Refine
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (4)
- Article (2)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (6) (remove)
Keywords
- Solanum tuberosum (6) (remove)
Institute
Potato FLC-like and SVP-like proteins jointly control growth and distinct developmental processes
(2023)
Based on worldwide consumption, Solanum tuberosum L. (potato) is the most important non-grain food crop. Potato has two ways of stable propagation: sexually via flowering and vegetatively via tuberization. Remarkably, these two developmental processes are controlled by similar molecular regulators and mechanisms. Given that FLC and SVP genes act as key flowering regulators in the model species Arabidopsis and in various other crop species, this study aimed at identifying FLC and SVP homologs in potato and investigating their roles in the regulation of plant development, with a particular focus on flowering and tuberization. Our analysis demonstrated that there are five FLC-like and three SVP like proteins encoded in the potato genome. The expression profiles of StFLCs and StSVPs throughout potato development and the detected interactions between their proteins indicate tissue specificity of the individual genes and distinct roles of a variety of putative protein complexes. In particular, we discovered that StFLC-D, as well as StFLC-B, StSVP-A, and StSVP-B play a complex role in the regulation of flowering time, as not only increased but also decreased levels of their transcripts promote earlier flowering. Most importantly, StFLC-D has a marked impact on tuberization under non-inductive conditions and susceptibility to temperature-induced tuber malformation, also known as second growth. Plants with decreased levels of StFLC-D demonstrated a strong ability to produce tubers under long days and appeared to be insensitive to temperature-induced second growth. Lastly, our data also suggests that StFLCs and StSVPs may be involved in the nitrogen-dependent regulation of potato development. Taken together, this study highlights the functional importance of StFLC and StSVP genes in the regulation of distinct developmental processes in potato.
Starch is a biopolymer for which, despite its simple composition, understanding the precise mechanism behind its formation and regulation has been challenging. Several approaches and bioanalytical tools can be used to expand the knowledge on the different parts involved in the starch metabolism. In this sense, a comprehensive analysis targeting two of the main groups of molecules involved in this process: proteins, as effectors/regulators of the starch metabolism, and maltodextrins as starch components and degradation products, was conducted in this research work using potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree) as model of study. On one side, proteins physically interacting to potato starch were isolated and analyzed through mass spectrometry and western blot for their identification. Alternatively, starch interacting proteins were explored in potato tubers from transgenic plants having antisense inhibition of starch-related enzymes and on tubers stored under variable environmental conditions. Most of the proteins recovered from the starch granules corresponded to previously described proteins having a specific role in the starch metabolic pathway. Another set of proteins could be grouped as protease inhibitors, which were found weakly interacting to starch. Variations in the protein profile obtained after electrophoresis separation became clear when tubers were stored under different temperatures, indicating a differential expression of proteins in response to changing environmental conditions.
On the other side, since maltodextrin metabolism is thought to be involved in both starch initiation and degradation, soluble maltooligosaccharide content in potato tubers was analyzed in this work under diverse experimental variables. For this, tuber disc samples from wild type and transgenic lines strongly repressing either the plastidial or cytosolic form of the -glucan phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase were incubated with glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, and glucose-1-phosphate solutions to evaluate the influence of such enzymes on the conversion of the carbon sources into soluble maltodextrins, in comparison to wild-type samples. Relative maltodextrin amounts analyzed through capillary electrophoresis equipped with laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) revealed that tuber discs could immediately uptake glucose-1-phosphate and use it to produce maltooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization of up to 30 (DP30), in contrast to transgenic tubers with strong repression of the plastidial glucan phosphorylase. The results obtained from the maltodextrin analysis support previous indications that a specific transporter for glucose-1-phosphate may exist in both the plant cells and the plastidial membranes, thereby allowing a glucose-6-phosphate independent transport. Furthermore, it confirms that the plastidial glucan phosphorylase is responsible for producing longer maltooligosaccharides in the plastids by catalyzing a glucan polymerization reaction when glucose-1-phosphate is available. All these findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of the plastidial glucan phosphorylase as a key enzyme directly involved in the synthesis and degradation of glucans and their implication on starch metabolism.
Climate models predict an increased likelihood of seasonal droughts for many areas of the world. Breeding for drought tolerance could be accelerated by marker-assisted selection. As a basis for marker identification, we studied the genetic variance, predictability of field performance and potential costs of tolerance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Potato produces high calories per unit of water invested, but is drought-sensitive. In 14 independent pot or field trials, 34 potato cultivars were grown under optimal and reduced water supply to determine starch yield. In an artificial dataset, we tested several stress indices for their power to distinguish tolerant and sensitive genotypes independent of their yield potential. We identified the deviation of relative starch yield from the experimental median (DRYM) as the most efficient index. DRYM corresponded qualitatively to the partial least square model-based metric of drought stress tolerance in a stress effect model. The DRYM identified significant tolerance variation in the European potato cultivar population to allow tolerance breeding and marker identification. Tolerance results from pot trials correlated with those from field trials but predicted field performance worse than field growth parameters. Drought tolerance correlated negatively with yield under optimal conditions in the field. The distribution of yield data versus DRYM indicated that tolerance can be combined with average yield potentials, thus circumventing potential yield penalties in tolerance breeding.
The occurrence of hypoxic conditions in plants not only represents a stress condition but is also associated with the normal development and growth of many organs, leading to adaptive changes in metabolism and growth to prevent internal anoxia. Internal oxygen concentrations decrease inside growing potato tubers, due to their active metabolism and increased resistance to gas diffusion as tubers grow. In the present work, we identified three hypoxia-responsive ERF (StHRE) genes whose expression is regulated by the gradual decrease in oxygen tensions that occur when potato tubers grow larger. Increasing the external oxygen concentration counteracted the modification of StHRE expression during tuber growth, supporting the idea that the actual oxygen levels inside the organs, rather than development itself, are responsible for the regulation of StHRE genes. We identified several sugar metabolism-related genes co-regulated with StHRE genes during tuber development and possibly involved in starch accumulation. All together, our data suggest a possible role for low oxygen in the regulation of sugar metabolism in the potato tuber, similar to what happens in storage tissues during seed development.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden cDNAs, kodierend für bisher unbekannte stärkeabbauende Enzyme, aus Kartoffel isoliert und funktionell analysiert. Die Isolation der cDNAs erfolgte mit Hilfe eines Systems, welches sich der funktionellen Expression von cDNA-Bibliotheken in E. coli bediente. Die mit diesem System zur Expression gebrachten cDNA-Bibliotheken wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit hergestellt. Zum einen handelte es sich um eine blattspezifische Phagen-cDNA-Bibliothek (Proben wurden während des Tag/Nacht Übergangs genommen), zum anderen um eine knollenspezifische cDNA-Bibliothek aus kaltgelagerten Knollen. Nach der Überführung der Phagen-Bibliotheken in Plasmid-Bibliotheken wurden diese funktionell in dem E. coli Stamm KV832 exprimiert. Der Stamm KV832 wurde aufgrund seiner Fähigkeit, lineare Glucane zu akkumulieren, ausgewählt. Werden Glucan akkumulierende KV832 Kolonien mit Jod bedampft, so zeigen diese eine typische Blaufärbung. Nach der Expression der Plasmid-Bibliotheken in KV832 wurden solche Kolonien weiter untersucht, welche in ihrer Färbung von den blauen Kolonien abwichen. Mittels eines zweiten E. coli Stamms, PGM −, welcher ebenfalls in der Lage ist, lineare Glucane zu akkumulieren, wurden die Ergebnisse für KV832 bestätigt. Die funktionelle Expression der Bibliotheken führte zur Isolation einer Reihe von unbekannten cDNAs. Zwei dieser cDNAs wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit weiterführend untersucht. Zum einen handelte es sich um eine cDNA, die für eine bis dahin unbekannte β-Amylase aus Kartoffel kodierte und deren Homolog aus Arabidopsis (CT-BMY) im Laufe dieser Arbeit von Lao et al. (1999) veröffentlicht wurde, zum anderen um eine cDNA, die für ein unbekanntes Enzym kodierte (DSD10). Das Arabidopsis Homolog zu DSD10 wurde im Zuge der Arabidopsis Genominitiative Ende 2000 publiziert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die isolierte β-Amylase cDNA für eine funktionelle β-Amylase kodiert und dieses Enzym in der Lage ist, neben löslicher auch rohe Stärke anzugreifen. Lokalisationsexperimente zeigten, dass das Enzym in isolierte Erbsenchloroplasten importiert wurde und dass die 100 N-terminalen Aminosäuren für den Import in die Plastiden ausreichten. Die β-Amylase wurde als PCT-BMYI bezeichnet. Die »antisense«-Inhibierung von PCT-BMYI führte zu einem Hochstärke-Phänotyp der Blätter, sowie zu einem Anstieg der Trockenmasse. Der Hochstärke-Phänotyp ist auf eine Reduktion der Stärkemobilisierung und die daraus folgende Akkumulation der Stärke während der Vegetationsperiode zurückzuführen. Damit konnte erstmals die physiologische Bedeutung einer β-Amylase für den Abbau der transitorischen Stärke gezeigt werden. Kein Einfluss zeigte die »antisense« Inhibierung von PCT-BMYI auf den kälteinduzierten Abbau der Speicherstärke in Knollen. Es konnte auch kein Unterschied im Keimverhalten oder der Entwicklung der neuen Pflanze beobachtet werden. Ein Teil der Ergebnisse zu PCT-BMYI wurde bereits publiziert (Scheidig et al., 2002). Die isolierten cDNAs dsd10, sgeI (die Volllängen cDNA zu dsd10) und das Arabidopsis Homolog asgeI kodieren für Enzyme, welche α-Amylase-Aktivität besitzen, aber keine Homologie zu bekannten α-Amylasen aufweisen. Ein mögliches Glucoamylase Motiv erwies sich für die Aktivität des Proteins als essentiell. Lokalisationsexperimente deuteten auf den Import des SGEI Proteins in isolierte Erbsenchloroplasten hin. Die »antisense«-Inhibierung von sgeI führte in den entsprechenden Linien zu einem Hochstärke-Phänotyp in Blättern, einem Anstieg der Trockenmasse in Blättern, sowie zu größeren Stärkekörnern in einer der untersuchten Linien. Ein nicht erwarteter Effekt zeigte sich in Blättern der entsprechenden Linien, welche für längere Zeit dunkel gehalten wurden. Die Blätter der untransformierten Kontrolle waren abgestorben, wohingegen die Blätter der SGEI »antisense« Linien grün und vital erschienen. Die α- und β-Amylase-Aktivität war in Blättern der SGEI »antisense« Linien reduziert, weshalb eine genaue Zuordnung der Funktion von SGEI nicht möglich war. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zu den SGEI »antisense« Linien deuten aber darauf hin, dass der beobachtete Hochstärke-Phänotyp nicht alleine auf die Reduktion der β-Amylase-Aktivität zurückzuführen ist. Ein Einfluss von SGEI auf den kälteinduzierten Abbau der Speicherstärke konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Es konnte auch hier kein Unterschied im Keimverhalten oder der Entwicklung der neuen Pflanze beobachtet werden.
In this work different approaches are undertaken to improve the understanding of the sucrose-to-starch pathway in developing potato tubers. At first an inducible gene expression system from fungal origin is optimised for the use of studying metabolism in the potato tuber. It is found that the alc system from Aspergillus nidulans responds more rapidly to acetaldehyde than ethanol, and that acetaldehyde has less side-effects on metabolism. The optimal induction conditions then are used to study the effects of temporally controlled cytosolic expression of a yeast invertase on metabolism of potato tubers. The observed differences between induced and constitutive expression of the invertase lead to the conclusion that glycolysis is induced after an ATP demand has been created by an increase in sucrose cycling. Furthermore, the data suggest that in the potato tuber maltose is a product of glucose condensation rather than starch degradation. In the second part of the work it is shown that the expression of a yeast invertase in the vacuole of potato tubers has similar effects on metabolism than the expression of the same enzyme in the apoplast. These observations give further evidence to the presence of a mechanism by which sucrose is taken up via endocytosis to the vacuole rather than via transporters directly to the cytosol. Finally, a kinetic in silico model of sucrose breakdown is presented that is able to simulate this part of potato tuber metabolism on a quantitative level. Furthermore, it can predict the metabolic effects of the introduction of a yeast invertase in the cytosol of potato tubers with an astonishing precision. In summary, these data prove that inducible gene expression and kinetic computer models of metabolic pathways are useful tools to greatly improve the understanding of plant metabolism.