Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (220)
- Postprint (163)
- Doctoral Thesis (15)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (7)
- Conference Proceeding (6)
- Review (6)
- Preprint (3)
- Master's Thesis (2)
- Habilitation Thesis (1)
- Part of Periodical (1)
Keywords
- exercise (15)
- football (14)
- embodied cognition (12)
- fMRI (12)
- working memory (12)
- performance (10)
- German (9)
- adolescents (9)
- language acquisition (9)
- neuroimaging (9)
- aging (8)
- resistance training (8)
- SNARC (7)
- eye movements (7)
- major depressive disorder (7)
- Cardiac rehabilitation (6)
- Exercise (6)
- emotion (6)
- injury risk (6)
- locality (6)
- physiology (6)
- sentence processing (6)
- training load (6)
- young athletes (6)
- youth (6)
- Adolescents (5)
- Randomized controlled trial (5)
- Spanish (5)
- balance (5)
- individual differences (5)
- insula (5)
- interoception (5)
- interoceptive awareness (5)
- language (5)
- numerical cognition (5)
- obesity (5)
- training (5)
- Adaptive Force (4)
- Aftercare (4)
- Children (4)
- Embodied cognition (4)
- Holding isometric muscle action (4)
- Mechanotendography (4)
- Mental number line (4)
- NutriAct Family Study (4)
- Performance (4)
- Predictors (4)
- Pushing isometric muscle action (4)
- Quality of life (4)
- Resistance training (4)
- TAVI (4)
- activation (4)
- biomechanics (4)
- childhood (4)
- diabetes (4)
- electromyography (4)
- elite athletes (4)
- exercise therapy (4)
- expectation (4)
- eye-tracking (4)
- fatigue (4)
- injury (4)
- mental arithmetic (4)
- mental simulation (4)
- mind wandering (4)
- monitoring (4)
- neuromuscular (4)
- oncology (4)
- operational momentum (4)
- osteoporosis (4)
- physical fitness (4)
- postural stability (4)
- rate of perceived exertion (4)
- recovery (4)
- rolling averages (4)
- sentence comprehension (4)
- sport-specific performance (4)
- sports (4)
- weighted moving averages (4)
- working memory capacity (4)
- ACT-R (3)
- Balance (3)
- Blickbewegungen (3)
- COVID-19 (3)
- Chronic conditions (3)
- Decision making (3)
- English (3)
- Exercise therapy (3)
- Eye movements (3)
- Number processing (3)
- Psycholinguistik (3)
- Satzverarbeitung (3)
- TMS (3)
- Working memory (3)
- cardiac rehabilitation (3)
- cognition (3)
- cognitive psychology (3)
- depression (3)
- discourse (3)
- doping (3)
- epidemiology (3)
- force (3)
- ground reaction force (3)
- ground reaction forces (3)
- hospitalization (3)
- lipids (3)
- meta-analysis (3)
- muscle strength (3)
- physical performance (3)
- plyometric training (3)
- prevention (3)
- psycholinguistics (3)
- quality of life (3)
- relative clauses (3)
- reliability (3)
- remission (3)
- review (3)
- running mechanics (3)
- self-paced reading (3)
- speech perception (3)
- validity (3)
- ACWR (2)
- AUD (2)
- Achilles and patellar tendon (2)
- Acoustic Analysis (2)
- Adult-child interaction (2)
- Amygdala (2)
- Anti-doping guideline (2)
- Anti-doping program (2)
- Appearance (2)
- Arbeitsgedächtnis (2)
- Attrition (2)
- Back pain diagnosis (2)
- Back pain prognosis (2)
- Biomarker (2)
- Broca’s aphasia (2)
- COVID-19 pandemic (2)
- Cardiovascular diseases (2)
- Catalan VCV Sequences (2)
- Child (2)
- Chronic low back pain (2)
- Clinical psychology (2)
- Clinical supervision (2)
- Closure Positive Shift (CPS) (2)
- Cognition (2)
- Cognitive impairment (2)
- Coping (2)
- Cost-effectiveness (2)
- Cross-frequency PLV (2)
- Cross-sectoral care (2)
- Cystic fibrosis (2)
- DLT (2)
- DXA (2)
- Daily life (2)
- Data pooling (2)
- Delirium prevention (2)
- Dementia (2)
- Developmental hyperscanning (2)
- Diary study (2)
- Digital intervention (2)
- Doping (2)
- Dual EEG analysis (2)
- Dynamometry (2)
- EEG (2)
- ERPs (2)
- Eating behavior (2)
- Eccentric muscle action (2)
- Education (2)
- Elective surgery (2)
- Elite sports schools (2)
- Event-related Potentials (ERP) (2)
- Evidence-based psychotherapy (2)
- Experience sampling method (2)
- Facial Expressions (2)
- Fatigue (2)
- FieldTrip (2)
- Finger counting (2)
- Football (2)
- Frailty (2)
- GNAT (2)
- Games (2)
- Geriatric rehabilitation (2)
- Grip force (2)
- HDL (2)
- Hamstring-quadriceps ratio (2)
- Healthy aging (2)
- Home-based (2)
- Human physical conditioning (2)
- Iambic/Trochaic Law (2)
- Individualized therapy (2)
- Information (2)
- Injury (2)
- Injury risk (2)
- Interoception (2)
- Intuitive eating (2)
- Isometric contraction (2)
- Isometric muscle action (2)
- Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2)
- LDL (2)
- Learning (2)
- Lesen (2)
- Lingual Coarticulation (2)
- Locus Equations (2)
- Mandarin-English bilinguals (2)
- Martial arts (2)
- Mechanomyography (2)
- Metaanalysis (2)
- Microvascular blood filling (2)
- Mindfulness (2)
- Mixed methods (2)
- Mobility (2)
- Motor system (2)
- Movement (2)
- Muscle strength (2)
- Muscle twitch (2)
- Musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (2)
- Music cognition (2)
- Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (2)
- Noradrenaline (2)
- Obesity (2)
- Older adults (2)
- Older patients (2)
- Outcome measures (2)
- Overhead athletes (2)
- Oxygen saturation (2)
- PLV (2)
- PROGRESS/TRIPOD (2)
- Pain screening (2)
- Partnership (2)
- Perception (2)
- Persian (2)
- Phase Locking Value (2)
- Plyometric exercise (2)
- Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (2)
- Prediction of disability/intensity (2)
- Prospective (2)
- Protective factors (2)
- Psychotherapeutic competencies (2)
- Psychotherapy research (2)
- Pulling isometric muscle action (2)
- RPE (2)
- Randomized-controlled trial (2)
- Recognition Memory (2)
- Recollection (2)
- Recovery (2)
- Regulatory focus (2)
- Rehabilitation (2)
- Repeated sprint (2)
- Resiliency (2)
- Resistance (2)
- Role-playing (2)
- SEMG-pattern (2)
- SFON (2)
- SNARC effect (2)
- SRT (2)
- Scale development (2)
- Self-stigmatization (2)
- Shoulder (2)
- Simulated patients (2)
- Speech Motor Control (2)
- Speed (2)
- Sport-specific performance (2)
- Spracherwerb (2)
- Standardized patients (2)
- State and trait measurement (2)
- Stress levels (2)
- Stroop effect (2)
- Supervision (2)
- Systematic review (2)
- Team sports (2)
- Telerehabilitation (2)
- Time to task failure (2)
- Total hip replacement (2)
- Total knee replacement (2)
- Treatment pathways (2)
- Trust (2)
- Trustworthiness (2)
- Two forms of isometric muscle action (2)
- Type 1 diabetes (2)
- Ultrasound (2)
- Video games (2)
- Vocal-Tract (2)
- Weight (2)
- Weight bias internalization (2)
- Weight management trial (2)
- Yellow flags (2)
- abstract concepts (2)
- academy (2)
- accommodation (2)
- achilles tendinopathy (2)
- action language (2)
- action processing (2)
- action segmentation (2)
- action words (2)
- acute chronic workload ratio (2)
- adaptability (2)
- adaptation to external force impact (2)
- addition (2)
- additive particles (2)
- adolescent sport (2)
- advanced disease (2)
- aftercare (2)
- aggression (2)
- agility (2)
- aging brain (2)
- alcohol consumption (2)
- alexithymia (2)
- allometry (2)
- alpha-2 (2)
- alternatives (2)
- amateur soccer players (2)
- ambiguities (2)
- anaphoricity (2)
- anger (2)
- animacy (2)
- ankles (2)
- anterior cruciate ligament (2)
- antidepressants (2)
- antilocality (2)
- apoptosis (2)
- approach (2)
- arithmetic (2)
- athletes (2)
- athletic performance (2)
- attention (2)
- attitude (2)
- automatic facial expression analysis (2)
- avoidance (2)
- back pain (2)
- balance strategy (2)
- balance training (2)
- behavioral and self-report measures (2)
- behavioral weight loss (2)
- bilingualism (2)
- biological age (2)
- biological maturation (2)
- blood (2)
- body density (2)
- body limbs (2)
- body shape (2)
- body-specificity hypothesis (2)
- bone mineral density (2)
- bone pathologies (2)
- bone–brain–nervous system interactions (2)
- break interventions (2)
- broadband and narrowband dimensions of behavior (2)
- calcaneal eversion (2)
- cancer (2)
- canoe racing (2)
- carcinoma (2)
- cardiac catheterization (CC) (2)
- cardiomyopathy (2)
- carryover effects (2)
- central and peripheral vision (2)
- change (2)
- change of direction (2)
- change-of-direction speed (2)
- chemo-toxicity (2)
- children and adolescents (2)
- cholesterol (2)
- chronic health condition (2)
- clauses (2)
- clinical pain research (2)
- coarticulation (2)
- cognitive bias (2)
- cognitive decline (2)
- cognitive linguistics (2)
- cognitive module (2)
- cognitive resources (2)
- cognitive training (2)
- cognitive-postural dual task (2)
- cognitive/muscular fatigue (2)
- color (2)
- common ground (2)
- complaints (2)
- complex predicates (2)
- computer games (2)
- concurrent training (2)
- conditioning exercise (2)
- confidence (2)
- consultation (2)
- contractions (2)
- controlled trial (2)
- core strength (2)
- corpus dataset (2)
- counting (2)
- creative problem solving (2)
- creativity (2)
- cross-domain priming (2)
- cross-lagged panel analysis (2)
- cruciate ligament injury (2)
- deep learning (2)
- depressive disorder (2)
- derivation (2)
- development (2)
- developmental dyslexia (2)
- diabetes mellitus (2)
- dietary quality (2)
- distress (2)
- distributed processing (2)
- divergent thinking (2)
- drop jump (2)
- dual-task (2)
- early sport specialization (2)
- eccentric-plyometric (2)
- elf-determination theory (2)
- embodiment (2)
- emerging adults (2)
- emotion recognition (2)
- emotional intensity (2)
- emotional regulation (2)
- endocrine pathways (2)
- entropy (2)
- episodic memory (2)
- ethnic stereotypes (2)
- executive function (2)
- executive functions (2)
- exercise program (2)
- exercise training (2)
- experimental data (2)
- external load (2)
- external training load (2)
- eye tracking (2)
- eyedness (2)
- eyes (2)
- feeling of presence (2)
- feet (2)
- fiction (2)
- figurative language (2)
- fitness tests (2)
- food neophilia (2)
- footedness (2)
- freedom restriction (2)
- frustration (2)
- functional performance (2)
- gastrointestinal cancer (2)
- gestural organization (2)
- global positioning system (2)
- goal frames (2)
- granularity (2)
- hamstring injuries (2)
- hamstring muscles (2)
- hand (2)
- health care (2)
- healthy eating (2)
- heart rate variability (2)
- hematocrit (2)
- hemispheric asymmetry (2)
- heuristics and biases (2)
- high density lipoprotein cholesterol (2)
- high-intensity interval training (2)
- high-intensity-interval training (2)
- hip (2)
- home-based (2)
- hopelessness (2)
- hormones (2)
- human performance (2)
- human physical conditioning (2)
- human-robot interaction (2)
- humans (2)
- hypothesis (2)
- idiom (2)
- imaginary world (2)
- impact on pre-activated Achilles tendon (2)
- implicit associations (2)
- implicit learning (2)
- in-group stereotypes (2)
- inclusive education (2)
- incubation effect (2)
- information integration (2)
- input frequency (2)
- interference (2)
- internalizing behavior (2)
- interoceptive sensibility (2)
- isometric eccentric force (2)
- jump performance (2)
- jump training (2)
- jumping (2)
- kinematic boundary cues (2)
- kinematics (2)
- kinetics (2)
- knee osteoarthritis (2)
- knees (2)
- latency (2)
- laterality (2)
- lexicon size (2)
- life events (2)
- limb overuse conditions (2)
- lingering misinterpretation (2)
- literacy acquisition (2)
- long-term (2)
- longitudinal (2)
- longitudinal study (2)
- low density lipoprotein cholesterol (2)
- low-back-pain (2)
- lower-extremity kinematics (2)
- macrostructure (2)
- magnetoencephalography (2)
- magnitude estimation (2)
- matched time (2)
- material fatigue (2)
- mathematical precursor (2)
- maturity (2)
- measurement (2)
- mechanical tendinous oscillations (2)
- medial longitudinal arch (2)
- memory (2)
- mental health (2)
- mental number line (2)
- mental number line (MNL) (2)
- meta-science (2)
- metaphor (2)
- methodology (2)
- methods (2)
- miRNAs (2)
- microstructure (2)
- mindfulness-based stress reduction (2)
- mitochondrial adaptation (2)
- modality (2)
- modality compatibility (2)
- morphological decomposition (2)
- morphological errors (2)
- motivation (2)
- motor control (2)
- motor resonance (2)
- motor skills (2)
- motor system (2)
- motor unit synchronization (2)
- movement (2)
- mozart effect (2)
- muscle (2)
- muscle action (2)
- muscle activation (2)
- muscle coactivation (2)
- muscle fitness (2)
- muscle metabolism (2)
- muscle power (2)
- muscular activity (2)
- musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (2)
- music cognition (2)
- music information retrieval (2)
- music perception (2)
- musicality (2)
- narrative (2)
- narrative skills (2)
- negation (2)
- negative expectation (2)
- neuroendocrine (2)
- neuromuscular pre-activation (2)
- neuroplasticity (2)
- newborns (2)
- non-adjacent dependencies (2)
- non-athletes (2)
- number (2)
- number knowledge (2)
- oarsmen (2)
- object search (2)
- occupational prognosis (2)
- on-water performance (2)
- out-group stereotypes (2)
- overreaching (2)
- overtraining (2)
- overuse injuries (2)
- palliative care (2)
- paralinguistic features (2)
- passive stretching (2)
- patient-centered care (2)
- peak torque (2)
- pelvic alignment (2)
- perspective-taking (2)
- physical fitness expertise (2)
- plyometric exercise (2)
- plyometrics (2)
- postural control (2)
- postural sway (2)
- power (2)
- power improvement (2)
- pre-activity (2)
- pre-school (2)
- prediction (2)
- prefixes (2)
- preschoolers (2)
- presupposition (2)
- prevalence information (2)
- primary school (2)
- privileged ground (2)
- proactive aggression (2)
- problem solving (2)
- processing (2)
- prognosis (2)
- prosodic boundary cues (2)
- prosody processing (2)
- prototype-willingness-model (2)
- psycho-oncology (2)
- psychoeducation (2)
- psychopathology (2)
- psychophysiological (2)
- psychosocial stress (2)
- psychotherapy process (2)
- pupil diameter (2)
- quality (2)
- quality management (2)
- race time (2)
- randomized-controlled-trial (2)
- range of motion (2)
- reactance (2)
- reactive aggression (2)
- reading (2)
- recognition (2)
- recollection (2)
- rehabilitation (2)
- relational aggression (2)
- replication (2)
- representation learning (2)
- response inhibition (2)
- response styles theory (2)
- responses (2)
- return to work (2)
- return-to-sport (2)
- rheumatic diseases (2)
- rhythm perception (2)
- rhythmic grouping (2)
- risk factors (2)
- risk-factors (2)
- role-play (2)
- rotation (2)
- rule learning (2)
- rumination (2)
- runners (2)
- running (2)
- sAA (2)
- sACC (2)
- salivary alpha-amylase (2)
- scene memorization (2)
- scene viewing (2)
- schedule (2)
- scholastic demands (2)
- school learning (2)
- school mathematics (2)
- self threat (2)
- self-control (2)
- sensitivity (2)
- sensorimotor control (2)
- serial reaction time (SRT) task (2)
- sex-differences (2)
- skeletal joints (2)
- skills (2)
- social inclusion (2)
- social reactivity (2)
- sociometric neglect (2)
- sociometric status (2)
- solid tumor (2)
- sonography (2)
- spatial frequencies (2)
- spatial frequency (SF) (2)
- spatial-numerical associations (2)
- special educational needs (2)
- specificity (2)
- speech kinematics (2)
- speech motor control (2)
- speech segmentation (2)
- spelling (2)
- sprinting (2)
- stability (2)
- standardized patient (2)
- standardized patient information (2)
- standards (2)
- standing position (2)
- strength measurement system (2)
- stress intervention (2)
- stress management (2)
- stretch-shortening cycle (2)
- striking combat sports (2)
- study designs (2)
- study protocol (2)
- subtraction (2)
- surprisal (2)
- symptoms (2)
- syntax (2)
- synthesized voice (2)
- systematic review (2)
- systems (2)
- tVNS (2)
- taekwondo electronic scoring system (2)
- taekwondo-specific testing (2)
- talent (2)
- task (2)
- tasks (2)
- team handball (2)
- team sport (2)
- telerehabilitation (2)
- temporal frequency (2)
- text-to-speech (2)
- therapist competence (2)
- therapy (2)
- theta (2)
- time (2)
- time-efficient exercise (2)
- total hip replacement (2)
- total knee replacement (2)
- training adaptation (2)
- training intensity (2)
- training-program (2)
- transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (2)
- transfer (2)
- transformation (2)
- treatment integrity (2)
- triglycerides (2)
- trunk (2)
- ultrasound imaging (2)
- uncanny valley (2)
- variability (2)
- verb-phrase ellipsis (2)
- virtual reality (2)
- virus infection (2)
- vowels (2)
- web-based (2)
- weight loss (2)
- weightlifting (2)
- well-being (2)
- women (2)
- words (2)
- work capacity (2)
- yellow flags (2)
- youth football (2)
- youth sport (2)
- 1-to-1 Correspondence (1)
- AMSTAR 2 (1)
- Acquired dysgraphia (1)
- Adaptive control (1)
- Adipositas (1)
- Age of acquisition (1)
- Aggression (1)
- Aging (1)
- Agrammatismus (1)
- Anforderungen (1)
- Aortic valve (1)
- Aphasia (1)
- Aspekt (1)
- Assembly task (1)
- Assessment (1)
- Attention (1)
- Aufsatzsammlung (1)
- Autismus (1)
- Background (1)
- Bayesian decision theory (1)
- Bayesianische Entscheidungstheorie (1)
- Belohnungserwartungsfehler (1)
- Belohnungsgrößen (1)
- Bildgebung (1)
- Blickbewegungsmessung (1)
- Bulgarian (1)
- Bulgarisch (1)
- CHOP (1)
- Cardinality (1)
- Cardiovascular risk factors (1)
- Category verification (1)
- Chile (1)
- Chinese (1)
- Chinesisch (1)
- Chronic heart failure (CHF) (1)
- Clinical study (1)
- Cloze predictability (1)
- Co-occurrence probability (1)
- Cognition motor (1)
- Cognitive development (1)
- Competitive sport (1)
- Computational modeling (1)
- Contrast (1)
- Coping skills and adjustment (1)
- Countermovement jump (1)
- Covert orienting (1)
- Cross-lagged panel analysis (1)
- Crossover fatigue (1)
- Cultural intelligence (1)
- Depressive symptoms (1)
- Desensibilisierung (1)
- Deutsch (1)
- Development (1)
- Disengagement (1)
- Dopamin (1)
- Dynamische kognitive Modellierung (1)
- EKP (1)
- ERP (1)
- Emotionserkennung (1)
- Endocrine (1)
- Engagement (1)
- Entscheidungen (1)
- Event-related potentials (1)
- Exercise tests (1)
- Eyetracking (1)
- Fall risk (1)
- Fall risk assessment (1)
- Finger-based numerical representations (1)
- Finger-digit mapping (1)
- Fitness performance (1)
- Fixation duration (1)
- Fixational eye movements (1)
- Flat feet (1)
- Focus (1)
- Footwear (1)
- Force (1)
- Forced drop-out (1)
- Frail elderly (1)
- Future (1)
- GADD153 (1)
- GRP78 (1)
- Gedächtnis (1)
- Generalisation (1)
- Generalised magnitude system (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Givenness (1)
- Ground reaction force (1)
- Growth curve models (1)
- Grundschüler/innen (1)
- Health economics (1)
- Health promotion (1)
- Heart (1)
- Hirnentwicklung (1)
- Hirnstimulation (1)
- Home telemonitoring (1)
- Hot and cool executive functioning (1)
- Hungarian (1)
- Hypercholesterolemia (1)
- Hypertension (1)
- IL-6 (1)
- Ibero-Romance (1)
- Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) (1)
- Information structure (1)
- Instability (1)
- Intensity Dose -response relationship (1)
- Intercultural competence (1)
- Jugendliche (1)
- Kindergarten (1)
- Kognition (1)
- Kognitionspsychologie (1)
- Kognitionswissenschaft (1)
- Kognitionswissenschaften (1)
- Komplementsatzverstehen (1)
- Konzept (1)
- Lateral jumps (1)
- Lesespanne (1)
- Lesestrategie (1)
- Linguistik (1)
- Load (1)
- Measure validation (1)
- Mediengewalt (1)
- Melatonin receptor type 2 (1)
- Mental arithmetic (1)
- Mental disorders (1)
- Mental health (1)
- Mental time line (1)
- Mental time travel (1)
- Metabolism (1)
- Metaphors (1)
- Microsaccades (1)
- Middle childhood (1)
- Mortality (1)
- Multiple risk factor intervention (1)
- Multisensory (1)
- Muscle (1)
- Muscularity concern (1)
- N400 (1)
- Negation (1)
- Neurostimulation (1)
- Nuclear accent (1)
- Operational momentum (1)
- Oral anticoagulation (1)
- Oral anticoagulation therapy (1)
- Ordinality (1)
- Orienting (1)
- Overt attention (1)
- Partikelverben (1)
- Past (1)
- Patholinguistik (1)
- Patient self-management (1)
- Perception-action coupling (1)
- Pointing (1)
- Postural stability (1)
- Power (1)
- Preaktivierung (1)
- Predictability (1)
- Preventive therapy (1)
- Prinzipal-Agent (1)
- Prosodic phrasing (1)
- Prosody (1)
- Prävention (1)
- Psychologie (1)
- Psychology (1)
- Raum (1)
- Reading (1)
- Rechenstörung (1)
- Reflex (1)
- Reflexivpronomen (1)
- Rehearsal (1)
- Relativsätze (1)
- Resilience (1)
- Risiko (1)
- Satzlesen (1)
- Schiedsrichter (1)
- School (1)
- Selection (1)
- Semantic priming (1)
- Semantic typicality (1)
- Semantik (1)
- Seniors (1)
- Sentence comprehension (1)
- Sequential instruction (1)
- Sequenzielle Likelihood (1)
- Situated cognition (1)
- Skill (1)
- Smoking (1)
- Smoking cessation (1)
- Spatial-temporal association (1)
- Spelling (1)
- Sportvereinsmitgliedschaft (1)
- Sprache (1)
- Sprachtherapie (1)
- Sprechapraxie (1)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (1)
- Swimming performance (1)
- Telemedicine (1)
- Theory of Mind (1)
- Therapie (1)
- Time course (1)
- Trainer (1)
- Training Sozialer Kognition (1)
- Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (1)
- Travel (1)
- Treatment (1)
- Umschriebene Entwicklungsstörung (1)
- Unaccusativity (1)
- Unergative verbs (1)
- Urteilsverzerrung (1)
- Videospiele (1)
- Vitamin k-antagonists (1)
- Vorhersagen (1)
- Vorschulkinder (1)
- Weight/shape concern (1)
- Wohngegend (1)
- Word frequency (1)
- Working memory updating (1)
- Worterkennung (1)
- Young male gymnast (1)
- Young swimmers (1)
- Youth (1)
- Zahl (1)
- Zahlen- und Mengenverständnis (1)
- acoustic phonetics (1)
- adaptive force (1)
- adaptive holding capacity (1)
- adherence (1)
- adherence to medical treatment (1)
- adjectives (1)
- adolescence (1)
- adolescent (1)
- agrammatism (1)
- antonymy (1)
- anxiety (1)
- aphasia treatment (1)
- apraxia of speech (1)
- aspect (1)
- autism (1)
- behavior (1)
- bias (1)
- bone (1)
- brain development (1)
- brain lesions (1)
- brain stimulation (1)
- bullying (1)
- cardiorespiratory fitness (1)
- child (1)
- child language (1)
- children (1)
- cholinesterase inhibitors (1)
- chronic condition (1)
- chronic kidney disease (1)
- classroom climate (1)
- climbing (1)
- clinical study (1)
- cognitive enhancement (1)
- cognitive modeling (1)
- cognitive science (1)
- cognitive sciences (1)
- cognitive skills (1)
- compatibility effect (1)
- complementation (1)
- complex sentence processing (1)
- comprehension (1)
- comprehension of complement sentences (1)
- computer aided dosage (1)
- concept analysis (1)
- concepts (1)
- conceptualisation (1)
- conditioning stimulus (1)
- conduction aphasia (1)
- connectivity (1)
- content-addressable memory (1)
- control rates (1)
- conversational implicature (1)
- core (1)
- corpus study (1)
- cross-modal generalisation (1)
- cytochrome P450 17A1 (Cyp17A1) (1)
- decannulation protocol (1)
- decision making (1)
- desensitization (1)
- developmental dyscalculia (1)
- dilatational tracheostomy (1)
- dimensional (1)
- dimensional overlap (1)
- disease severity (1)
- dopamine (1)
- dose-response relation (1)
- dose-response relationship (1)
- dual task (1)
- dynamical cognitive modeling (1)
- dyslipidemia (1)
- dysphagia (1)
- early speech perception and later language performance (1)
- eccentric muscle action (1)
- elderly (1)
- elementare Bewegungsfertigkeiten (1)
- elite sport (1)
- emotional expression (1)
- endoplasmic reticulum stress (1)
- evidence-based (1)
- exercise capacity (1)
- exercise stress test (1)
- expert system (1)
- eye movement (1)
- fMRT (1)
- face morphing (1)
- facial feedback (1)
- family risk for SLI (1)
- frailty (1)
- frequency (1)
- function (1)
- fundamental movement skills (1)
- funktionelle Magnetresonanztomografie (1)
- gait (1)
- gender agreement (1)
- genetics (1)
- gestures (1)
- glomerular filtration rate (1)
- heart (1)
- hebrew (1)
- human language processing (1)
- hypertension (1)
- impact loading (1)
- implicit (1)
- implizit (1)
- incorporation (1)
- indirect dependency (1)
- individuelle Unterschiede (1)
- infection (1)
- inflammation (1)
- inflection (1)
- information structure (1)
- intervention (1)
- intervertebral disc (1)
- isometric muscle action (1)
- joint Simon effect (1)
- jump height/power (1)
- junge Erwachsene (1)
- kindergarten (1)
- kognitive Fähigkeiten (1)
- kognitive Modellierung (1)
- körperliche Fitness (1)
- language network (1)
- leg extensors (1)
- lesion studies (1)
- lexical databases (1)
- lexicon (1)
- lexikalische Datenbanken (1)
- lifespan (1)
- linguistic determinism (1)
- linguistics (1)
- linguistische Determinismushypothese (1)
- living area (1)
- long distance wh-movement (1)
- macroplanning (1)
- major depression (1)
- mathematical cognition (1)
- maximal isometric torque (1)
- maximal voluntary contraction (1)
- media violence (1)
- medicine (1)
- memantine (1)
- menschliche Sprachverarbeitung (1)
- methodological quality (1)
- morphology (1)
- morphosyntax (1)
- motivational interviewing (1)
- motor development (1)
- motorische Leistungsfähigkeit (1)
- multilingualism (1)
- multimodal cardiac rehabilitation (1)
- musculature (1)
- native dialects (1)
- neuroenhancement (1)
- neuromuscular functionality (1)
- neuroscience (1)
- non-fluent aphasia (1)
- non-native dialects (1)
- non-native speech perception (1)
- numeracy training (1)
- numerical competence (1)
- older adults (1)
- outcome (1)
- outcome measures (1)
- p38 MAPK (1)
- parafoveal-on-foveal effects (1)
- particle verbs (1)
- past-tense (1)
- patholinguistics (1)
- performance enhancement (1)
- perpetration (1)
- phenprocoumon (1)
- physical activity (1)
- physical conditioning human (1)
- physiologische Verfahren (1)
- plasticity (1)
- politeness (1)
- portuguese (1)
- postural balance (1)
- preactivation (1)
- preschool children (1)
- prior-likelihood integration (1)
- processing of auditory nonverbal stimuli (1)
- psychiatry (1)
- psychophysiological measures (1)
- public health (1)
- quality indicator (1)
- rate of torque development (1)
- reading strategy (1)
- reading-span (1)
- referees (1)
- referential coding (1)
- referring expression (1)
- reflexives (1)
- registry (1)
- rehabilitation outcome (1)
- relational bullying (1)
- requirements (1)
- respiration (1)
- reward anticipation (1)
- reward prediction error (1)
- reward system (1)
- rhythmic discrimination (1)
- risk (1)
- risk factor (1)
- risk of bias (1)
- rules (1)
- school (1)
- school-aged children (1)
- selbstbestimmtes Lesen (1)
- self-efficacy (1)
- semantics (1)
- sensomotorische Integration (1)
- sensory input (1)
- sentence production (1)
- sentence reading (1)
- sequential attention shifts (1)
- sequential likelihood (1)
- sexual aggression (1)
- shoulder girdle (1)
- skipping costs/benefits (1)
- soccer (1)
- social cognition training (1)
- social meaning (1)
- socioeconomic status (1)
- sozioökonomischer Status (1)
- spatial response coding (1)
- specific developmental disorder (1)
- speech and language therapy (1)
- speech pathology (1)
- speech production (1)
- sports club participation (1)
- static/dynamic postural control (1)
- stoma button (1)
- success (1)
- syntactic expectation (1)
- systematic (1)
- task difficulty (1)
- theory of mind (1)
- therapy volume (1)
- transdiagnostic (1)
- transkranielle Magnetstimulation (1)
- ventral striatum (1)
- verbal bullying (1)
- verbal working memory (1)
- verbales Arbeitsgedächtnis (1)
- verteilte Verarbeitung (1)
- victimization (1)
- video games (1)
- virus (1)
- warfarin (1)
- wh-scope marker (1)
- willingness to intervene (1)
- word order (1)
- word processing (1)
- word recognition (1)
- young adults (1)
- youth sports (1)
- fixation duration (1)
Institute
- Strukturbereich Kognitionswissenschaften (424) (remove)
Background
The aim of this study was to analyze the shoulder functional profile (rotation range of motion [ROM] and strength), upper and lower body performance, and throwing speed of U13 versus U15 male handball players, and to establish the relationship between these measures of physical fitness and throwing speed.
Methods
One-hundred and nineteen young male handball players (under (U)-13 (U13) [n = 85]) and U15 [n = 34]) volunteered to participate in this study. The participating athletes had a mean background of sytematic handball training of 5.5 ± 2.8 years and they exercised on average 540 ± 10.1 min per week including sport-specific team handball training and strength and conditioning programs. Players were tested for passive shoulder range-of-motion (ROM) for both internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) and isometric strength (i.e., IR and ER) of the dominant/non-dominant shoulders, overhead medicine ball throw (OMB), hip isometric abductor (ABD) and adductor (ADD) strength, hip ROM, jumps (countermovement jump [CMJ] and triple leg-hop [3H] for distance), linear sprint test, modified 505 change-of-direction (COD) test and handball throwing speed (7 m [HT7] and 9 m [HT9]).
Results
U15 players outperformed U13 in upper (i.e., HT7 and HT9 speed, OMB, absolute IR and ER strength of the dominant and non-dominant sides; Cohen’s d: 0.76–2.13) and lower body (i.e., CMJ, 3H, 20-m sprint and COD, hip ABD and ADD; d: 0.70–2.33) performance measures. Regarding shoulder ROM outcomes, a lower IR ROM was found of the dominant side in the U15 group compared to the U13 and a higher ER ROM on both sides in U15 (d: 0.76–1.04). It seems that primarily anthropometric characteristics (i.e., body height, body mass) and upper body strength/power (OMB distance) are the most important factors that explain the throw speed variance in male handball players, particularly in U13.
Conclusions
Findings from this study imply that regular performance monitoring is important for performance development and for minimizing injury risk of the shoulder in both age categories of young male handball players. Besides measures of physical fitness, anthropometric data should be recorded because handball throwing performance is related to these measures.
Physical fitness is an important marker of health that enables people to carry out activities of daily living with vigour and alertness but without undue fatigue and with sufficient reserve to enjoy active leisure pursuits and to meet unforeseen emergencies. Especially, due to scientific findings that the onset of civilization diseases (e.g., obesity, cardiovascular disease) begins in childhood and that physical fitness tracks (at least) into young adulthood, the regular monitoring and promotion of physical fitness in children is risen up to a public health issue. In relation to the evaluation of a child’s physical fitness over time (i.e., development) the use of longitudinally-based percentile values is of particular interest due to their underlined dedication of true physical fitness development within subjects (i.e., individual changes in timing and tempo of growth and maturation). Besides its genetic determination (e.g., sex, body height), physical fitness is influenced by factors that refer to children’s environment and behaviour. For instance, disparities in physical fitness according to children’s living area are frequently reported concerning the fact that living in rural areas as compared to urban areas seems to be more favourable for children’s physical fitness. In addition, cross-sectional studies found higher fitness values in children participating in sports clubs as compared to non-participants. However, up to date, the observed associations between both (i.e., living area and sports club participating) and children’s physical fitness are unresolved concerning a long-term effect. In addition, social inequality as determined by the socioeconomic status (SES) extends through many areas of children’s life. While evidence indicates that the SES is inversely related to various indices of child’s daily life and behaviour like educational success, nutritional habits, and sedentary- and physical activity behaviour, a potential relationship between child’s physical fitness and the SES is hardly investigated and indicated inconsistent results.
The present thesis addressed three objectives: (1) to generate physical fitness percentiles for 9- to 12- year-old boys and girls using a longitudinal approach and to analyse the age- and sex-specific development of physical fitness, (2) to investigate the long-term effect of living area and sports club participation on physical fitness in third- to sixth-grade primary school students, and (3) to examine associations between the SES and physical fitness in a large and representative (i.e., for a German federal state) sample of third grade primary school students.
Methods
(i/ii) Healthy third graders were followed over four consecutive years (up to grade 6), including annually assessment of physical fitness and parental questionnaire (i.e., status of sports club participation and living area). Six tests were conducted to estimate various components of physical fitness: speed (50-m sprint test), upper body muscular power (1-kg ball push test), lower body muscular power (triple hop test), flexibility (stand-and-reach test), agility (star agility run test), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (9-min run test). (iii) Within a cross-sectional study (i.e., third objective), physical fitness of third graders was assessed by six physical fitness tests including: speed (20-m sprint test), upper body muscular power (1-kg ball push test), lower body muscular power (standing long jump [SLJ] test), flexibility (stand-and-reach test), agility (star agility run test), and CRF (6-min run test). By means of questionnaire, students reported their status of organized sports participation (OSP).
Results
(i) With respect to percentiles of physical fitness development, test performances increased in boys and girls from age 9 to 12, except for males’ flexibility (i.e., stable performance over time). Girls revealed significantly better performance in flexibility, whereas boys scored significantly higher in the remaining physical fitness tests. In girls as compared to boys, physical fitness development was slightly faster for upper body muscular power but substantially faster for flexibility. Generated physical fitness percentile curves indicated a timed and capacity-specific physical fitness development (curvilinear) for upper body muscular power, agility, and CRF. (ii) Concerning the effect of living area and sports club participation on physical fitness development, children living in urban areas showed a significantly faster performance development in physical fitness components of upper and lower body muscular power as compared to peers from rural areas. The same direction was noted as a trend in CRF. Additionally, children that regularly participated in a sports club, when compared to those that not continuously participated in a sports club demonstrated a significantly faster performance development in lower body muscular power. A trend of faster performance development in sports club participants occurred in CRF too. (iii) Regarding the association of SES with physical fitness, the percentage of third graders that achieved a high physical fitness level in lower body muscular power and CRF was significantly higher in students attending schools in communities with high SES as compared to middle and low SES, irrespective of sex. Similar, students from the high SES-group performed significantly better in lower body muscular power and CRF than students from the middle and/or the low SES-group.
Conclusion
(i) The generated percentile values provide an objective tool to estimate childrenʼs physical fitness within the frame of physical education (e.g., age- and sex-specific grading of motor performance) and further to detect children with specific fitness characteristics (low fit or high fit) that may be indicative for the necessity of preventive health promotion or long term athlete development. (ii) It is essential to consider variables of different domains (e.g., environment and behavior) in order to improve knowledge of potential factors which influence physical fitness during childhood. In this regard, the present thesis provide a first input to clarify the causality of living area and sports club participation on physical fitness development in school-aged children. Living in urban areas as well as a regular participation in sports clubs positively affected children´s physical fitness development (i.e., muscular power and CRF). Herein, sports club participation seems to be a key factor within the relationship between living area and physical fitness. (iii) The findings of the present thesis imply that attending schools in communities with high SES refers to better performance in specific physical fitness test items (i.e., muscular power, CRF) in third graders. Extra-curricular physical education classes may represent an important equalizing factor for physical activity opportunities in children of different SES backgrounds. In regard to strong evidence of a positive relationship between physical fitness - in particular muscular fitness/ CRF - and health, more emphasis should be laid on establishing sports clubs and extra-curricular physical education classes as an easy and attractive means to promote fitness-, and hence health- enhancing daily physical activity for all children (i.e. public health approach).
Background
Generating percentile values is helpful for the identification of children with specific fitness characteristics (i.e., low or high fitness level) to set appropriate fitness goals (i.e., fitness/health promotion and/or long-term youth athlete development). Thus, the aim of this longitudinal study was to assess physical fitness development in healthy children aged 9–12 years and to compute sex- and age-specific percentile values.
Methods
Two-hundred and forty children (88 girls, 152 boys) participated in this study and were tested for their physical fitness. Physical fitness was assessed using the 50-m sprint test (i.e., speed), the 1-kg ball push test, the triple hop test (i.e., upper- and lower- extremity muscular power), the stand-and-reach test (i.e., flexibility), the star run test (i.e., agility), and the 9-min run test (i.e., endurance). Age- and sex-specific percentile values (i.e., P10 to P90) were generated using the Lambda, Mu, and Sigma method. Adjusted (for change in body weight, height, and baseline performance) age- and sex-differences as well as the interactions thereof were expressed by calculating effect sizes (Cohen’s d).
Results
Significant main effects of Age were detected for all physical fitness tests (d = 0.40–1.34), whereas significant main effects of Sex were found for upper-extremity muscular power (d = 0.55), flexibility (d = 0.81), agility (d = 0.44), and endurance (d = 0.32) only. Further, significant Sex by Age interactions were observed for upper-extremity muscular power (d = 0.36), flexibility (d = 0.61), and agility (d = 0.27) in favor of girls. Both, linear and curvilinear shaped curves were found for percentile values across the fitness tests. Accelerated (curvilinear) improvements were observed for upper-extremity muscular power (boys: 10–11 yrs; girls: 9–11 yrs), agility (boys: 9–10 yrs; girls: 9–11 yrs), and endurance (boys: 9–10 yrs; girls: 9–10 yrs). Tabulated percentiles for the 9-min run test indicated that running distances between 1,407–1,507 m, 1,479–1,597 m, 1,423–1,654 m, and 1,433–1,666 m in 9- to 12-year-old boys and 1,262–1,362 m, 1,329–1,434 m, 1,392–1,501 m, and 1,415–1,526 m in 9- to 12-year-old girls correspond to a “medium” fitness level (i.e., P40 to P60) in this population.
Conclusions
The observed differences in physical fitness development between boys and girls illustrate that age- and sex-specific maturational processes might have an impact on the fitness status of healthy children. Our statistical analyses revealed linear (e.g., lower-extremity muscular power) and curvilinear (e.g., agility) models of fitness improvement with age which is indicative of timed and capacity-specific fitness development pattern during childhood. Lastly, the provided age- and sex-specific percentile values can be used by coaches for talent identification and by teachers for rating/grading of children’s motor performance.
Increased Achilles (AT) and Patellar tendon (PT) thickness in adolescent athletes compared to non-athletes could be shown. However, it is unclear, if changes are of pathological or physiological origin due to training. The aim of this study was to determine physiological AT and PT thickness adaptation in adolescent elite athletes compared to non-athletes, considering sex and sport. In a longitudinal study design with two measurement days (M1/M2) within an interval of 3.2 ± 0.8 years, 131 healthy adolescent elite athletes (m/f: 90/41) out of 13 different sports and 24 recreationally active controls (m/f: 6/18) were included. Both ATs and PTs were measured at standardized reference points. Athletes were divided into 4 sport categories [ball (B), combat (C), endurance (E) and explosive strength sports (S)]. Descriptive analysis (mean ± SD) and statistical testing for group differences was performed (α = 0.05). AT thickness did not differ significantly between measurement days, neither in athletes (5.6 ± 0.7 mm/5.6 ± 0.7 mm) nor in controls (4.8 ± 0.4 mm/4.9 ± 0.5 mm, p > 0.05). For PTs, athletes presented increased thickness at M2 (M1: 3.5 ± 0.5 mm, M2: 3.8 ± 0.5 mm, p < 0.001). In general, males had thicker ATs and PTs than females (p < 0.05). Considering sex and sports, only male athletes from B, C, and S showed significant higher PT-thickness at M2 compared to controls (p ≤ 0.01). Sport-specific adaptation regarding tendon thickness in adolescent elite athletes can be detected in PTs among male athletes participating in certain sports with high repetitive jumping and strength components. Sonographic microstructural analysis might provide an enhanced insight into tendon material properties enabling the differentiation of sex and influence of different sports.
Increased Achilles (AT) and Patellar tendon (PT) thickness in adolescent athletes compared to non-athletes could be shown. However, it is unclear, if changes are of pathological or physiological origin due to training. The aim of this study was to determine physiological AT and PT thickness adaptation in adolescent elite athletes compared to non-athletes, considering sex and sport. In a longitudinal study design with two measurement days (M1/M2) within an interval of 3.2 ± 0.8 years, 131 healthy adolescent elite athletes (m/f: 90/41) out of 13 different sports and 24 recreationally active controls (m/f: 6/18) were included. Both ATs and PTs were measured at standardized reference points. Athletes were divided into 4 sport categories [ball (B), combat (C), endurance (E) and explosive strength sports (S)]. Descriptive analysis (mean ± SD) and statistical testing for group differences was performed (α = 0.05). AT thickness did not differ significantly between measurement days, neither in athletes (5.6 ± 0.7 mm/5.6 ± 0.7 mm) nor in controls (4.8 ± 0.4 mm/4.9 ± 0.5 mm, p > 0.05). For PTs, athletes presented increased thickness at M2 (M1: 3.5 ± 0.5 mm, M2: 3.8 ± 0.5 mm, p < 0.001). In general, males had thicker ATs and PTs than females (p < 0.05). Considering sex and sports, only male athletes from B, C, and S showed significant higher PT-thickness at M2 compared to controls (p ≤ 0.01). Sport-specific adaptation regarding tendon thickness in adolescent elite athletes can be detected in PTs among male athletes participating in certain sports with high repetitive jumping and strength components. Sonographic microstructural analysis might provide an enhanced insight into tendon material properties enabling the differentiation of sex and influence of different sports.
Postural control is important to cope with demands of everyday life. It has been shown that both attentional demand (i.e., cognitive processing) and fatigue affect postural control in young adults. However, their combined effect is still unresolved. Therefore, we investigated the effects of fatigue on single- (ST) and dual-task (DT) postural control. Twenty young subjects (age: 23.7 ± 2.7) performed an all-out incremental treadmill protocol. After each completed stage, one-legged-stance performance on a force platform under ST (i.e., one-legged-stance only) and DT conditions (i.e., one-legged-stance while subtracting serial 3s) was registered. On a second test day, subjects conducted the same balance tasks for the control condition (i.e., non-fatigued). Results showed that heart rate, lactate, and ventilation increased following fatigue (all p < 0.001; d = 4.2–21). Postural sway and sway velocity increased during DT compared to ST (all p < 0.001; d = 1.9–2.0) and fatigued compared to non-fatigued condition (all p < 0.001; d = 3.3–4.2). In addition, postural control deteriorated with each completed stage during the treadmill protocol (all p < 0.01; d = 1.9–3.3). The addition of an attention-demanding interference task did not further impede one-legged-stance performance. Although both additional attentional demand and physical fatigue affected postural control in healthy young adults, there was no evidence for an overadditive effect (i.e., fatigue-related performance decrements in postural control were similar under ST and DT conditions). Thus, attentional resources were sufficient to cope with the DT situations in the fatigue condition of this experiment.
Postural control is important to cope with demands of everyday life. It has been shown that both attentional demand (i.e., cognitive processing) and fatigue affect postural control in young adults. However, their combined effect is still unresolved. Therefore, we investigated the effects of fatigue on single- (ST) and dual-task (DT) postural control. Twenty young subjects (age: 23.7 ± 2.7) performed an all-out incremental treadmill protocol. After each completed stage, one-legged-stance performance on a force platform under ST (i.e., one-legged-stance only) and DT conditions (i.e., one-legged-stance while subtracting serial 3s) was registered. On a second test day, subjects conducted the same balance tasks for the control condition (i.e., non-fatigued). Results showed that heart rate, lactate, and ventilation increased following fatigue (all p < 0.001; d = 4.2–21). Postural sway and sway velocity increased during DT compared to ST (all p < 0.001; d = 1.9–2.0) and fatigued compared to non-fatigued condition (all p < 0.001; d = 3.3–4.2). In addition, postural control deteriorated with each completed stage during the treadmill protocol (all p < 0.01; d = 1.9–3.3). The addition of an attention-demanding interference task did not further impede one-legged-stance performance. Although both additional attentional demand and physical fatigue affected postural control in healthy young adults, there was no evidence for an overadditive effect (i.e., fatigue-related performance decrements in postural control were similar under ST and DT conditions). Thus, attentional resources were sufficient to cope with the DT situations in the fatigue condition of this experiment.
A large body of research now supports the presence of both syntactic and lexical predictions in sentence processing. Lexical predictions, in particular, are considered to indicate a deep level of predictive processing that extends past the structural features of a necessary word (e.g. noun), right down to the phonological features of the lexical identity of a specific word (e.g. /kite/; DeLong et al., 2005). However, evidence for lexical predictions typically focuses on predictions in very local environments, such as the adjacent word or words (DeLong et al., 2005; Van Berkum et al., 2005; Wicha et al., 2004). Predictions in such local environments may be indistinguishable from lexical priming, which is transient and uncontrolled, and as such may prime lexical items that are not compatible with the context (e.g. Kukona et al., 2014). Predictive processing has been argued to be a controlled process, with top-down information guiding preactivation of plausible upcoming lexical items (Kuperberg & Jaeger, 2016). One way to distinguish lexical priming from prediction is to demonstrate that preactivated lexical content can be maintained over longer distances.
In this dissertation, separable German particle verbs are used to demonstrate that preactivation of lexical items can be maintained over multi-word distances. A self-paced reading time and an eye tracking experiment provide some support for the idea that particle preactivation triggered by a verb and its context can be observed by holding the sentence context constant and manipulating the predictabilty of the particle. Although evidence of an effect of particle predictability was only seen in eye tracking, this is consistent with previous evidence suggesting that predictive processing facilitates only some eye tracking measures to which the self-paced reading modality may not be sensitive (Staub, 2015; Rayner1998). Interestingly, manipulating the distance between the verb and the particle did not affect reading times, suggesting that the surprisal-predicted faster reading times at long distance may only occur when the additional distance is created by information that adds information about the lexical identity of a distant element (Levy, 2008; Grodner & Gibson, 2005). Furthermore, the results provide support for models proposing that temporal decay is not major influence on word processing (Lewandowsky et al., 2009; Vasishth et al., 2019).
In the third and fourth experiments, event-related potentials were used as a method for detecting specific lexical predictions. In the initial ERP experiment, we found some support for the presence of lexical predictions when the sentence context constrained the number of plausible particles to a single particle. This was suggested by a frontal post-N400 positivity (PNP) that was elicited when a lexical prediction had been violated, but not to violations when more than one particle had been plausible. The results of this study were highly consistent with previous research suggesting that the PNP might be a much sought-after ERP marker of prediction failure (DeLong et al., 2011; DeLong et al., 2014; Van Petten & Luka, 2012; Thornhill & Van Petten, 2012; Kuperberg et al., 2019). However, a second experiment in a larger sample experiment failed to replicate the effect, but did suggest the relationship of the PNP to predictive processing may not yet be fully understood. Evidence for long-distance lexical predictions was inconclusive.
The conclusion drawn from the four experiments is that preactivation of the lexical entries of plausible upcoming particles did occur and was maintained over long distances. The facilitatory effect of this preactivation at the particle site therefore did not appear to be the result of transient lexical priming. However, the question of whether this preactivation can also lead to lexical predictions of a specific particle remains unanswered. Of particular interest to future research on predictive processing is further characterisation of the PNP. Implications for models of sentence processing may be the inclusion of long-distance lexical predictions, or the possibility that preactivation of lexical material can facilitate reading times and ERP amplitude without commitment to a specific lexical item.
Presupposition triggers differ with respect to whether their presupposition is easily accommodatable. The presupposition of focus-sensitive additive particles like also or too is often classified as hard to accommodate, i.e., these triggers are infelicitous if their presupposition is not entailed by the immediate linguistic or non-linguistic context. We tested two competing accounts for the German additive particle auch concerning this requirement: First, that it requires a focus alternative to the whole proposition to be salient, and second, that it merely requires an alternative to the focused constituent (e.g., an individual) to be salient. We conducted two experiments involving felicity judgments as well as questions asking for the truth of the presupposition to be accommodated. Our results suggest that the latter account is too weak: mere previous mention of a potential alternative to the focused constituent is not enough to license the use of auch. However, our results also suggest that the former account is too strong: when an alternative of the focused constituent is prementioned and certain other accommodation-enhancing factors are present, the context does not have to entail the presupposed proposition. We tested the following two potentially accommodation-enhancing factors: First, whether the discourse can be construed to be from the perspective of the individual that the presupposition is about, and second, whether the presupposition is needed to establish coherence between the host sentence of the additive particle and the preceding context. The factor coherence was found to play a significant role. Our results thus corroborate the results of other researchers showing that discourse participants go to great lengths in order to identify a potential presupposition to accommodate, and we contribute to these results by showing that coherence is one of the factors that enhance accommodation.
Presupposition triggers differ with respect to whether their presupposition is easily accommodatable. The presupposition of focus-sensitive additive particles like also or too is often classified as hard to accommodate, i.e., these triggers are infelicitous if their presupposition is not entailed by the immediate linguistic or non-linguistic context. We tested two competing accounts for the German additive particle auch concerning this requirement: First, that it requires a focus alternative to the whole proposition to be salient, and second, that it merely requires an alternative to the focused constituent (e.g., an individual) to be salient. We conducted two experiments involving felicity judgments as well as questions asking for the truth of the presupposition to be accommodated. Our results suggest that the latter account is too weak: mere previous mention of a potential alternative to the focused constituent is not enough to license the use of auch. However, our results also suggest that the former account is too strong: when an alternative of the focused constituent is prementioned and certain other accommodation-enhancing factors are present, the context does not have to entail the presupposed proposition. We tested the following two potentially accommodation-enhancing factors: First, whether the discourse can be construed to be from the perspective of the individual that the presupposition is about, and second, whether the presupposition is needed to establish coherence between the host sentence of the additive particle and the preceding context. The factor coherence was found to play a significant role. Our results thus corroborate the results of other researchers showing that discourse participants go to great lengths in order to identify a potential presupposition to accommodate, and we contribute to these results by showing that coherence is one of the factors that enhance accommodation.
Sexual aggression is a major public health issue worldwide, but most knowledge is derived from studies conducted in North America and Western Europe. Little research has been conducted on the prevalence of sexual aggression in developing countries, including Chile. This article presents the first systematic review of the evidence on the prevalence of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration among women and men in Chile. Furthermore, it reports differences in prevalence rates in relation to victim and perpetrator characteristics and victim–perpetrator relationships. A total of N = 28 studies were identified by a three-stage literature search, including the screening of academic databases, publications of Chilean institutions, and reference lists. A great heterogeneity was found for prevalence rates of sexual victimization, ranging between 1.0% and 51.9% for women and 0.4% and 48.0% for men. Only four studies provided perpetration rates, which varied between 0.8% and 26.8% for men and 0.0% and 16.5% for women. No consistent evidence emerged for differences in victimization rates in relation to victims’ gender, age, and education. Perpetrators were more likely to be persons known to the victim. Conceptual and methodological differences between the studies are discussed as reasons for the great variability in prevalence rates, and recommendations are provided for a more harmonized and gender-inclusive approach for future research on sexual aggression in Chile.
Proceedings of KogWis 2010 : 10th Biannual Meeting of the German Society for Cognitive Science
(2010)
As the latest biannual meeting of the German Society for Cognitive Science (Gesellschaft für Kognitionswissenschaft, GK), KogWis 2010 at Potsdam University reflects the current trends in a fascinating domain of research concerned with human and artificial cognition and the interaction of mind and brain. The Plenary talks provide a venue for questions of the numerical capacities and human arithmetic (Brian Butterworth), of the theoretical development of cognitive architectures and intelligent virtual agents (Pat Langley), of categorizations induced by linguistic constructions (Claudia Maienborn), and of a cross-level account of the “Self as a complex system“ (Paul Thagard). KogWis 2010 integrates a wealth of experimental research, cognitive modelling, and conceptual analysis in 5 invited symposia, over 150 individual talks, 6 symposia, and more than 40 poster contributions. Some of the invited symposia reflect local and regional strenghts of research in the Berlin-Brandenburg area: the two largests research fields of the university Cognitive Sciences Area of Excellence in Potsdam are represented by an invited symposium on “Information Structure” by the Special Research Area 632 (“Sonderforschungsbereich”, SFB) of the same name, of Potsdam University and Humboldt-University Berlin, and by a satellite conference of the research group “Mind and Brain Dynamics”. The Berlin School of Mind and Brain at Humboldt-University Berlin takes part with an invited symposium on “Decision Making” from a perspective of cognitive neuroscience and philosophy and the DFG Cluster of Excellence “Languages of Emotion” of Free University presents interdisciplinary research results in an invited symposium on “Symbolising Emotions”.
Processing negative imperatives in Bulgarian : evidence from normal, aphasic and child language
(2010)
The incremental nature of sentence processing raises questions about the way the information of incoming functional elements is accessed and subsequently employed in building the syntactic structure which sustains interpretation processes. The present work approaches these questions by investigating the negative particle ne used for sentential negation in Bulgarian and its impact on the overt realisation and the interpretation of imperative inflexion, bound aspectual morphemes and clitic pronouns in child, adult and aphasic language. In contrast to other Slavic languages, Bulgarian negative imperatives (NI) are grammatical only with imperfective verbs. We argue that NI are instantiations of overt aspectual coercion induced by the presence of negation as a temporally sensitive sentential operator. The scope relation between imperative mood, negation, and aspect yields the configuration of the imperfective present which in Bulgarian has to be overtly expressed and prompts the imperfective marking of the predicate. The regular and transparent application of the imperfectivising mechanism relates to the organisation of the TAM categories in Bulgarian which not only promotes the representation of fine perspective shifts but also provides for their distinct morphological expression. Using an elicitation task with NI, we investigated the way 3- and 4-year-old children represent negation in deontic contexts as reflected in their use of aspectually appropriate predicates. Our findings suggest that children are sensitive to the imperfectivity requirement in NI from early on. The imperfectivisation strategies reveal some differences from the target morphological realisation. The relatively low production of target imperfectivised prefixed verbs cannot be explained with morphological processing deficits, but rather indicates that up to the age of five children experience difficulties to apply a progressive view point to accomplishments. Two self-paced reading studies present evidence that neurologically unimpaired Bulgarian speakers profit from the syntactic and prosodic properties of negation during online sentence comprehension. The imperfectivity requirement negation imposes on the predicate speeds up lexical access to imperfective verbs. Similarly, clitic pronouns are more accessible after negation due to the phono-syntactic properties of clitic clusters. As the experimental stimuli do not provide external discourse referents, personal pronouns are parsed as object agreement markers. Without subsequent resolution, personal pronouns appear to be less resource demanding than reflexive clitics. This finding is indicative of the syntax-driven co-reference establishment processes triggered through the lexical specification of reflexive clitics. The results obtained from Bulgarian Broca's aphasics show that they exhibit processing patterns similar to those of the control group. Notwithstanding their slow processing speed, the agrammatic group showed no impairment of negation as reflected by their sensitivity to the aspectual requirements of NI, and to the prosodic constraints on clitic placement. The aphasics were able to parse the structural dependency between mood, negation and aspect as functional categories and to represent it morphologically. The prolonged reaction times (RT) elicited by prefixed verbs indicate increasing processing costs due to the semantic integration of prefixes as perfectivity markers into an overall imperfective construal. This inference is supported by the slower RT to reflexive clitics, which undergo a structurally triggered resolution. Evaluated against cross-linguistic findings, the obtained result strongly suggests that aphasic performance with pronouns depends on the interpretation efforts associated with co-reference establishment and varies due to availability of discourse referents. The investigation of normal and agrammatic processing of Bulgarian NI presents support for the hypothesis that the comprehension deficits in Broca's aphasia result from a slowed-down implementation of syntactic operations. The protracted structure building consumes processing resources and causes temporal mismatches with other processes sustaining sentence comprehension. The investigation of the way Bulgarian children and aphasic speakers process NI reveals that both groups are highly sensitive to the imperfective constraint on the aspectual construal imposed by the presence of negation. The imperfective interpretation requires access to morphologically complex verb forms which contain aspectual morphemes with conflicting semantic information – perfective prefixes and imperfective suffixes. Across modalities, both populations exhibit difficulties in processing prefixed imperfectivised verbs which as predicates of negative imperative sentences reflect the inner perspective the speaker and the addressee need to take towards a potentially bounded situation description.
In a self-paced reading study on German sluicing, Paape (Paape, 2016) found that reading times were shorter at the ellipsis site when the antecedent was a temporarily ambiguous garden-path structure. As a post-hoc explanation of this finding, Paape assumed that the antecedent’s memory representation was reactivated during syntactic reanalysis, making it easier to retrieve. In two eye tracking experiments, we subjected the reactivation hypothesis to further empirical scrutiny. Experiment 1, carried out in French, showed no evidence in favor in the reactivation hypothesis. Instead, results for one out of the three types of garden-path sentences that were tested suggest that subjects sometimes failed to resolve the temporary ambiguity in the antecedent clause, and subsequently failed to resolve the ellipsis. The results of Experiment 2, a conceptual replication of Paape’s (Paape, 2016) original study carried out in German, are compatible with the reactivation hypothesis, but leave open the possibility that the observed speedup for ambiguous antecedents may be due to occasional retrievals of an incorrect structure.
In a self-paced reading study on German sluicing, Paape (Paape, 2016) found that reading times were shorter at the ellipsis site when the antecedent was a temporarily ambiguous garden-path structure. As a post-hoc explanation of this finding, Paape assumed that the antecedent’s memory representation was reactivated during syntactic reanalysis, making it easier to retrieve. In two eye tracking experiments, we subjected the reactivation hypothesis to further empirical scrutiny. Experiment 1, carried out in French, showed no evidence in favor in the reactivation hypothesis. Instead, results for one out of the three types of garden-path sentences that were tested suggest that subjects sometimes failed to resolve the temporary ambiguity in the antecedent clause, and subsequently failed to resolve the ellipsis. The results of Experiment 2, a conceptual replication of Paape’s (Paape, 2016) original study carried out in German, are compatible with the reactivation hypothesis, but leave open the possibility that the observed speedup for ambiguous antecedents may be due to occasional retrievals of an incorrect structure.
Recent studies have suggested that musical rhythm perception ability can affect the phonological system. The most prevalent causal account for developmental dyslexia is the phonological deficit hypothesis. As rhythm is a subpart of phonology, we hypothesized that reading deficits in dyslexia are associated with rhythm processing in speech and in music. In a rhythmic grouping task, adults with diagnosed dyslexia and age-matched controls listened to speech streams with syllables alternating in intensity, duration, or neither, and indicated whether they perceived a strong-weak or weak-strong rhythm pattern. Additionally, their reading and musical rhythm abilities were measured. Results showed that adults with dyslexia had lower musical rhythm abilities than adults without dyslexia. Moreover, lower musical rhythm ability was associated with lower reading ability in dyslexia. However, speech grouping by adults with dyslexia was not impaired when musical rhythm perception ability was controlled: like adults without dyslexia, they showed consistent preferences. However, rhythmic grouping was predicted by musical rhythm perception ability, irrespective of dyslexia. The results suggest associations among musical rhythm perception ability, speech rhythm perception, and reading ability. This highlights the importance of considering individual variability to better understand dyslexia and raises the possibility that musical rhythm perception ability is a key to phonological and reading acquisition.
Recent studies have suggested that musical rhythm perception ability can affect the phonological system. The most prevalent causal account for developmental dyslexia is the phonological deficit hypothesis. As rhythm is a subpart of phonology, we hypothesized that reading deficits in dyslexia are associated with rhythm processing in speech and in music. In a rhythmic grouping task, adults with diagnosed dyslexia and age-matched controls listened to speech streams with syllables alternating in intensity, duration, or neither, and indicated whether they perceived a strong-weak or weak-strong rhythm pattern. Additionally, their reading and musical rhythm abilities were measured. Results showed that adults with dyslexia had lower musical rhythm abilities than adults without dyslexia. Moreover, lower musical rhythm ability was associated with lower reading ability in dyslexia. However, speech grouping by adults with dyslexia was not impaired when musical rhythm perception ability was controlled: like adults without dyslexia, they showed consistent preferences. However, rhythmic grouping was predicted by musical rhythm perception ability, irrespective of dyslexia. The results suggest associations among musical rhythm perception ability, speech rhythm perception, and reading ability. This highlights the importance of considering individual variability to better understand dyslexia and raises the possibility that musical rhythm perception ability is a key to phonological and reading acquisition.
For life-long learning, an effective learning strategy repertoire is particularly important during acquisition of knowledge in lower secondary school—an educational level characterized with transition into more autonomous learning environments with increased complex academic demands. Using latent profile analysis, we explored the occurrence of different secondary school learner profiles depending on their various combinations of cognitive and metacognitive learning strategy use, as well as their differences in perceived autonomy support, intrinsic motivation, and gender. Data were collected from 576 ninth grade students in Uganda using self-report questionnaires. Four learner profiles were identified: competent strategy user, struggling user, surface-level learner, and deep-level learner profiles. Gender differences were noted in students’ use of elaboration and organization strategies to learn Physics, in favor of girls. In terms of profile memberships, significant differences in gender, intrinsic motivation and perceived autonomy support were also noted. Girls were 2.4–2.7 times more likely than boys to be members of the competent strategy user and surface-level learner profiles. Additionally, higher levels of intrinsic motivation predicted an increased likelihood membership into the deep-level learner profile, while higher levels of perceived teacher autonomy predicted an increased likelihood membership into the competent strategy user profile as compared to other profiles. Further, implications of the findings were discussed.