
- prior derivation (2)
- probabilistic approaches (2)
- record (2)
- risk assessment (2)
- runoff (2)
- rutile-type (2)
- sedimentology (2)
- spatial scales (2)
- spectral adjustment (2)
- stable isotopes (2)
- structure from motion (2)
- supervised machine learning (2)
- surface reflectance (2)
- tectonic geomorphology (2)
- time series (2)
- tin (2)
- uncertainty (2)
- uncertainty analysis (2)
- varved sediments (2)
- wave-particle interactions (2)
- westerlies (2)
- 2-D numerical model (1)
- 2D numerical experiments (1)
- Abrupt events (1)
- Abschiebungshorizonte (1)
- Absorption feature parameters (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Adaptation process (1)
- Agent-based models (1)
- Alterationsgeochemie (1)
- Ambient noise (1)
- Amplification (1)
- Anatolia (1)
- Ancient Gneiss Complex (1)
- Andean Plateau (1)
- Andean retroarc (1)
- Angewandte Geophysik (1)
- Annual laminae (1)
- Apennine Carbonate Platform (ACP) (1)
- Applied Geophysics (1)
- Archaeolithoporella (1)
- Arctic tundra (1)
- Argentina (1)
- Argentinean broken foreland (1)
- Argentinien (1)
- Array seismology (1)
- Asian monsoon (1)
- Assimilation-fractional crystallization (1)
- Asymmetric rifting (1)
- BNDVI (1)
- Back-arc basin (1)
- Baiu (1)
- Basin analysis (1)
- Bayesian hierarchical model (1)
- Bayesian modeling (1)
- Be-10 (1)
- Beacon fire (1)
- Beringia (1)
- Binalud Mountains (1)
- Biomisation (1)
- Black Sea (1)
- Blueschist (1)
- Blueschist metamorphism (1)
- Bohrloch-Rekonstruktion (1)
- Bolivian tin belt (1)
- Bor (1)
- Bor-isotopen (1)
- Borehole reconstruction (1)
- Boron isotopes (1)
- Brazil (1)
- Britholite (1)
- British Columbia (1)
- Burned areas (1)
- Bykovsky Peninsula (1)
- C isotopes (1)
- C-14 bomb peak (1)
- Carbon (1)
- Carbon 14 (1)
- Carbon stable isotopes (1)
- Carbonate contourite drift (1)
- Catchment geomorphology (1)
- Catchment order (1)
- Cenozoic (1)
- Cenozoic basins (1)
- Central Asia (1)
- Central Chile (1)
- Central Myanmar Basin (1)
- Chaco-Paraná Becken (1)
- Chaco-Paraná basin (1)
- Chemeron Formation (1)
- Chile (1)
- City population (1)
- Clay mineralogy (1)
- Climate Change (1)
- Climate prediction (1)
- Climate warming (1)
- Common garden experiments (1)
- Complex networks (1)
- Compound dislocation models (CDMs) (1)
- Conservation planning (1)
- Controlled source electromagnetics (CSEM) (1)
- Coupled heat and mass transport (1)
- Cross-dating (1)
- CryoGRID (1)
- Cryospheric science (1)
- Cryostratigraphy (1)
- Cumbres Calchaquies (1)
- Cyanobacteria (1)
- Cyclic soft stimulation (CSS) (1)
- DDM simulation (1)
- DFT (1)
- Danube (1)
- Data assimilation (1)
- Data fusion (1)
- Databases (1)
- Deep carbon cycle (1)
- Denitrification (1)
- Density modelling (1)
- Dichtemodellierung (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Discrete Element Method (1)
- Diskrete-Elemente-Methode (1)
- Dryland (1)
- Dämpfungstomographie (1)
- EU Floods Directive (1)
- Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (1)
- Early cretaceous (1)
- Early warning system (1)
- Earth in Five Reactions: A Deep Carbon Perspective (1)
- Earth tides (1)
- Earthquake hazards (1)
- East Africa (1)
- Eastern Africa (1)
- Eastern Himalaya (1)
- Eastern Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Eastern Tibet (1)
- Eastern Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Eccentricity (1)
- Eclogite (1)
- Ecogeomorphology (1)
- Ecosystem dissimilarity (1)
- Ecosystem dynamics (1)
- Ecosystem services (1)
- Elastizitätsmodul (1)
- Electrical conductivity (1)
- Electromagnetic theory (1)
- Emission scenarios (1)
- Environmental (1)
- Environmental impact (1)
- Environmental magnetism (1)
- Eocene (1)
- Epithermal Ag-Sn deposits (1)
- Erdbebenmodelierung (1)
- Erdbebenquellinversion (1)
- Erdbebenschwärme (1)
- Erdfälle (1)
- Erodium cicutarium (1)
- Error propagation (1)
- Europe (1)
- European air quality (1)
- Evaporitic varves (1)
- Event synchronization (1)
- Exhumierung (1)
- Extreme habitats (1)
- Extreme rainfall (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- FAIR (1)
- FISH (1)
- Falten (1)
- Feature selection (1)
- Federal Water Act (1)
- Festigkeit (1)
- Field analogue (1)
- Flood (1)
- Flooding (1)
- Fluid inclusions (1)
- Fluid processes (1)
- Fluid-Gesteins Wechselwirkung (1)
- Fluid-strömungen (1)
- Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse (1)
- Flüssigkeitsinklusionen (1)
- Food security (1)
- Foreland basin (1)
- Foreland basin fragmentation (1)
- Foreland basins (1)
- GNSS Reflectometry (1)
- GST (1)
- Gekoppelter Wärme- und Massetransport (1)
- Generalized additive models (1)
- Geochemistry (1)
- Geochronologie (1)
- Geodynamic modelling (1)
- Geomechanical Modelling (1)
- Geomechanische Modellierung (1)
- Geomorphology (1)
- Geothermobarometry (1)
- Germany (1)
- Glacial lake outbursts (1)
- Glacial refugia (1)
- Glacierized basins (1)
- Glasstruktur (1)
- Gravity modelling (1)
- Ground-penetrating radar (1)
- Groundwater quality (1)
- Gypsum quantification (1)
- Gyttja (1)
- H/V Verhältnis (1)
- H/V ratio (1)
- Haida Gwaii (1)
- Heat flow (1)
- Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk (1)
- High pressure (1)
- Hillslope thermokarst (1)
- Himalaja (1)
- Himalaya (1)
- Himalayan hydroclimate (1)
- Hindu Kush-Karakoram (1)
- Hochwasserrisikomanagementrichtlinie (1)
- Hutchinson niche (1)
- Hydraulic fracturing (1)
- Hydro-mechanical coupling (1)
- Hydrometric networks (1)
- Hypersaline lake (1)
- Hyperspectral (1)
- Hypolimnetic oxygen (1)
- Hämmerlein (1)
- ICDP Dead Sea deep drilling (1)
- Ice wedges (1)
- In-situ degradation rates (1)
- India-Asia collision (1)
- Indian summer monsoon (1)
- Induced seismicity (1)
- Informative prior (1)
- Infrared (1)
- Insurance (1)
- Intangible losses (1)
- International unions (1)
- Inundation (1)
- Inverse modelling (1)
- Inverse theory (1)
- Irrawaddy River (1)
- Irrigation (1)
- Isotope-hydrological integrated modeling (1)
- Isotopen (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Isótopos de Boro (1)
- Italy (1)
- Ivrea Zone (1)
- Kameng River section (1)
- Karst (1)
- Kenya Rift (1)
- KiK-net (1)
- Klima (1)
- Kohlenstoffdioxid (1)
- Kp index (1)
- Kriecheigenschaften (1)
- Krustenverformungen (1)
- LA-ICP-MS (1)
- Lacustrine sediments (1)
- Lagerstätte (1)
- Lake sediments (1)
- Lamina thickness (1)
- Landsat (1)
- Landsat-8 (1)
- Landslide (1)
- Larix larch (1)
- Last Interglacial (1)
- Last interglacial-glacial transition (1)
- Lawsonite (1)
- Lena Delta (1)
- LiDAR (1)
- Lithium (1)
- Lithospheric structure (1)
- Local knowledge (1)
- Local-to-regional scale (1)
- Lu/Hf dating of garnet (1)
- Machine learning (1)
- Magma migration and fragmentation (1)
- Magnetic properties (1)
- Magnetostratigraphy (1)
- Maiella Mountains (1)
- Mantle source (1)
- Martian regolith analogs (1)
- Mass extinction (1)
- Maule megathrust (1)
- Mediterranean (1)
- Mediterranean shrubland (1)
- Mekong Delta (1)
- Metamorphic evolution (1)
- Metamorphic sole (1)
- Metering (1)
- Methan (1)
- Methane (1)
- Methane leakage (1)
- Methanogenic archaea (1)
- Microcrack (1)
- Microseismic monitoring (1)
- Middle Holocene (1)
- Millennial-scale variability (1)
- Minimum mortality temperature (1)
- Model development (1)
- Model-data comparison (1)
- Mountain building (1)
- Multidimensionality (1)
- Muscovit (1)
- N isotopes (1)
- Namibia (1)
- Namibian passive margin (1)
- Natural Hazards (1)
- Naturgefahren (1)
- Neotectonics (1)
- Neotethys (1)
- North America (1)
- North Atlantic Oscillation (1)
- Northeast Iran (1)
- Northern Andes (1)
- Northern Asia (1)
- Numerical model (1)
- Numerical modelling (1)
- OAE-2 (1)
- OLCI (1)
- OSL (1)
- OSL and C-14 geochronology (1)
- Ocean Circulation (1)
- Operational use (1)
- Optical absorption spectroscopy (1)
- Optimal city size distribution (1)
- Orfento Formation (1)
- Organic matter degradation (1)
- Orogenic wedge (1)
- Ozone (1)
- Palaeoclimate reconstruction (1)
- Palaeoclimatology (1)
- Palaeodrainage (1)
- Palaeoecology (1)
- Paleoarchean (1)
- Paleoclimate dynamics (1)
- Paleocurrent (1)
- Paläoklima (1)
- Paläomagnetik (1)
- Paläosekularvariation (1)
- Panasqueira (1)
- Paris Agreement (1)
- Particle flow code (1)
- Passiv-seismische Interferometrie (1)
- Passive seismic interferometry (1)
- Peat (1)
- Per capita growth rate (1)
- Perchlorate (1)
- Permafrost degradation (1)
- Pharmaceuticals (1)
- Phosphates (1)
- Photogrammetrie (1)
- Photogrammetry (1)
- Phytolith dissolution (1)
- Phytolith morphotypes (1)
- Pirquitas (1)
- Pliocene (1)
- Pohang (Korea) (1)
- Porentypen in Karbonate (1)
- Precession (1)
- Predictive models (1)
- Preparedness (1)
- Principal component analysis (1)
- Proportional population growth rate (1)
- Provenance (1)
- Provenance studies (1)
- Psychologie (1)
- Pu239+240 (1)
- Public-private partnerships (1)
- Puna (1)
- Quantification of runoff components (1)
- Quaternary (1)
- REE (1)
- Radiogenic isotopes (1)
- Radioisotope disequilibria dating (1)
- Raman (1)
- Randelementmethode (1)
- Recurrence network (1)
- Red River (1)
- Reefs (1)
- Regional cooperation (1)
- Remote sensing (1)
- Review (1)
- Rheologie (1)
- Rheology (1)
- Risk perception (1)
- Risk reduction (1)
- River-groundwater-interaction (1)
- Rotifers (1)
- Rutile mineral chemistry (1)
- Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (1)
- SIMS (1)
- Salt pan (1)
- Salt transport (1)
- Salztransport (1)
- Sandstone detrital modes (1)
- Schmelzstruktur (1)
- Schwarzes Meer (1)
- Sea of Marmara (1)
- Seasonal forecasting (1)
- Sediment connectivity (1)
- Sediment load (1)
- Sedimentary facies (1)
- Sedimentology (1)
- Seismic interferometry (1)
- Seismogenic sources (1)
- Seismotectonic segmentation (1)
- Sentinel 3 (1)
- Sentinel-1 (1)
- Sentinel-2 (1)
- Shale gas (1)
- Shallow borehole sensors (1)
- Shallow marine deposits (1)
- Shallow subsurface (1)
- Si cycling (1)
- Si extraction (1)
- Sigmoid model (1)
- Simulated Mars-like conditions (1)
- Sinkholes (1)
- Site proxy (1)
- Siwalik Group (1)
- Skarn (1)
- Sn (1)
- Social-ecological systems (1)
- Socio-economy (1)
- Sociocultural valuation (1)
- Soil organic carbon storage (1)
- South-America (1)
- Southern Oscillation (1)
- Species distribution modelling (1)
- Spektroskopie (1)
- Speleothems (1)
- Spin transition (1)
- Stability properties (1)
- Stable isotopes (1)
- Stage-discharge (1)
- Starkregen (1)
- Statistical methods (1)
- Stress measurement (1)
- Structural geology (1)
- Sturzfluten (1)
- Störungen (1)
- Störungszone (1)
- Subduction (1)
- Subduction Zone (1)
- Subfreezing temperatures (1)
- Submarine permafrost (1)
- Submariner Permafrost (1)
- Subsea permafrost (1)
- Surface roughness parameters (1)
- Surface-to-borehole spectral ratios (1)
- Sustainable natural hazard management (1)
- Syntectonic sedimentation (1)
- TRMM (1)
- Tajik Basin (1)
- Talik (1)
- Tangible losses (1)
- Tarim Basin (1)
- Tarim basin (1)
- Tectonic reconstruction (1)
- Tektonik (1)
- Temperature reconstruction (1)
- Temperature sensitivity (1)
- Temperaturerekonstruktion (1)
- Tephrostratigraphy (1)
- TerraSAR-X (1)
- TerraceM (1)
- The Geysers (1)
- Theoretical seismology (1)
- Thermal evolution (1)
- Tibetan plateau (1)
- Tien Shan Mountains (1)
- Tonminerale (1)
- Topography (1)
- Transfer functions (1)
- Transpression (1)
- Tree-ring software (1)
- Treibhausgase (1)
- Triangular dislocations (TDs) (1)
- Triassic (1)
- Triphylite (1)
- Tropical storms (1)
- Turmalin (1)
- U-Pb geochronology (1)
- UAVs (1)
- UNFCCC (1)
- Uncertainty (1)
- Urban water cycle (1)
- Varve chronologies (1)
- Varved sediments (1)
- Varves (1)
- Vegetation (1)
- Vegetation driver (1)
- Viscous blocking (1)
- Volcan de Colima (1)
- Volcano deformation modelling (1)
- Volcano monitoring (1)
- Volcano seismology (1)
- Vorlandbecken (1)
- Vulkanverformungsmodellierung (1)
- WRF-Chem (1)
- Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (1)
- Water stable isotope (1)
- Wave propagation (1)
- Waveform inversion (1)
- West Africa (1)
- Wiederkehr (1)
- Willingness to pay (1)
- Wofram-Zinn Lagerstätte (1)
- Wuchiapingian (1)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- Xining Basin (1)
- Yarlung Tsangpo (1)
- Young's modulus (1)
- Zinn (1)
- Zooplankton (1)
- Zusammengesetztes Dislokationsmodel (CDM) (1)
- acceptability (1)
- accumulation in soils (1)
- administrative units (1)
- agent-based models (1)
- agglomeration (1)
- agricultural productivity (1)
- agricultural soils (1)
- albedo (1)
- alkaline granites (1)
- alpine grassland degradation (1)
- alteration geochemistry (1)
- ambition (1)
- ammonia (1)
- analog models (1)
- anatexis (1)
- anoxia (1)
- apatite (1)
- apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology (1)
- area-average snow monitoring (1)
- aridification (1)
- arktische Tundra (1)
- assessment (1)
- atmosphere (1)
- attenuation tomography (1)
- attitudes (1)
- attraction (1)
- automatic lineament extraction (1)
- bank infiltration (1)
- best practices (1)
- biomarker (1)
- biostratigraphy (1)
- bolivianischen Zinngürtels (1)
- boreal forests (1)
- boron (1)
- boundary element method (1)
- boundary element modeling (1)
- braided alluvial rivers (1)
- bromeliad (1)
- bryophytes (1)
- caldera collapse (1)
- carbon (1)
- carbon burial (1)
- carbon capture and storage (CCS) (1)
- carbon capture and utilization (CCU) (1)
- carbon flows (1)
- carbon sequestration (1)
- carbonate assimilation (1)
- carbonate pore types (1)
- catchment (1)
- channel migration (1)
- circulation (1)
- clay mineral (1)
- climate change co-operation (1)
- climate change cooperation (1)
- climate clubs (1)
- closed chamber method (1)
- club goods (1)
- clustering (1)
- co-benefits (1)
- coastal erosion (1)
- coastal geomorphology (1)
- collision (1)
- complex systems (1)
- compliance (1)
- compositional gap (1)
- compound flood (1)
- conditional commitments (1)
- connectivity (1)
- contamination processes (1)
- continental break-up (1)
- continuous modelling (1)
- controlo estrutural (1)
- correlation skill (1)
- corridors (1)
- cosmic-ray neutron sensing (1)
- cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- cost of electricity (COE) (1)
- cost-benefit analysis (1)
- costs of infrastructure (1)
- creep properties (1)
- crustal deformations (1)
- crustal fault (1)
- data (1)
- decomposition (1)
- deep carbon cycle (1)
- deep learning (1)
- deforestation (1)
- delta drift (1)
- dendroclimatology (1)
- denudation (1)
- dependence (1)
- depositional environment (1)
- depósitos de volfrâmio-estanho (1)
- derived flood frequency (1)
- detrital zircons (1)
- dietary patterns (1)
- digital image analysis (1)
- digitale Bildanalyse (1)
- disaster risk reduction (1)
- disinfection (1)
- dislocation creep (1)
- dissolution properties (1)
- drainage networks (1)
- dreieckige Dislokationen (TDs) (1)
- dynamical seasonal prediction (1)
- décollement (1)
- earthquake (1)
- earthquake modeling (1)
- earthquake nucleation (1)
- earthquake sequences (1)
- earthquake swarms (1)
- economics (1)
- ecosystem services (1)
- effective porosity (1)
- effektive Porosität (1)
- efficient method (1)
- electrical resistivity (1)
- electricity generation (1)
- electron lifetime (1)
- electron transport (1)
- enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) (1)
- ensemble modeling (1)
- epithermale Zinn-Silber-lagerstätte (1)
- equatorial ionosphere (1)
- ererbte Strukturen (1)
- erosion (1)
- erosion rates (1)
- evaporites (1)
- exhumation (1)
- exsolution textures (1)
- extinction (1)
- fault zone (1)
- faults (1)
- fenite (1)
- finite element modeling (1)
- flash floods (1)
- flood (1)
- flood genesis (1)
- flood hazard (1)
- flood loss model transfer (1)
- flood mechanisms (1)
- flood typology (1)
- floods (1)
- flow cytometry (1)
- flowering time (1)
- fluid flow (1)
- fluid regime (1)
- fluid-rock interaction (1)
- fluids (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- fluxo de fluidos (1)
- folds (1)
- food systems (1)
- fractional snow cover (1)
- fracture-controlled (1)
- functional trait correlations (1)
- gender (1)
- gene sequencing (1)
- geomagnetic excursions (1)
- geomagnetic indices (1)
- geomagnetische Exkursionen (1)
- geomagnetism (1)
- geomorphic markers (1)
- geomorphology (1)
- geoquímica da alteração hidrotermal (1)
- geschlossene Haubenmessmethode (1)
- glass structure (1)
- granite (1)
- gravity observations (1)
- gravity-driven slope deformation (1)
- green infrastructure (1)
- greenhouse gas emissions (1)
- greenhouse gases (1)
- groundwater (1)
- heavy rainfall (1)
- herd composition (1)
- high mountain environments (1)
- high-density reservoir network (1)
- hiss waves (1)
- historical floods (1)
- human activity (1)
- hummocky (1)
- hydroclimatology of floods (1)
- hydrothermal alteration (1)
- hyperspectral remote sensing (1)
- hyperspektral Fernerkundung (1)
- image enhancement (1)
- imaging spectroscopy (1)
- incision (1)
- individual-based model (1)
- inherited structures (1)
- inner magnetosphere (1)
- intangible impacts (1)
- interception (1)
- interferometric SAR (InSAR) (1)
- intermontane basins (1)
- intrabasinal faulting (1)
- intraplate deformation (1)
- invasive species (1)
- inverse Modellirung (1)
- inverse analysis (1)
- irrigation (1)
- isotopic methods (1)
- kettle hole (1)
- komplexe Systeme (1)
- landscape evolution (1)
- landscape evolution modeling (1)
- landslide (1)
- landslides (1)
- late Holocene (1)
- lava dome (1)
- lichens (1)
- lidar (1)
- life-history strategy (1)
- lithium (1)
- lithosphere dynamics (1)
- livestock (1)
- load stress (1)
- local adaptation (1)
- local food (1)
- lumped parameter model (1)
- magmatic processes (1)
- magmatic-hydrothermal systems (1)
- magmatisch-hydrothermale Systeme (1)
- magnetospheric convection (1)
- mantle evolution (1)
- mantle formation (1)
- marine terraces (1)
- mean transit time (1)
- megathrust earthquake (1)
- melt structure (1)
- melting (1)
- methanol (1)
- methods (1)
- microbialite (1)
- microfossil (1)
- microscopy (1)
- migration (1)
- miscibility gap (1)
- modelling systems (1)
- monsoon (1)
- monsoon onset (1)
- moraine landscape (1)
- morphometry (1)
- movement (1)
- multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (1)
- multilevel probabilistic flood loss model (1)
- muscovite (1)
- nanocomposite material (1)
- nearshore zone (1)
- neotectonics (1)
- neutron simulations (1)
- noble gases (1)
- non-vascular epiphyte (1)
- nontidal ocean loading (1)
- normal faults (1)
- northwestern Europe (1)
- numerical modeling (1)
- numerical simulation (1)
- ocean color remote sensing (1)
- ocean-crust formation (1)
- optical remote sensing (1)
- ore deposit (1)
- orogeny (1)
- oxygen fractionation model (1)
- palaeoclimate (1)
- paleoceanography (1)
- paleosecular variations (1)
- paleosol (1)
- parallel evolution (1)
- part I (1)
- peatlands (1)
- peri-urban agriculture (1)
- permafrost ecosystems (1)
- phagotrophy (1)
- phenotypic plasticity (1)
- phylotypes (1)
- physical experiments (1)
- phytolith (1)
- phytoplankton (1)
- pitch angle diffusion coefficient (1)
- plate boundary fault (1)
- plate coupling force (1)
- plate reconstructions (1)
- plume-ridge interaction (1)
- point clouds (1)
- pollution (1)
- pre-monsoon (1)
- preferences (1)
- process simulation (1)
- prograding lobes (1)
- project database (1)
- proto-Paratethys (1)
- pseudomorphism (1)
- psychology (1)
- radiation belts (1)
- radiogenic isotopes (1)
- rain attenuation (1)
- rain effect (1)
- rainy-season (1)
- rangeland management (1)
- reactive oxygen species (1)
- recurrence (1)
- recurrence network (1)
- recurrence plot (1)
- refuge (1)
- regression (1)
- repulsion (1)
- reservoir volume (1)
- resilience (1)
- resources (1)
- rheological weakening (1)
- ring current electrons (1)
- ring faulting (1)
- risk mitigation (1)
- risk modeling (1)
- risk reduction (1)
- river erosion (1)
- river incision (1)
- river networks (1)
- river plume (1)
- river restoration (1)
- rock glacier (1)
- räumliche Wiederkehr (1)
- salt diffusion (1)
- satellite data (1)
- sea level change (1)
- sea turtle (1)
- seasonal precipitation (1)
- sediment routing (1)
- sediment-transport model (1)
- sedimentary loading and unloading cycles (1)
- seismic hazard (1)
- seismisches Hintergrundrauschen (1)
- seismotectonic segmentation (1)
- semi-arid (1)
- sentinel-1 (1)
- shrub encroachment (1)
- shrubline (1)
- siderite (1)
- silvopastoral systems (1)
- simulation model (1)
- simulações numéricas (1)
- sistemas magmático-hidrotermais (1)
- skarn (1)
- slow slip (1)
- small baseline subset (SBAS) (1)
- snow characteristics (1)
- snow grain size (1)
- soil erosion (1)
- solid Earth degassing (1)
- source inversion (1)
- spatial heterogeneity (1)
- spatial planning (1)
- spatial recurrence (1)
- spatial sampling (1)
- specific surface area (1)
- speleothems (1)
- spin transition (1)
- standards (1)
- strain localization (1)
- strain transient (1)
- strainmeter data (1)
- strength (1)
- structural mapping (1)
- strukturelle Kontrolle (1)
- subduction zone (1)
- subsea permafrost (1)
- summer (1)
- surface processes (1)
- surface runoff (1)
- surveys (1)
- suspended particulate matter (1)
- suspended sediment (1)
- synthetic flood events (1)
- systems (1)
- techno-economic model (1)
- tectonics (1)
- tectonism (1)
- temporal disaggregation (1)
- temporal evolution (1)
- the Ogooue Delta (1)
- tiefes Lernen (1)
- tillage (1)
- time series analysis (1)
- topographic analysis (1)
- torsion (1)
- tourmaline (1)
- trace elements (1)
- transform faults (1)
- transient response (1)
- tundra-taiga ecotone (1)
- tundra–taiga ecotone (1)
- tungsten-tin deposits (1)
- turbidity (1)
- turmalina (1)
- two phase aggregates (1)
- underground coal gasification (UCG) (1)
- urbanization (1)
- vadose zone (1)
- vascular epiphyte (1)
- vegetation (1)
- vegetation states (1)
- vegetation trajectories (1)
- vegetation-climate-fire-soil feedbacks (1)
- volcanic deformation (1)
- water (1)
- water height-area-volume curve (1)
- water storage capacity (1)
- wave number (1)
- weathering (1)
- welfare (1)
- wind speed (1)
- zoning (1)
- Überflutung (1)
Institute
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (276) (remove)
During eruptive activity of andesitic stratovolcanoes, the extrusion of lava domes, their collapse and intermittent explosions are common volcanic hazards. Many lava domes grow in a preferred direction, in turn affecting the direction of lava flows and pyroclastic density currents. Access to active lava domes is difficult and hazardous, so detailed data characterizing lava dome growth are typically limited, keeping the processes controlling the directionality of extrusions unclear. Here we combine TerraSAR-X satellite radar observations with high-resolution airborne photogrammetry to assess morphological changes, and perform finite element modeling to investigate the impact of loading stress on shallow magma ascent directions associated with lava dome extrusion and crater formation at Volcan de Colima, Mexico. The TerraSAR-X data, acquired in similar to 1-m resolution spotlight mode, enable us to derive a chronology of the eruptive processes from intensity-based time-lapse observations of the general crater and dome evolution. The satellite images are complemented by close-range airborne photos, processed by the Structure-from-Motion workflow. This allows the derivation of high-resolution digital elevation models, providing insight into detailed loading and unloading features. During the observation period from Jan-2013 to Feb-2016, we identify a dominantly W-directed dome growth and lava flow production until Jan-2015. In Feb-2015, following the removal of the active summit dome, the surface crater widened and elongated along a NE-SW axis. Later in May-2015, a new dome grew toward the SW of the crater while a separate vent developed in the NE of the crater, reflecting a change in the direction of magma ascent and possible conduit bifurcation. Finite element models show a significant stress change in agreement with the observed magma ascent direction changes in response to the changing surface loads, both for loading (dome growth) and unloading (crater forming excavation) cases. These results allow insight into shallow dome growth dynamics and the migration of magma ascent in response to changing volcano summit morphology. They further highlight the importance of detailed volcano summit morphology surveillance, as changes in direction or location of dome extrusion may have major implications regarding the directions of potential volcanic hazards, such as pyroclastic density currents generated by dome collapse.
In this paper we report a rare and fortunate event of fast magnetosonic (MS, also called equatorial noise) waves modulated by compressional ultralow frequency (ULF) waves measured by Van Allen Probes. The characteristics of MS waves, ULF waves, proton distribution, and their potential correlations are analyzed. The results show that ULF waves can modulate the energetic ring proton distribution and in turn modulate the MS generation. Furthermore, the variation of MS intensities is attributed to not only ULF wave activities but also the variation of background parameters, for example, number density. The results confirm the opinion that MS waves are generated by proton ring distribution and propose a new modulation phenomenon.
This study aims to identify the best-performing site characterization proxy alternative and complementary to the conventional 30 m average shear-wave velocity V-S30, as well as the optimal combination of proxies in characterizing linear site response. Investigated proxies include T-0 (site fundamental period obtained from earthquake horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios), V-Sz (measured average shear-wave velocities to depth z, z = 5, 10, 20 and 30 m), Z(0.8) and Z(1.0) (measured site depths to layers having shear-wave velocity 0.8 and 1.0 km/s, respectively), as well as Z(x-infer) (inferred site depths from a regional velocity model, x = 0.8 and 1.0, 1.5 and 2.5 km/s). To evaluate the performance of a site proxy or a combination, a total of 1840 surface-borehole recordings is selected from KiK-net database. Site amplifications are derived using surface-to-borehole response-, Fourier- and cross-spectral ratio techniques and then are compared across approaches. Next, the efficacies of 7 single-proxies and 11 proxy-pairs are quantified based on the site-to-site standard deviation of amplification residuals of observation about prediction using the proxy or the pair. Our results show that T-0 is the best-performing single-proxy among T-0, Z(0.8), Z(1.0) and V-Sz. Meanwhile, T-0 is also the best-performing proxy among T-0, Z(0.8), Z(1.0) and Z(x-infer) complementary to V-S30 in accounting for the residual amplification after V-S30-correction. Besides, T-0 alone can capture most of the site effects and should be utilized as the primary site indicator. Though (T-0, V-S30) is the best-performing proxy pair among (V-S30, T-0), (V-S30, Z(0.8)), (V-S30, Z(1.0)), (V-S30, Z(x-infer)) and (T-0, V-Sz), it is only slightly better than (T-0, V-S20). Considering both efficacy and engineering utility, the combination of T-0 (primary) and V-S20 (secondary) is recommended. Further study is needed to test the performances of various proxies on sites in deep sedimentary basins.
In the Next Generation Attenuation West2 (NGA-West2) project, a 3D subsurface structure model (Japan Seismic Hazard Information Station [J-SHIS]) was queried to establish depths to 1.0 and 2.5 km/s velocity isosurfaces for sites without depth measurement in Japan. In this article, we evaluate the depth parameters in the J-SHIS velocity model by comparing them with their corresponding site-specific depth measurements derived from selected KiK-net velocity profiles. The comparison indicates that the J-SHIS model underestimates site depths at shallow sites and overestimates depths at deep sites. Similar issues were also identified in the southern California basin model. Our results also show that these underestimations and over-estimations have a potentially significant impact on ground-motion prediction using NGA-West2 ground-motion models (GMMs). Site resonant period may be considered as an alternative to depth parameter in the site term of a GMM.
The Kp index is a measure of the midlatitude global geomagnetic activity and represents short-term magnetic variations driven by solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field. The Kp index is one of the most widely used indicators for space weather alerts and serves as input to various models, such as for the thermosphere and the radiation belts. It is therefore crucial to predict the Kp index accurately. Previous work in this area has mostly employed artificial neural networks to nowcast Kp, based their inferences on the recent history of Kp and on solar wind measurements at L1. In this study, we systematically test how different machine learning techniques perform on the task of nowcasting and forecasting Kp for prediction horizons of up to 12 hr. Additionally, we investigate different methods of machine learning and information theory for selecting the optimal inputs to a predictive model. We illustrate how these methods can be applied to select the most important inputs to a predictive model of Kp and to significantly reduce input dimensionality. We compare our best performing models based on a reduced set of optimal inputs with the existing models of Kp, using different test intervals, and show how this selection can affect model performance.
Paleogeographic reconstructions of terranes can greatly benefit from the provenance analysis of sediments. A series of Cenozoic basins provide key sedimentary archives for investigating the growth of the Tibetan Plateau, yet the provenance of the sediments in these basins has never been constrained robustly. Here we report sedimentary petrological and detrital zircon geochronological data from the Paleocene-Eocene Nangqian-Xialaxiu and Gongjue basins. Sandstone detrital modes and zircon morphology suggest that the samples collected in these two basins were sourced from recycled orogen. Detrital zircon geochronology indicates that sediments in the Nangqian-Xialaxiu Basin are characterized by two distinct age populations at 220-280 Ma and 405-445 Ma. In contrast, three predominant age populations of 207-256 Ma, 423-445 Ma, and 1851-1868 Ma, and two subordinate age populations of similar to 50 Ma and similar to 2500 Ma, are recognized in the Gongjue Basin. Comparison with detrital zircon ages from the surrounding terranes suggests that sediments in the Nangqian-Xialaxiu Basin come from the neighboring thrust belts, whereas sediments from the Gongjue Basin are predominantly derived from the distant Songpan-Ganzi Terrane with minor contribution from the surrounding areas. A three-stage Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Tibetan Plateau is proposed. During the Paleocene, the Nangqian-Xialaxiu Basin appeared as a set of small intermontane sub-basins and received plentiful sediments from the neighboring mountain belts; during the Eocene, the Gongjue Basin kept a relatively low altitude and was a depression at the edge of a proto-Plateau; since the Oligocene, the Tibetan Plateau further uplifted and the marginal Gongjue Basin was involved in the Tibetan interior orogeny, indicating the eastward propagation of the Tibetan Plateau.
A number of sedimentary provenance studies have been undertaken in order to determine whether the palaeo-Red River was once a river of continental proportions into which the upper reaches of the Yangtze, Salween, Mekong, Irrawaddy, and Yarlung drained. We have assessed the evidence that the Yarlung originally flowed into the palaeo-Red river, and then sequentially into the Irrawaddy and Brahmaputra, connecting to the latter first via the Lohit and then the Siang. For this river system, we have integrated our new data from the Paleogene-Recent Irrawaddy drainage basin (detrital zircon U-Pb with Hf and fission track, rutile U-Pb, mica Ar-Ar, bulk rock Sr-Nd, and petrography) with previously published data, to produce a palaeodrainage model that is consistent with all datasets. In our model, the Yarlung never flowed into the Irrawaddy drainage: during the Paleogene, the Yarlung suture zone was an internally drained basin, and from Neogene times onwards the Yarlung drained into the Brahmaputra in the Bengal Basin. The Central Myanmar Basin, through which the Irrawaddy River flows today, received predominantly locally-derived detritus until the Middle Eocene, the Irrawaddy initiated as a through-going river draining the Mogok Metamorphic Belt and Bomi-Chayu granites to the north sometime in the Late Eocene to Early Oligocene, and the river was dominated by a stable MMB-dominated drainage throughout the Neogene to present day. Existing evidence does not support any connection between the Yarlung and the Red River in the past, but there is a paucity of suitable palaeo-Red River deposits with which to make a robust comparison. We argue that this limitation also precludes a robust assessment of a palaeo-connection between the Yangtze/ Salween/Mekong and the Red River; it is difficult to unequivocally interpret the recorded provenance changes as the result of specific drainage reorganisations. We highlight the palaeo-Red River deposits of the Hanoi Basin as a potential location for future research focus in view of the near-complete Cenozoic record of palaeo-Red River deposits at this location. A majority of previous studies consider that if a major continental-scale drainage ever existed at all, it fragmented early in the Cenozoic. Such a viewpoint would agree with the growing body of evidence from palaeoaltitude studies that large parts of SE Tibet were uplifted by this period. This then leads towards the intriguing question as to the mechanisms which caused the major period of river incision in the Miocene in this region.
We present new U-Pb LA-ICP-MS data from the Central Andean foreland basins combined with new and published stratigraphic information in order to reconstruct the Miocene fragmentation of the Andean foreland between 26 and 28 degrees S. The disruption of this foreland basin and the subsequent development of elevated intermountain basins have been the focus of several studies. However, the absence of temporal constraints in the Miocene to Pliocene sedimentary record of the low elevation Choromoro and Tucuman foreland basins has presented an obstacle for precise paleogeographic reconstructions. We describe 11 discontinuous stratigraphic sections and use the U-Pb LA-ICP-MS method to date 10 pyroclastic-bearing sediments in order to reconstruct the stratigraphic evolution of the Choromoro and Tucuman basins. We combine our results with published strati graphic and thermochronologic data from adjacent basins to present a refined Miocene paleogeographic model. In a first stage, a continuous Early Miocene foreland lacustrine basin developed, filling up the preexisting Paleogene topography. The second stage is characterized by basin unroofing around similar to 12 Ma; the easily eroded sedimentary cover was removed, leading to the uplift of the underlying basement rocks and the segmentation of the lacustrine system. In the third stage, relief increase took place after similar to 6 Ma due to the low erodibility of the basement blocks; as a result, stable fluvial systems developed. Progressive relief development caused pronounced unconformities in the basins and the development of proximal fluvial-gravitational depositional systems after 3 Ma. This model emphasizes on the relations between tectonics, climate, and erodibility, and their control on the evolution of the depositional systems and relief.
Interactions and feedbacks between tectonics, climate, and upper plate architecture control basin geometry, relief, and depositional systems. The Andes is part of a longlived continental margin characterized by multiple tectonic cycles which have strongly modified the Andean upper plate architecture. In the Andean retroarc, spatiotemporal variations in the structure of the upper plate and tectonic regimes have resulted in marked along-strike variations in basin geometry, stratigraphy, deformational style, and mountain belt morphology. These along-strike variations include high-elevation plateaus (Altiplano and Puna) associated with a thin-skin fold-and-thrust-belt and thick-skin deformation in broken foreland basins such as the Santa Barbara system and the Sierras Pampeanas. At the confluence of the Puna Plateau, the Santa Barbara system and the Sierras Pampeanas, major along-strike changes in upper plate architecture, mountain belt morphology, basement exhumation, and deformation style can be recognized. I have used a source to sink approach to unravel the spatiotemporal tectonic evolution of the Andean retroarc between 26 and 28°S. I obtained a large low-temperature thermochronology data set from basement units which includes apatite fission track, apatite U-Th-Sm/He, and zircon U-Th/He (ZHe) cooling ages. Stratigraphic descriptions of Miocene units were temporally constrained by U-Pb LA-ICP-MS zircon ages from interbedded pyroclastic material.
Modeled ZHe ages suggest that the basement of the study area was exhumed during the Famatinian orogeny (550-450 Ma), followed by a period of relative tectonic quiescence during the Paleozoic and the Triassic. The basement experienced horst exhumation during the Cretaceous development of the Salta rift. After initial exhumation, deposition of thick Cretaceous syn-rift strata caused reheating of several basement blocks within the Santa Barbara system. During the Eocene-Oligocene, the Andean compressional setting was responsible for the exhumation of several disconnected basement blocks. These exhumed blocks were separated by areas of low relief, in which humid climate and low erosion rates facilitated the development of etchplains on the crystalline basement. The exhumed basement blocks formed an Eocene to Oligocene broken foreland basin in the back-bulge depozone of the Andean foreland. During the Early Miocene, foreland basin strata filled up the preexisting Paleogene topography. The basement blocks in lower relief positions were reheated; associated geothermal gradients were higher than 25°C/km. Miocene volcanism was responsible for lateral variations on the amount of reheating along the Campo-Arenal basin. Around 12 Ma, a new deformational phase modified the drainage network and fragmented the lacustrine system. As deformation and rock uplift continued, the easily eroded sedimentary cover was efficiently removed and reworked by an ephemeral fluvial system, preventing the development of significant relief. After ~6 Ma, the low erodibility of the basement blocks which began to be exposed caused relief increase, leading to the development of stable fluvial systems. Progressive relief development modified atmospheric circulation, creating a rainfall gradient. After 3 Ma, orographic rainfall and high relief lead to the development of proximal fluvial-gravitational depositional systems in the surrounding basins.
The task of downloading comprehensive datasets of event-based seismic waveforms has been made easier through the development of standardized webservices but is still highly nontrivial because the likelihood of temporary network failures or subtle data errors naturally increases when the amount of requested data is in the order of millions of relatively short segments. This is even more challenging because the typical workflow is not restricted to a single massive download but consists of fetching all possible available input data (e.g., with several repeated download executions) for a processing stage producing any desired user-defined output. Here, we present stream2segment, a highly customizable Python 2+3 package helping the user in the entire workflow of downloading, inspecting, and processing event-based seismic data by means of a relational database management system as archiving storage, which has clear performance and usability advantages, and an integrated processing subroutine requiring a configuration file and a single Python function to produce user-defined output. Stream2segment can also produce diagnostic maps or user-defined plots, which, unlike existing tools, do not require external software dependencies and are not static images but instead are interactive browser-based applications ideally suited for data inspection or annotation tasks and subsequent training of classifiers in foreseen supervised machine-learning applications. Stream2segment has already been used as a data quality tool for datasets within the European Integrated Data Archive and to create a weak-motion database (in the form of a so-called flat file) for the stable continental region of Europe in the context of the European Ground Shaking Intensity Model service, in turn an important building block for seismic hazard studies.
The marine sedimentary record contains unique information about the history of erosion, uplift and climate of the adjacent continent. Inverting this record has been the purpose of many numerical studies. However, limited attention has been given to linking continental erosion to marine sediment transport and deposition in large-scale surface process evolution models. Here we present a new numerical method for marine sediment transport and deposition that is directly coupled to a landscape evolution algorithm solving for the continental fluvial and hillslope erosion equations using implicit and O(N) algorithms. The new method takes into account the sorting of grain sizes (e.g., silt and sand) in the marine domain using a non-linear multiple grain-size diffusion equation and assumes that the sediment flux exported from the continental domain is proportional to the bathymetric slope. Specific transport coefficients and compaction factors are assumed for the two different grain sizes to simulate the stratigraphic architecture. The resulting set of equations is solved using an efficient (O(N) and implicit) algorithm. It can thus be used to invert stratigraphic geometries using a Bayesian approach that requires a large number of simulations. This new method is used to invert the sedimentary geometry of a natural example, the Ogooue Delta (Gabon), over the last similar to 5 Myr. The objective is to unravel the set of erosional histories of the adjacent continental domain compatible with the observed geometry of the offshore delta. For this, we use a Bayesian inversion scheme in which the misfit function is constructed by comparing four geometrical parameters between the natural and the simulated delta: the volume of sediments stored in the delta, the surface slope, the initial and the final shelf lengths. We find that the best-fit values of the transport coefficients for silt in the marine domain are in the range of 300 - 500 m(2)/yr, in agreement with previous studies on offshore diffusion. We also show that, in order to fit the sedimentary geometry, erosion rate on the continental domain must have increased by a factor of 6 to 8 since 5.3 Ma. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Partial melting is a first order process for the chemical differentiation of the crust (Vielzeuf et al., 1990). Redistribution of chemical elements during melt generation crucially influences the composition of the lower and upper crust and provides a mechanism to concentrate and transport chemical elements that may also be of economic interest. Understanding of the diverse processes and their controlling factors is therefore not only of scientific interest but also of high economic importance to cover the demand for rare metals.
The redistribution of major and trace elements during partial melting represents a central step for the understanding how granite-bound mineralization develops (Hedenquist and Lowenstern, 1994). The partial melt generation and mobilization of ore elements (e.g. Sn, W, Nb, Ta) into the melt depends on the composition of the sedimentary source and melting conditions. Distinct source rocks have different compositions reflecting their deposition and alteration histories. This specific chemical “memory” results in different mineral assemblages and melting reactions for different protolith compositions during prograde metamorphism (Brown and Fyfe, 1970; Thompson, 1982; Vielzeuf and Holloway, 1988). These factors do not only exert an important influence on the distribution of chemical elements during melt generation, they also influence the volume of melt that is produced, extraction of the melt from its source, and its ascent through the crust (Le Breton and Thompson, 1988). On a larger scale, protolith distribution and chemical alteration (weathering), prograde metamorphism with partial melting, melt extraction, and granite emplacement are ultimately depending on a (plate-)tectonic control (Romer and Kroner, 2016). Comprehension of the individual stages and their interaction is crucial in understanding how granite-related mineralization forms, thereby allowing estimation of the mineralization potential of certain areas. Partial melting also influences the isotope systematics of melt and restite. Radiogenic and stable isotopes of magmatic rocks are commonly used to trace back the source of intrusions or to quantify mixing of magmas from different sources with distinct isotopic signatures (DePaolo and Wasserburg, 1979; Lesher, 1990; Chappell, 1996). These applications are based on the fundamental requirement that the isotopic signature in the melt reflects that of the bulk source from which it is derived. Different minerals in a protolith may have isotopic compositions of radiogenic isotopes that deviate from their whole rock signature (Ayres and Harris, 1997; Knesel and Davidson, 2002). In particular, old minerals with a distinct parent-to-daughter (P/D) ratio are expected to have a specific radiogenic isotope signature. As the partial melting reaction only involves selective phases in a protolith, the isotopic signature of the melt reflects that of the minerals involved in the melting reaction and, therefore, should be different from the bulk source signature. Similar considerations hold true for stable isotopes.
Design flood estimation is an essential part of flood risk assessment. Commonly applied are flood frequency analyses and design storm approaches, while the derived flood frequency using continuous simulation has been getting more attention recently. In this study, a continuous hydrological modelling approach on an hourly time scale, driven by a multi-site weather generator in combination with a -nearest neighbour resampling procedure, based on the method of fragments, is applied. The derived 100-year flood estimates in 16 catchments in Vorarlberg (Austria) are compared to (a) the flood frequency analysis based on observed discharges, and (b) a design storm approach. Besides the peak flows, the corresponding runoff volumes are analysed. The spatial dependence structure of the synthetically generated flood peaks is validated against observations. It can be demonstrated that the continuous modelling approach can achieve plausible results and shows a large variability in runoff volume across the flood events.
Alluvial and transport-limited bedrock rivers constitute the majority of fluvial systems on Earth. Their long profiles hold clues to their present state and past evolution. We currently possess first-principles-based governing equations for flow, sediment transport, and channel morphodynamics in these systems, which we lack for detachment-limited bedrock rivers. Here we formally couple these equations for transport-limited gravel-bed river long-profile evolution. The result is a new predictive relationship whose functional form and parameters are grounded in theory and defined through experimental data. From this, we produce a power-law analytical solution and a finite-difference numerical solution to long-profile evolution. Steady-state channel concavity and steepness are diagnostic of external drivers: concavity decreases with increasing uplift rate, and steepness increases with an increasing sediment-to-water supply ratio. Constraining free parameters explains common observations of river form: to match observed channel concavities, gravel-sized sediments must weather and fine - typically rapidly - and valleys typically should widen gradually. To match the empirical square-root width-discharge scaling in equilibrium-width gravel-bed rivers, downstream fining must occur. The ability to assign a cause to such observations is the direct result of a deductive approach to developing equations for landscape evolution.
Late Quaternary landscapes of unglaciated Beringia were largely shaped by ice-wedge polygon tundra. Ice Complex (IC) strata preserve such ancient polygon formations. Here we report on the Yukagir IC from Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island in northeastern Siberia and suggest that new radioisotope disequilibria (230Th/U) dates of the Yukagir IC peat confirm its formation during the Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 7a–c interglacial period. The preservation of the ice-rich Yukagir IC proves its resilience to last interglacial and late glacial–Holocene warming. This study compares the Yukagir IC to IC strata of MIS 5, MIS 3, and MIS 2 ages exposed on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island. Besides high intrasedimental ice content and syngenetic ice wedges intersecting silts, sandy silts, the Yukagir IC is characterized by high organic matter (OM) accumulation and low OM decomposition of a distinctive Drepanocladus moss-peat. The Yukagir IC pollen data reveal grass-shrub-moss tundra indicating rather wet summer conditions similar to modern ones. The stable isotope composition of Yukagir IC wedge ice is similar to those of the MIS 5 and MIS 3 ICs pointing to similar atmospheric moisture generation and transport patterns in winter. IC data from glacial and interglacial periods provide insights into permafrost and climate dynamics since about 200 ka.
Convergence between the Indian and Asian plates has reshaped large parts of Asia, changing regional climate and biodiversity, yet geodynamic models fundamentally diverge on how convergence was accommodated since the India-Asia collision. Here we report palaeomagnetic data from the Burma Terrane, which is at the eastern edge of the collision zone and is famous for its Cretaceous amber biota, to better determine the evolution of the India-Asia collision. The Burma Terrane was part of a Trans-Tethyan island arc and stood at a near-equatorial southern latitude at similar to 95 Ma, suggesting island endemism for the Burmese amber biota. The Burma Terrane underwent significant clockwise rotation between similar to 80 and 50 Ma, causing its subduction margin to become hyper-oblique. Subsequently, it was translated northward on the Indian Plate by an exceptional distance of at least 2,000 km along a dextral strike-slip fault system in the east. Our reconstructions are only compatible with geodynamic models involving an initial collision of India with a near-equatorial Trans-Tethyan subduction system at similar to 60 Ma, followed by a later collision with the Asian margin.
Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) as a complement to fluctuating renewable energy systems is a reliable technology to guarantee continuous energy supply for heating and air conditioning. We investigated a high-temperature (HT) mono-well system (c. 100 degrees C), where the well screens are separated vertically within the aquifer, as an alternative to conventional doublet ATES systems for an underground storage in northern Oman. We analysed the impact of thermal inference between injection and extraction well screens on the heat recovery factor (HRF) in order to define the optimal screento-screen distance for best possible systems efficiency. Two controlling interference parameters were considered: the vertical screen-to-screen distance and aquifer heterogeneities. The sensitivity study shows that with decreasing screen-to-screen distances, thermal interference increases storage performance. A turning point is reached if the screen distance is too close, causing either water breakthrough or negative thermal interference between the screens. Our simulations show that a combined heat plume with spherical geometry results in the highest heat recovery factors due to the lowest surface area to volume ratios. Thick aquifers for mono-well HT-ATES are thus not mandatory Our study shows that a HT-ATES mono-well system is a feasible storage design with high heat recovery factors for continuous cooling or heating purposes.
Isolated extreme habitats are ideally suited to investigate pivotal ecological processes such as niche use, local adaptation and dispersal. Extremophilic animals living in isolated habitats face the problem that dispersal is limited through the absence of suitable dispersal corridors, which in turn facilitates local adaptation. We used five rotifer isolates from extremely acidic mining lakes with a pH of below 3 as model organisms to test whether these isolates are acidotolerant or acidophilic, whether they survive and reproduce at their niche edges (here pH 2 and circum-neutral pH) and whether local adaptation has evolved. To evaluate potential dispersal limitation, we tested whether animals and their parthenogenetic eggs survive and remain reproductive or viable at unfavourable pH-conditions. All five isolates were acidophilic with a pH-optimum in the range of 4-6, which is well above the pH (< 3) of their lakes of origin. At unfavourable high pH, in four out of the five isolates parthenogenetic females produced a high number of non-viable eggs. Females and eggs produced at favourable pH (4) remained vital at an otherwise unfavourable pH of 7, indicating that for dispersal no acidic dispersal corridors are necessary. Common garden experiments revealed no clear evidence for local adaptation in any of the five isolates. Despite their acidophilic nature, all five isolates can potentially disperse via circum-neutral water bodies as long as their residence time is short, suggesting a broader dispersal niche than their realized niche. Local adaptation might have been hampered by the low population sizes of the rotifers in their isolated habitat and the short time span the mining lakes have existed.
Deformation associated with plate convergence at subduction zones is accommodated by a complex system involving fault slip and viscoelastic flow. These processes have proven difficult to disentangle. The 2010 M-w 8.8 Maule earthquake occurred close to the Chilean coast within a dense network of continuously recording Global Positioning System stations, which provide a comprehensive history of surface strain. We use these data to assemble a detailed picture of a structurally controlled megathrust fault frictional patchwork and the three-dimensional rheological and time-dependent viscosity structure of the lower crust and upper mantle, all of which control the relative importance of afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation during postseismic deformation. These results enhance our understanding of subduction dynamics including the interplay of localized and distributed deformation during the subduction zone earthquake cycle.