Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (855)
Year of publication
- 2013 (855) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (855) (remove)
Language
- English (855) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (855) (remove)
Keywords
- Climate change (6)
- gamma rays: galaxies (6)
- Eye movements (5)
- climate change (5)
- galaxies: active (5)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (4)
- Development (4)
- Land use change (4)
- Reading (4)
- X-rays: stars (4)
- gamma rays: general (4)
- quasars: absorption lines (4)
- radiation mechanisms: non-thermal (4)
- stars: early-type (4)
- BL Lacertae objects: general (3)
- Children (3)
- Dyson-Schwinger equations (3)
- Galaxy: halo (3)
- Individual-based model (3)
- Iran (3)
- Magellanic Clouds (3)
- Nitrogen (3)
- Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (3)
- Seismicity and tectonics (3)
- Working memory (3)
- X-rays: binaries (3)
- acceleration of particles (3)
- cosmic rays (3)
- equi-singular connections (3)
- exhumation (3)
- intergalactic medium (3)
- modeling (3)
- stars: Wolf-Rayet (3)
- stars: winds, outflows (3)
- Active tectonics (2)
- Adolescence (2)
- Alborz Mountains (2)
- Aldehyde oxidoreductase (2)
- Asian monsoon (2)
- Attention (2)
- Berlin (2)
- Biodiversity Exploratories (2)
- Bioelectrocatalysis (2)
- Biosensor (2)
- Black Sea (2)
- Calcium (2)
- Capacitive sensor (2)
- Common vole (2)
- Cost-effectiveness (2)
- Crystal structure (2)
- DFT calculations (2)
- Daphnia (2)
- Density functional calculations (2)
- Depression (2)
- Dictyostelium (2)
- Direct electron transfer (2)
- ERP (2)
- Earthquake source observations (2)
- Ellenberg indicator values (2)
- Eutrophication (2)
- Evolution (2)
- Eye tracking (2)
- Fertilization (2)
- Forest management (2)
- Gait (2)
- Galaxy: evolution (2)
- Geomagnetic field (2)
- Geostatistics (2)
- Germany (2)
- Holocene (2)
- Hydrogel (2)
- ICSS (2)
- ISM: abundances (2)
- ISM: structure (2)
- Indicators (2)
- Interspecific interactions (2)
- Ion mobility spectrometry (2)
- Land-use intensity (2)
- Linear mixed model (2)
- Mass spectrometry (2)
- Mental number line (2)
- Microsatellites (2)
- Mountain basins (2)
- Neuroenhancement (2)
- Northeast German Basin (2)
- Nyctereutes procyonoides (2)
- Pamir (2)
- Phosphorus (2)
- Picard-Fuchs equations (2)
- Pinus sylvestris (2)
- Prevention (2)
- Push-pull character (2)
- REMPI (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Reading comprehension (2)
- SAXS (2)
- School (2)
- Seismic attenuation (2)
- Seismotectonics (2)
- Soil hydrology (2)
- Soil moisture (2)
- Spain (2)
- Statistical seismology (2)
- Stress (2)
- Sun: corona (2)
- Sun: filaments, prominences (2)
- Sun: flares (2)
- TSNMRS (2)
- Tectonic geomorphology (2)
- Theory (2)
- Thermal field (2)
- Thermochronology (2)
- Transcription (2)
- Visual attention (2)
- Visual world paradigm (2)
- Vulpes vulpes (2)
- accountability (2)
- agitation (2)
- antioxidants (2)
- azobenzene (2)
- bacterial O-antigen (2)
- cAMP (2)
- carbohydrate interaction (2)
- charge transport (2)
- children (2)
- circumstellar matter (2)
- depression (2)
- ecosystem services (2)
- embodied cognition (2)
- erosion (2)
- eye movements (2)
- fixation durations (2)
- gamma rays: stars (2)
- gene expression (2)
- gene flow (2)
- generalizability (2)
- growth (2)
- imaging (2)
- immigration (2)
- individual-based model (2)
- infrared: diffuse background (2)
- intermediate disturbance hypothesis (2)
- late bilinguals (2)
- learning (2)
- methods: numerical (2)
- microfluidics (2)
- microsatellites (2)
- mirror illusion (2)
- mirror therapy (2)
- mitochondrial DNA (2)
- monsoon (2)
- morphology (2)
- nitrogen (2)
- nursing home (2)
- organic matter (2)
- oxidative stress (2)
- palladium (2)
- phosphorus (2)
- political equality (2)
- population dynamics (2)
- potassium (2)
- precuneus (2)
- prosody (2)
- publication bias (2)
- regime shift (2)
- resampling (2)
- second language (2)
- senescence (2)
- sentence reading (2)
- shape-memory polymers (2)
- stable isotopes (2)
- stars: magnetic field (2)
- stars: mass-loss (2)
- stars: massive (2)
- stars: pre-main sequence (2)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (2)
- structural thermodynamics (2)
- tailspike protein (2)
- thermal modeling (2)
- thermochronology (2)
- total electron content (2)
- transcription factor (2)
- trophic status (2)
- "Little Ice Age' (LIA) (1)
- "Medieval Warm Period' (MWP) (1)
- (2+1)-dimensional gravity (1)
- (Anti)aromaticity (1)
- (CS)-C-137 and Pb-210 dating (1)
- (Ex-ante) impact assessment (1)
- (Semi-natural) Grasslands (1)
- -Acetoxy esters (1)
- 1,2,4-Dithiazole (1)
- 1,2-Disulfonamides (1)
- 1,2-Dithiole (1)
- 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (1)
- 10-Methoxy-10,7 '-(chrysophanol anthrone)-chrysophanol (1)
- 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (1)
- 13-to 15-month-old infants (1)
- 16S rDNA (1)
- 19th century philology (1)
- 2-Alkylidene-4-oxothiazolidine (1)
- 2P cross section (1)
- 2k1c renovascular hypertension (1)
- 3 '-end processing (1)
- 3,4-Dihydroisoquinoline (1)
- 3-D numerical simulations (1)
- 3-Hydroxyisoflavanone (1)
- 3D mesh generator (1)
- 3D thermal modelling (1)
- 4-Nitrophenol (1)
- 4-Oxothiazolidine (1)
- 5-HTTLPR (1)
- AAT (1)
- ACTH (1)
- ARA (1)
- ARPES (1)
- Ab-initio calculations (1)
- Acid mining lakes (1)
- Acidification (1)
- Actin bundles (1)
- Action prediction (1)
- Activation parameters (1)
- Active evaluation (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Adsorbent (1)
- Adsorption (1)
- Advection (1)
- Aeridinae (1)
- African Humid Period (1)
- Age at First Drink (1)
- Agent-based model (1)
- Agri-environmental schemes (1)
- Agricultural field (1)
- Agricultural soils (1)
- Agriculture (1)
- Air conditioners (1)
- Alaska (1)
- Alcohol Use (1)
- Alectrurus risora (1)
- Algeria (1)
- Alkalization (1)
- Allogamy (1)
- Allometry (1)
- Allozymes (1)
- Allylamides (1)
- Alumina (1)
- Alzheimer disease (1)
- Aminonaphthol (1)
- Amphibole geothermobarometry (1)
- Amphiphiles (1)
- Amyloid fibril (1)
- Amyloidogenesis (1)
- Animacy (1)
- Animal migration (1)
- Animal personalities (1)
- Animal personality (1)
- Anisotropic effect (1)
- Anisotropy (1)
- Anostraca (1)
- Answer Set Programming (1)
- Answer set programming (1)
- Anther retention (1)
- Anthraquinone (1)
- Anti-biotin antibody (1)
- Antifreeze protein (1)
- Antimony doped tin dioxide (1)
- Antioxidant genes (1)
- Antioxidant response (1)
- Antiplasmodial activity (1)
- Apis mellifera (1)
- Appalachian Mountains (1)
- Approximate Bayesian Computation (1)
- Aptian (1)
- Argon-Argon dating (1)
- Aromatic aldehydes (1)
- Aromaticity (1)
- Artifact (1)
- Ascocentrum (1)
- Asia (1)
- Aspect (1)
- Asphodelaceae (1)
- Asset estimation (1)
- Asteraceae (1)
- Atherosclerosis (1)
- Atropisomerism (1)
- Attention: Selective (1)
- Au nano-particle (1)
- Auditors (1)
- Auditory pitch (1)
- Autocorrelation (1)
- Availability (1)
- Avoidance (1)
- BDNF (1)
- BFN1 (1)
- BGP propagation (1)
- BGP update correlation (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (1ES 1959+650=VER J1959+651) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (B2 1215+30, VER J1217+301) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (VER J0521+211) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: 1ES 1312-423 (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: PKS 0301-243 (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: PKS 0447-439 (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: SHBL J001355.9-185406 (1)
- BPSD (1)
- BTZ black hole (1)
- Badlands (1)
- Baladeh earthquake (1)
- Barrier to ring inversion (1)
- Basement-cored ranges (1)
- Basement-involved thrusts (1)
- Bayesian inference (1)
- Behavioural adaptations (1)
- Behavioural type (1)
- Benchmarking (1)
- Benzaldehyde (1)
- Benzene (1)
- Beta diversity (1)
- Bio-electrochemical sensing (1)
- Biocatalysis (1)
- Biodegradation (1)
- Biodiversity Exploratories project (1)
- Biodiversity experiments (1)
- Biodiversity exploratories (1)
- Biodiversity hotspot (1)
- Biodiversity theory (1)
- Biological conservation (1)
- Biomass nutrient concentrations (1)
- Biosensors (1)
- Biostratigraphy (1)
- Biotic interactions (1)
- Bioturbation (1)
- Birkhoff theorem (1)
- Bistability (1)
- Black South African English (1)
- Blowfly (1)
- Body part priming (1)
- Body size (1)
- Body waves (1)
- Boldness (1)
- Boloria eunomia (1)
- Boosted regression trees (BRT) (1)
- Boosting (1)
- Boric acid (1)
- Borneo (1)
- Borrelia afzelii (1)
- Borrelia lusitaniae (1)
- Bottom-up effects (1)
- Boundary paradigm (1)
- Boundary value methods (1)
- Bray-Curtis (1)
- Brittle fault analysis (1)
- Bruck-Reilly extension (1)
- Bulk-mediated diffusion (1)
- Burrow system (1)
- C-13 NMR spectroscopy (1)
- C-14-derived chronology (1)
- C. elegans (1)
- C?H oxidation (1)
- CFR Proteaceae (1)
- CH center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds (1)
- CLSM (1)
- CMC (1)
- CMIP-5 (1)
- CO2 emissions (1)
- CORM-2 (1)
- CSR-strategies (1)
- Ca2+ (1)
- Calabria (1)
- Calcium oscillations (1)
- Calliphora (1)
- Canonical correlation analysis (1)
- Cantharophily (1)
- Car-Parrinello (1)
- Carbenes (1)
- Carbohydrate Metabolism (1)
- Carbon cycling (1)
- Carbon sequestration (1)
- Carbon-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Carbonate and mudrock facies (1)
- Carbonate platform (1)
- Carboxyfluorescein (1)
- Carboxyrhodamine (1)
- Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (1)
- Cardiovascular disease (1)
- Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (1)
- Caribbean (1)
- Caspian Sea (1)
- Catalase (1)
- Catalytically active molecularly imprinted polymers (1)
- Category identification (1)
- Cation exchange Capacity (1)
- Cell culture (1)
- Cell migration (1)
- Cell structures (1)
- Cell-free protein expression (1)
- Cell-free protein synthesis (1)
- Central Anatolia (1)
- Central Anatolian Plateau (1)
- Central Iranian micro-continent (CIM) (1)
- Central Pontides (1)
- Centrosome (1)
- Cephalodella acidophila (1)
- Ceramidase inhibitors (1)
- Ceramide (1)
- Cerro Machin Volcano (1)
- Chance performance (1)
- Chao (1)
- Charles Baissac (1)
- Chelation effect (1)
- Chemical reaction network theory (1)
- Chemotaxis (1)
- Child's emotional eating (1)
- Chinese (1)
- Chinese Loess Plateau (1)
- Chiral auxiliaries (1)
- Chironomids (1)
- Chitolectin (1)
- Chitooligosaccharides (1)
- Chlorella vulgaris (1)
- Chloroplast (1)
- Chondrocytes (1)
- Chromatin pairing (1)
- Chronic Renal Failure (1)
- Chronic Renal Failure in Children (1)
- Chronic abdominal pain (1)
- Cignana (1)
- Clean Development Mechanism (1)
- Cleft (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate modelling (1)
- Clinical study (1)
- Cluster computing (1)
- Coastal zone (1)
- Cognitive-behavioral treatment (1)
- Cognitive/motor interference (1)
- Cohesive ends (1)
- Colombian Andes (1)
- Combin (1)
- Combine (1)
- Community-level Allee effects (1)
- Competition (1)
- Competitive sport (1)
- Compounding (1)
- Computational modeling (1)
- Computational seismology (1)
- Computer Modeling (1)
- ConCap (1)
- Conduction (1)
- Conductive thermal field (1)
- Confocal laser scanning microscopy (1)
- Conformational analysis (1)
- Conformational equilibrium (1)
- Congo Air Boundary (1)
- Coniacian (1)
- Coniferous plantations (1)
- Connectivity (1)
- Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra (1)
- Consciousness for sustainable consumption (1)
- Conservation management (1)
- Consistency (1)
- Context-specific task features (1)
- Continuous Testing (1)
- Continuous Versioning (1)
- Continuum properties (1)
- Controlling factors (1)
- Convection (1)
- Copper (1)
- Copper(II) complexes (1)
- Core incubation experiments (1)
- Core-hole clock (1)
- Core-shell-corona micelles (1)
- Coronary angiography (1)
- Coronary artery disease (1)
- Correlation (1)
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene (1)
- Cortisol (1)
- Cortisol vertical bar metabolism (1)
- Cosmogenic Be-10 erosion rates (1)
- Cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- Coupled fluid and heat transport (1)
- Coupled fluid flow and heat transport (1)
- Creole (1)
- Cross-metathesis (1)
- Crosstalk (1)
- Cryo-SEM (1)
- Cryo-TEM (1)
- Culicivora caudacuta (1)
- Current motivation (1)
- Cyclodienes (1)
- Cyclophanes (1)
- Cytochrome P450 (1)
- Cytochrome c (1)
- Cytochrome oxidase I (1)
- DCB (1)
- DHA (1)
- DNA cleavage (1)
- DNA hybridization (1)
- DPP4 inhibition (1)
- Dalbergia melanoxylon (1)
- Dead Sea basin (1)
- Deal of the Day (1)
- Debugging (1)
- Decision-making (1)
- Deep-marine sedimentology (1)
- Deep-sea records (1)
- Dehydro[n]annulenes (1)
- Dementia (1)
- Dendrochronology (1)
- Denmark (1)
- Dependent light scattering (1)
- Desiccation tolerance (1)
- Design (1)
- Detector modelling and simulations II (electric fields, charge transport, multiplication and induction, pulse formation, electron emission, etc) (1)
- Detrital layers (1)
- Developing countries (1)
- Developmental morphology (1)
- Diaminomaleonitrile (1)
- Dianellin (1)
- Diastereoselectivity (1)
- Diceros bicornis var. minor (1)
- Dictyostelium discoideum (1)
- Dielectric polymer (1)
- Differential Code Biases (DCB) (1)
- Diffusion processes (1)
- Dimensionality reduction (1)
- Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (1)
- Direct electrochemistry (1)
- Direct method (1)
- Discontinuous Robin condition (1)
- Discourse processing (1)
- Discrimination (1)
- Disengagement (1)
- Distributed processing (1)
- Distribution patterns (1)
- Disturbance (1)
- Docking (1)
- Dolomitization (1)
- Doping (1)
- Double exponential model (1)
- Drainage network (1)
- Drop morphology (1)
- Drought stress (1)
- Drought-stress (1)
- Drylands (1)
- Dual task (1)
- Duality formula (1)
- Dynamic Energy Budget (1)
- Dynamic NMR spectroscopy (1)
- Dyslexia (1)
- E Anatolia (1)
- EEG/ERP (1)
- ENSO/IOD (1)
- EPR (1)
- EXO (1)
- Early Pleistocene (1)
- Early childhood (1)
- Early psychosocial adversity (1)
- Early warning (1)
- Earthquake (1)
- Earthquake dynamics (1)
- Earthquake interaction (1)
- Earthworms (1)
- East African Rift System (1)
- East European Craton (1)
- Eastern Alps (1)
- Eating (1)
- Ecohydrology (1)
- Ecological risk assessment (1)
- Ecological speciation (1)
- Ecological synthesis (1)
- Ecosystem functions and services (1)
- Ecosystem processes (1)
- Ecosystem service value (1)
- Edough (1)
- Effect model (1)
- Effective number of species (1)
- Ego-depletion (1)
- Eifel maar (1)
- Eigenvalues (1)
- Einstein space (1)
- Elderly (1)
- Electrical conductivity (1)
- Electrical monitoring (1)
- Electrical resistivity (1)
- Electricity generation by source (1)
- Electromyography (1)
- Electron dynamics (1)
- Electron spectroscopy (1)
- Electron transfer (1)
- Electrospinning (1)
- Electrostatic effects (1)
- Electrostatic screening (1)
- Electrostatics (1)
- Embodied perception (1)
- Emotion (1)
- Employment (1)
- Endothelialization (1)
- Energy security (1)
- Energy-dispersive Laue diffraction (1)
- Engagement (1)
- English as a Second Language (ESL) (1)
- English as a seond language (1)
- Eocene-Oligocene transition (1)
- Epistemology (1)
- Epithelial ion transport (1)
- Equilibrium constants (1)
- Error reporting (1)
- Error-management climate (1)
- Euanthe (1)
- Event-based modeling (1)
- Event-related potentials (1)
- Exact solution (1)
- Excavation plan (1)
- Experimentation (1)
- Explore-first Programming (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Exudates (1)
- Eye movement (1)
- Eye movements in reading (1)
- Eye movements while reading (1)
- FGF23 (1)
- FITC-dextran release (1)
- FMN (1)
- Facies modeling (1)
- Facilitation (1)
- Factor-Xa (1)
- Faecal corticosterone metabolites (1)
- Fagus sylvatica (1)
- Fall risk assessment (1)
- Family adversity (1)
- Fatty acids (1)
- Fault Localization (1)
- Fault core and damage zone (1)
- Fault rupture dynamics (1)
- Fault zone (1)
- Fault-controlled (1)
- Faults (1)
- FeS cluster (1)
- Feeding practices (1)
- Fiber (1)
- Field flow fractionation (1)
- Field-effect (1)
- Filtration (1)
- Finite difference method (1)
- Finite elements (1)
- Fitness components (1)
- Fixational selectivity (1)
- Flexible membrane (1)
- Flood damage potential (1)
- Flood frequency (1)
- Flood risk (1)
- Floral scent (1)
- Flume channel (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Fluorescence imaging (1)
- Fluorescence lifetime (1)
- Fluvial Incision (1)
- Fluvial longitudinal profile (1)
- Flux coupling analysis (1)
- Focus particles (1)
- Fodder quality (1)
- Folsomia candida (1)
- Foraging behavior (1)
- Foraging movement (1)
- Foraminifera (1)
- Forced drop-out (1)
- Forecasting (1)
- Forest continuity (1)
- Formation constant (1)
- Formin (1)
- Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) (1)
- Fourth order Sturm-Liouville problem (1)
- Fractal landscapes (1)
- Fracture and flow (1)
- Fractured carbonate geothermal reservoirs (1)
- Fragmentation (1)
- Fraser Complex (1)
- Free electron laser (1)
- Fruit set (1)
- Fukushima Prefecture (1)
- Full rank matrix filters (1)
- Functional connectivity (1)
- Functional groups (1)
- Functional traits (1)
- Futaba fault (1)
- Future (1)
- G3BP (1)
- GEOTRACES compliant (1)
- GIS (1)
- GPS (1)
- GPS and GLONASS (1)
- Galaxy: centre (1)
- Gas chromatography (1)
- Gender differences (1)
- Gene expression (1)
- Gene structure (1)
- Gene-environment interaction (1)
- Genetic vectors (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Geoffrey Hill (1)
- Geomagnetic storm (1)
- Geomechanics (1)
- Geomorphic coupling (1)
- Gerald Gaus (1)
- German morphology (1)
- Germination (1)
- Glacial relict species (1)
- Glaucophane schist (1)
- Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) (1)
- Global change (1)
- Glucanotransferase (1)
- Glueckstadtgraben (1)
- Goal-directed movements (1)
- Gold cluster (1)
- Gondwana break-up (1)
- Grain size (1)
- Graph theory (1)
- Grasp affordances (1)
- Grassland management (1)
- Grasslands (1)
- Green computing (1)
- Greenland (1)
- Grounded theory (1)
- Growth rates (1)
- Groß beta Schönebeck (1)
- H II regions (1)
- H-1 NMR spectroscopy (1)
- HMM (1)
- HP and UHP metamorphism (1)
- HPA axis (1)
- HSD11B2[CA]n polymorphism (1)
- Haberlea rhodopensis (1)
- Habitat choice (1)
- Habitat filtering (1)
- Habitat use (1)
- Haiti (1)
- Hausa (1)
- Heart (1)
- Heating and cooling electricity consumption (1)
- Heck reaction (1)
- Hemodialysis (1)
- Heterogeneity (1)
- HiT selection (1)
- High affinity binding (1)
- High transmission micro focus beamline (1)
- Himalaya (1)
- Himalayas (1)
- Historic land use (1)
- Historical events (1)
- History of linguistics (1)
- Homology (1)
- Hopf algebra of Feynman diagrams (1)
- Housekeeping genes (1)
- Human (1)
- Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) (1)
- Human Factors (1)
- Human face (1)
- Hybrid clay (1)
- Hybridoma technology (1)
- Hydrogel microspheres (1)
- Hydrogen Production (1)
- Hydrogen sulfide (1)
- Hydrothermal field (1)
- Hypertension (1)
- Hypoxidaceae (1)
- Hypoxis (1)
- Hypsometry analysis (1)
- IAT (1)
- IDS (1)
- IL-8 transcription (1)
- IP management (1)
- IP strategy (1)
- IPR (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- ISM: bubbles (1)
- ISM: individual objects: Tarantula Nebula (30 Doradus Nebula) (1)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (1)
- ISM: lines and bands (1)
- ISM: molecules (1)
- ISM: supernova remnants (1)
- Ice binding protein (1)
- Ice structuring protein (1)
- Image and video stylization (1)
- Imiquimod (1)
- Immobilization (1)
- In situ stress field (1)
- In vitro protein synthesis (1)
- In vitro translation (1)
- Inclined faults (1)
- Incomplete inventories (1)
- Indium tin oxide nanoparticles (1)
- Individual differences (1)
- Infant (1)
- Infant action processing (1)
- Infants (age: 7 months) (1)
- Infarct size (1)
- Infinite divisibility (1)
- Influenza virus detection (1)
- Information federation (1)
- Information retrieval (1)
- Information security (1)
- Inner Mongolia (1)
- Insect (1)
- Integration (1)
- Integration by parts formula (1)
- Interaction of radiation with matter (1)
- Interdisciplinarity (1)
- Interdomain routing (1)
- Internal simulation (1)
- Internal transcribed spacer (1)
- Internal waves (1)
- Interphase behavior (1)
- Invasive species (1)
- Inverse ill-posed problem (1)
- Inverse theory (1)
- Inversion for moment tensors (1)
- Ionic Liquid (1)
- Ionic strength (1)
- Ionogel (1)
- Ionospheric monitoring and modeling (1)
- Isometry group (1)
- Jaccard (1)
- Janus emulsions (1)
- Jena experiment (1)
- Job-anxiety (1)
- Jump height (1)
- Jumping height (1)
- Jurassic (1)
- Kamchatka (1)
- Kaolinite (1)
- Kenusanone F 7-methyl ether (1)
- Kidney Transplantation (1)
- Kinesin (1)
- Kinetics (1)
- Klotho (1)
- Knickzones (1)
- Kniphofia foliosa (1)
- Knipholone cyclooxanthrone (1)
- LCST behavior (1)
- Labeled membrane proteins (1)
- Labor demand (1)
- Lake Chiuta (1)
- Lake Malombe (1)
- Lake level (1)
- Lake-area (1)
- Lamellar liquid crystals (1)
- Laminated lake sediments (1)
- Land use type (1)
- Land-use modeling (1)
- Landmark visibility (1)
- Landscape metrics (1)
- Landslide (1)
- Language (1)
- Larger Foraminifera (1)
- Laser ionization (1)
- Laser-SNMS (1)
- Late Cretaceous (1)
- Late Holocene (1)
- Late positive potential (1)
- Leaf Cell (1)
- LemnaTec (1)
- Leveling data (1)
- Levy flights (1)
- Levy processes (1)
- Lidar remote sensing (1)
- Life cycle (1)
- Life history (1)
- Limiting similarity (1)
- Limnology (1)
- Lipschitz domain (1)
- Lithosphere (1)
- Lithosphereasthenosphere boundary (1)
- Livestock type (1)
- Load (1)
- Local Group (1)
- Locomotion costs (1)
- Lonar Lake (1)
- Long-range bridging (1)
- Longitudinal study (1)
- Lower crust (1)
- Loyalty (1)
- Luminescence dating (1)
- Luxury tourism (1)
- Lyme disease (1)
- MATLAB (1)
- MTBE (1)
- Macrobrachium rosenbergii (1)
- Macrocycles (1)
- Macrolepidoptera (1)
- Maestrat Basin (1)
- Magma mixing (1)
- Magnetosphere (1)
- Magnitude comparison (1)
- Makran (1)
- MalF (1)
- Malaria (1)
- Malliavin calculus (1)
- Maltose Metabolism (1)
- Maltreatment (1)
- Mandarin Chinese (1)
- Mantle rheology (1)
- Mapping (1)
- Marine terraces (1)
- Marmara Sea (1)
- Mass action system (1)
- Maternal weight (1)
- Matsuda-Heck reaction (1)
- Mauritius (1)
- Maximal isometric force (1)
- Mboost (1)
- Mean July temperature (1)
- Mediterranean Sea (1)
- Melatonin receptor type 2 (1)
- Mental disorders (1)
- Mental health (1)
- Mercaptoundecanoic acid (1)
- Merger (1)
- Mesh convergence (1)
- Mesh size (1)
- Metabolic Regulation (1)
- Metabolic network (1)
- Metabolome analysis (1)
- Metacognitive strategy knowledge (1)
- Micelle (1)
- Microbial activities (1)
- Microbial mounds (1)
- Microemulsion (1)
- Microfacies (1)
- Microperoxidases (1)
- Microphysical particle properties (1)
- Microtubule (1)
- Microtus arvalis (1)
- Minimizers (1)
- Mitochondrial DNA (1)
- Mixed duopoly (1)
- Modal existential wh-constructions (1)
- Modality (1)
- Model complexity (1)
- Model landscape (1)
- Model structure (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modified primers (1)
- Moisture reconstructions (1)
- Molecular dynamics (1)
- Molecular methods (1)
- Molecular rods (1)
- Molecularly imprinted polymer film (1)
- Molybdenum cofactor (1)
- Molybdoenzymes (1)
- Moment tensor inversion (1)
- Mongolia (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monitoring programmes (1)
- Monoclonal antibody (1)
- Monosynaptic reflexes (1)
- Monsoon (1)
- Monte Carlo method (1)
- Morisita (1)
- Morisita-Horn (1)
- Moroccans (1)
- Morphogenesis (1)
- Morphological processing (1)
- Morphology (1)
- Morphometrics (1)
- Morphotectonics (1)
- Mother-infant interaction (1)
- Motor resonance account (1)
- Movement (1)
- Mudrock analyses (1)
- Multi-angular model-based decomposition (1)
- Multi-cofactor enzymes (1)
- Multichannel wavelets (1)
- Multicompartment micelles (1)
- Multilayers (1)
- Multiple light scattering (1)
- Multiscale analysis (1)
- Murella (1)
- Muscle strength (1)
- Mutual Information (1)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1)
- Myocardial ischemia (1)
- N-acetyl cysteine (1)
- N-omega-hydroxy-L-arginine (1)
- NBO and STERIC analyses (1)
- NESS (1)
- NF-?B (1)
- NHR2 (1)
- NIRS (1)
- Naive single chain library (1)
- Naming (1)
- Naturally rare species (1)
- Nc (1)
- Neofinetia (1)
- Neotethys Ocean (1)
- Nest predation (1)
- Nested and overlapping genes (1)
- NetLogo (1)
- Network structure (1)
- Neural networks, fuzzy logic (1)
- Neuroleptics (1)
- Nicotinamide (1)
- Nitric oxide synthase (1)
- Nitrogen cycling (1)
- Non-coercive problem (1)
- Non-stationarity (1)
- Norfolk Island (1)
- North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) (1)
- North Pacific Ocean (1)
- North-eastern Morocco (1)
- Northeastern China (1)
- Norway (1)
- Null models (1)
- Numerical cognition (1)
- Numerov's method (1)
- Nutrient availability (1)
- Nutrients (1)
- OGB-1 (1)
- ORE1 (1)
- OTDR (1)
- Obesity (1)
- Object categorization (1)
- Obligatory control (1)
- Oligosaccharide (1)
- Online sentence processing (1)
- Ooid shoals (1)
- OpenGeosys (1)
- Ophrys (1)
- Optical sensors (1)
- Optical tomography (1)
- Orchestia montagui (1)
- Organic farming (1)
- Organizational climate (1)
- Orienting (1)
- Orogenic Plateaus (1)
- Orogenic wedges (1)
- Orthoptera (1)
- Oryza sativa (1)
- Ostensive communication (1)
- Outcrossing (1)
- Overland flow generation (1)
- Oxidation (1)
- Oxidative stress (1)
- Oxytricha (1)
- PAs (1)
- PCA (1)
- PLFA (1)
- POL (1)
- PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (1)
- PRO (1)
- PTH (1)
- Pace-of-life (1)
- Palaeo-seismicity (1)
- Palaeoclimate (1)
- Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (1)
- Palaeofloods (1)
- Palaeolimnology (1)
- Palaeomagnetism (1)
- Paleoenvironment (1)
- Palladium (1)
- Palynostratigraphy (1)
- Parafoveal processing (1)
- Parafoveal-on-foveal effects (1)
- Paratethys (1)
- Parsing (1)
- Parsing difficulty (1)
- Particle sizing (1)
- Past tense (1)
- Pattern-oriented modeling (1)
- Pattern-oriented modelling (1)
- Pauridia (1)
- Pb ages (1)
- Pd catalysis (1)
- Pedestrian navigation (1)
- Perceptual span (1)
- Percus-Yevick model (1)
- Peridotites (1)
- Peronosporaceae (1)
- Personalised medicine (1)
- Personality traits (1)
- Perylene (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Phase angle (1)
- Phase transitions (1)
- Phenotypic plasticity (1)
- Phosphate (1)
- Photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Photon Density Wave spectroscopy (1)
- Phototaxis (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Phylogeography (1)
- Physical performance (1)
- Physiological mode of action (1)
- Pinus pinaster (1)
- Placenta (1)
- Plane grating emission spectrometer (1)
- Plant Biochemistry (1)
- Plant conservation (1)
- Plant functional traits (1)
- Plant height (1)
- Plant species richness (1)
- Plant-animal interactions (1)
- Plasticity (1)
- Plateau margins (1)
- Poecilia mexicana (1)
- Point-light action (1)
- Polar effect (1)
- Pollen (1)
- Polyampholytes (1)
- Polyculture (1)
- Polyelectrolyte multilayer (1)
- Polyelectrolytes (1)
- Polymer capped gold nanoparticles (1)
- Polymer dispersions (1)
- Polymerase chain reaction (1)
- Population (1)
- Population dynamics (1)
- Population structure (1)
- Population viability analysis (1)
- Porewater profiles (1)
- Post-transcriptional modification (1)
- Postural balance (1)
- Postural stability (1)
- Pragmatic principles (1)
- Pre-mRNA splicing (1)
- Precipitation (1)
- Precise Point Positioning (1)
- Precise Point Positioning (PPP) (1)
- Predictive vegetation mapping (1)
- Pregnancy (1)
- Preschoolers (1)
- Preview effects (1)
- Price competition (1)
- Priming (1)
- Principal component analysis (1)
- Prior knowledge (1)
- Proactive/reactive balance (1)
- Probability distributions (1)
- Probe instruments (1)
- Production (1)
- Proliferation (1)
- Prospective Longitudinal Study (1)
- Protein delivery (1)
- Proton transfer reaction (1)
- Prototyping (1)
- Proximal soil sensing (1)
- Pseudotachylyte (1)
- Psoriasis (1)
- Puberty (1)
- Push-pull allenes (1)
- Pyrene (1)
- Pyrenees (1)
- Quadrature mirror filters (1)
- Quercus ilex (1)
- Quercus pubescens (1)
- Quotient method (1)
- RAFT (1)
- RNAPII (1)
- RSCM thermometry (1)
- Rainfall simulation (1)
- Raman microspectroscopy (1)
- Random Forests (1)
- Random measures (1)
- Ranking (1)
- Rapid automatized naming (1)
- Rational action understanding (1)
- Rational imitation tasks (1)
- Rats (1)
- Raw observation (1)
- Rayleigh test (1)
- Reading fluency (1)
- Reading strategies (1)
- Reading strategy (1)
- Real time (1)
- Reanalysis (1)
- Rearrangement to trithiaazapentalene (1)
- Reasoning ability (1)
- Recently rare species (1)
- Reciprocal teaching (1)
- Recognition memory (1)
- Recombinant Escherichia coli (1)
- Reconstruction (1)
- Redox conditions (1)
- Reflex reproducibility (1)
- Regularization (1)
- Release studies (1)
- Renal sympathetic denervation (1)
- Repeatability (1)
- Resilience (1)
- Resistance training (1)
- Resistant hypertension (1)
- Response inhibition (1)
- Resting eggs (1)
- Restriction enzymes (1)
- Resurrection plants (1)
- Retention (1)
- Rhaphidophoridae (1)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (1)
- Rhizosphere (1)
- Rhodium (1)
- Ribosome (1)
- Rice cum prawn culture (1)
- River basin (1)
- River bed sediment (1)
- Rocky deserts (1)
- Root function (1)
- Roots (1)
- S receiver functions (1)
- SCID mice (1)
- SHRIMP U-Pb dating (1)
- SIRT6 (1)
- SLA (1)
- SMARC (1)
- SME (1)
- SNARC (1)
- SSU rDNA (1)
- SWIM (1)
- Sabzevar (1)
- Salivary gland (1)
- Sandy soil (1)
- Saniella (1)
- Saturated hydraulic conductivity (1)
- Scale development (1)
- Scanpaths (1)
- Scenario study (1)
- Schleswig-Holstein (1)
- Schulzensee (1)
- Scintigraphy (1)
- Scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin) (1)
- Sea of Azov (1)
- Sea-level changes (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Sediment cascades (1)
- Sediment connectivity (1)
- Sediment-water interface (1)
- Seed mass (1)
- Seed number (1)
- Seismic monitoring and test-ban treaty verification (1)
- Seismic tomography (1)
- Selection method (1)
- Selection of antibody producing cells (1)
- Selection vs. age-class forests (1)
- Self-control (1)
- Self-discovered errors (1)
- Self-interacting scalar field (1)
- Self-regulated learning (1)
- Semantic web (1)
- Senecio roseiflorus (1)
- Seniors (1)
- Sensing skin (1)
- Sentence comprehension (1)
- Sentence comprehension in aphasia (1)
- Sentence processing (1)
- Sequence stratigraphy (1)
- Sequential extraction (1)
- Serial recall (1)
- Service orientation (1)
- Shallow-water carbonates (1)
- Shannon diversity (1)
- Shape detection (1)
- Shape recognition (1)
- Shear wave splitting (1)
- Shrews (1)
- Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Signalling (1)
- Silacyclohexanes (1)
- Silaheterocyclohexanes (1)
- Silver (1)
- Silviculture (1)
- Similarity transformation (1)
- Single chain antibody (1)
- Single/dual tasking (1)
- Sirtuins (1)
- Site ecology (1)
- Site effects (1)
- Slum tourism (1)
- Small mammals (1)
- Smooth muscle cells (1)
- Social cognition (1)
- Socioeconomic scenarios (1)
- Soft X-ray monochromator (1)
- Soil ecology (1)
- Soil organic carbon stocks (1)
- Soil organic matter (1)
- Soil stratification (1)
- Soil-environmental relationships (1)
- Solar physics (1)
- Solid state detectors (1)
- Sophoronol-7-methyl ether (1)
- Sori Granodiorite (1)
- SoriZ93 (1)
- South African English (1)
- Southeast Asia (1)
- Space use (1)
- Spatial bias (1)
- Spatial coding (1)
- Spatial patterns (1)
- Spatial policy (1)
- Spatio-temporal variability (1)
- Species distribution modelling (1)
- Species distribution models (1)
- Species endangerment (1)
- Species frequency (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Species traits (1)
- Specific leaf area (SLA) (1)
- Spectral exponent (1)
- Speed (1)
- Sphagnum magellanicum (1)
- Sphingolipids (1)
- Sphingosine kinase-1 (1)
- Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1)
- Spiloxene (1)
- Spore formation (1)
- Sr-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Stable oxygen isotopes (1)
- Stakeholder participation (1)
- Standing biomass (1)
- Starch Degradation (1)
- Steady-state balance (1)
- Steppe (1)
- Steric effect (1)
- Steric effects (1)
- Steric substituent constant (1)
- Stochastic optimization (1)
- Strain gages (1)
- Strain gauge (1)
- Strain monitoring (1)
- Stream length gradient (1)
- Stress granules (1)
- Stress response (1)
- Stress signaling (1)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (1)
- Stretchable sensor (1)
- Strike-slip faults (1)
- Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (1)
- Strontium isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Strontium-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Structural equation modeling (1)
- Structural geology (1)
- Structural health monitoring (1)
- Structural parallelisms (1)
- Structure-activity-relationship (1)
- Sturm-Liouville problem (1)
- Sub-lethal effects (1)
- Subduction zone (1)
- Submarine channel (1)
- Substrate effect (1)
- Suguta Valley (1)
- Sulfite oxidase (1)
- Sulfonated polyaniline (1)
- Sulfoxide (1)
- Sumatra (1)
- Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs) (1)
- Sun: magnetic fields (1)
- Sun: oscillations (1)
- Sun: surface magnetism (1)
- Supralittoral talitrids (1)
- Surface Exposure Age (1)
- Surface complexes (1)
- Surface exudates (1)
- Surface plasmon resonance (1)
- Surface preparation (1)
- Surface science (1)
- Surface waves and free oscillations (1)
- Surprisal (1)
- Susan Howe (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Sustainable aquaculture (1)
- Sustainable consumption (1)
- Sustainable development (1)
- Sustainable management of Mediterranean grazing land (1)
- Suzuki coupling (1)
- Swelling behavior (1)
- Synchrotron (1)
- Syntax-semantics interface (1)
- Synthesis (1)
- Synthetic glycoprotein (1)
- Synthetic methods (1)
- TAT selection (1)
- TCSPC (1)
- TEM01 mode (1)
- TOC (1)
- Taft equation (1)
- Talitrids (1)
- Taxonomic position (1)
- Tectonic Geomorphology (1)
- Tectonics (1)
- Temperature (1)
- Temporal variability (1)
- Tendurek volcano (1)
- Tenseless languages (1)
- Tephrostratigraphy (1)
- Terraces (1)
- Test anxiety (1)
- Tetrahydrobiopterin (1)
- Thellungiella halophila (1)
- Theoretical calculations (1)
- Theriak/Domino (1)
- Thermal electricity production (1)
- Thermo-responsive (1)
- Thermochemical properties (1)
- Thin film (1)
- Thioether ligands (1)
- Threshold (1)
- Thrombolites (1)
- Thrust fault (1)
- Tibet (1)
- Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Tibetan plateau (1)
- Tien Shan (1)
- Time course (1)
- Time of flight (1)
- Time series analysis (1)
- Time-scales hierarchy (1)
- To learners in which of the following categories does your work apply (1)
- ToF-SIMS (1)
- Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) (1)
- Topography (1)
- Total Electron Content (TEC) (1)
- Trace element geochemistry (1)
- Trans-European Suture Zone (1)
- Translation (1)
- Treadmill walking (1)
- Tree species effect (1)
- Trifluoromethanesulfonamide (1)
- Triphilic block copolymers (1)
- Trithiapentalene (1)
- Triticum aestivum L (1)
- Tritrophic interaction (1)
- Troglophilus (1)
- Trunk muscle strength (1)
- Tuning (1)
- Tuz Golu Basin (1)
- Two-photon excitation (1)
- Typical forest species (1)
- Typology (1)
- Tyrannidae (1)
- U (1)
- UV-vis spectroscopy (1)
- Ultrafast (1)
- Ultrafast spectroscopy (1)
- Ultrafast surface science (1)
- Unconventional reservoir potential (1)
- Underspecification (1)
- Unmanaged vs. managed forests (1)
- Unsaturated zone (1)
- Untreated agricultural wastes (1)
- Uplift Rate (1)
- Uplift rate (1)
- Upper Permian Zechstein Group Northern Germany (1)
- Urosomoida (1)
- Usability testing (1)
- User-centred design (1)
- Variability (1)
- Variscan (1)
- Varve counting (1)
- Varved lake sediments (1)
- Vector subdivision schemes (1)
- Vegetation change (1)
- Vegetation structure (1)
- Verb doubling (1)
- Verb movement (1)
- Verbal cues (1)
- Vertical flow filters (1)
- Vesicle formation (1)
- Vicariance (1)
- Visual stimulus processing (1)
- Volatilization (1)
- Voles (1)
- Vulnerability (1)
- Water demand (1)
- Water quality modelling (1)
- Water treatment (1)
- Water vapor (1)
- Wave propagation (1)
- Weighted-average partial least squares (1)
- Well productivity (1)
- Westerlies (1)
- Wh-words (1)
- Willmore functional (1)
- Wood anatomy (1)
- Word frequency (1)
- X-ray (1)
- X-ray diffraction (1)
- X-ray emission spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray imaging (1)
- X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- X-rays: individual (Cygnus X-3) (1)
- X-rays: individual (RX J0007.0+7303) (1)
- XRD (1)
- Xinjiang (1)
- YKL-40 (1)
- Yakutia (1)
- Young Adulthood (1)
- Young adults (1)
- Young's double-slit experiment (1)
- Yukawa model (1)
- Zechstein salt (1)
- Zermatt-Saas (1)
- a (1)
- ab initio (1)
- abiotic stress (1)
- academic self-concept (1)
- accountability dynamics (1)
- accountability mechanism (1)
- accumulation (1)
- acetanilides (1)
- acid lakes (1)
- action simulation (1)
- adaptation (1)
- adaptive management (1)
- additive and interactive effects (1)
- additive partitioning of biodiversity effects (1)
- administration (1)
- adolescent (1)
- aerosols (1)
- age at first cigarette (1)
- age-depth model (1)
- aggressive cognitions (1)
- aging (1)
- alkaline lake (1)
- allelopathy (1)
- allopatry (1)
- allozymes (1)
- alveolinaceans (1)
- ammonia volatilization (1)
- and prediction (1)
- animal calories (1)
- animal-assisted therapy (1)
- anomalous Brownian motion (1)
- anomalous diffusion (1)
- anorthite (1)
- answer set programming (1)
- anthropogenic effect (1)
- anthropometric field studies (1)
- apoplast (1)
- aqueous solutions (1)
- arcuate fracture system (1)
- arenes (1)
- argumentation (1)
- argumentation schemes (1)
- artistic rendering (1)
- associative networks (1)
- astronomy (Energetic particles) (1)
- astroparticle physics (1)
- astrophysics (1)
- asylum (1)
- atmospheric effects (1)
- atropisomerism (1)
- attack graph (1)
- attentional control (1)
- auditory perception (1)
- automatic associations (1)
- automatic attitudes (1)
- azobenzene photosensitive polymer films (1)
- bacteriaalgae associations (1)
- bacterial production (1)
- behavioral choice (1)
- belief merging (1)
- belief revision (1)
- beta(2)-microglobulin (1)
- beta-diversity (1)
- beta-functions (1)
- bilingual processing (1)
- binaries: close (1)
- binaries: general (1)
- binocular combination (1)
- biodegradable copolymers (PLGA) (1)
- biodiversity (1)
- biodiversity refugia (1)
- bioenergetics (1)
- biomass (1)
- biomaterials (1)
- biomedical applications (1)
- biomimetic sensors (1)
- biostratigraphy (1)
- black rhinoceros (1)
- blood pressure (1)
- borates (1)
- boundary exchange (1)
- caged cAMP (1)
- calcite precipitation (1)
- calculation (1)
- caldera subsidence (1)
- captive populations (1)
- carbon markets (1)
- carbon turnover (1)
- carbonate precipitation (1)
- carbonates (1)
- carnivora (1)
- catchment (1)
- category equivalence of clones (1)
- cave crickets (1)
- cell selectivity (1)
- cell structure (1)
- central Mediterranean (1)
- central Westland (1)
- channel transmission losses (1)
- characterization tools (1)
- chemocline (1)
- chemostat experiments (1)
- child development (1)
- childhood (1)
- children and adolescents (1)
- chloroplast (1)
- chronostratigraphy (1)
- civil service (1)
- classification (1)
- climate (1)
- climate impacts (1)
- climate policy (1)
- climatic debt (1)
- clinical interview (1)
- clone of operations (1)
- closure positive shift (1)
- codon usage (1)
- coercion (1)
- coesite (1)
- coexistence (1)
- coffee phenolic compounds (1)
- collision (1)
- commemorative acts of citizenship (1)
- community respiration (1)
- community structure (1)
- competition resistance trade-off (1)
- competition-integration model (1)
- complementarity (1)
- compliant electrodes (1)
- compounds (1)
- computational modeling (1)
- conducting polymer (1)
- confirmation bias (1)
- conjugated microporous polymers (1)
- conjugated polyelectrolytes (1)
- connectivity (1)
- consciousness for fair consumption (1)
- conservation biology (1)
- conservation genetics (1)
- conservation planning (1)
- consumer credit (1)
- contact variety (1)
- context (1)
- controlled drainage (1)
- controlled vocabularies (1)
- copepods (1)
- cosmogenic nuclide-dating (1)
- cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- cosmology: miscellaneous cosmology (1)
- cosmology: theory (1)
- counterterms (1)
- course timetabling (1)
- covalent organic frameworks (1)
- covert attention (1)
- cox2 (1)
- creative economy (1)
- crop products (1)
- cross-country comparison (1)
- crown compounds (1)
- cytochrome oxidase I gene (1)
- dark matter (1)
- data protection (1)
- deacetylation (1)
- deep biosphere (1)
- degradable polymer (1)
- degradation (1)
- delay-differential equation (1)
- democracy (1)
- demographic properties (1)
- dendroclimatology (1)
- density functional theory (DFT) (1)
- dependence (1)
- deposition (1)
- derivational morphology (1)
- detrended correspondence analyses (1)
- development (1)
- diazo compounds (1)
- diazonium salts (1)
- dichotic listening (1)
- dienes (1)
- diet competition (1)
- dietary patterns (1)
- digital elevation model (1)
- digital laser range finder (1)
- digital terrain analysis (1)
- dimerization kinetics (1)
- discourse analysis (1)
- dispersal (1)
- ditch system (1)
- divergence (1)
- dog-assisted therapy (1)
- doming (1)
- double diffusive convection (1)
- drainage networks (1)
- drug delivery system (1)
- drug eluting stent (1)
- dryland rivers (1)
- dung (1)
- duration (1)
- dust (1)
- dyes (1)
- dynamic HPLC (1)
- dynamic NMR (1)
- dynamic energy budget theory (1)
- early smoking experiences (1)
- earth surface processes (1)
- earthquakes (1)
- eastern asia (1)
- eating disorder (1)
- eating disorders (1)
- eclogite (1)
- eclogites (1)
- ecological niche modelling (1)
- ecological speciation (1)
- ecological stoichiometry (1)
- ecosystem stability (1)
- ecotypes (1)
- edge-driven convection (1)
- educational timetabling (1)
- effects of trial history (1)
- elastic conductor (1)
- electoral systems (1)
- electron transfer (1)
- electropolymers (1)
- electrospinning (1)
- elementary particles (1)
- elite athlete (1)
- emotion regulation (1)
- empirical aesthetics (1)
- emulsion inversion (1)
- ensemble (1)
- environmental changes (1)
- enzyme catalysis (1)
- enzymes (1)
- equilibrium assemblage (1)
- equilibrium topology (1)
- erosion rate (1)
- evaporites (1)
- event-related potentials (1)
- evoked potentials (1)
- evolution (1)
- evolutionary theory (1)
- exhumation and uplift (1)
- expansin (1)
- experiments (1)
- exsolution microstructures (1)
- extension (1)
- extensional tectonics (1)
- eye-tracking (1)
- fMRI (1)
- face proportions (1)
- faeces (1)
- fair trade (1)
- family relations (1)
- fault interaction (1)
- fault reactivation (1)
- feeding strategies (1)
- female perpetrators (1)
- fen grasslands (1)
- financial intermingling (1)
- finger counting (1)
- fire history (1)
- first language acquisition (1)
- fixation locations (1)
- floodplain (1)
- floral scent (1)
- flow-through vessel (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- fluorescence (or Forster) (1)
- fluorescent probes (1)
- focus (1)
- food preference (1)
- food quality (1)
- food structuring (1)
- foot and mouth disease (HFMD) (1)
- forces generated during surface relief grating formation (1)
- forecasting (1)
- forest management (1)
- forest understorey plant species (1)
- formate dehydrogenase (1)
- fossil pollen (1)
- frame compliance (1)
- free associations (1)
- free radicals (1)
- functional near-infrared spectroscopy (1)
- functional traits (1)
- functional types (1)
- functionalizing proteins (1)
- fundamental frequency (1)
- galaxies: formation (1)
- galaxies: halos (1)
- galaxies: individual (BL Lacertae, VER J2202+422) (1)
- galaxies: individual: Small Magellanic Cloud (1)
- galaxies: jets (1)
- gamma-ray burst: general (1)
- gamma-rays: galaxies (1)
- gamma-rays: stars (1)
- gardenpath model (1)
- gaylussite (1)
- gels (1)
- gene regulatory network (1)
- generalized Bruck-Reilly *-extension (1)
- generalized Langevin equation (1)
- geochronology (1)
- geodynamic modeling (1)
- geomagnetic storm (1)
- geomorphometry (1)
- glacier (1)
- global Si cycle (1)
- global carbon cycle (1)
- global change (1)
- global climate governance (1)
- globular clusters: general (1)
- gneiss domes (1)
- gold nanoparticles (1)
- grammatical judgments (1)
- grammaticalization (1)
- gridded data (1)
- guano (1)
- guideline (1)
- habitat loss (1)
- hand (1)
- hand dynamics (1)
- height (1)
- hemibond (1)
- heteronuclear NMR (1)
- heterotrophic bacteria (1)
- hierarchical level (1)
- hierarchical structures (1)
- high-pressure and Barrovian-type metamorphism (1)
- hillslope (1)
- homogeneous catalysis (1)
- hook-lipped rhinoceros (1)
- hormone (1)
- hospitals (1)
- host-guest systems (1)
- household business interface (1)
- housing (1)
- housing careers (1)
- human impact (1)
- hydrological conditioning (1)
- hydrophobic mismatch (1)
- hydroxyl radical (1)
- hypersaline lake (1)
- ice-sheet (1)
- image analysis (1)
- immobilization (1)
- implicit measures (1)
- implicit meter (1)
- in situ atomic force microscopy (1)
- individual discrimination (1)
- infiltration (1)
- inflammation (1)
- inflectional morphology (1)
- infrared: stars (1)
- inhibition (1)
- institutional design (1)
- instrumentation: miscellaneous (1)
- intellectual property rights (1)
- intensity (1)
- interactions (1)
- interactive learning environment (1)
- interdisciplinary research (1)
- interfaces (1)
- interference model (1)
- internal forward models (1)
- international comparison (1)
- interoception (1)
- interoceptive awareness (1)
- interspecific variation (1)
- intervention (1)
- intracontinental deformation (1)
- intraspecific divergence (1)
- invasive species (1)
- ion exchange (1)
- ionic liquids (1)
- ionosphere (1)
- ionospheric precursors of earthquakes (1)
- isolation-by-adaptation (1)
- isotope effects (1)
- isotopes (1)
- isotopic analysis (1)
- janus emulsions (1)
- jump height/power (1)
- kinematic analysis (1)
- knickpoint (1)
- labour market administration (1)
- lactones (1)
- lake shoreline (1)
- lamprophyre (1)
- land snails (1)
- land-use change (1)
- land-use history (1)
- landscape evolution (1)
- landslide (1)
- larger foraminifera (1)
- laser chemistry (1)
- leaf development (1)
- leaf litter (1)
- leukocyte-endothelial interaction (1)
- lexical decision (1)
- lian ... dou (1)
- life sciences (1)
- life-table experiments (1)
- light-emitting diodes (1)
- linagliptin (1)
- line: identification (1)
- linear mixed models (1)
- linear programming (1)
- lipidomics (1)
- liquids (1)
- lithic technology development (1)
- livestock feed (1)
- lizard (1)
- local abundances (1)
- local adaptation (1)
- local government (1)
- local insterstellar matter (1)
- longitudinal study (1)
- low birth weight (LBW) (1)
- low temperature chronology (1)
- low temperature stress (1)
- lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) (1)
- mRNA structure (1)
- macrophytes (1)
- magnetic fields (1)
- magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) (1)
- magnetosphere (1)
- majorite (1)
- majority rule (1)
- male victims (1)
- maleimides (1)
- mantle transition zone (1)
- masked priming (1)
- matK (1)
- maternal effects (1)
- maximal isometric torque (1)
- maximum entropy (MaxEnt) (1)
- measurement frequency (1)
- measuring instrument (1)
- media violence (1)
- membranes (1)
- memory effects (1)
- mesocosms (1)
- meta-analysis (1)
- metabolism (1)
- metabolite profiling (1)
- metadata (1)
- metal/polymer interface (1)
- metathesis (1)
- methods: analytical (1)
- methods: statistical (1)
- methyl viologen (1)
- microcapsules (1)
- microdiamond (1)
- microstructure (1)
- migration (1)
- minister responsibility (1)
- mirror (1)
- model (1)
- moesin (1)
- molecular modeling (1)
- molecular oxygen (1)
- molecular rods (1)
- molecular systematics (1)
- molecularly imprinted polymers (1)
- molybdenum cofactor (Moco)-binding chaperone (1)
- molybdoenzyme (1)
- monitoring network (1)
- monocular deprivation (1)
- morality (1)
- morphogenesis (1)
- morphological priming (1)
- morphological processing (1)
- morphology processing (1)
- motivic Feynman rules (1)
- movement (1)
- mu RF (1)
- mu-DSC (1)
- multi-core (1)
- multi-temporal RapidEye satellite data (1)
- multidirectional memory (1)
- multifactorial environmental change (1)
- multifunctional polymers (1)
- multiple emulsion preparation (1)
- multiscale analysis (1)
- music industry (1)
- n-oxPTH (1)
- nanocapsules (1)
- nanoparticles (1)
- naphthalenophanes (1)
- natural products (1)
- near-hand effect (1)
- networks (1)
- neurodevelopmental impairment (1)
- neutral theory (1)
- new combination (1)
- niche optimum (1)
- niche width (1)
- nitrogen deposition (1)
- nonphotorealistic rendering (NPR) (1)
- north-eastern Brazil (1)
- northern peatlands (1)
- number cognition (1)
- numerical modeling (1)
- numerical simulations (1)
- nutrient limitation (1)
- observation (1)
- observations (1)
- occlusion (1)
- occupational health (1)
- oculomotor control (1)
- old adults and young adults (1)
- olfactory communication (1)
- olivine (1)
- ontogenesis (1)
- open clusters and associations: general (1)
- optical imaging (1)
- optical sensing (1)
- optimization (1)
- orchids (1)
- organ failure (1)
- organ size (1)
- organic electronics (1)
- organic layer (1)
- orogen-parallel extension (1)
- orogenic plateau evolution (1)
- outcome (1)
- oxygen curves (1)
- pH (1)
- pH mapping (1)
- pH response (1)
- parafoveal processing (1)
- paratose (1)
- past tense (1)
- patents (1)
- peak F2-layer electron density (1)
- peak-temperature pattern (1)
- perception (1)
- performance assessment (1)
- periphyton (1)
- peroxides (1)
- phagocytosis (1)
- pharmaceutical industry (1)
- phase transitions (1)
- phospholipid-derived fatty acid (1)
- phospholipids (1)
- phosphorylation (1)
- photo-dehydro-Diels-Alder reaction (1)
- photoelectron transfer (1)
- photoisomerization (1)
- photovoltaic devices (1)
- phytogenic silica (1)
- pi-inverse monoid (1)
- pigments (1)
- place (1)
- planetary nebulae: general (1)
- planetary nebulae: individual: PN G029.0+00.4 (1)
- planets and satellites: individual (Saturn) (1)
- planets and satellites: rings (1)
- plant communities (1)
- plant community (1)
- plant species richness (1)
- plant-climate interaction (1)
- pleasurable smoking sensations (1)
- pnCCD (1)
- pneumonia (1)
- point process (1)
- point-light action (1)
- polar environment (1)
- polarimetric SAR (1)
- polarization (1)
- pollen taxa (1)
- pollinator shift (1)
- poly(acrylamide) hydrogels (1)
- poly(ethylene glycol) (1)
- polyesters (1)
- polymer foams (1)
- polymorphism (1)
- polysemy (1)
- pore-size distribution (1)
- post-2012 negotiations (1)
- postlinear poetry (1)
- practice theory (1)
- predictability (1)
- predictive coding (1)
- preview benefit (1)
- principal component analysis (1)
- privacy (1)
- private authority (1)
- privatization (1)
- probability distribution function (1)
- process-based range models (1)
- program encodings (1)
- promoter (1)
- proof complexity (1)
- prosodic boundaries (1)
- prosodic boundary (1)
- prospective (1)
- prostaglandin receptor (1)
- proteasome (1)
- protein adsorption (1)
- protein-phenol interactions (1)
- protein-protein interaction (1)
- psbA-trnH (1)
- psycholinguistics (1)
- psychometric properties (1)
- psychotherapy research (1)
- pubertal timing (1)
- puberty (1)
- public administration (1)
- public employment service (1)
- public justification (1)
- public sector reform (1)
- public-reason liberalism (1)
- pulsars: general (1)
- pulsars: individual (PSR J0007+7303) (1)
- pulsars: individual: PSR B1259-63 (1)
- pulsars: individual: SXP1062 (1)
- pump-probe (1)
- quantitative PCR (1)
- quantitative wood anatomy (1)
- quantum dynamics (1)
- quarternary channels (1)
- quartz (1)
- quasars: individual: HE 0027-1836 (1)
- quasars: individual: HE 2217-2818 (1)
- quasars: individual: PKS 1510-089 (1)
- rainfall simulation (1)
- random copolymer (1)
- range filling (1)
- range shifts (1)
- range size (1)
- ratchet transport (1)
- rate of torque development (1)
- re-reading probability (1)
- reader response (1)
- reading (1)
- realized niche (1)
- reanalysis (1)
- reappraisal (1)
- reasoning (1)
- receiver functions (1)
- reference gene (1)
- reference groups (1)
- reflection spectroscopy (1)
- regular monoid (1)
- reinforcement (1)
- relativistic processes (1)
- renormalization Hopf algebra (1)
- replicability (1)
- replicates (1)
- reproductive strategies (1)
- research transparency (1)
- resonance energy transfer (1)
- resultative sentences (1)
- riveraquifer interaction (1)
- rotifers (1)
- runoff (1)
- rupturing of metal film (1)
- ruthenium (1)
- saliency (1)
- saline lake (1)
- salt structures (1)
- same-sex contacts (1)
- sampling bias (1)
- sampling locations (1)
- sandwich complexes (1)
- scale development (1)
- scene perception (1)
- screening (1)
- sea-level (1)
- sea-level change (1)
- second chambers (1)
- secretory cell (1)
- sediment budget (1)
- sediment storage (1)
- sediment yield (1)
- sedimentation (1)
- sediments (1)
- seed longevity (1)
- seed production (1)
- semantic (1)
- semantic change (1)
- semantic web (1)
- semi-arid hydrology (1)
- semiempirical calculations (1)
- sensitivity analysis (1)
- sensors (1)
- sensory balance (1)
- sepsis (1)
- sequential data assimilation (1)
- serotonin (1)
- sexual aggression (1)
- sexual deception (1)
- sexual isolation (1)
- sexual victimization (1)
- shallow lakes (1)
- shallow structure hypothesis (1)
- shallow translational landslides (1)
- shape-memory properties (1)
- shell-architecture (1)
- sickness absence (1)
- signal (1)
- signal transduction (1)
- silent prosody (1)
- silica gel (1)
- silver nanoparticles (1)
- silver nanoslits (1)
- singlet oxygen (1)
- site-directed mutagenesis (1)
- skin (1)
- skipping rate (1)
- small and medium-sized enterprise (1)
- small business finance (1)
- smart CCTV (1)
- social cognition (1)
- social comparison (1)
- socially conscious consumption (1)
- sociology of knowledge (1)
- soft electrical connections (1)
- software (1)
- soil (1)
- soil Si pools (1)
- soil erosion (1)
- soil moisture (1)
- soil organic carbon (1)
- solar cells (1)
- soya beans (1)
- space in poetry (1)
- spatial frequencies (1)
- spatial representation (1)
- spatial statistics (1)
- speciation (1)
- species assemblies (1)
- species distribution modelling (1)
- species distribution models (1)
- species-specific (1)
- spectral exponent (1)
- speech perception (1)
- sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (1)
- spiro compounds (1)
- spontaneous parametric down conversion (1)
- stability program (1)
- stage structure (1)
- starch (1)
- stars: AGB and post-AGB (1)
- stars: abundances (1)
- stars: emission-line, Be (1)
- stars: fundamental parameters (1)
- stars: individual (WR 6) (1)
- stars: individual (zeta Pup) (1)
- stars: individual: HD 63425 (1)
- stars: individual: HD 66665 (1)
- stars: individual: LS 2883 (1)
- stars: individual: WR 102ka (1)
- stars: kinematics and dynamics (1)
- stars: late-type (1)
- stars: magnetic fields (1)
- stars: neutron (1)
- stars: rotation (1)
- static matching (1)
- static/dynamic postural control (1)
- statistical copolymers (1)
- statistical seismology (1)
- stimulus-onset delay (1)
- stochastic processes (1)
- stochastic simulation algorithm (1)
- stochastic thermodynamics (1)
- stratification (1)
- stream profile (1)
- stress-clash (1)
- stretchable electronics (1)
- stroke (1)
- strong equivalence (1)
- structural equation modeling (1)
- subduction accretion (1)
- subduction erosion (1)
- subduction-collision (1)
- subjectification (1)
- submerged macrophytes (1)
- submicrometer (1)
- sugar response (1)
- sulfate reduction (1)
- supernovae: individual (G119.5+10.2) (1)
- superoxide (1)
- surface chemistry (1)
- surface functionalization (1)
- surface plasm on polaritons (1)
- surveys (1)
- survival (1)
- symplectite (1)
- synthesis (1)
- tRNA (1)
- tableau calculi (1)
- tactile perception (1)
- taxonomy (1)
- tectonic geomorphology (1)
- temperate deciduous forest (1)
- temperate zone (1)
- temperature (1)
- terrestrial subsidies (1)
- the English progressive construction (1)
- thermodynamic modeling (1)
- thermodynamics (1)
- thermohaline processes (1)
- thermomechanical properties (1)
- thermoresponsive materials (1)
- thermoresponsive polymers (1)
- thorium (1)
- three hybrid (1)
- three-dimensional depth profiling (1)
- thrombocyte adhesion (1)
- time-dependent configuration interaction (1)
- township tourism (1)
- tracking (1)
- trade-offs (1)
- trait-anxiety (1)
- trans-migration (1)
- transcription (1)
- transdisciplinary research (1)
- transient dynamics (1)
- transient erosion (1)
- translation (1)
- tree rings (1)
- trehalose (1)
- trial (1)
- triangular-[4] phenylene (1)
- triple resonance (1)
- triple-shape effect (1)
- trnL (1)
- trnL-F (1)
- tropical montane forest (1)
- two beam interferometry (1)
- two hybrid (1)
- two-wave panel (1)
- typification (1)
- ultrafast reactions (1)
- ultrahigh-pressure (1)
- ultraviolet: ISM (1)
- understory (1)
- universal Hopf algebra of renormalization (1)
- unrestricted race model (1)
- upper mantle (1)
- urine (1)
- vacuolar ATPase (1)
- value chain (1)
- value creation (1)
- variability (1)
- vegetation history (1)
- verb classes (1)
- very low birth weight infant (1)
- video surveillance (1)
- viscoelasticity (1)
- visual form (1)
- viverridae (1)
- water-soluble polymers (1)
- watersheds (1)
- wave-particle dualism (1)
- waves (1)
- weakly coordinating ions (1)
- welfare markets (1)
- welfare state reform (1)
- wetland (1)
- wetland ecosystems (1)
- whey proteins (1)
- wind (1)
- working memory capacity (1)
- workplace (1)
- wrap-up process (1)
- x Comprehension (1)
- x Early adolescence (1)
- x Intrinsic (1)
- x Motivation/engagement, x Extrinsic (1)
- zircon (1)
- zircon standard (1)
- zooplankton (1)
- zooprophylaxis (1)
Institute
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (181)
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (152)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (140)
- Institut für Chemie (98)
- Department Psychologie (54)
- Institut für Mathematik (36)
- Department Linguistik (26)
- Department Sport- und Gesundheitswissenschaften (17)
- Institut für Informatik und Computational Science (16)
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (15)
Within the last decade, the role of the Creative Industries has grown to become an important part of the economic system. The increasing acceleration of new developments in media and ICT technologies greatly affected the Creative Industries' dynamic with a direct impact on the people working in this sector. Since only a few studies focus on competences needs, more or less isolated from the trends within the industry, we address the topic of individual competence shifts in the turbulent environment of the Creative Industries. We investigated the trends regarding competence shifts and their implications as well as the competences which are essential for creative professionals. We conducted a broad literature review as well as a qualitative study, which includes interviews and workshops with industry experts on trends within the Creative Industries and corresponding dimensions and demands for competences. We present four requirements that call for shifts in the education of competences. Based on the discussion of requirements, we present a competence portfolio for the Creative Industries along the dimensions of professional, methodological and personal-social competences. The portfolio clearly indicates which competences should be taken into consideration for the development of curricula and study programmes in the education of creative professionals. A generalization of these findings suggests new challenges for companies relying on creative professionals.
We address the problem of belief change in (nonmonotonic) logic programming under answer set semantics. Our formal techniques are analogous to those of distance-based belief revision in propositional logic. In particular, we build upon the model theory of logic programs furnished by SE interpretations, where an SE interpretation is a model of a logic program in the same way that a classical interpretation is a model of a propositional formula. Hence we extend techniques from the area of belief revision based on distance between models to belief change in logic programs.
We first consider belief revision: for logic programs P and Q, the goal is to determine a program R that corresponds to the revision of P by Q, denoted P * Q. We investigate several operators, including (logic program) expansion and two revision operators based on the distance between the SE models of logic programs. It proves to be the case that expansion is an interesting operator in its own right, unlike in classical belief revision where it is relatively uninteresting. Expansion and revision are shown to satisfy a suite of interesting properties; in particular, our revision operators satisfy all or nearly all of the AGM postulates for revision.
We next consider approaches for merging a set of logic programs, P-1,...,P-n. Again, our formal techniques are based on notions of relative distance between the SE models of the logic programs. Two approaches are examined. The first informally selects for each program P-i those models of P-i that vary the least from models of the other programs. The second approach informally selects those models of a program P-0 that are closest to the models of programs P-1,...,P-n. In this case, P-0 can be thought of as a set of database integrity constraints. We examine these operators with regards to how they satisfy relevant postulate sets.
Last, we present encodings for computing the revision as well as the merging of logic programs within the same logic programming framework. This gives rise to a direct implementation of our approach in terms of off-the-shelf answer set solvers. These encodings also reflect the fact that our change operators do not increase the complexity of the base formalism.
The near-infrared is an important part of the spectrum in astronomy, especially in cosmology because the light from objects in the early universe is redshifted to these wavelengths. However, deep near-infrared observations are extremely difficult to make from ground-based telescopes due to the bright background from the atmosphere. Nearly all of this background comes from the bright and narrow emission lines of atmospheric hydroxyl (OH) molecules. The atmospheric background cannot be easily removed from data because the brightness fluctuates unpredictably on short timescales. The sensitivity of ground-based optical astronomy far exceeds that of near-infrared astronomy because of this long-standing problem. GNOSIS is a prototype astrophotonic instrument that utilizes "OH suppression fibers" consisting of fiber Bragg gratings and photonic lanterns to suppress the 103 brightest atmospheric emission doublets between 1.47 and 1.7 mu m. GNOSIS was commissioned at the 3.9 m Anglo-Australian Telescope with the IRIS2 spectrograph to demonstrate the potential of OH suppression fibers, but may be potentially used with any telescope and spectrograph combination. Unlike previous atmospheric suppression techniques GNOSIS suppresses the lines before dispersion and in a manner that depends purely on wavelength. We present the instrument design and report the results of laboratory and on-sky tests from commissioning. While these tests demonstrated high throughput (approximate to 60%) and excellent suppression of the skylines by the OH suppression fibers, surprisingly GNOSIS produced no significant reduction in the interline background and the sensitivity of GNOSIS+IRIS2 is about the same as IRIS2. It is unclear whether the lack of reduction in the interline background is due to physical sources or systematic errors as the observations are detector noise dominated. OH suppression fibers could potentially impact ground-based astronomy at the level of adaptive optics or greater. However, until a clear reduction in the interline background and the corresponding increasing in sensitivity is demonstrated optimized OH suppression fibers paired with a fiber-fed spectrograph will at least provide a real benefit at low resolving powers.
GEOPHILUS ELECTRICUS (nickname GEOPHILUS) is a novel system for mapping the complex electrical bulk resistivity of soils. Rolling electrodes simultaneously measure amplitude and phase data at frequencies ranging from 1 mHz to 1 kHz. The sensor's design and technical specifications allow for measuring these parameters at five depths of up to ca. 1.5 m. Data inversion techniques can be employed to determine resistivity models instead of apparent values and to image soil layers and their geometry with depth. When used in combination with a global positioning system (GPS) and a suitable cross-country vehicle, it is possible to map about 100 ha/day (assuming 1 data point is recorded per second and the line spacing is 18 m). The applicability of the GEOPHILUS system has been demonstrated on several sites, where soils show variations in texture, stratification, and thus electrical characteristics. The data quality has been studied by comparison with 'static' electrodes, by repeated measurements, and by comparison with other mobile conductivity mapping devices (VERIS3100 and EM38). The high quality of the conductivity data produced by the GEOPHILUS system is evident and demonstrated by the overall consistency of the individual maps, and in the clear stratification also confirmed by independent data.
The GEOPHILUS system measures complex values of electrical resistivity in terms of amplitude and phase. Whereas electrical conductivity data (amplitude) are well established in soil science, the interpretation of phase data is a topic of current research. Whether phase data are able to provide additional information depends on the site-specific settings. Here, we present examples, where phase data provide complementary information on man-made structures such as metal pipes and soil compaction.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) contribute to innovation and economic growth, despite their resource shortages and lack of professional intellectual property (IP) management practices. Drawing on social practice theory and combining insights from recent scholarship on IP strategies and its management, this paper examines the cases of three pharmaceutical SME providing insights into how they appropriate returns on research and development (R&D) investments. It discusses their IP strategies and management practices, examining how the IP management practices are embedded in the firm's organisational structure. Moreover, this paper develops recommendations for SME regarding the professionalisation of their IP management practices.
How preview space/time translates into preview cost/benefit for fixation durations during reading
(2013)
Eye-movement control during reading depends on foveal and parafoveal information. If the parafoveal preview of the next word is suppressed, reading is less efficient. A linear mixed model (LMM) reanalysis of McDonald (2006) confirmed his observation that preview benefit may be limited to parafoveal words that have been selected as the saccade target. Going beyond the original analyses, in the same LMM, we examined how the preview effect (i.e., the difference in single-fixation duration, SFD, between random-letter and identical preview) depends on the gaze duration on the pretarget word and on the amplitude of the saccade moving the eye onto the target word. There were two key results: (a) The shorter the saccade amplitude (i.e., the larger preview space), the shorter a subsequent SFD with an identical preview; this association was not observed with a random-letter preview. (b) However, the longer the gaze duration on the pretarget word, the longer the subsequent SFD on the target, with the difference between random-letter string and identical previews increasing with preview time. A third patternincreasing cost of a random-letter string in the parafovea associated with shorter saccade amplitudeswas observed for target gaze durations. Thus, LMMs revealed that preview effects, which are typically summarized under preview benefit, are a complex mixture of preview cost and preview benefit and vary with preview space and preview time. The consequence for reading is that parafoveal preview may not only facilitate, but also interfere with lexical access.
Three eye movement experiments investigated the interaction between contextual and lexical focus cues during reading. Context was used to focus on either the indirect or direct object of a double object construction, which was followed by a remnant continuation that formed either a congruous or incongruous contrast with the contextually focused object. Experiment 1 demonstrated that remnants were more difficult to process when incongruous with the contextually focused constituent, indicating that context was effective in specifying focus. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the interaction between context and lexical focus arising from the particle only which specifies focus on the subsequent adjacent element. When only preceded both objects (Experiment 2), the conflict between lexical and contextual focus cues disrupted processing of the remnant element and was resolved in favour of the contextually focused element. However, when only was placed between both objects (Experiment 3), cue-conflict disrupted processing earlier in the sentence but did not appear to be fully resolved during on-line sentence processing. These findings reveal that the interplay between contextual and lexical cues to focus is important for establishing focus structure during on-line sentence processing.
Local adaptation to different pollinators is considered one of the possible initial stages of ecological speciation as reproductive isolation is a by-product of the divergence in pollination systems. However, pollinator-mediated divergent selection will not necessarily result in complete reproductive isolation, because incipient speciation is often overcome by gene flow. We investigated the potential of pollinator shift in the sexually deceptive orchids Ophrys sphegodes and Ophrys exaltata and compared the levels of floral isolation vs. genetic distance among populations with contrasting predominant pollinators. We analysed floral hydrocarbons as a proxy for floral divergence between populations. Floral adoption of pollinators and their fidelity was tested using pollinator choice experiments. Interpopulation gene flow and population differentiation levels were estimated using AFLP markers. The Tyrrhenian O.sphegodes population preferentially attracted the pollinator bee Andrena bimaculata, whereas the Adriatic O.sphegodes population exclusively attracted A.nigroaenea. Significant differences in scent component proportions were identified in O.sphegodes populations that attracted different preferred pollinators. High interpopulation gene flow was detected, but populations were genetically structured at species level. The high interpopulation gene flow levels independent of preferred pollinators suggest that local adaptation to different pollinators has not (yet) generated detectable genome-wide separation. Alternatively, despite extensive gene flow, few genes underlying floral isolation remain differentiated as a consequence of divergent selection. Different pollination ecotypes in O.sphegodes might represent a local selective response imposed by temporal variation in a geographical mosaic of pollinators as a consequence of the frequent disturbance regimes typical of Ophrys habitats.
Finding evidence for ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism in crustal rocks is far from straightforward. The index minerals coesite and diamond are incredibly inconspicuous and are therefore difficult to use as UHP prospecting tools. Consequently, petrographers rely on recognizing subtle breakdown microstructures that result from pressure release during the return to the surface of the once deeply buried rock. Similarly, many other UHP minerals are first suspected on the basis of typical reaction or exsolution microstructures. Thus, the painstaking use of microscopic techniques has been fundamental to the tremendous advances in characterizing, quantifying, and understanding macroscopic-scale, deep continental subduction, rapid exhumation, and mountain-building processes.
Mirror therapy is a therapy to treat patients with pain syndromes or hemiparesis after stroke. However, the underlying neurophysiologic mechanisms are not clearly understood. In order to determine the effect of a mirror-like illusion (MIR) on brain activity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, 20 healthy right-handed subjects were examined. A MIR was induced by a digital horizontal inversion of the subjects' filmed hand. Optodes were placed on the primary motor cortex (M1) and the occipito-parietal cortex (precuneus, PC). Regions of interest (ROI) were defined a priori based on previous results of similar studies and confirmed by the analysis of effect sizes. Analysis of variance of the ROI signal revealed a dissociated pattern: at the PC, the MIR caused a significant inversion of a hemispheric lateralization opposite to the perceived hand, independent of the moving hand. In contrast, activity in M1 showed lateralization opposite to the moving hand, but revealed no mirror effect. These findings extend our understanding on interhemispheric rivalry and indicate that a MIR is integrated into visuomotor coordination similar to normal view, irrespective of the hand that is actually performing the task. (C) 2013 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)
BACKGROUND: Mirror therapy (MT) was found to improve motor function after stroke, but its neural mechanisms remain unclear, especially in single stroke patients.
OBJECTIVES: The following imaging study was designed to compare brain activation patterns evoked by the mirror illusion in single stroke patients with normal subjects.
METHODS: Fifteen normal volunteers and five stroke patients with severe arm paresis were recruited. Cerebral activations during movement mirroring by means of a video chain were recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Single-subject analysis was performed using SPM 8.
RESULTS: For normal subjects, ten and thirteen subjects displayed lateralized cerebral activations evoked by the mirror illusion while moving their right and left hand respectively. The magnitude of this effect in the precuneus contralateral to the seen hand was not dependent on movement speed or subjective experience. Negative correlation of activation strength with age was found for the right hand only. The activation pattern in stroke patients is comparable to that of normal subjects and present in four out of five patients.
CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the mirror illusion can elicit cerebral activation contralateral to the perceived hand in the majority of single normal subjects, but not in all of them. This is similar even in stroke patients with severe hemiparesis.
Objective: To compare lateralized cerebral activations elicited during self-initiated movement mirroring and observation of movements.
Subjects: A total of 15 right-handed healthy subjects, age range 22-56 years.
Methods: Functional imaging study comparing movement mirroring with movement observation, in both hands, in an otherwise identical setting. Imaging data were analysed using statistical parametric mapping software, with significance threshold set at p<0.01 (false discovery rate) and a minimum cluster size of 20 voxels.
Results: Movement mirroring induced additional activation in primary and higher-order visual areas strictly contralateral to the limb seen by the subject. There was no significant difference of brain activity when comparing movement observation of somebody else's right hand with left hand.
Conclusion: Lateralized cerebral activations are elicited by inversion of visual feedback (movement mirroring), but not by movement observation.
Current assessment of visual neglect involves paper-and-pencil tests or computer-based tasks. Both have been criticised because of their lack of ecological validity as target stimuli can only be presented in a restricted visual range. This study examined the user-friendliness and diagnostic strength of a new "Circle-Monitor" (CM), which enlarges the range of the peripersonal space, in comparison to a standard paper-and-pencil test (Neglect-Test, NET).
Methods: Ten stroke patients with neglect and ten age-matched healthy controls were examined by the NET and the CM test comprising of four subtests (Star Cancellation, Line Bisection, Dice Task, and Puzzle Test).
Results: The acceptance of the CM in elderly controls and neglect patients was high. Participants rated the examination by CM as clear, safe and more enjoyable than NET. Healthy controls performed at ceiling on all subtests, without any systematic differences between the visual fields. Both NET and CM revealed significant differences between controls and patients in Line Bisection, Star Cancellation and visuo-constructive tasks (NET: Figure Copying, CM: Puzzle Test). Discriminant analyses revealed cross-validated assignment of patients and controls to groups was more precise when based on the CM (hit rate 90%) as compared to the NET (hit rate 70%).
Conclusion: The CM proved to be a sensitive novel tool to diagnose visual neglect symptoms quickly and accurately with superior diagnostic validity compared to a standard neglect test while being well accepted by patients. Due to its upgradable functions the system may also be a valuable tool not only to test for non-visual neglect symptoms, but also to provide treatment and assess its outcome.
The geological history of the Ponto-Caspian region, with alternating cycles of isolation and reconnection among the three main basins (Black and Azov Seas, and the more distant Caspian Sea) as well as between them and the Mediterranean Sea, profoundly affected the diversification of its aquatic fauna, leading to a high degree of endemism. Two alternative hypotheses on the origin of this amazing biodiversity have been proposed, corresponding to phases of allopatric separation of aquatic fauna among sea basins: a Late Miocene origin (10-6 MYA) vs. a more recent Pleistocene ancestry (<2 MYA). Both hypotheses support a vicariant origin of (1) Black + Azov Sea lineages on the one hand, and (2) Caspian Sea lineages on the other. Here, we present a study on the Ponto-Caspian endemic amphipod Pontogammarus maeoticus. We assessed patterns of divergence based on (a) two mitochondrial and one nuclear gene, and (b) a morphometric analysis of 23 morphological traits in 16 populations from South and West Caspian Sea, South Azov Sea and North-West Black Sea. Genetic data indicate a long and independent evolutionary history, dating back from the late Miocene to early Pleistocene (6.6-1.6 MYA), for an unexpected, major split between (i) a Black Sea clade and (ii) a well-supported clade grouping individuals from the Caspian and Azov Seas. Absence of shared haplotypes argues against either recent or human-mediated exchanges between Caspian and Azov Seas. A mismatch distribution analysis supports more stable population demography in the Caspian than in the Black Sea populations. Morphological divergence largely followed patterns of genetic divergence: our analyses grouped samples according to the basin of origin and corroborated the close phylogenetic affinity between Caspian and Azov Sea lineages. Altogether, our results highlight the necessity of careful (group-specific) evaluation of evolutionary trajectories in marine taxa that should certainly not be inferred from the current geographical proximity of sea basins alone. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The lively debate about speciation currently focuses on the relative importance of factors driving population differentiation. While many studies are increasingly producing results on the importance of selection, little is known about the interaction between drift and selection. Moreover, there is still little knowledge on the spatial-temporal scales at which speciation occurs, that is, arrangement of habitat patches, abruptness of habitat transitions, climate and habitat changes interacting with selective forces. To investigate these questions, we quantified variation on a fine geographical scale analysing morphological (shell) and genetic data sets coupled with environmental data in the land snail Murella muralis, endemic to the Mediterranean island of Sicily. Analysis of a fragment of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) and eight nuclear microsatellite loci showed that genetic variation is highly structured at a very fine spatial scale by local palaeogeographical events and historical population dynamics. Molecular clock estimates, calibrated here specifically for Tyrrhenian land snails, provided a framework of palaeogeographical events responsible for the observed geographical variations and migration routes. Finally, we showed for the first time well-documented lines of evidence of selection in the past, which explains divergence of land snail shell shapes. We suggest that time and palaeogeographical history acted as constraints in the progress along the ecological speciation continuum. Our study shows that testing for correlation among palaeogeography, morphology and genetic data on a fine geographical scale provides information fundamental for a detailed understanding of ecological speciation processes.
Introduction: We examined patterns of genetic divergence in 26 Mediterranean populations of the semi-terrestrial beachflea Orchestia montagui using mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit I), microsatellite (eight loci) and allozymic data. The species typically forms large populations within heaps of dead seagrass leaves stranded on beaches at the waterfront. We adopted a hierarchical geographic sampling to unravel population structure in a species living at the sea-land transition and, hence, likely subjected to dramatically contrasting forces.
Results: Mitochondrial DNA showed historical phylogeographic breaks among Adriatic, Ionian and the remaining basins (Tyrrhenian, Western and Eastern Mediterranean Sea) likely caused by the geological and climatic changes of the Pleistocene. Microsatellites (and to a lesser extent allozymes) detected a further subdivision between and within the Western Mediterranean and the Tyrrhenian Sea due to present-day processes. A pattern of isolation by distance was not detected in any of the analyzed data set.
Conclusions: We conclude that the population structure of O. montagui is the result of the interplay of two contrasting forces that act on the species population genetic structure. On one hand, the species semi-terrestrial life style would tend to determine the onset of local differences. On the other hand, these differences are partially counter-balanced by passive movements of migrants via rafting on heaps of dead seagrass leaves across sites by sea surface currents. Approximate Bayesian Computations support dispersal at sea as prevalent over terrestrial regionalism.
A species of Galapagos tortoise endemic to Espanola Island was reduced to just 12 females and three males that have been bred in captivity since 1971 and have produced over 1700 offspring now repatriated to the island. Our molecular genetic analyses of juveniles repatriated to and surviving on the island indicate that none of the tortoises sampled in 1994 had hatched on the island versus 3% in 2004 and 24% in 2007, which demonstrates substantial and increasing reproduction in situ once again. This recovery occurred despite the parental population having an estimated effective population size <8 due to a combination of unequal reproductive success of the breeders and nonrandom mating in captivity. These results provide guidelines for adapting breeding regimes in the parental captive population and decreasing inbreeding in the repatriated population. Using simple morphological data scored on the sampled animals, we also show that a strongly heterogeneous distribution of tortoise sizes on Espanola Island observed today is due to a large variance in the number of animals included in yearly repatriation events performed in the last 40years. Our study reveals that, at least in the short run, some endangered species can recover dramatically despite a lack of genetic variation and irregular repatriation efforts.
Two new 3-hydroxyisoflavanones, (S)-3,4',5-trihydroxy-2',7-dimethoxy-3'-prenylisoflavanone (trivial name kenusanone F 7-methyl ether) and (S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2',7-dimethoxy-2 '',2 ''-dimethylpyrano[5 '',6 '':3',4']isoflavanone (trivial name sophoronol-7-methyl ether) along with two known compounds (dalbergin and formononetin) were isolated from the stem bark of Dalbergia melanoxylon. The structures were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques. Kenusanone F 7-methyl ether showed activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, whereas both of the new compounds were inactive against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum at 10 mu g/ml. Docking studies showed that the new compounds kenusanone F 7-methyl ether and sophoronol-7-methyl ether have high affinity for the M. tuberculosis drug target INHA.
Communicating location-specific information to pedestrians is a challenging task which can be aided by user-friendly digital technologies. In this paper, landmark visibility analysis, as a means for developing more usable pedestrian navigation systems, is discussed. Using an algorithmic framework for image-based 3D analysis, this method integrates a 3D city model with identified landmarks and produces raster visibility layers for each one. This output enables an Android phone prototype application to indicate the visibility of landmarks from the user's actual position. Tested in the field, the method achieves sufficient accuracy for the context of use and improves navigation efficiency and effectiveness.
If sites, cities, and landscapes are captured at different points in time using technology such as LiDAR, large collections of 3D point clouds result. Their efficient storage, processing, analysis, and presentation constitute a challenging task because of limited computation, memory, and time resources. In this work, we present an approach to detect changes in massive 3D point clouds based on an out-of-core spatial data structure that is designed to store data acquired at different points in time and to efficiently attribute 3D points with distance information. Based on this data structure, we present and evaluate different processing schemes optimized for performing the calculation on the CPU and GPU. In addition, we present a point-based rendering technique adapted for attributed 3D point clouds, to enable effective out-of-core real-time visualization of the computation results. Our approach enables conclusions to be drawn about temporal changes in large highly accurate 3D geodata sets of a captured area at reasonable preprocessing and rendering times. We evaluate our approach with two data sets from different points in time for the urban area of a city, describe its characteristics, and report on applications.
Delay tuning was studied in the auditory cortex of Pteronotus quadridens. All the 136 delay-tuned units that were studied responded strongly to heteroharmonic pulse-echo pairs presented at specific delays. In the heteroharmonic pairs, the first sonar call harmonic marks the timing of pulse emission while one of the higher harmonics (second or third) indicates the timing of the echo. Delay-tuned units are organized chronotopically along a rostrocaudal axis according to their characteristic delay. There is no obvious indication of multiple cortical axes specialized in the processing of different harmonic combinations of pulse and echo. Results of this study serve for a straight comparison of cortical delay-tuning between P. quadridens and the well-studied mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii. These two species stem from the most recent and most basal nodes in the Pteronotus lineage, respectively. P. quadridens and P. parnellii use comparable heteroharmonic target-range computation strategies even though they do not use biosonar calls of a similar design. P. quadridens uses short constant-frequency (CF)/frequency-modulated (FM) echolocation calls, while P. parnellii uses long CF/FM calls. The ability to perform "heteroharmonic" target-range computations might be an ancestral neuronal specialization of the genus Pteronotus that was subjected to positive Darwinian selection in the evolution.
Echolocating bats use the time from biosonar pulse emission to the arrival of echo (defined as echo delay) to calculate the space depth of targets. In the dorsal auditory cortex of several species, neurons that encode increasing echo delays are organized rostrocaudally in a topographic arrangement defined as chronotopy. Precise chronotopy could be important for precise target-distance computations. Here we show that in the cortex of three echolocating bat species (Pteronotus quadridens, Pteronotus parnellii and Carollia perspicillata), chronotopy is not precise but blurry. In all three species, neurons throughout the chronotopic map are driven by short echo delays that indicate the presence of close targets and the robustness of map organization depends on the parameter of the receptive field used to characterize neuronal tuning. The timing of cortical responses (latency and duration) provides a binding code that could be important for assembling acoustic scenes using echo delay information from objects with different space depths.
The M-type kinesin isoform, Kif9, has recently been implicated in maintaining a physical connection between the centrosome and nucleus in Dictyostelium discoideum. However, the mechanism by which Kif9 functions to link these two organelles remains obscure. Here we demonstrate that the Kif9 protein is localized to the nuclear envelope and is concentrated in the region underlying the centrosome point of attachment. Nuclear anchorage appears mediated through a specialized transmembrane domain located in the carboxyl terminus. Kif9 interacts with microtubules in in vitro binding assays and effects an endwise depolymerization of the polymer. These results suggest a model whereby Kif9 is anchored to the nucleus and generates a pulling force that reels the centrosome up against the nucleus. This is a novel activity for a kinesin motor, one important for progression of cells into mitosis and to ensure centrosome-nuclear parity in a multinuclear environment.
We report on the fabrication, modeling, and experimental verification of the emission of fiber lenses fabricated on multimode fibers in different media. Concave fiber lenses with a radius of 150 mu m were fabricated onto a multimode silica fiber (100 mu m core) by grinding and polishing against a ruby sphere template. In our theoretical model we assume that the fiber guides light from a Lambertian light source and that the emission cone is governed solely by the range of permitted emission angles. We investigate concave and convex lenses at 532 nm with different radii and in a variety of surrounding media from air (n(0) = 1.00) to sapphire (n(0) = 1.77). It was found that noticeable focusing or defocusing effects of a silica fiber lens in ethanol (n(0) = 1.36) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (n(0) = 1.48) are only observed when the fiber lens radius was less than the fiber diameter.
Diaphanous-related formins (DRFs) drive the nucleation and elongation of linear actin filaments downstream of Rho GTPase signalling pathways. Dictyostelium formin C (ForC) resembles a DRF, except that it lacks a genuine formin homology domain 1 (FH1), raising the questions whether or not ForC can nucleate and elongate actin filaments. We found that a recombinant ForC-FH2 fragment does not nucleate actin polymerization, but moderately decreases the rate of spontaneous actin assembly and disassembly, although the barbed-end elongation rate in the presence of the formin was not markedly changed. However, the protein bound to and crosslinked actin filaments into loose bundles of mixed polarity. Furthermore, ForC is an important regulator of morphogenesis since ForC-null cells are severely impaired in development resulting in the formation of aberrant fruiting bodies. Immunoblotting revealed that ForC is absent during growth, but becomes detectable at the onset of early aggregation when cells chemotactically stream together to form a multicellular organism, and peaks around the culmination stage. Fluorescence microscopy of cells ectopically expressing a GFP-tagged, N-terminal ForC fragment showed its prominent accumulation in the leading edge, suggesting that ForC may play a role in cell migration. In agreement with its expression profile, no defects were observed in random migration of vegetative mutant cells. Notably, chemotaxis of starved cells towards a source of cAMP was severely impaired as opposed to control. This was, however, largely due to a marked developmental delay of the mutant, as evidenced by the expression profile of the early developmental marker csA. In line with this, chemotaxis was almost restored to wild type levels after prolonged starvation. Finally, we observed a complete failure of phototaxis due to abolished slug formation and a massive reduction of spores consistent with forC promoter-driven expression of beta-galactosidase in prespore cells. Together, these findings demonstrate ForC to be critically involved in signalling of the cytoskeleton during various stages of development.
Although the DNA methyltransferase 2 family is highly conserved during evolution and recent reports suggested a dual specificity with stronger activity on transfer RNA (tRNA) than DNA substrates, the biological function is still obscure. We show that the Dictyostelium discoideum Dnmt2-homologue DnmA is an active tRNA methyltransferase that modifies C38 in tRNA(Asp(GUC)) in vitro and in vivo. By an ultraviolet-crosslinking and immunoprecipitation approach, we identified further DnmA targets. This revealed specific tRNA fragments bound by the enzyme and identified tRNA(Glu(CUC/UUC)) and tRNA(Gly(GCC)) as new but weaker substrates for both human Dnmt2 and DnmA in vitro but apparently not in vivo. Dnmt2 enzymes form transient covalent complexes with their substrates. The dynamics of complex formation and complex resolution reflect methylation efficiency in vitro. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed alterations in dnmA expression during development, cell cycle and in response to temperature stress. However, dnmA expression only partially correlated with tRNA methylation in vivo. Strikingly, dnmA expression in the laboratory strain AX2 was significantly lower than in the NC4 parent strain. As expression levels and binding of DnmA to a target in vivo are apparently not necessarily accompanied by methylation, we propose an additional biological function of DnmA apart from methylation.
Novel hydrogels based on hydroxyethyl starch modified with polyethylene glycol methacrylate (HES-P(EG)(6)MA) were developed as delivery system for the controlled release of proteins. Since the drug release behavior is supposed to be related to the pore structure of the hydrogel network the pore sizes were determined by cryo-SEM, which is a mild technique for imaging on a nanometer scale. The results showed a decreasing pore size and an increase in pore homogeneity with increasing polymer concentration. Furthermore, the mesh sizes of the hydrogels were calculated based on swelling data. Pore and mesh size were significantly different which indicates that both structures are present in the hydrogel. The resulting structural model was correlated with release data for bulk hydrogel cylinders loaded with FITC-dextran and hydrogel microspheres loaded with FITC-IgG and FITC-dextran of different molecular size. The initial release depended much on the relation between hydrodynamic diameter and pore size while the long term release of the incorporated substances was predominantly controlled by degradation of the network of the much smaller meshes.
The ternary system composed of the ionic liquid surfactant (IL-S) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dodecylsulfate ([Bmim][DodSO(4)]), the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([Emim][EtSO4]), and toluene has been investigated. Three major mechanisms guiding the structure of the isotropic phase were identified by means of conductometric experiments, which have been correlated to the presence of oil-in-IL, bicontinuous, and IL-in-oil microemulsions. IL-S forms micelles in toluene, which swell by adding RTIL as to be shown by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. Therefore, it is possible to form water free IL-in-oil reverse microemulsions <= 10 nm in size as a new type of nanoreactor.
This paper focuses on two different strategies to incorporate gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into the matrix of polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels. Poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) is used as both reducing and stabilizing agent for the formation of AuNPs. In addition, the influence of an ionic liquid (IL) (i.e., 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate) on the stability of the nanoparticles and their immobilization in the hydrogel is investigated The results show that AuNPs surrounded by a shell containing PEI and IL, synthesized according to the one-pot approach, are much better immobilized within the PAAm hydrogel. Hereby, the IL is responsible for structural changes in the hydrogel as well as the improved stabilization and embedding of the AuNPs into the polymer gel matrix.
Detection of cancer precursors contributes to cancer prevention, for example, in the case of colorectal cancer. To record more patients early, ultrasensitive methods are required for the purpose of noninvasive precursor detection in body fluids. Our aim was to develop a method for enrichment and detection of known as well as unknown driver mutations in the Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. By coupled wild-type blocking (WTB) PCR and high-resolution melting (HRM), referred to as WTB-HRM, a minimum detection limit of 0.01% mutant in excess wild-type was achieved according to as little as 1 pg mutated DNA in the assay. The technique was applied to 80 tissue samples from patients with colorectal cancer (n = 17), adenomas (n = 50), serrated lesions (n = 8), and normal mucosa (n = 5). Any kind of known and unknown APC mutations (deletions, insertions, and base exchanges) being situated inside the mutation cluster region was distinguishable from wild-type DNA. Furthermore, by WTB-HRM, nearly twice as many carcinomas and 1.5 times more precursor lesions were identified to be mutated in APC, as compared with direct sequencing. By analyzing 31 associated stool DNA specimens all but one of the APC mutations could be recovered. Transferability of the WTB-HRM method to other genes was proven using the example of KRAS mutation analysis. In summary, WTB-HRM is a new approach for ultrasensitive detection of cancer-initiating mutations. In this sense, it appears especially applicable for noninvasive detection of colon cancer precursors in body fluids with excess wild-type DNA like stool. Cancer Prev Res; 6(9); 898-907. (C) 2013 AACR.
Background and Purpose Recent studies suggested a role for PGE2 in the expression of the chemokine IL-8. PGE2 signals via four different GPCRs, EP1-EP4. The role of EP1 and EP4 receptors for IL-8 induction was studied in HEK293 cells, overexpressing EP1 (HEK-EP1), EP4 (HEK-EP4) or both receptors (HEK-EP1 + EP4). Experimental Approach IL-8 mRNA and protein induction and IL-8 promoter and NF-?B activation were assessed in EP expressing HEK cells. Key Results In HEK-EP1 and HEK-EP1 + EP4 but not HEK or HEK-EP4 cells, PGE2 activated the IL-8 promoter and induced IL-8 mRNA and protein synthesis. Stimulation of HEK-EP1 + EP4 cells with an EP1-specific agonist activated IL-8 promoter and induced IL-8 mRNA and protein, whereas a specific EP4 agonist neither activated the IL-8 promoter nor induced IL-8 mRNA and protein synthesis. Simultaneous stimulation of HEK- EP1 + EP4 cells with both agonists activated IL-8 promoter and induced IL-8 mRNA to the same extent as PGE2. In HEK-EP1 + EP4 cells, PGE2-mediated IL-8 promoter activation and IL-8 mRNA induction were blunted by inhibition of I?B kinase. PGE2 activated NF-?B in HEK-EP1, HEK-EP4 and HEK-EP1 + EP4 cells. In HEK-EP1 + EP4 cells, simultaneous activation of both receptors was needed for maximal PGE2-induced NF-?B activation. PGE2-stimulated NF-?B activation by EP1 was blocked by inhibitors of PLC, calcium-signalling and Src-kinase, whereas that induced by EP4 was only blunted by Src-kinase inhibition. Conclusions and Implications These findings suggest that PGE2-mediated NF-?B activation by simultaneous stimulation of EP1 and EP4 receptors induces maximal IL-8 promoter activation and IL-8 mRNA and protein induction.
Haberlea rhodopensis is a resurrection species with extreme resistance to drought stress and desiccation but also with ability to withstand low temperatures and freezing stress. In order to identify biochemical strategies which contribute to Haberlea's remarkable stress tolerance, the metabolic reconfiguration of H. rhodopensis during low temperature (4 degrees C) and subsequent return to optimal temperatures (21 degrees C) was investigated and compared with that of the stress tolerant Thellungiella halophyla and the stress sensitive Arabidopsis thaliana. Metabolic analysis by GC-MS revealed intrinsic differences in the metabolite levels of the three species even at 21 degrees C. H. rhodopensis had significantly more raffinose, melibiose, trehalose, rhamnose, myo-inositol, sorbitol, galactinol, erythronate, threonate, 2-oxoglutarate, citrate, and glycerol than the other two species. A. thaliana had the highest levels of putrescine and fumarate, while T halophila had much higher levels of several amino acids, including alanine, asparagine, beta-alanine, histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, and valine. In addition, the three species responded differently to the low temperature treatment and the subsequent recovery, especially with regard to the sugar metabolism. Chilling induced accumulation of maltose in H. rhodopensis and raffinose in A. thaliana but the raffinose levels in low temperature exposed Arabidopsis were still much lower than these in unstressed Haberlea. While all species accumulated sucrose during chilling, that accumulation was transient in H. rhodopensis and A. thaliana but sustained in T halophila after the return to optimal temperature. Thus, Haberlea's metabolome appeared primed for chilling stress but the low temperature acclimation induced additional stress-protective mechanisms. A diverse array of sugars, organic acids, and polyols constitute Haberlea's main metabolic defence mechanisms against chilling, while accumulation of amino acids and amino acid derivatives contribute to the low temperature acclimation in Arabidopsis and Thellungiella. Collectively, these results show inherent differences in the metabolomes under the ambient temperature and the strategies to respond to low temperature in the three species.
Understanding the regional dynamics of plant communities is crucial for predicting the response of plant diversity to habitat fragmentation. However, for fragmented landscapes the importance of regional processes, such as seed dispersal among isolated habitat patches, has been controversially debated. Due to the stochasticity and rarity of among-patch dispersal and colonization events, we still lack a quantitative understanding of the consequences of these processes at the landscape-scale. In this study, we used extensive field data from a fragmented, semi-arid landscape in Israel to parameterize a multi-species incidence-function model. This model simulates species occupancy pattern based on patch areas and habitat configuration and explicitly considers the locations and the shapes of habitat patches for the derivation of patch connectivity. We implemented an approximate Bayesian computation approach for parameter inference and uncertainty assessment. We tested which of the three types of regional dynamics - the metacommunity, the mainland-island, or the island communities type - best represents the community dynamics in the study area and applied the simulation model to estimate the extinction debt in the investigated landscape. We found that the regional dynamics in the patch-matrix study landscape is best represented as a system of highly isolated island' communities with low rates of propagule exchange among habitat patches and consequently low colonization rates in local communities. Accordingly, the extinction rates in the local communities are the main drivers of community dynamics. Our findings indicate that the landscape carries a significant extinction debt and in model projections 33-60% of all species went extinct within 1000 yr. Our study demonstrates that the combination of dynamic simulation models with field data provides a promising approach for understanding regional community dynamics and for projecting community responses to habitat fragmentation. The approach bears the potential for efficient tests of conservation activities aimed at mitigating future losses of biodiversity.
Quantifying the association of plant functional traits to environmental gradients is a promising approach for understanding and projecting community responses to land use and climatic changes. Although habitat fragmentation and climate are expected to affect plant communities interactively, there is a lack of empirical studies addressing trait associations to fragmentation in different climatic regimes.
In this study, we analyse data on the key functional traits: specific leaf area (SLA), plant height, seed mass and seed number. First, we assess the evidence for the community assembly mechanisms habitat filtering and competition at different spatial scales, using several null-models and a comprehensive set of community-level trait convergence and divergence indices. Second, we analyse the association of community-mean traits with patch area and connectivity along a south-north productivity gradient.
We found clear evidence for trait convergence due to habitat filtering. In contrast, the evidence for trait divergence due to competition fundamentally depended on the null-model used. When the null-model controlled for habitat filtering, there was only evidence for trait divergence at the smallest sampling scale (0.25 m x 0.25 m). All traits varied significantly along the S-N productivity gradient. While plant height and SLA were consistently associated with fragmentation, the association of seed mass and seed number with fragmentation changed along the S-N gradient.
Our findings indicate trait convergence due to drought stress in the arid sites and due to higher productivity in the mesic sites. The association of plant traits to fragmentation is likely driven by increased colonization ability in small and/or isolated patches (plant height, seed number) or increased persistence ability in isolated patches (seed mass).
Our study provides the first empirical test of trait associations with fragmentation along a productivity gradient. We conclude that it is crucial to study the interactive effects of different ecological drivers on plant functional traits.
In European dry grasslands land-use changes affect plant species performance and frequency. Potential driving forces are eutrophication and habitat fragmentation. The importance of these factors is presumably scale dependent. We used a functional trait approach to detect processes that influence species frequency and endangerment on different spatial scales. We tested for associations between functional traits and (1) frequency and (2) degree of endangerment on local, regional and national scales. We focussed on five selected traits that describe the life-history of plant species and that are related to competition, dispersal ability and habitat specificity. Trait data on plant height, SLA, plant coverage, peak of flowering and diaspore mass were measured for 28 perennials from common to rare and endangered to non-endangered on 59 dry grassland sites in north-eastern Germany. Multiple regression models revealed that species frequency is positively and species endangerment negatively related to plant height, plant coverage and SLA on more than one spatial scale. On the local scale, diaspore mass has a negative effect on species frequency. More frequent and less endangered species show a later peak of flowering on nationwide and regional scales. We concluded that competition traits are more important on larger scales, whereas dispersal traits are more important for species frequency on the smaller scale. On national and regional scales, eutrophication and habitat loss may be the main drivers of species threat, whereas on the local scale fragmentation plays a crucial role for the performance of dry grassland species.
Feedback inhibition of starch degradation in arabidopsis leaves mediated by trehalose 6-phosphate
(2013)
Many plants accumulate substantial starch reserves in their leaves during the day and remobilize them at night to provide carbon and energy for maintenance and growth. In this paper, we explore the role of a sugar-signaling metabolite, trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P), in regulating the accumulation and turnover of transitory starch in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. Ethanol-induced overexpression of trehalose-phosphate synthase during the day increased Tre6P levels up to 11-fold. There was a transient increase in the rate of starch accumulation in the middle of the day, but this was not linked to reductive activation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. A 2- to 3-fold increase in Tre6P during the night led to significant inhibition of starch degradation. Maltose and maltotriose did not accumulate, suggesting that Tre6P affects an early step in the pathway of starch degradation in the chloroplasts. Starch granules isolated from induced plants had a higher orthophosphate content than granules from noninduced control plants, consistent either with disruption of the phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle that is essential for efficient starch breakdown or with inhibition of starch hydrolysis by beta-amylase. Nonaqueous fractionation of leaves showed that Tre6P is predominantly located in the cytosol, with estimated in vivo Tre6P concentrations of 4 to 7 mu M in the cytosol, 0.2 to 0.5 mu M in the chloroplasts, and 0.05 mu M in the vacuole. It is proposed that Tre6P is a component in a signaling pathway that mediates the feedback regulation of starch breakdown by sucrose, potentially linking starch turnover to demand for sucrose by growing sink organs at night.
Controlled conversion of leaf starch to sucrose at night is essential for the normal growth of Arabidopsis. The conversion involves the cytosolic metabolism of maltose to hexose phosphates via an unusual, multidomain protein with 4-glucanotransferase activity, DPE2, believed to transfer glucosyl moieties to a complex heteroglycan prior to their conversion to hexose phosphate via a cytosolic phosphorylase. The significance of this complex pathway is unclear; conversion of maltose to hexose phosphate in bacteria proceeds via a more typical 4-glucanotransferase that does not require a heteroglycan acceptor. It has recently been suggested that DPE2 generates a heterogeneous series of terminal glucan chains on the heteroglycan that acts as a glucosyl buffer to ensure a constant rate of sucrose synthesis in the leaf at night. Alternatively, DPE2 and/or the heteroglycan may have specific properties important for their function in the plant. To distinguish between these ideas, we compared the properties of DPE2 with those of the Escherichia coli glucanotransferase MalQ. We found that MalQ cannot use the plant heteroglycan as an acceptor for glucosyl transfer. However, experimental and modeling approaches suggested that it can potentially generate a glucosyl buffer between maltose and hexose phosphate because, unlike DPE2, it can generate polydisperse malto-oligosaccharides from maltose. Consistent with this suggestion, MalQ is capable of restoring an essentially wild-type phenotype when expressed in mutant Arabidopsis plants lacking DPE2. In light of these findings, we discuss the possible evolutionary origins of the complex DPE2-heteroglycan pathway.
Plants metabolize transitory starch by precisely coordinated plastidial and cytosolic processes. The latter appear to include the action of water-soluble heteroglycans (SHG(in)) whose monosaccharide pattern is similar to that of apoplastic glycans (SHG(ex)) but, unlike SHG(ex), SHG(in) strongly interacts with glucosyl transferases. In this study, we analyzed starch metabolism using mesophyll protoplasts from wild-type plants and two knock-out mutants [deficient in the cytosolic transglucosidase, disproportionating isoenzyme 2 (DPE2) or the plastidial phosphoglucomutase (PGM1)] from Arabidopsis thaliana. Protoplasts prelabeled by photosynthetic (CO2)-C-14 fixation were transferred to an unlabeled medium and were darkened or illuminated. Carbon transitions from the Calvin cycle or from starch to both SHG(in) and SHG(ex) were analyzed. In illuminated protoplasts, starch turn-over was undetectable but darkened protoplasts continuously degraded starch. During illumination, neither the total C-14 content nor the labeling patterns of the sugar residues of SHG(in) were significantly altered but both the total amount and the labeling of the constituents of SHG(ex) increased with time. In darkened protoplasts, the C-14-content of most of the sugar residues of SHG(in) transiently and strongly increased and then declined. This effect was not observed in any SHG(ex) constituent. In darkened DPE2-deficient protoplasts, none of the SHG(in) constituents exhibited an essential transient increase in labeling. In contrast, some residues of SHG(in) from the PGM1 mutant exhibited a transient increase in label but this effect significantly differed from that of the wild type. Two conclusions are reached: first, SHG(in) and SHG(ex) exert different metabolic functions and second, SHG(in) is directly involved in starch degradation.
Laforin or malin deficiency causes Lafora disease, characterized by altered glycogen metabolism and teenage-onset neurodegeneration with intractable and invariably fatal epilepsy. Plant starches possess small amounts of metabolically essential monophosphate esters. Glycogen contains similar phosphate amounts, which are thought to originate from a glycogen synthase error side reaction and therefore lack any specific function. Glycogen is also believed to lack monophosphates at glucosyl carbon C6, an essential phosphorylation site in plant starch metabolism. We now show that glycogen phosphorylation is not due to a glycogen synthase side reaction, that C6 is a major glycogen phosphorylation site, and that C6 monophosphates predominate near centers of glycogen molecules and positively correlate with glycogen chain lengths. Laforin or malin deficiency causes C6 hyperphosphorylation, which results in malformed long-chained glycogen that accumulates in many tissues, causing neurodegeneration in brain. Our work advances the understanding of Lafora disease pathogenesis and suggests that glycogen phosphorylation has important metabolic function.
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of starch and glycogen are important for their physicochemical properties and also their physiological functions. It is therefore desirable to reliably determine the phosphorylation sites. Heteronuclear multidimensional NMR-spectroscopy is in principle a straightforward analytical approach even for complex carbohydrate molecules. With heterogeneous samples from natural sources, however, the task becomes more difficult because a full assignment of the resonances of the carbohydrates is impossible to obtain. Here, we show that the combination of heteronuclear H-1,C-13 and H-1,C-13,P-31 techniques and information derived from spectra of a set of reference compounds can lead to an unambiguous determination of the phosphorylation sites even in heterogeneous samples.
A new approach to achieve sub-pixel spatial resolution in a pnCCD detector with 75 x 75 mu m(2) pixel size is proposed for X-ray applications in single photon counting mode. The approach considers the energy dependence of the charge cloud created by a single photon and its split probabilities between neighboring pixels of the detector based on a rectangular model for the charge cloud density. For cases where the charge of this cloud becomes distributed over three or four pixels the center position of photon impact can be reconstructed with a precision better than 2 mu m. The predicted charge cloud sizes are tested at selected X-ray fluorescence lines emitting energies between 6.4 keV and 17.4 keV and forming charge clouds with size (rms) varying between 8 mu m and 10 mu m respectively. The 2 mu m enhanced spatial resolution of the pnCCD is verified by means of an x-ray transmission experiment throughout an optical grating.
The neonate nutrition hypothesis - early feeding affects the body stoichiometry of Daphnia offspring
(2013)
Aquatic herbivores consume variable quantities and qualities of food. In freshwater systems, where phosphorus (P) is often a primary limiting element, inadequate dietary P can slow maternal growth and reduce body P content. There remains uncertainty about whether and how dietary effects on mothers are transferred to offspring by way of egg provisioning. Using the keystone herbivore Daphnia, we tested a novel explanation (the neonate nutrition hypothesis') to determine whether the early nutrition of newborns affects their elemental composition and whether the indications of differences in maternal P nutrition found previously might be overestimated. We thus examined the P content of mothers and their eggs from deposition through development to the birth of neonates. We examined further whether very short periods of ingestion (3h) by the offspring alter the overall P content of juvenile Daphnia. We showed that strong dietary P effects on mothers were not directly transferred to their eggs. Irrespective of the supply of P in the maternal diet, the P content of eggs in different developmental stages and in (unfed) neonates did not differ. This indicates that Daphnia mothers do not reduce the quality (in terms of P) of newly produced offspring after intermittent periods (i.e. several days) of poor nutrition. In contrast, the P content of neonates reflected that of their food after brief periods of feeding, indicating that even temporary exposure to nutrient poor food immediately after birth may strongly affect the elemental composition of neonates. Our results thus support the neonate nutrition hypothesis, which, like differential maternal provisioning, is a possible explanation for the variable elemental quality of young Daphnia.
Consciousness for fair consumption : conceptualization, scale development and empirical validation
(2013)
Sustainable consumption means that consumers act in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. Compared with the vast amount of studies concerning environmentally conscious consumer behaviour, relatively little is known about socially conscious consumption. The present paper focuses on fair consumption as an important aspect of social consumption. In our study, consciousness for fair consumption (CFC) is defined as a latent disposition of consumers to prefer products that are produced and traded in compliance with fair labour and business practices. A scale to measure CFC was conceptualized and tested in three independent empirical studies. Two studies were conducted at European universities (2010 and 2012) and used 352 and 362 undergraduate business students respectively. The third study, conducted in 2011, used 141 employees at a European university. The results confirmed the reliability and validity of the new CFC scale across samples. While being moderately related to other aspects of sustainable consumption such as ecological concern and moral reasoning, CFC was significantly distinct from those concepts. Most importantly, it was established that the CFC, as measured by the new CFC scale, is a strong determinant of consumption of fair trade products that has been neglected in existing research.
The aim of the present study was to examine how different types of tracking—
between-school streaming, within-school streaming, and course-by-course
tracking—shape students’ mathematics self-concept. This was done in an
internationally comparative framework using data from the Programme for
International Student Assessment (PISA). After controlling for individual
and track mean achievement, results indicated that generally for students
in course-by-course tracking, high-track students had higher mathematics
self-concepts and low-track students had lower mathematics self-concepts.
For students in between-school and within-school streaming, the reverse pat-
tern was found. These findings suggest a solution to the ongoing debate about
the effects of tracking on students’ academic self-concept and suggest that the
reference groups to which students compare themselves differ according to the
type of tracking.
In aquatic food webs, consumers, such as daphnids and copepods, differ regarding their accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). We tested if the accumulation of PUFAs in a seston size fraction containing different consumers and in Daphnia as a separate consumer is subject to seasonal changes in a large deep lake due to changes in the dietary PUFA supply and specific demands of different consumers. We found that the accumulation of arachidonic acid (ARA) in Daphnia increased from early summer to late summer and autumn. However, ARA requirements of Daphnia appeared to be constant throughout the year, because the accumulation of ARA increased when the dietary ARA supply decreased. In the size fraction 140 m, we found an increased accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during late summer and autumn. These seasonal changes in DHA accumulation were linked to changes in the proportion of copepods in this size fraction, which may have increasingly accumulated DHA for active overwintering. We show that consumer-specific PUFA demands can result in seasonal changes in PUFA accumulation, which may influence the trophic transfer of PUFAs within the food web.
The hydrolytic degradation and corresponding content release of capsules made of poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) strongly depends on the composition and material properties of the initially applied copolymer. Consecutive or simultaneous release from capsule batches of combinable material compositions, therefore, offers high control over the bioavailability of an encapsulated drug. The keynote of this study was the creation of a superordinated database that addressed the correlation between the release kinetics of filling agents with different molecular weights from PLGA capsules of alternating composition. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (with molecular weights of 4, 40, and 2000 kDa) was chosen as a model analyte, whereas the copolymers were taken from various 50:50 PLGA, 75:25 PLGA, and polylactide blends. With reference to recent publications, the capsule properties, such as the size, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency, were further modified during production. Hence, uniform microdisperse and polydisperse submicrometer nanocapsules were prepared by two different water-in-oil-in-water emulsification techniques, and additional effects on the size and morphology were achieved by capsule solidification in two different sodium salt buffers. The qualitative and quantitative examination of the physical capsule properties was performed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Coulter counting techniques to evaluate the capsule size distribution and the morphological appearance of the different batches. The corresponding agent release was quantified by fluorescence measurement of the FITC-dextran in the incubation media and by the direct measurement of the capsule brightness via fluorescence microscopy. In summary, the observed agent release showed a highly controllable flexibility depending on the PLGA blends, preparation methods, and molecular weight of the used filling substances. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4219-4228, 2013
Predictions of marine ice-sheet behaviour require models able to simulate grounding-line migration. We present results of an intercomparison experiment for plan-view marine ice-sheet models. Verification is effected by comparison with approximate analytical solutions for flux across the grounding line using simplified geometrical configurations (no lateral variations, no buttressing effects from lateral drag). Perturbation experiments specifying spatial variation in basal sliding parameters permitted the evolution of curved grounding lines, generating buttressing effects. The experiments showed regions of compression and extensional flow across the grounding line, thereby invalidating the boundary layer theory. Steady-state grounding-line positions were found to be dependent on the level of physical model approximation. Resolving grounding lines requires inclusion of membrane stresses, a sufficiently small grid size (<500 m), or subgrid interpolation of the grounding line. The latter still requires nominal grid sizes of <5 km. For larger grid spacings, appropriate parameterizations for ice flux may be imposed at the grounding line, but the short-time transient behaviour is then incorrect and different from models that do not incorporate grounding-line parameterizations. The numerical error associated with predicting grounding-line motion can be reduced significantly below the errors associated with parameter ignorance and uncertainties in future scenarios.
Open porous foams with identical foam density but different pore-size distributions (bimodal or monomodal) are prepared from a shape-memory polyetherurethane (PEU) by thermally induced phase separation. The shape-memory effect of the two PEU foams is explored by cyclic thermomechanical compression tests and microstructural analysis. The obtained results reveal that the PEU foam with a bimodal pore-size distribution exhibits an increased shape-recovery under stress-free conditions, both on the macro- (foam level) as well as the microscale (pore level). While bimodal pore-size distributions induce microscale bending during compression, buckling occurs in foams with monomodal pore-size distributions, leading to both a reduced and delayed shape recovery.
Polymers exhibiting cell-selective effects represent an extensive research field with high relevance for biomedical applications e.g. in the cardiovascular field supporting re-endothelialization while suppressing smooth muscle cell overgrowth. Such an endothelial cell-selective effect could be recently demonstrated for a copolyetheresterurethane (PDC) containing biodegradable poly(p-dioxanone) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) segments, which selectively enhanced the adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) while suppressing the attachment of smooth muscle cells (SMC).
In this study we investigated the influence of the fibre orientation (random and aligned) and fibre diameter (2 mu m and 500 nm) of electrospun PDC scaffolds on the adhesion, proliferation and apoptosis of HUVEC and SMC.
Adhesion, viability and proliferation of HUVEC was diminished when the fibre diameter was reduced to a submicron scale, while the orientation of the microfibres did only slightly influence the cellular behaviour. In contrast, a submicron fibre diameter improved SMC viability. In conclusion, PDC scaffolds with micron-sized single fibres could be promising candidate materials for cell-selective stent coatings.
The thermally induced shape-memory effect of polymers is typically characterized by cyclic uniaxial thermomechanical tests. Here, a molecular-dynamics (MD) simulation approach of such a cyclic uniaxial thermomechanical test is presented for amorphous switching domains of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA). Uniaxial deformation of the constructed PLLA models is simulated with a Parinello-Rahman scheme, as well as a pragmatic geometrical approach. We are able to describe two subsequent test cycles using the presented simulation approach. The obtained simulated shape-memory properties in both test cycles are similar and independent of the applied deformation protocols. The simulated PLLA shows high shape fixity ratios (Rf 94%), but only a moderate shape recovery ratio is obtained (Rr 30%). Finally, the structural changes during the simulated test are characterized by analysis of the changes in the dihedral angle distributions.
Sightseeing in the poorest quarters of southern hemisphere cities has been observed occurring in Cape Town, Rio de Janeiro, Mumbai and many other cities. The increasing global interest in touring poor urban environments is accompanied by a strong morally charged debate; so far, this debate has not been critically addressed. This article avoids asking if slum tourism is good or bad, but instead seeks a second-order observation, i.e. to investigate under what conditions the social praxis of slum tourism is considered as good or bad, by processing information on esteem or dis-esteem among tourists and tour providers. Special attention is given to any relation between morality and place, and the thesis posited is that the moral charging of slum tourism is dependent on the presence of specific preconceived notions of slums and poverty. This shall be clarified by means of references to two empirical case studies carried out in (1) Cape Town in 2007 and 2008 and (2) Mumbai in 2009.
A qualitative exploratory study was conducted to reveal students' argumentation skills in the context of the topic of evolution. Transcripts from problem-centred interviews on secondary students' beliefs about evolutionary processes of adaptation were analysed using a content analysis approach. For this purpose two categorical systems were deductively developed: one addressing the complexity of students' arguments, the other focusing on students' use of argumentation schemes. Subsequently, the categorical systems were inductively elaborated upon the basis of the analysed material showing a satisfactory inter-rater reliability. Regarding the arguments' complexity, students produced mainly single claims or claims with a single justification consisting of either data or warrants. With regard to argumentation schemes students drew their arguments mainly using causal schemes, analogies, or illustrative examples. Results are discussed in light of possible implications for teaching evolutionary theory using classroom argumentation.
Supra-glacial deposition and flux of catastrophic rock-slope failure debris, south-central Alaska
(2013)
The ongoing debate over the effects of global environmental change on Earth's cryosphere calls for detailed knowledge about process rates and their variability in cold environments. In this context, appraisals of the coupling between glacier dynamics and para-glacial erosion rates in tectonically active mountains remain rare. We contribute to filling this knowledge gap and present an unprecedented regional-scale inventory of supra-glacial sediment flux and hillslope erosion rates inferred from an analysis of 123 large (> 0 center dot 1km2) catastrophic bedrock landslides that fell onto glaciers in the Chugach Mountains, Alaska, as documented by satellite images obtained between 1972 to 2008. Assuming these supra-glacial landslide deposits to be passive strain markers we infer minimum decadal-scale sediment yields of 190 to 7400tkm-2yr-1 for a given glacier-surface cross-section impacted by episodic rock-slope failure. These rates compare to reported fluvial sediment yields in many mountain rivers, but are an order of magnitude below the extreme sediment yields measured at the snouts of Alaskan glaciers, indicating that the bulk of debris discharged derives from en-glacial, sub-glacial or ice-proximal sources. We estimate an average minimum para-glacial erosion rate by large, episodic rock-slope failures at 0 center dot 5-0 center dot 7mmyr-1 in the Chugach Mountains over a 50-yr period, with earthquakes likely being responsible for up to 73% of this rate. Though ranking amongst the highest decadal landslide erosion rates for this size of study area worldwide, our inferred rates of hillslope erosion in the Chugach Mountains remain an order of magnitude below the pace of extremely rapid glacial sediment export and glacio-isostatic surface uplift previously reported from the region.
The 12 January 2010 M-w 7.0 Haiti earthquake occurred in a complex deformation zone at the boundary between the North American and Caribbean plates. Combined geodetic, geological and seismological data posited that surface deformation was driven by rupture on the Leogane blind thrust fault, while part of the rupture occurred as deep lateral slip on the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault (EPGF). The earthquake triggered >4490 landslides, mainly shallow, disrupted rock falls, debris-soil falls and slides, and a few lateral spreads, over an area of similar to 2150 km(2). The regional distribution of these slope failures defies those of most similar earthquake-triggered landslide episodes reported previously. Most of the coseismic landslides did not proliferate in the hanging wall of the main rupture, but clustered instead at the junction of the blind Leogane and EPGF ruptures, where topographic relief and hillslope steepness are above average. Also, low-relief areas subjected to high coseismic uplift were prone to lesser hanging wall slope instability than previous studies would suggest. We argue that a combined effect of complex rupture dynamics and topography primarily control this previously rarely documented landslide pattern. Compared to recent thrust fault-earthquakes of similar magnitudes elsewhere, we conclude that lower static stress drop, mean fault displacement, and blind ruptures of the 2010 Haiti earthquake resulted in fewer, smaller, and more symmetrically distributed landslides than previous studies would suggest. Our findings caution against overly relying on across-the-board models of slope stability response to seismic ground shaking. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Any understanding of sediment routing from mountain belts to their forelands and offshore sinks remains incomplete without estimates of intermediate storage that decisively buffers sediment yields from erosion rates, attenuates water and sediment fluxes, and protects underlying bedrock from incision. We quantify for the first time the sediment stored in > 38000 mainly postglacial Himalayan valley fills, based on an empirical volume-area scaling of valley-fill outlines automatically extracted from digital topographic data. The estimated total volume of 690(+452/-242) km(3) is mostly contained in few large valley fills > 1 km(3), while catastrophic mass wasting adds another 177(31) km(3). Sediment storage volumes are highly disparate along the strike of the orogen. Much of the Himalaya's stock of sediment is sequestered in glacially scoured valleys that provide accommodation space for similar to 44% of the total volume upstream of the rapidly exhuming and incising syntaxes. Conversely, the step-like long-wave topography of the central Himalayas limits glacier extent, and thus any significant glacier-derived storage of sediment away from tectonic basins. We show that exclusive removal of Himalayan valley fills could nourish contemporary sediment flux from the Indus and Brahmaputra basins for > 1 kyr, though individual fills may attain residence times of > 100 kyr. These millennial lag times in the Himalayan sediment routing system may sufficiently buffer signals of short-term seismic as well as climatic disturbances, thus complicating simple correlation and interpretation of sedimentary archives from the Himalayan orogen, its foreland, and its submarine fan systems. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Herein, we report the synthesis of two phenylaza-[18]crown-6 lariat ethers with a coumarin fluorophore (1 and 2) and we reveal that compound 1 is an excellent probe for K+ ions under simulated physiological conditions. The presence of a 2-methoxyethoxy lariat group at the ortho position of the anilino moiety is crucial to the substantially increased stability of compounds 1 and 2 over their lariat-free phenylaza-[18] crown-6 ether analogues. Probe 1 shows a high K+/Na+ selectivity and a 2.5-fold fluorescence enhancement was observed in the presence of 100 mm K+ ions. A fluorescent membrane sensor, which was prepared by incorporating probe 1 into a hydrogel, showed a fully reversible response, a response time of 150 s, and a signal change of 7.8% per 1 mm K+ within the range 1-10 mm K+. The membrane was easily fabricated (only a single sensing layer on a solid polyester support), yet no leaching was observed. Moreover, compound 1 rapidly permeated into cells, was cytocompatible, and was suitable for the fluorescent imaging of K+ ions on both the extracellular and intracellular levels.
The new N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors 4,5-dicyano-1, -dimesityl- (9) and 4, 5-dicyano-1, 3-dineopentyl-2-(pentafluorophenyl)imidazoline (14) were synthesized. 9 could be determined by X-ray crystallography. With the 2-pentafluorophenyl-substituted imidazolines 9 and 14, the [AgCl(NHC)], [RhCl(COD)(NHC)], and [RhCl(CO)(2)(NHC)] complexes [NHC = 4, 5-dicyano-1, 3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene (3) and 4, 5-dicyano-1, 3-dineopentylimidazol-2-ylidene (4)] were obtained. Crystal structures of [AgCl(3)] (15), [RhCl(COD)(3)] (17), [RhCl(COD)(4)] (18), and [RhCl(CO)(2)(3)] (19) were solved and with the crystal data of 19, the percent buried volume (%V-bur) of 31.8(+/- 0.1)% was determined for NHC 3. Infrared spectra of the imidazolines 9 and 14 and of the complexes 15-20 were recorded and the CO stretching frequencies of complexes 19 and 20 were used to determine the 3 ( (-1)) and 4 ( (-1)), thus proving that 1, 3-substitution of maleonitrile-NHCs does not have a significant effect for the high -acceptor strength of these carbenes.
We have synthesized a set of new unsaturated macrocyclic dithioethers with an increasing number of flexible methylene units 1-7 (Scheme 2) to investigate the correlation between the ring size of these ligands, the chelation effect and the consequences for an efficient PdCl2 coordination. The dithioethers 1-7 and the complex [PdCl2(4)]center dot CHCl3 were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal structures of 1-7 show that 2-7 are better preorganized chelating ligands for an exocyclic PdCl2 coordination than 1. The chelation effect of 1-7, the orientation of the sulfur atoms and the S center dot center dot center dot S donor distances, are influenced by the flexibility of the methylene units. In this series the unsaturated macrocyclic ligands 5 and 6 are the best chelating ligands for an efficient PdCl2 coordination. Comparative solvent extraction experiments with mn-12S(2)O(2) (mn = maleonitrile) reveal that the low interface activity of the new ligands reduces the extraction rate. However, a comparison with open-chain dithiomaleonitriles shows the impact of the macrocyclic effect of 4 and 5 on the extraction yield.
We study a transition to hyperchaos in the two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with periodic boundary conditions and an external forcing term. Bifurcation diagrams are constructed by varying the Reynolds number, and a transition to hyperchaos (HC) is identified. Before the onset of HC, there is coexistence of two chaotic attractors and a hyperchaotic saddle. After the transition to HC, the two chaotic attractors merge with the hyperchaotic saddle, generating random switching between chaos and hyperchaos, which is responsible for intermittent bursts in the time series of energy and enstrophy. The chaotic mixing properties of the flow are characterized by detecting Lagrangian coherent structures. After the transition to HC, the flow displays complex Lagrangian patterns and an increase in the level of Lagrangian chaoticity during the bursty periods that can be predicted statistically by the hyperchaotic saddle prior to HC transition.
The multiplicity of stable convection patterns in a rotating spherical fluid shell heated from the inner boundary and driven by a central gravity field is presented. These solution branches that arise as rotating waves (RWs) are traced for varying Rayleigh number while their symmetry, stability, and bifurcations are studied. At increased Rayleigh numbers all the RWs undergo transitions to modulated rotating waves (MRWs) which are classified by their spatiotemporal symmetry. The generation of a third frequency for some of the MRWs is accompanied by a further loss of symmetry. Eventually a variety of MRWs, three-frequency solutions, and chaotic saddles and attractors control the dynamics for higher Rayleigh numbers.
The coexistence of fast and slowly rotating cool stars in ZAMS clusters - forming distinct sequences in the color vs. rotation period plane - is providing clues to differences in their pre main-sequence angular momentum evolution. This Cool Stars 17 splinter was dedicated to a discussion of new observational and theoretical results that may help discriminate between proposed mechanisms for early angular momentum regulation and help us explain the observed ZAMS dichotomy.
We know exactly what you want the development of a completely individualised conjoint analysis
(2013)
Improving the predictive validity of conjoint analysis has been an important research objective for many years. Whereas the majority of attempts have been different approaches to preference modelling, data collection or product presentation, only a few scholars have tried to improve predictive validity by individualising conjoint designs. This comes as a surprise because many markets have observed an augmented demand for customised products and highly heterogeneous customers' preferences. Against this background, the authors develop a conjoint variant based on a completely individualised conjoint design. More concretely, the new approach not only individualises the attributes, but also the attribute levels. The results of a comprehensive empirical study yield a significantly higher validity than existing standardised-level conjoint approaches. Consequently, they help marketers to gain deeper insights into their customers' preferences.
fundamental challenge for product-lifecycle management in collaborative value networks is to utilize the vast amount of product information available from heterogeneous sources in order to improve business analytics, decision support, and processes. This becomes even more challenging if those sources are distributed across multiple organizations. Federations of semantic information services, combining service-orientation and semantic technologies, provide a promising solution for this problem. However, without proper measures to establish information security, companies will be reluctant to join an information federation, which could lead to serious adoption barriers.
Following the design science paradigm, this paper presents general objectives and a process for designing a secure federation of semantic information services. Furthermore, new as well as established security measures are discussed. Here, our contributions include an access-control enforcement system for semantic information services and a process for modeling access-control policies across organizations. In addition, a comprehensive security architecture is presented. An implementation of the architecture in the context of an application scenario and several performance experiments demonstrate the practical viability of our approach.
Simple geometric shapes moving in a self-propelled manner, and violating Newtonian laws of motion by acting against gravitational forces tend to induce a judgement that an object is animate. Objects that change their motion only due to external causes are more likely judged as inanimate. How the developing brain is employed in the perception of animacy in early ontogeny is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to use ERP techniques to determine if the negative central component (Nc), a waveform related to attention allocation, was differentially affected when an infant observed animate or inanimate motion. Short animated movies comprising a marble moving along a marble run either in an animate or an inanimate manner were presented to 15 infants who were 9 months of age. The ERPs were time-locked to a still frame representing animate or inanimate motion that was displayed following each movie. We found that 9-month-olds are able to discriminate between animate and inanimate motion based on motion cues alone and most likely allocate more attentional resources to the inanimate motion. The present data contribute to our understanding of the animate-inanimate distinction and the Nc as a correlate of infant cognitive processing.
Visual information processing is guided by an active mechanism generating saccadic eye movements to salient stimuli. Here we investigate the specific contribution of saccades to memory encoding of verbal and spatial properties in a serial recall task. In the first experiment, participants moved their eyes freely without specific instruction. We demonstrate the existence of qualitative differences in eye-movement strategies during verbal and spatial memory encoding. While verbal memory encoding was characterized by shifting the gaze to the to-be-encoded stimuli, saccadic activity was suppressed during spatial encoding. In the second experiment, participants were required to suppress saccades by fixating centrally during encoding or to make precise saccades onto the memory items. Active suppression of saccades had no effect on memory performance, but tracking the upcoming stimuli decreased memory performance dramatically in both tasks, indicating a resource bottleneck between display-controlled saccadic control and memory encoding. We conclude that optimized encoding strategies for verbal and spatial features are underlying memory performance in serial recall, but such strategies work on an involuntary level only and do not support memory encoding when they are explicitly required by the task.
"Deal of the Day" (DoD) platforms have quickly become popular by offering savings on local services, products and vacations. For merchants, these platforms represent a new marketing channel to advertise their products and services and attract new customers. DoD platform providers, however, struggle to maintaining a stable market share and profitability, because entry and switching costs are low. To sustain a competitive market position, DoD providers are looking for ways to build a loyal customer base. However, research examining the determinants of user loyalty in this novel context is scarce. To fill this gap, this study employs Grounded Theory methodology to develop a conceptual model of customer loyalty to a DoD provider. In the next step, qualitative insights are enriched and validated using quantitative data from a survey of 202 DoD users. The authors find that customer loyalty is in large part driven by monetary incentives, but can be eroded if impressions from merchant encounters are below expectations. In addition, enhancing the share of deals relevant for consumers, i.e. signal-to-noise ratio, and mitigating perceived risks of a transaction emerge as challenges. Beyond theoretical value, the results offer practical insights into how customer loyalty to a DoD provider can be promoted.
Control of fixation duration during scene viewing by interaction of foveal and peripheral processing
(2013)
Processing in our visual system is functionally segregated, with the fovea specialized in processing fine detail (high spatial frequencies) for object identification, and the periphery in processing coarse information (low frequencies) for spatial orienting and saccade target selection. Here we investigate the consequences of this functional segregation for the control of fixation durations during scene viewing. Using gaze-contingent displays, we applied high-pass or low-pass filters to either the central or the peripheral visual field and compared eye-movement patterns with an unfiltered control condition. In contrast with predictions from functional segregation, fixation durations were unaffected when the critical information for vision was strongly attenuated (foveal low-pass and peripheral high-pass filtering); fixation durations increased, however, when useful information was left mostly intact by the filter (foveal high-pass and peripheral low-pass filtering). These patterns of results are difficult to explain under the assumption that fixation durations are controlled by foveal processing difficulty. As an alternative explanation, we developed the hypothesis that the interaction of foveal and peripheral processing controls fixation duration. To investigate the viability of this explanation, we implemented a computational model with two compartments, approximating spatial aspects of processing by foveal and peripheral activations that change according to a small set of dynamical rules. The model reproduced distributions of fixation durations from all experimental conditions by variation of few parameters that were affected by specific filtering conditions.
Rational action understanding requires that infants evaluate the efficiency of a movement in achieving a goal with respect to situational constraints. In contrast, recent accounts have highlighted the impact of perceptual characteristics of the demonstrated movement or constraints to explain infants' behavior in so-called rational imitation tasks. The current study employed eye tracking to investigate how 13- to 15-month-old infants distribute their visual attention to different aspects of an action demonstration. In three tasks (touchlight, house, and obstacle), infants watched videos in which a model performed an unusual action while she was or was not restricted by situational constraints. Infants' overall looking to the demonstration as well as looking to four segments of the video (initial segment, constraint demonstration, action performance, and final segment) and to specific areas (constraint area of interest [AOI] and action AOI) was analyzed. Overall, infants looked longer at the demonstration in the constraint condition compared with the no-constraint condition. The condition differences occurred in the two video segments where the constraint or action was displayed and were especially profound for the constraint AOI. These findings indicate that infants processed the situational constraints. However, the pattern of condition differences varied slightly in the three tasks. In sum, the data imply that infants process perceptual characteristics of the movement or constraints and that low-level perceptual processes interact with higher level cognitive processes in infants' action perception.
Business cases (BC) are often used to support information systems (IS) investment evaluation. Unfortunately, business case development (BCD) is a complex task, especially identifying and quantifying the benefits of a proposed investment. Although today’s business case frameworks (BCF) support BCD to some extent, they have several limitations
In this paper, we report simulations of laser-driven many-electron dynamics by means of the time-dependent configuration interaction singles (TD-CIS) approach. Photoionization is included by a heuristic model within calculations employing standard Gaussian basis sets. Benzo[g]-N-methyl-quinolinium-7-hydroxylate (BMQ7H) serves as a test system to generate predefined wave packets, i.e. a superposition between the ground and fifth excited state, in a large molecule. For this molecule, these two states have a very similar geometry, which enables us to use the fixed nuclei approximation. Furthermore, this geometric stability would also prevent a dephasing of the electron wave packet due to nuclear dynamics in an experimental realization of our simulations. We also simulate the possible detection of such a wave packet by ultra short probe laser pulses, i.e. pump-probe spectra.
We report the discovery of TeV gamma-ray emission coincident with the shell-type radio supernova remnant (SNR) CTA 1 using the VERITAS gamma-ray observatory. The source, VER J0006+729, was detected as a 6.5 standard deviation excess over background and shows an extended morphology, approximated by a two-dimensional Gaussian of semimajor (semiminor) axis 0.degrees 30 (0.degrees 24) and a centroid 5’ from the Fermi gamma-ray pulsar PSR J0007+7303 and its X-ray pulsar wind nebula (PWN). The photon spectrum is well described by a power-law dN/dE = N-0(E/3 TeV)(-Gamma), with a differential spectral index of Gamma = 2.2 +/- 0.2(stat) +/- 0.3(sys), and normalization N-0 = (9.1 +/- 1.3(stat) +/- 1.7(sys)) x 10(-14) cm(-2) s(-1) TeV-1. The integral flux, F-gamma = 4.0 x 10(-12) erg cm(-2) s(-1) above 1 TeV, corresponds to 0.2% of the pulsar spin-down power at 1.4 kpc. The energetics, colocation with the SNR, and the relatively small extent of the TeV emission strongly argue for the PWN origin of the TeV photons. We consider the origin of the TeV emission in CTA 1.
Natural and human-induced erosion supplies high amounts of soil organic carbon (OC) to terrestrial drainage networks. Yet OC fluxes in rivers were considered in global budgets only recently. Modern estimates of annual carbon burial in inland river sediments of 0.6 Gt C, or 22% of C transferred from terrestrial ecosystems to river channels, consider only lakes and reservoirs and disregard any long-term carbon burial in hillslope or floodplain sediments. Here we present the first assessment of sediment-bound OC storage in Central Europe from a synthesis of similar to 1500 Holocene hillslope and floodplain sedimentary archives. We show that sediment storage increases with drainage-basin size due to more extensive floodplains in larger river basins. However, hillslopes retain hitherto unrecognized high amounts of eroded soils at the scale of large river basins such that average agricultural erosion rates during the Holocene would have been at least twice as high as reported previously. This anthropogenic hillslope sediment storage exceeds floodplain storage in drainage basins <10(5) km(2), challenging the notion that floodplains are the dominant sedimentary sinks. In terms of carbon burial, OC concentrations in floodplains exceed those on hillslopes, and net OC accumulation rates in floodplains (0.70.2 g C m(-2)a(-1)) surpass those on hillslopes (0.40.1 g C m(-2)a(-1)) over the last 7500 years. We conclude that carbon burial in floodplains and on hillslopes in Central Europe exceeds terrestrial carbon storage in lakes and reservoirs by at least 2 orders of magnitude and should thus be considered in continental carbon budgets.
The heat transport mediated by near-field interactions in networks of plasmonic nanostructures is shown to be analogous to a generalized random walk process. The existence of superdiffusive regimes is demonstrated both in linear ordered chains and in three-dimensional random networks by analyzing the asymptotic behavior of the corresponding probability distribution function. We show that the spread of heat in these networks is described by a type of Levy flight. The presence of such anomalous heat-transport regimes in plasmonic networks opens the way to the design of a new generation of composite materials able to transport heat faster than the normal diffusion process in solids.
Benefit duration, unemployment duration and job match quality aregression-discontinuity approach
(2013)
We use a sharp discontinuity in the maximum duration of benefit entitlement to identify the effect of extended benefit duration on unemployment duration and post-unemployment outcomes (employment stability and re-employment wages). We address dynamic selection, which may arise even under an initially random assignment to treatment, estimating a bivariate discrete-time hazard model jointly with a wage equation and correlated unobservables. Owing to the non-stationarity of job search behavior, we find heterogeneous effects of extended benefit duration on the re-employment hazard and on job match quality. Our results suggest that the unemployed who find a job close to and after benefit exhaustion experience less stable employment patterns and receive lower re-employment wages compared to their counterparts who receive extended benefits and exit unemployment in the same period. These results are found to be significant for men but not for women.
This paper presents an evaluation of ACPI energy saving modes, and deduces the design and implementation of an energy saving daemon for clusters called cherub. The design of the cherub daemon is modular and extensible. Since the only requirement is a central approach for resource management, cherub is suited for Server Load Balancing (SLB) clusters managed by dispatchers like Linux Virtual Server (LVS), as well as for High Performance Computing (HPC) clusters. Our experimental results show that cherub's scheduling algorithm works well, i.e. it will save energy, if possible, and avoids state-flapping.
The electromagnetic force on a polarizable particle is calculated in a covariant framework. Local equilibrium temperatures for the electromagnetic field and the particle's dipole moment are assumed, using a relativistic formulation of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Two examples illustrate radiative friction forces: a particle moving through a homogeneous radiation background and above a planar interface. Previous results for arbitrary relative velocities are recovered in a compact way.
Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy is presented as a fascinating technology for the independent determination of scattering (mu(s)’ and absorption (ita) properties of highly turbid liquid dispersions. The theory is reviewed introducing new expressions for the PDW coefficients k(I) and k(Phi). Furthermore, two models for dependent scattering, namely the hard sphere model in the Percus-Yevick Approximation (HSPYA) and the Yukawa model in the Mean Spherical Approximation (YMSA), are experimentally examined. On the basis of the HSPYA particle sizing is feasible in dispersions of high ionic strength. It is furthermore shown that in dialyzed dispersions or in technical copolymers with high particle charge only the YMSA allows for correct dilution-free particle sizing. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Campylobacter jejuni remains one of the major gut pathogens of our time. Its zoonotic nature and wide-spread distribution in industrialized countries calls for a quick and reliable diagnostic tool. Antibody-based detection presents a suitable means to identify pathogenic bacteria. However, the knowledge about immunodominant targets is limited. Thus, an approach is presented, which allows for the rapid screening of numerous cDNA derived expression clones to identify novel antigens. The deeper understanding of immunodominant proteins assists in the design of diagnostic tools and furthers the insight into the bacterium's pathogenicity as well as revealing potential candidates for vaccination. We have successfully screened 1536 clones of an expression library to identify 22 proteins that have not been described as immunodominant before. After subcloning the corresponding 22 genes and expression of full-length proteins, we investigated the immunodominant character by microarrays and ELISA. Subsequently, seven proteins were selected for epitope mapping. For cj0669 and cj0920c linear epitopes were identified. For cj0669, specificity assays revealed a specific linear epitope site. Consequently, an eleven amino acid residue sequence TLIKELKRLGI was analyzed via alanine scan, which revealed the glycine residue to be significant for binding of the antibody. The innovative approach presented herein of generating cDNAs of prokaryotes in combination with a microarray platform rendering time-consuming purification steps obsolete has helped to illuminate novel immunodominant proteins of C. jejuni. The findings of a specific linear epitope pave the way for a plethora of future research and the potential use in diagnostic applications such as serological screenings. Moreover, the current approach is easily adaptable to other highly relevant bacteria making it a formidable tool for the future discovery of antigens and potential biomarkers. Consequently, it is desirable to simplify the identification of structural epitopes, as this would extend the spectrum of novel epitopes to be detected.
Nowadays, an increasing amount of seismic data is collected by daily observatory routines. The basic step for successfully analyzing those data is the correct detection of various event types. However, the visually scanning process is a time-consuming task. Applying standard techniques for detection like the STA/LTAtrigger still requires the manual control for classification. Here, we present a useful alternative. The incoming data stream is scanned automatically for events of interest. A stochastic classifier, called hidden Markov model, is learned for each class of interest enabling the recognition of highly variable waveforms. In contrast to other automatic techniques as neural networks or support vector machines the algorithm allows to start the classification from scratch as soon as interesting events are identified. Neither the tedious process of collecting training samples nor a time-consuming configuration of the classifier is required. An approach originally introduced for the volcanic task force action allows to learn classifier properties from a single waveform example and some hours of background recording. Besides a reduction of required workload this also enables to detect very rare events. Especially the latter feature provides a milestone point for the use of seismic devices in alpine warning systems. Furthermore, the system offers the opportunity to flag new signal classes that have not been defined before. We demonstrate the application of the classification system using a data set from the Swiss Seismological Survey achieving very high recognition rates. In detail we document all refinements of the classifier providing a step-by-step guide for the fast set up of a well-working classification system.
Background: A promising way in diagnostic and therapeutic applications is the development of peptide amphiphiles (PAs). Peptides with a palmitic acid alkylchain were designed and characterized to study the effect of the structure modifications on self-assembling capabilities and the multiple binding capacity to hemagglutinin (HA), the surface protein of influenza virus type A. The peptide amphiphiles consists of a hydrophilic headgroup with a biological functionality of the peptide sequence and a chemically conjugated hydrophobic tail. In solution they self-assemble easily to micelles with a hydrophobic core surrounded by a closely packed peptide-shell.
Results: In this study the effect of a multiple peptide binding partner to the receptor binding site of HA could be determined with surface plasmon resonance measurements. The applied modification of the peptides causes signal amplification in relationship to the unmodified peptide wherein the high constant specificity persists. The molecular assembly of the peptides was characterized by the determination of critical micelle concentration (CMC) with concentration of 10(-5) M and the colloidal size distribution.
Conclusion: The modification of the physico-chemical parameters by producing peptide amphiphiles form monomeric structures which enhances the binding affinity and allows a better examination of the interaction with the virus surface protein hemagglutinin.
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is a valuable method for the fast expression of difficult-to-express proteins as well as posttranslationally modified proteins. Since cell-free systems circumvent possible cytotoxic effects caused by protein overexpression in living cells, they significantly enlarge the scale and variety of proteins that can be characterized. We demonstrate the high potential of eukaryotic CFPS to express various types of membrane proteins covering a broad range of structurally and functionally diverse proteins. Our eukaryotic cell-free translation systems are capable to provide high molecular weight membrane proteins, fluorescent-labeled membrane proteins, as well as posttranslationally modified proteins for further downstream analysis.
Many deep evolutionary divergences still remain unresolved, such as those among major taxa of the Lophotrochozoa. As alternative phylogenetic markers, the intron-exon structure of eukaryotic genomes and the patterns of absence and presence of spliceosomal introns appear to be promising. However, given the potential homoplasy of intron presence, the phylogenetic analysis of this data using standard evolutionary approaches has remained a challenge. Here, we used Mutual Information (MI) to estimate the phylogeny of Protostomia using gene structure data, and we compared these results with those obtained with Dollo Parsimony. Using full genome sequences from nine Metazoa, we identified 447 groups of orthologous sequences with 21,732 introns in 4,870 unique intron positions. We determined the shared absence and presence of introns in the corresponding sequence alignments and have made this data available in "IntronBase", a web-accessible and downloadable SQLite database. Our results obtained using Dollo Parsimony are obviously misled through systematic errors that arise from multiple intron loss events, but extensive filtering of data improved the quality of the estimated phylogenies. Mutual Information, in contrast, performs better with larger datasets, but at the same time it requires a complete data set, which is difficult to obtain for orthologs from a large number of taxa. Nevertheless, Mutual Information-based distances proved to be useful in analyzing this kind of data, also because the estimation of MI-based distances is independent of evolutionary models and therefore no pre-definitions of ancestral and derived character states are necessary.
Morphological and genetic evidence for early Holocene cattle management in northeastern China
(2013)
The domestication of cattle is generally accepted to have taken place in two independent centres: around 10,500 years ago in the Near East, giving rise to modern taurine cattle, and two millennia later in southern Asia, giving rise to zebu cattle. Here we provide firmly dated morphological and genetic evidence for early Holocene management of taurine cattle in northeastern China. We describe conjoining mandibles from this region that show evidence of oral stereotypy, dated to the early Holocene by two independent C-14 dates. Using Illumina high-throughput sequencing coupled with DNA hybridization capture, we characterize 15,406 bp of the mitogenome with on average 16.7-fold coverage. Phylogenetic analyses reveal a hitherto unknown mitochondrial haplogroup that falls outside the known taurine diversity. Our data suggest that the first attempts to manage cattle in northern China predate the introduction of domestic cattle that gave rise to the current stock by several thousand years.
Sugar-based molecules and polysaccharide biomass can be turned into porous functional carbonaceous products at comparably low temperatures of 400 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere in the presence of an ionic liquid (IL) or a poly(ionic liquid) (PIL). The IL and PIL act as "activation agents" with own structural contribution, and effectively promote the conversion and pore generation in the biomaterials even at a rather low doping ratio (7 wt%). In addition, this "induced carbonization" and pore forming phenomenon enables the preservation of the biotemplate shape to the highest extent and was employed to fabricate shaped porous carbonaceous materials from carbohydrate-based biotemplates, exemplified here with cellulose filter membranes, coffee filter paper and natural cotton. These carbonized hybrids exhibit comparably good mechanical properties, such as bendability of membranes or shape recovery of foams. Moreover, the nitrogen atoms incorporated in the final products from the IL/PIL precursors further improve the oxidation stability in the fire-retardant tests.
Sugar-based molecules and polysaccharide biomass can be turned into porous functional carbonaceous products at comparably low temperatures of 400 degrees C under a nitrogen atmosphere in the presence of an ionic liquid (IL) or a poly(ionic liquid) (PIL). The IL and PIL act as "activation agents" with own structural contribution, and effectively promote the conversion and pore generation in the biomaterials even at a rather low doping ratio (7 wt%). In addition, this "induced carbonization" and pore forming phenomenon enables the preservation of the biotemplate shape to the highest extent and was employed to fabricate shaped porous carbonaceous materials from carbohydrate-based biotemplates, exemplified here with cellulose filter membranes, coffee filter paper and natural cotton. These carbonized hybrids exhibit comparably good mechanical properties, such as bendability of membranes or shape recovery of foams. Moreover, the nitrogen atoms incorporated in the final products from the IL/PIL precursors further improve the oxidation stability in the fire-retardant tests.
In 2009, 'Palestine' lodged a declaration recognizing the jurisdiction of the ICC under Article 12(3). However, in April 2012, the OTP determined that this declaration had not brought about the result, of providing for the ICC's jurisdiction, pending clarification from the political organs of the UN concerning the legal status of Palestine within the organization. On 29 November 2012, the General Assembly granted Palestine the status of a non-member observer state within the UN framework, thereby fulfilling the condition mentioned by the OTP in April 2012. It is against this background that the article considers the current legal effects of the 2009 Palestinian declaration. In particular, it addresses the issue of whether the declaration, when read in conjunction with the 29 November 2012 decision, possesses retroactive effect, i.e. whether it provides, as claimed, for the Court's temporal jurisdiction from 1 July 2002 onwards or rather starting only from 29 November 2012.
... the current status granted to Palestine by the United Nations General Assembly is that of 'observer', not as a 'Non-member State'. ... [T]his... informs the current legal status of Palestine for the interpretation and application of article 12 [Rome Statute]. ... The Office could in the future consider allegations of crimes committed in Palestine, should competent organs of the United Nations... resolve the legal issue relevant to an assessment of article 12. ... International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor, 'Situation in Palestine', 3 April 2012