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- bioenergetics (2)
- biofilm formation (2)
- biogene Amine (2)
- biological age (2)
- biology (2)
- biomimetic mineralization (2)
- biomimetic recognition elements (2)
- biomineralization (2)
- bioremediation (2)
- biotic filtering (2)
- biotin sulfoxide reductase (2)
- bistability (2)
- blowfly (2)
- body composition (2)
- body mass (2)
- body mass index (2)
- body proportions (2)
- botanical gardens (2)
- brackish waters (2)
- breeding (2)
- brushite (2)
- buffer zones (2)
- bush encroachment (2)
- butyrylcholinesterase (2)
- caffeine (2)
- calcium carbonate inclusions (2)
- camelid antibody (2)
- camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (2)
- canalization (2)
- cancer therapy (2)
- captivity (2)
- carbon budget (2)
- carbon labeling (2)
- cardiac development (2)
- cardiomyocyte (2)
- cardiomyogenic differentiation (2)
- carrion ecology (2)
- cascading effects (2)
- catalase (2)
- catalysis (2)
- catch-up growth (2)
- cave fish (2)
- cell cycle (2)
- cell signaling (2)
- cellular signaling (2)
- cellulose fibers (2)
- cellulose polymeric organic matter (2)
- cellulose synthase complex (2)
- ceramide (2)
- cereal leaf beetle (2)
- cetaceans (2)
- chaperone (2)
- chemical modification (2)
- chemical sensors (2)
- chimeric transcription factors (2)
- chloroplasts (2)
- chromatin regulation (2)
- chytridiomycota (2)
- cilium (2)
- circular dichroism (2)
- climate adaptation (2)
- climate dynamics (2)
- climate variability (2)
- coat colour (2)
- codon usage (2)
- coefficient (2)
- coevolution (2)
- cold (2)
- cold stress (2)
- collagen (2)
- colon cancer (2)
- colonization (2)
- colony decline (2)
- colony viability (2)
- common‐garden experiment (2)
- community composition (2)
- community model (2)
- community structure (2)
- community theory (2)
- comparative genomics (2)
- competition–defense trade‐off (2)
- composite material (2)
- comprehensive analysis (2)
- computational morphodynamics (2)
- concepts (2)
- conformational change (2)
- conservation biology (2)
- conservation targets (2)
- constitutive activity (2)
- consumer diversity (2)
- converting factor (2)
- coping styles (2)
- copper (2)
- cord blood (2)
- cori cycle (2)
- covariance (2)
- coviability analysis (2)
- crop diversity (2)
- cropping system (2)
- cross-species capture (2)
- cryptic species complex (2)
- cryptomycota (2)
- cyanobacterial bloom (2)
- cyanobacterial sucrose-phosphatase (2)
- cytokines (2)
- cytoplasmic polyadenylation (2)
- cytotype (2)
- dark virus (2)
- data integration (2)
- ddRAD (2)
- de novo genome assembly (2)
- dead Cas9 (2)
- decline (2)
- defense against predation (2)
- degradation (2)
- degraded DNA (2)
- demographic noise (2)
- determinants of plant community diversity and structure (2)
- developing brain (2)
- developmental canalization (2)
- developmental plasticity (2)
- diacylglycerol (2)
- differential expression analysis (2)
- differential gene expression (2)
- direct effects (2)
- disease (2)
- disease ecology (2)
- dispersal filtering (2)
- diversity profiles (2)
- dominance effect (2)
- drug metabolism (2)
- drug release (2)
- dry and mesic grasslands (2)
- dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist (2)
- dynamic equilibrium (2)
- early-warning signals (2)
- eastern continental Asia (2)
- eavesdropping (2)
- eco-physiology (2)
- ecohydrology (2)
- ecological novelty (2)
- ecosystem function (2)
- ecosystem processes (2)
- ecosystem services provisioning (2)
- effect (2)
- effectors (2)
- egg ratio (2)
- elbow breadth (2)
- electron microscopy (2)
- electropolymerisation (2)
- electropolymerization (2)
- endangered species (2)
- endocardium (2)
- endotoxin (2)
- energy budget (2)
- energy metabolism (2)
- enrichment experiments (2)
- environmental DNA (2)
- environmental filtering (2)
- environmental noise (2)
- environmental pollution (2)
- enzymatic MIP synthesis (2)
- enzymatic analyte conversion (2)
- enzymatic inactivation (2)
- enzyme immobilization (2)
- enzyme optimization (2)
- enzyme tracer (2)
- epidemiology (2)
- epigenetic variation (2)
- epithionitrile (2)
- epitope prediction (2)
- epizoochory (2)
- error reduction (2)
- essential resources (2)
- establishment (2)
- evolutionary (2)
- evolutionary biology (2)
- evolutionary ecology (2)
- evolutionary rescue (2)
- evolutionary theory (2)
- exendin-4 (2)
- expansion microscopy (2)
- experimental evolution (2)
- exploitation (2)
- exposition (2)
- expression patterns (2)
- expression profile (2)
- extinction debt (2)
- extinction drivers (2)
- extra-cytoplasmic pockets (2)
- extracellular enzymes (2)
- extracellular matrix (2)
- extracellular signaling (2)
- extreme events (2)
- extremophile (2)
- fatty acid changes (2)
- feature selection (2)
- fecundity (2)
- feedbacks (2)
- feeding behaviour (2)
- female choice (2)
- fence interaction (2)
- finite element modeling (2)
- fish (2)
- fisheries (2)
- fitness gradient (2)
- fitness response (2)
- floral scent (2)
- florfenicol (2)
- flow cytometry (2)
- fluktuierendes Licht (2)
- fluorescence (2)
- fluorescence sensor (2)
- food web dynamics (2)
- forage availability (2)
- forage gaps (2)
- foraging behaviour (2)
- forecasting (2)
- forest (2)
- forest herbs (2)
- formaldehyde assimilation (2)
- fractionation factors (2)
- free-living (2)
- freshwater algae (2)
- freshwater heterotrophic bacteria (2)
- functional complementation (2)
- functional richness (2)
- fungal pathogens (2)
- funktionelle Diversität (2)
- galactolipids (2)
- gamma diversity (2)
- gelatin (2)
- gene delivery (2)
- gene regulatory networks (2)
- generalized dissimilarity modelling (2)
- genetic (2)
- genetic accommodation (2)
- genetic differentiation (2)
- genetic engineering (2)
- genetic rescue (2)
- genetic screen (2)
- genetischer Screen (2)
- genomic prediction (2)
- genotype (2)
- genotypes (2)
- geographic distribution (2)
- germination (2)
- gibberellic acid (2)
- glacial maximum (2)
- glucosinolate hydrolysis (2)
- glutathione (2)
- glutathione peroxidase (2)
- glycine cleavage system (2)
- glycobiology (2)
- grapevine (2)
- grasslands (2)
- groundwater (2)
- groundwater recharge (2)
- guard cell (2)
- habitat (2)
- habitat connectivity (2)
- habitat fragmentation (2)
- handgrip strength (2)
- heart regeneration (2)
- heat shock protein (2)
- heavy-chain-only antibody (2)
- heliozoa (2)
- hemoglobin (2)
- hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach (2)
- hilly loes plateau (2)
- histone modification (2)
- holocene (2)
- homeostasis (2)
- hormone (2)
- horse (2)
- host specificity (2)
- hsp70 (2)
- human aldehyde oxidase (2)
- human endotoxemia (2)
- human sulfite oxidase (2)
- human-wildlife conflict (2)
- hybrid capture (2)
- hybridoma technology (2)
- hyperoxia (2)
- hyperthermia (2)
- image analysis (2)
- image processing (2)
- imaging (2)
- immunogenicity (2)
- importin (2)
- in silico (2)
- in vitro (2)
- in vitro immunization (2)
- in vitro particle opening (2)
- in vitro selection (2)
- in-vitro-synthesis (2)
- indirect effects (2)
- indirect facilitation (2)
- individual based modeling (2)
- individual variation (2)
- individual-based modeling (2)
- individual-based modelling (2)
- inducible defense (2)
- industrial farming (2)
- infection (2)
- infiltration (2)
- influenza A virus (2)
- inhibition (2)
- initial site conditions (2)
- inner-mongolia (2)
- inorganic carbon uptake kinetics (2)
- integrative taxonomy (2)
- internal transcribed spacer (2)
- interspecific interactions (2)
- intra-organ-communication (2)
- intraguild predation (2)
- invasibility (2)
- invasion (2)
- invasion success (2)
- invasive (2)
- ion channel (2)
- ion mobility spectrometry (2)
- ion transport (2)
- ionic strength (2)
- iron-sulfur clusters (2)
- island disharmony (2)
- island syndromes (2)
- islands (2)
- jasmonate (2)
- jasmonic acid (2)
- kelp (2)
- lactate (2)
- lake periphyton (2)
- lakes (2)
- land sharing vs. land sparing (2)
- land-use intensity (2)
- landscape generator (2)
- landscape structure (2)
- large herbivores (2)
- large marsh grasshopper (2)
- last glacial maximum (2)
- late pleistocene (2)
- leaf development (2)
- leaf senescence (2)
- leucine zipper (2)
- lichens (2)
- life cycle (2)
- life‐history traits (2)
- light adaptation (2)
- limits (2)
- lipid classes (2)
- lipid limitation thresholds (2)
- lipid membranes (2)
- lipid metabolism (2)
- lipid rafts (2)
- lipidation (2)
- lipid–lipid interactions (2)
- lipoplexes (2)
- liverwort (2)
- livestock (2)
- locomotion (2)
- long-distance dispersal (2)
- longevity (2)
- lysosomal storage disorders (2)
- maintenance (2)
- major histocompatibility complex (2)
- male Daphnia (2)
- male bank voles (2)
- maltooligosaccharides (2)
- mammalian-cells (2)
- many-to-one genotype–phenotype map (2)
- mapping (2)
- mate-pairs (2)
- maternal aggression (2)
- maternal effects (2)
- maturation (2)
- mechanisms (2)
- mediated delivery (2)
- membrane (2)
- membrane biophysics (2)
- membrane fluidity (2)
- membrane microdomains (2)
- membrane proteins (2)
- membranes (2)
- mesocosm (2)
- mesophyll cell (2)
- mesoporous materials (2)
- messenger-rna polyadenylation (2)
- metabolic (2)
- metabolic network (2)
- metabolic theory (2)
- metabolic-profiling (2)
- metabolomic (2)
- methanogens (2)
- methylotrophy (2)
- microarrays (2)
- microbial communities (2)
- microbial community (2)
- microbiology (2)
- microclimate (2)
- microeukaryotes (2)
- microstructure (2)
- microtiter plate assay (2)
- microtubule-organization (2)
- microviridins (2)
- model integration (2)
- model limitations (2)
- modern coexistence theory (2)
- modified Alternaria toxins (2)
- modularity (2)
- mojave desert (2)
- molecular architecture (2)
- molecular biology (2)
- molecular clock (2)
- molecular dynamics simulations (2)
- molecular phylogenetics (2)
- molecular species identification (2)
- molybdenum (2)
- molybdenum cofactor deficiency (2)
- molybdopterin synthase (2)
- moss (2)
- mouse (2)
- movement speed (2)
- multi-nutrient limitation (2)
- multidiversity (2)
- multidrug resistance (2)
- multivalence (2)
- museomics (2)
- mustelid predation (2)
- mutation (2)
- mycotoxin profile (2)
- mycotoxins (2)
- myocardium (2)
- myodes-glareolus (2)
- myrmecochory (2)
- n-alkanes (2)
- n-oxide reductase (2)
- nachhaltige Landnutzung (2)
- nanobodies (2)
- nanostructure (2)
- natural particle (2)
- natural-selection (2)
- naturalized species (2)
- necrobiome (2)
- neophilia (2)
- neophobia (2)
- net primary productivity (2)
- network analysis (2)
- network reconstruction (2)
- neurodegeneration (2)
- neutrality (2)
- neutralization (2)
- new combination (2)
- next generation sequencing (NGS) (2)
- niche partitioning (2)
- niche theory (2)
- nitrile (2)
- nitrous-oxide (2)
- no threshold for stunting (2)
- noise color (2)
- non-breeding (2)
- non-independent mate choice (2)
- non-linear dynamics (2)
- non-predatory mortality (2)
- nonmodel species (2)
- northern peatlands (2)
- novel biomarkers (2)
- novel species (2)
- nuclear pore complex (2)
- nucleic acids (2)
- nucleolus (2)
- nucleoporins (2)
- nucleus-associated body (2)
- null model (2)
- number and brightness (2)
- nutrient (2)
- nutrient cycling (2)
- nutrient spike (2)
- nutrient stoichiometry (2)
- o-phenylenediamine (2)
- ocean acidification (2)
- offspring-defense (2)
- oil yield (2)
- ontogenesis (2)
- ontogeny (2)
- optogenetics (2)
- organ growth (2)
- organic matter (2)
- organisches Material (2)
- osmotic-pressure (2)
- outbreak (2)
- overhunting (2)
- oxidase (2)
- p-Aminophenol (2)
- pace-of-life syndrome (2)
- pacific oyster (2)
- paleoclimate (2)
- paleoenvironmental records (2)
- parallel beta-helix (2)
- parameter estimation (2)
- parameters (2)
- parasitoid (2)
- parentage (2)
- participatory research (2)
- past biosphere (2)
- past land use (2)
- pasture (2)
- pathway engineering (2)
- pectate lyase (2)
- performance (2)
- periplasmic nitrate reductase (2)
- persistence (2)
- personality-traits (2)
- pharmacokinetics (2)
- pharmacology (2)
- phenomics (2)
- phenotypic phase plane (2)
- phloem (2)
- phloem proteins (2)
- phonotaxis (2)
- phosphoglucan (2)
- phosphorylase (2)
- photoresponse (2)
- phylogenomics (2)
- physiology (2)
- phytodiversity (2)
- phytoplankton host (2)
- plant Mediator (2)
- plant adaptation (2)
- plant architecture (2)
- plant communities (2)
- plant functional types (2)
- plant invasions (2)
- plant macrofossil data (2)
- plant naturalization (2)
- plant science (2)
- plant species richness (2)
- plant traits (2)
- plant-plant interactions (2)
- plant-soil (belowground) interactions (2)
- plant–soil feedback (2)
- plasma (2)
- plastic-associated biofilms (2)
- plastid (2)
- plastid transformation (2)
- plastidial phosphorylase (2)
- playback (2)
- podovirus (2)
- point-of-care (2)
- polarization (2)
- pollinator shift (2)
- poly(a)-binding protein (2)
- poly(ether imide) (2)
- polyamide (2)
- polyethylene glycol (2)
- polyglycerol (2)
- polymorphism (2)
- polyploidization (2)
- polysulfide (2)
- population cycles (2)
- population delimitation (2)
- population genetics (2)
- population viability analysis (2)
- populations (2)
- postglacial recolonization (2)
- potassium channel (2)
- potato (2)
- potato tuber (2)
- potential-functions (2)
- prairie vole (2)
- precipitation (2)
- predation (2)
- predator (2)
- predator recognition (2)
- predator–prey cycles (2)
- predictive systems ecology (2)
- preterm infants (2)
- principal component analysis (2)
- progenitor cells (2)
- protease inhibitor (2)
- protease inhibitors (2)
- protected area (2)
- protein adsorption (2)
- protein kinase (2)
- protein phosphorylation (2)
- protein structure (2)
- protein-protein (2)
- pubertal timing (2)
- public health (2)
- pulse perturbation (2)
- purifying selection (2)
- pyridoxal-50-phosphate (2)
- pyruvate (2)
- qPCR (2)
- qRT-PCR (2)
- quantum dots (2)
- quasi-permanent plots (2)
- questioning solutions (2)
- rain event depth (2)
- randomization (2)
- rapid evolution (2)
- reaction norms (2)
- receptor (2)
- reciprocal transplant experiment (2)
- recombinant inbred line population (2)
- recombination (2)
- recruitment (2)
- redfield ratio (2)
- redox polymer (2)
- reductive glycine pathway (2)
- reed (2)
- regime shifts (2)
- regression (2)
- regulate gene expression (2)
- relatedness (2)
- repetition (2)
- reproductive strategies (2)
- reserve design (2)
- resource allocation (2)
- resource selection (2)
- resource-tracking (2)
- reveals (2)
- rhodobacter-capsulatus (2)
- ribosome (2)
- ribosome profiling (2)
- risk (2)
- rivastigmine (2)
- robustness (2)
- root hair initiation (2)
- rooting depth (2)
- rural populations (2)
- salamanders (2)
- salicylic-acid (2)
- salinity (2)
- savanna ecology (2)
- scaffolding (2)
- scale-dependency (2)
- scaled mass index (2)
- secular changes (2)
- sedimentation (2)
- seed (2)
- seed provisioning (2)
- selective autophagy (2)
- self-assembled monolayer (2)
- self-incompatibility (2)
- selfing syndrome (2)
- semi-closed mitosis (2)
- sequencing error (2)
- serotyping (2)
- sexual dimorphism (2)
- sexual reproduction (2)
- sexual selection (2)
- sexual species (2)
- shock proteins (2)
- shrub encroachment (2)
- shrub size (2)
- shrub-encroachment (2)
- signalling (2)
- significance (2)
- silica beads (2)
- silviculture (2)
- single domain antibodies (2)
- single nucleotide polymorphism (2)
- single-molecule force spectroscopy (2)
- sirna transfection (2)
- slope aspect (2)
- smut fungi (2)
- social information (2)
- social status (2)
- social-economic-political-emotional (2)
- socioeconomic status (2)
- socioeconomy (2)
- soil moisture (2)
- soil texture (2)
- solitary bees (2)
- source regions (2)
- source-sink dynamics (2)
- spatial (2)
- spatial distribution (2)
- spatial-distribution (2)
- spatially explicit (2)
- spatially explicit model (2)
- specialized metabolites (2)
- species abundance (2)
- species distribution model (2)
- species diversity (2)
- species interactions (2)
- specificity factor (2)
- specifier proteins (2)
- spectroelectrochemistry (2)
- sphingolipids (2)
- sphingosine-1-phosphate (2)
- spindle pole body (2)
- spontaneous reaction (2)
- stable states (2)
- standard metabolic rate (2)
- standard metrics (2)
- starch biosynthesis (2)
- starch granule (2)
- starch granule biogenesis (2)
- starch granule number per chloroplast (2)
- starch granule number regulation (2)
- starch granule size (2)
- starch initiation (2)
- static and dynamic light scattering (2)
- statistical tools (2)
- step selection (2)
- sterol (2)
- stochastic fluctuations (2)
- stopover (2)
- storage (2)
- strategic growth adjustment (2)
- stress recovery (2)
- structural equation model (2)
- structural equation modeling (2)
- succession (2)
- succulent karoo (2)
- sugar signalling (2)
- sulfur (2)
- sulfur-bacteria (2)
- sulfurtransferase (2)
- superoxide (2)
- superoxide dismutase (2)
- synchronization (2)
- synthesis (2)
- synthetic circuits (2)
- systematic review (2)
- tail-length (2)
- tailspike (2)
- tailspike proteins (2)
- tamoxifen (2)
- target capture (2)
- target enrichment (2)
- taxonomic (2)
- tbx5 (2)
- telemetry (2)
- telomere dysfunction (2)
- temperature increase (2)
- template digestion (2)
- temporal dynamics (2)
- terrestrial (2)
- testis (2)
- therapeutics (2)
- thermal-stress (2)
- thiocarboxylate (2)
- thionucleosides (2)
- time series (2)
- time series analysis (2)
- tissue stiffness (2)
- tissue types (2)
- titin (2)
- tobacco (2)
- tonoplast (2)
- toxicity (2)
- trade-off (2)
- trait diversity (2)
- trait-environment relationship (2)
- transcriptional regulation (2)
- transfer (2)
- transformation (2)
- transgenerational plasticity (2)
- transient dynamics (2)
- transient expression (2)
- transition (2)
- transitory starch (2)
- translational control (2)
- transposable elements (2)
- trehalose 6-phosphate (2)
- trehalose 6‐ phosphate (Tre6P) (2)
- tritrophic food web (2)
- trophic status (2)
- trophic transfer efficiency (2)
- tropical freshwater fish (2)
- trypanosoma (2)
- two-state model (2)
- tyrosinase (2)
- uPA (2)
- ubiquitin (2)
- undernutrition (2)
- understanding (2)
- ungulates (2)
- urban ecology (2)
- urokinase (2)
- vacuolar H+-ATPase (2)
- variance (2)
- vegetation (2)
- vegetation height (2)
- vegetative growth (2)
- vernalization (2)
- vertebrate scavenger (2)
- viral matrix proteins (2)
- virus assembly (2)
- virus infection (2)
- vitamin E (2)
- volatilome (2)
- vole clethrionomys-glareolus (2)
- voles clethrionomys-glareolus (2)
- voltage-dependent (2)
- voltage-independent (2)
- warburg effect (2)
- weakly electric fish (2)
- weight (2)
- wetlands (2)
- wildlife (2)
- wildlife and habitat management (2)
- wildlife corridors (2)
- wildlife management (2)
- wind energy (2)
- winner and loser species (2)
- winter fish kill (2)
- wood anemone (2)
- zooplankton carcasses (2)
- δ13C (2)
- δ15N (2)
- "Omik"-Technologien (1)
- "Optimal annual routine"-Modell (1)
- (Semi-natural) Grasslands (1)
- (Xeno)Hormone (1)
- (glycogen) starch phosphorylase (1)
- (semi-)permanent plots (1)
- (xeno)hormones (1)
- 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (1)
- 10-Formyltetrahydrofolat (1)
- 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (1)
- 11beta-HSD1 (1)
- 13C labeling (1)
- 13CO2 labeling (1)
- 16S rDNA (1)
- 16S rRNA (1)
- 16S rRNA Illumina amplicon sequencing (1)
- 16S rRNA gene sequencing (1)
- 16S rRNA/ITS amplicon sequencing (1)
- 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phoshphate aldolase (1)
- 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate aldolase (1)
- 2-oxoglutarat / FeII- abhängige Dioxygenases (1)
- 2-oxoglutarate /FeII-dependant dioxygenases (1)
- 26S-Proteasom-System-Abbau (1)
- 2D gel electrophoresis (1)
- 2Fe-2S cluster (1)
- 2P cross section (1)
- 3 '-end processing (1)
- 3-Phosphoglycerinsäure (1)
- 3-end processing (1)
- 3-way coffee hybrids (1)
- 3D (1)
- 3D imaging (1)
- 3D structure (1)
- 3D-acceleration sensor (1)
- 4 (1)
- 4-Fluoroaniline (1)
- 454 pyrosequencing (1)
- 454-pyrosequencing (1)
- 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolat (1)
- 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate (1)
- 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate (1)
- 5-HT (1)
- 5-HT receptor (1)
- 5-Methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-Thiouridin (1)
- 5-Methylaminomethyl-2-Thiouridin (1)
- 5-Methyltetrahydrofolat (1)
- 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (1)
- 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (1)
- 60S maturation (1)
- 60S-Reifung (1)
- 6PPD quinone (1)
- 7-Methylheptadecan (1)
- 7-methylheptadecane (1)
- <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> (1)
- <i>Zygogonium ericetorum</i> (1)
- A-type carrier protein (1)
- A. thaliana (1)
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- ABC Transporter (1)
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Institute
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (5514) (remove)
Evolutionary reduction of adult body size (miniaturization) has profound consequences for organismal biology and is an important subject of evolutionary research. Based on two individuals we describe a new, extremely miniaturized chameleon, which may be the world's smallest reptile species. The male holotype of Brookesia nana sp. nov. has a snout-vent length of 13.5 mm (total length 21.6 mm) and has large, apparently fully developed hemipenes, making it apparently the smallest mature male amniote ever recorded. The female paratype measures 19.2 mm snout-vent length (total length 28.9 mm) and a micro-CT scan revealed developing eggs in the body cavity, likewise indicating sexual maturity. The new chameleon is only known from a degraded montane rainforest in northern Madagascar and might be threatened by extinction. Molecular phylogenetic analyses place it as sister to B. karchei, the largest species in the clade of miniaturized Brookesia species, for which we resurrect Evoluticauda Angel, 1942 as subgenus name. The genetic divergence of B. nana sp. nov. is rather strong (9.914.9% to all other Evoluticauda species in the 16S rRNA gene). A comparative study of genital length in Malagasy chameleons revealed a tendency for the smallest chameleons to have the relatively largest hemipenes, which might be a consequence of a reversed sexual size dimorphism with males substantially smaller than females in the smallest species. The miniaturized males may need larger hemipenes to enable a better mechanical fit with female genitals during copulation. Comprehensive studies of female genitalia are needed to test this hypothesis and to better understand the evolution of genitalia in reptiles.
The desiccation of the Aral Sea represents one of the largest human-made environmental regional disasters. The salt- and toxin-enriched dried-out basin provides a natural laboratory for studying ecosystem functioning and rhizosphere assembly under extreme anthropogenic conditions.
Here, we investigated the prokaryotic rhizosphere communities of the native pioneer plant Suaeda acuminata (C.A.Mey.) Moq. in comparison to bulk soil across a gradient of desiccation (5, 10, and 40 years) by metagenome and amplicon sequencing combined with quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses. The rhizosphere effect was evident due to significantly higher bacterial abundances but less diversity in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil. Interestingly, in the highest salinity (5 years of desiccation), rhizosphere functions were mainly provided by archaeal communities.
Along the desiccation gradient, we observed a significant change in the rhizosphere microbiota, which was reflected by (i) a decreasing archaeon-bacterium ratio, (ii) replacement of halophilic archaea by specific plant-associated bacteria, i.e., Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and (iii) an adaptation of specific, potentially plant-beneficial biosynthetic pathways.
In general, both bacteria and archaea were found to be involved in carbon cycling and fixation, as well as methane and nitrogen metabolism.
Analysis of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) showed specific signatures for production of osmoprotectants, assimilatory nitrate reduction, and transport system induction.
Our results provide evidence that rhizosphere assembly by cofiltering specific taxa with distinct traits is a mechanism which allows plants to thrive under extreme conditions. Overall, our findings highlight a function-based rhizosphere assembly, the importance of plant-microbe interactions in salinated soils, and their exploitation potential for ecosystem restoration approaches.IMPORTANCE
The desertification of the Aral Sea basin in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan represents one of the most serious anthropogenic environmental disasters of the last century. Since the 1960s, the world's fourth-largest inland body of water has been constantly shrinking, which has resulted in an extreme increase of salinity accompanied by accumulation of many hazardous and carcinogenic substances, as well as heavy metals, in the dried-out basin.
Here, we investigated bacterial and archaeal communities in the rhizosphere of pioneer plants by combining classic molecular methods with amplicon sequencing as well as metagenomics for functional insights.
By implementing a desiccation gradient, we observed (i) remarkable differences in the archaeon-bacterium ratio of plant rhizosphere samples, (ii) replacement of archaeal indicator taxa during succession, and (iii) the presence of specific, potentially plant-beneficial biosynthetic pathways in archaea present during the early stages.
In addition, our results provide hitherto-undescribed insights into the functional redundancy between plant-associated archaea and bacteria.
The desertification of the Aral Sea basin in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan represents one of the most serious anthropogenic environmental disasters of the last century.
Since the 1960s, the world's fourth-largest inland body of water has been constantly shrinking, which has resulted in an extreme increase of salinity accompanied by accumulation of many hazardous and carcinogenic substances, as well as heavy metals, in the dried-out basin.
Lakes act as important sinks for inorganic and organic sediment components. However, investigations of sedimentary carbon budgets within glacial lakes are currently absent from Arctic Siberia. The aim of this paper is to provide the first reconstruction of accumulation rates, sediment and carbon budgets from a lacustrine sediment core from Lake Rauchuagytgyn, Chukotka (Arctic Siberia). We combined multiple sediment biogeochemical and sedimentological parameters from a radiocarbon-dated 6.5m sediment core with lake basin hydroacoustic data to derive sediment stratigraphy, sediment volumes and infill budgets. Our results distinguished three principal sediment and carbon accumulation regimes that could be identified across all measured environmental proxies including early Marine Isotope Stage 2 (MIS2) (ca. 29-23.4 ka cal BP), mid-MIS2-early MIS1 (ca. 23.4-11.69 ka cal BP) and the Holocene (ca. 11.69-present). Estimated organic carbon accumulation rates (OCARs) were higher within Holocene sediments (average 3.53 gOCm(-2) a(-1)) than Pleistocene sediments (average 1.08 gOCm(-2) a(-1)) and are similar to those calculated for boreal lakes from Quebec and Finland and Lake Baikal but significantly lower than Siberian thermokarst lakes and Alberta glacial lakes. Using a bootstrapping approach, we estimated the total organic carbon pool to be 0.26 +/- 0.02 Mt and a total sediment pool of 25.7 +/- 1.71 Mt within a hydroacoustically derived sediment volume of ca. 32 990 557m(3). The total organic carbon pool is substantially smaller than Alaskan yedoma, thermokarst lake sediments and Alberta glacial lakes but shares similarities with Finnish boreal lakes. Temporal variability in sediment and carbon accumulation dynamics at Lake Rauchuagytgyn is controlled predominantly by palaeoclimate variation that regulates lake ice-cover dynamics and catchment glacial, fluvial and permafrost processes through time. These processes, in turn, affect catchment and within-lake primary productivity as well as catchment soil development. Spatial differences compared to other lake systems at a trans-regional scale likely relate to the high-latitude, mountainous location of Lake Rauchuagytgyn.
Heat shock factor HSFA2 fine-tunes resetting of thermomemory via plastidic metalloprotease FtsH6
(2022)
The transcription factor HSFA2 fine-tunes a balance between prolongation and resetting of thermomemory in Arabidopsis via the regulation of both memory-supporting and memory-resetting genes.
Plants 'memorize' stressful events and protect themselves from future, often more severe, stresses. To maximize growth after stress, plants 'reset' or 'forget' memories of stressful situations, which requires an intricate balance between stress memory formation and the degree of forgetfulness.
HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 21 (HSP21) encodes a small heat shock protein in plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana. HSP21 functions as a key component of thermomemory, which requires a sustained elevated level of HSP21 during recovery from heat stress. A heat-induced metalloprotease, filamentation temperature-sensitive H6 (FtsH6), degrades HSP21 to its pre-stress abundance, thereby resetting memory during the recovery phase. The transcription factor heat shock factor A2 (HSFA2) activates downstream genes essential for mounting thermomemory, acting as a positive regulator in the process.
Here, using a yeast one-hybrid screen, we identify HSFA2 as an upstream transactivator of the resetting element FtsH6. Constitutive and inducible overexpression of HSFA2 increases expression of FtsH6, whereas it is drastically reduced in the hsfa2 knockout mutant. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals in planta binding of HSFA2 to the FtsH6 promoter. Importantly, overexpression of HSFA2 improves thermomemory more profoundly in ftsh6 than wild-type plants.
Thus, by activating both memory-supporting and memory-resetting genes, HSFA2 acts as a cellular homeostasis factor during thermomemory.
The vertical flux of marine snow particles significantly reduces atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. In the mesopelagic zone, a large proportion of the organic carbon carried by sinking particles dissipates thereby escaping long term sequestration. Particle associated prokaryotes are largely responsible for such organic carbon loss. However, links between this important ecosystem flux and ecological processes such as community development of prokaryotes on different particle fractions (sinking vs. non-sinking) are yet virtually unknown. This prevents accurate predictions of mesopelagic organic carbon loss in response to changing ocean dynamics. Using combined measurements of prokaryotic heterotrophic production rates and species richness in the North Atlantic, we reveal that carbon loss rates and associated microbial richness are drastically different with particle fractions. Our results demonstrate a strong negative correlation between prokaryotic carbon losses and species richness. Such a trend may be related to prokaryotes detaching from fast-sinking particles constantly enriching non-sinking associated communities in the mesopelagic zone. Existing global scale data suggest this negative correlation is a widespread feature of mesopelagic microbes.
A key in controlling the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is the assessment of the immune status of the population. We explored the utility of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles (VLPs) as antigens to detect specific humoral immune reactions in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
For this purpose, SARS-CoV-2 VLPs were produced from an engineered cell line and characterized by Western blot, ELISA, and nanoparticle tracking analysis.
Subsequently, we collected 42 serum samples from before the pandemic (2014), 89 samples from healthy subjects, and 38 samples from vaccinated subjects. Seventeen samples were collected less than three weeks after infection, and forty-four samples more than three weeks after infection.
All serum samples were characterized for their reactivity with VLPs and the SARS-CoV-2 N- and S-protein.
Finally, we compared the performance of the VLP-based ELISA with a certified in vitro diagnostic device (IVD). In the applied set of samples, we determined a sensitivity of 95.5% and a specificity of 100% for the certified IVD.
There were seven samples with an uncertain outcome. Our VLP-ELISA demonstrated a superior performance, with a sensitivity of 97.5%, a specificity of 100%, and only three uncertain outcomes.
This result warrants further research to develop a certified IVD based on SARS-CoV-2 VLPs as an antigen.
Simple Summary
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (urokinase, uPA) is a widely discussed biomarker for cancer prognosis and diagnosis. The gold standard for the determination of protein biomarkers in physiological samples is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Here, antibodies are used to detect the specific protein.
In our study, recently published urokinase aptamers were tested for their use in a sandwich assay format as alternative specific recognition elements. Different aptamer combinations were used for the detection of uPA in a sandwich-assay format and a combination of aptamers and antibodies additionally allowed the differentiation of human high and low molecular weight- (HMW- and LMW-) uPA. Hence, uPA aptamers offer a valuable alternative as specific recognition elements for analytical purposes. Since aptamers are easy to synthesize and modify, they can be used as a cost-effective alternative in sandwich assay formats for the detection of uPA in physiological samples.
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (urokinase, uPA) is a frequently discussed biomarker for prognosis, diagnosis, and recurrence of cancer.
In a previous study, we developed ssDNA aptamers that bind to different forms of human urokinase, which are therefore assumed to have different binding regions.
In this study, we demonstrate the development of aptamer-based sandwich assays that use different combinations of these aptamers to detect high molecular weight- (HMW-) uPA in a micro titer plate format.
By combining aptamers and antibodies, it was possible to distinguish between HMW-uPA and low molecular weight- (LMW-) uPA.
For the best performing aptamer combination, we calculated the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) in spiked buffer and urine samples with an LOD up to 50 ng/mL and 138 ng/mL, respectively.
To show the specificity and sequence dependence of the reporter aptamer uPAapt-02-FR, we have identified key nucleotides within the sequence that are important for specific folding and binding to uPA using a fluorescent dye-linked aptamer assay (FLAA). Since uPA is a much-discussed marker for prognosis and diagnosis in various types of cancers, these aptamers and their use in a micro titer plate assay format represent a novel, promising tool for the detection of uPA and for possible diagnostic applications.
Microviridins are a prominent family of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) featuring characteristic lactone and lactam rings. Their unusual cage-like architecture renders them highly potent serine protease inhibitors of which individual variants specifically inhibit different types of proteases of pharmacological interest.
While posttranslational modifications are key for the stability and bioactivity of RiPPs, additional attractive properties can be introduced by functional tags.
To date - although highly desirable - no method has been reported to incorporate functional tags in microviridin scaffolds or the overarching class of graspetides.
In this study, a chemoenzymatic in vitro platform is used to introduce functional tags in various microviridin variants yielding biotinylated, dansylated or propargylated congeners.
This straightforward approach paves the way for customized protease inhibitors with built-in functionalities that can help to unravel the still elusive ecological roles and targets of this remarkable class of compounds and to foster applications based on protease inhibition.
Studies investigating the effect of aboveground herbivory on plants often use clipping to simulate the effects of herbivores, for practical reasons. However, herbivore movements and transfer of oral secretions during herbivory may cause a different response in plant physiology and morphology compared to clipping.
While studies have compared effects of real herbivory vs. clipping on biomass production, plant physiology, and shoot morphology, no study has compared such effects on root morphology.
Therefore, we investigated the effect of herbivory by grasshoppers, herbivory simulated by clipping, and no herbivory on root morphological traits of ten grassland plant species. Root morphological traits were differently affected by the two herbivory treatments. Grasshopper herbivory significantly changed root morphology toward thinner roots with increased specific root length and root area, and decreased root tissue density compared to untreated control plants.
Clipping had mostly similar, but weaker effects on root morphology than grasshopper herbivory.
On the species level, grasshopper herbivory led to strongest changes in root morphology in almost all cases. In contrast, depending on the species, clipping resulted in varying root morphological trait values similar to grasshopper-damaged plants, or in some cases, more closely aligned with control plants.
Though clipping was partly able to mimic the effects of herbivory by grasshoppers, results also indicate that, depending on the species, grasshopper herbivory had different but mostly stronger effects. We, therefore, recommend that future studies apply herbivory with real herbivores to better reflect natural responses in plants and related processes that root morphological traits mediate.
The BEEHAVE model simulates the population dynamics and foraging activity of a single honey bee colony (Apis mellifera) in great detail. Although it still makes numerous simplifying assumptions, it appears to capture a wide range of empirical observations.
It could, therefore, in principle, also be used as a tool in beekeeper education, as it allows the implementation and comparison of different management options.
Here, we focus on treatments aimed at controlling the mite Varroa destructor. However, since BEEHAVE was developed in the UK, mite treatment includes the use of a synthetic acaricide, which is not part of Good Beekeeping Practice in Germany.
A practice that consists of drone brood removal from April to June, treatment with formic acid in August/September, and treatment with oxalic acid in November/December. We implemented these measures, focusing on the timing, frequency, and spacing between drone brood removals.
The effect of drone brood removal and acid treatment, individually or in combination, on a mite-infested colony was examined. We quantify the efficacy of Varroa mite control as the reduction of mites in treated bee colonies compared to untreated bee colonies. We found that drone brood removal was very effective, reducing mites by 90% at the end of the first simulation year after the introduction of mites. This value was significantly higher than the 50-67% reduction expected by bee experts and confirmed by empirical studies.
However, literature reports varying percent reductions in mite numbers from 10 to 85% after drone brood removal. The discrepancy between model results, empirical data, and expert estimates indicate that these three sources should be reviewed and refined, as all are based on simplifying assumptions.
These results and the adaptation of BEEHAVE to the Good Beekeeping Practice are a decisive step forward for the future use of BEEHAVE in beekeeper education in Germany and anywhere where organic acids and drone brood removal are utilized.
How predictable is the next move of an animal? Specifically, which factors govern the short- and long-term motion patterns and the overall dynamics of land-bound, plant-eating animals in general and ruminants in particular? To answer this question, we here study the movement dynamics of springbok antelopes Antidorcas marsupialis. We propose several complementary statistical-analysis techniques combined with machine-learning approaches to analyze—across multiple time scales—the springbok motion recorded in long-term GPS tracking of collared springboks at a private wildlife reserve in Namibia. As a result, we are able to predict the springbok movement within the next hour with a certainty of about 20%. The remaining about 80% are stochastic in nature and are induced by unaccounted factors in the modeling algorithm and by individual behavioral features of springboks. We find that directedness of motion contributes approximately 17% to this predicted fraction. We find that the measure for directedeness is strongly dependent on the daily cycle of springbok activity. The previously known daily affinity of springboks to their water points, as predicted from our machine-learning algorithm, overall accounts for only about 3% of this predicted deterministic component of springbok motion. Moreover, the resting points are found to affect the motion of springboks at least as much as the formally studied effects of water points. The generality of these statements for the motion patterns and their underlying behavioral reasons for other ruminants can be examined on the basis of our statistical-analysis tools in the future.
Step selection analysis (SSA) is a common framework for understanding animal movement and resource selection using telemetry data. Such data are, however, inherently autocorrelated in space, a complication that could impact SSA‐based inference if left unaddressed. Accounting for spatial correlation is standard statistical practice when analysing spatial data, and its importance is increasingly recognized in ecological models (e.g. species distribution models). Nonetheless, no framework yet exists to account for such correlation when analysing animal movement using SSA.
Here, we extend the popular method integrated step selection analysis (iSSA) by including a Gaussian field (GF) in the linear predictor to account for spatial correlation. For this, we use the Bayesian framework R‐INLA and the stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE) technique.
We show through a simulation study that our method provides accurate fixed effects estimates, quantifies their uncertainty well and improves the predictions. In addition, we demonstrate the practical utility of our method by applying it to three wolverine (Gulo gulo) tracks.
Our method solves the problems of assuming spatially independent residuals in the SSA framework. In addition, it offers new possibilities for making long‐term predictions of habitat usage.
Protist grazing pressure plays a major role in controlling aquatic bacterial populations, affecting energy flow through the microbial loop and biogeochemical cycles. Predator-escape mechanisms might play a crucial role in energy flow through the microbial loop, but are yet understudied. For example, some bacteria can use planktonic as well as surface-associated habitats, providing a potential escape mechanism to habitat-specific grazers.
We investigated the escape response of the marine bacterium Marinobacter adhaerens in the presence of either planktonic (nanoflagellate: Cafeteria roenbergensis) or surface-associated (amoeba: Vannella anglica) protist predators, following population dynamics over time.
In the presence of V. anglica, M. adhaerens cell density increased in the water, but decreased on solid surfaces, indicating an escape response towards the planktonic habitat. In contrast, the planktonic predator C. roenbergensis induced bacterial escape to the surface habitat. While C. roenbergensis cell numbers dropped substantially after a sharp initial increase, V. anglica exhibited a slow, but constant growth throughout the entire experiment.
In the presence of C. roenbergensis, M. adhaerens rapidly formed cell clumps in the water habitat, which likely prevented consumption of the planktonic M. adhaerens by the flagellate, resulting in a strong decline in the predator population.
Our results indicate an active escape of M. adhaerens via phenotypic plasticity (i.e., behavioral and morphological changes) against predator ingestion.
This study highlights the potentially important role of behavioral escape mechanisms for community composition and energy flow in pelagic environments, especially with globally rising particle loads in aquatic systems through human activities and extreme weather events.
The pathogenesis of influenza A viruses (IAVs) is influenced by several factors, including IAV strain origin and reassortment, tissue tropism and host type. While such factors were mostly investigated in the context of virus entry, fusion and replication, little is known about the viral-induced changes to the host lipid membranes which might be relevant in the context of virion assembly. In this work, we applied several biophysical fluorescence microscope techniques (i.e., Förster energy resonance transfer, generalized polarization imaging and scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy) to quantify the effect of infection by two IAV strains of different origin on the plasma membrane (PM) of avian and human cell lines. We found that IAV infection affects the membrane charge of the inner leaflet of the PM. Moreover, we showed that IAV infection impacts lipid–lipid interactions by decreasing membrane fluidity and increasing lipid packing. Because of such alterations, diffusive dynamics of membrane-associated proteins are hindered. Taken together, our results indicate that the infection of avian and human cell lines with IAV strains of different origins had similar effects on the biophysical properties of the PM.
RangeShifter 2.0
(2021)
Process-based models are becoming increasingly used tools for understanding how species are likely to respond to environmental changes and to potential management options. RangeShifter is one such modelling platform, which has been used to address a range of questions including identifying effective reintroduction strategies, understanding patterns of range expansion and assessing population viability of species across complex landscapes. Here we introduce a new version, RangeShifter 2.0, which incorporates important new functionality. It is now possible to simulate dynamics over user-specified, temporally changing landscapes. Additionally, we integrated a new genetic module, notably introducing an explicit genetic modelling architecture, which allows for simulation of neutral and adaptive genetic processes. Furthermore, emigration, transfer and settlement traits can now all evolve, allowing for sophisticated simulation of the evolution of dispersal. We illustrate the potential application of RangeShifter 2.0's new functionality by two examples. The first illustrates the range expansion of a virtual species across a dynamically changing UK landscape. The second demonstrates how the software can be used to explore the concept of evolving connectivity in response to land-use modification, by examining how movement rules come under selection over landscapes of different structure and composition. RangeShifter 2.0 is built using object-oriented C++ providing computationally efficient simulation of complex individual-based, eco-evolutionary models. The code has been redeveloped to enable use across operating systems, including on high performance computing clusters, and the Windows graphical user interface has been enhanced. RangeShifter 2.0 will facilitate the development of in-silico assessments of how species will respond to environmental changes and to potential management options for conserving or controlling them. By making the code available open source, we hope to inspire further collaborations and extensions by the ecological community.
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoal Leishmania parasites. Previous studies have shown that endoperoxides (EP) can selectively kill Leishmania in host cells.
Therefore, we studied in this work a set of new anthracene-derived EP (AcEP) together with their non-endoperoxidic analogs in model systems of Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes (LtP) and J774 macrophages for their antileishmanial activity and selectivity.
The mechanism of effective compounds was explored by studying their reaction with iron (II) in chemical systems and in Leishmania. The correlation of structural parameters with activity demonstrated that in this compound set, active compounds had a LogP(OW) larger than 3.5 and a polar surface area smaller than 100 angstrom(2).
The most effective compounds (IC50 in LtP < 2 mu M) with the highest selectivity (SI > 30) were pyridyl-/tert-butyl-substituted AcEP.
Interestingly, also their analogs demonstrated activity and selectivity. In mechanistic studies, it was shown that EP were activated by iron in chemical systems and in LtP due to their EP group.
However, the molecular structure beyond the EP group significantly contributed to their differential mitochondrial inhibition in Leishmania.
The identified compound pairs are a good starting point for subsequent experiments in pathogenic Leishmania in vitro and in animal models.
Animal societies are structured of dominance hierarchy (DH). DH can be viewed as networks and analyzed by graph theory. We study the impact of state-dependent feedback (winner-loser effect) on the emergence of local dominance structures after pairwise contests between initially equal-ranking members (equal resource-holding-power, RHP) of small and large social groups. We simulated pairwise agonistic contests between individuals with and without a priori higher RHP by Monte-Carlo-method. Random pairwise contests between equal-ranking competitors result in random dominance structures (‘Null variant’) that are low in transitive triads and high in pass along triads; whereas state-dependent feedback (‘Winner-loser variant’) yields centralized ‘star’ structured DH that evolve from competitors with initially equal RHP and correspond to hierarchies that evolve from keystone individuals. Monte-Carlo simulated DH following state-dependent feedback show motif patterns very similar to those of a variety of natural DH, suggesting that state-dependent feedback plays a pivotal role in robust self-organizing phenomena that transcend the specifics of the individual. Self-organization based on state-dependent feedback leads to social structures that correspond to those resulting from pre-existing keystone individuals. As the efficiency of centralized social networks benefits both, the individual and the group, centralization of social networks appears to be an important evolutionary goal.
Small temporary wetlands, like kettle holes, provide many valuable ecosystem functions and serve as refuge habitats in otherwise monotonous agricultural landscapes. However, the mechanisms that maintain biodiversity in these habitats are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigate how three taxa (vascular plants, ground beetles and spiders) respond to small-scale flooding and disturbance gradients in kettle holes as well as kettle hole area. For this purpose, we determined total, hygrophilic and red list species richness for all taxa and activity density for arthropods along transects extending from the edge towards the center of kettle holes. Furthermore, we calculated the community-weighted mean body size for arthropods and seed mass for plants as surrogates for the ability to respond to disturbance. Our analyses revealed that in particular plants and ground beetles showed strong responses along the small-scale spatial gradient. Total plant species richness decreased towards the center, while hygrophilic plant species increased. In contrast, both total and hygrophilic species richness of ground beetles increased towards the center. Spiders showed similar responses as ground beetles, but less pronounced. We found no evidence that disturbance at the edge of kettle holes leads to smaller body sizes or seed masses. However, arthropods in adjacent arable fields (one meter from the kettle hole edge) were particularly small. Kettle hole area had only weak effects on plants, but not on arthropods. Our study indicates that differences in the depth at the drier edge and the moist, regularly flooded center have a large and taxon-dependent influence on the species composition. Therefore, small-scale heterogeneity seems to be an important predictor for the maintenance of species diversity.