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Institute
- Department Psychologie (2344) (remove)
In modern times of evolving globalization and continuous technological developments, organizations are required to respond to ever-changing demands. Therefore, to be successful in today’s highly uncertain environments, organizations need employees to actively search for opportunities, anticipate challenges, and act ahead. In other words, employee proactivity in the workplace represents a highly valuable resource in nowadays organizations. Empirical studies conducted as part of this thesis advance the research on the outcomes of proactivity from the individual perspective. The main contribution of this thesis pertains to revealing several important individual and contextual conditions under which engaging in proactivity will have negative and positive effects on employees’ well-being and their consequent behaviours, as well as shedding light on the unique psychological mechanisms through which these effects unfold. From a practical standpoint, this research underscores the importance of creating work environments that support employees’ autonomous motivation for proactivity and urge organizations and managers to be mindful about the pressures they place on employees to be proactive at work. Besides, this thesis stimulates research efforts aimed at further extending our knowledge of when and how individual proactive behaviours at work will do more good than harm for those who enact them.
In einer Laengsschnittstudie wird die Entwicklung von Motivationskomponenten zum Lernen in Mathematik von der fuenften bis zur neunten Klassenstufe untersucht. Motivationskomponenten wurden mit dem "Potsdamer Motivations-Inventar" erfasst, die Bezugsnormorientierung der Lehrer sowie das mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Anregungsklimas im Elternhaus mit eigens entwickelten Skalen. Daten wurden an einer Stichprobe von urspruenglich zirka 750 Schuelerinnen und Schuelern erhoben. An der dritten Erhebung nahmen nur noch etwa 600 von ihnen teil. Es zeigte sich, dass sich die Mathematiknote am Ende eines Schuljahres sehr gut durch die zu Schulbeginn erfassten Motivationskomponenten vorhersagen laesst. Waehrend das insgesamt geringe Angsterleben im Mathematikunterricht von der fuenften bis zur neunten Klasse stabil blieb, nahm das Sachinteresse kontinuierlich ab. Bei der Einschaetzung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Anregungsklimas im Elternhaus fanden sich ueberraschenderweise grosse Unterschiede zwischen Kindern und Eltern. (U.B. - ZPID)
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of age and weight status on adolescents' body dissatisfaction and its change over 20 months in a gender-comparing design. The influence of body image concern on eating concern was also investigated.
Method:
In a prospective study, 675 male and female adolescents aged 12–16 were assessed using self-report questionnaires on weight, shape, muscularity, and eating concerns. Height and weight measurements were taken by trained personnel. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.
Results:
Analyses of latent means revealed more pronounced weight/shape concern in females than males and more pronounced muscularity concern in males than females. Weight/shape concern increased in females over time, whereas muscularity concern remained stable in both genders. Baseline levels of weight/shape concern could be predicted by age and weight status in females and by weight status in males. The only predictor of change in weight/shape concern was weight status in males. Baseline levels of muscularity concern could be predicted by age in females and by weight status in males. Similar effects were found for changes in muscularity concern in both genders. Increases in weight/shape and muscularity concern were associated with more pronounced eating concern.
Discussion:
The results confirm gender differences in distinctive facets of body image concern and its prediction. The relevance of increase in body image concern in adolescents is underlined by its association with eating concern in both genders. Further explanatory variables for change in body dissatisfaction should be examined in future studies.
The relevance of weight stigma as an important factor in disordered eating has been supported by research. However, because most of the studies were cross-sectional and focussed on older children, the causal relationships could not be fully determined in childhood. The current study explores the role of weight stigma in body dissatisfaction and eating behaviours. The sample consisted of 773 girls and 713 boys, aged 6–11 years, who completed surveys assessing weight stigma experiences, body dissatisfaction and eating behaviours at two points of measurement, approximately one year apart. The children's external and disordered eating was rated via parental questionnaires. As expected, the pattern of the associations between weight status, weight stigma, body dissatisfaction and eating behaviours differed by gender. Experience of weight stigma in girls led to external and restrained eating one year later, whereas in boys no such association was observed. Body dissatisfaction mediated the association between weight stigma and restrained eating behaviours in girls, whereas in boys, body dissatisfaction directly influenced restrained eating behaviours. However, in both girls and boys weight status predicted body dissatisfaction and disordered eating, while weight stigma did not have a direct effect on disordered eating. Results suggest that interventions involving weight stigma should be a part of eating disorder prevention programmes, and gender-specific pathways should be considered.
Anti-fat bias is widespread and is linked to the internalization of weight bias and psychosocial problems. The purpose of this study was to examine the internalization of weight bias among children across weight categories and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Weight Bias Internalization Scale for Children (WBIS-C). Data were collected from 1484 primary school children and their parents. WBIS-C demonstrated good internal consistency (alpha = .86) after exclusion of Item 1. The unitary factor structure was supported using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (factorial validity). Girls and overweight children reported higher WBIS-C scores in comparison to boys and non-overweight peers (known-groups validity). Convergent validity was shown by significant correlations with psychosocial problems. Internalization of weight bias explained additional variance in different indicators of psychosocial well-being. The results suggest that the WBIS-C is a psychometrically sound and informative tool to assess weight bias internalization among children.
Web-based bereavement care
(2020)
Background:
Web-based interventions have been introduced as novel and effective treatments for mental disorders and, in recent years, specifically for the bereaved. However, a systematic summary of the effectiveness of online interventions for people experiencing bereavement is still missing.
Objective:
A systematic literature search was conducted by four reviewers who reviewed and meta-analytically summarized the evidence for web-based interventions for bereaved people.
Methods:
Systematic searches (PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, Medline, and CINAHL) resulted in seven randomized controlled trials (N= 1,257) that addressed adults having experienced bereavement using internet-based interventions. We used random effects models to summarize treatment effects for between-group comparisons (treatmentvs.control at post) and stability over time (postvs.follow-up).
Results:
All web-based interventions were based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In comparison with control groups, the interventions showed moderate (g= .54) to large effects (g= .86) for symptoms of grief and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), respectively. The effect for depression was small (g= .44). All effects were stable over time. A higher number of treatment sessions achieved higher effects for grief symptoms and more individual feedback increased effects for depression. Other moderators (i.e.dropout rate, time since loss, exposure) did not significantly reduce moderate degrees of heterogeneity between the studies.
Limitations:
The number of includable studies was low in this review resulting to lower power for moderator analyses in particular.
Conclusions:
Overall, the results of web-based bereavement interventions are promising, and its low-threshold approach might reduce barriers to bereavement care. Nonetheless, future research should further examine potential moderators and specific treatment components (e.g.exposure, feedback) and compare interventions with active controls.
Untersucht wurde, welche Anreize das Graffiti-Sprayen attraktiv machen. Dazu wurden in einer Vorphase 138 Anreizschilderungen gesammelt und in einen Fragebogen mit 50 Items transformiert. N = 294 Graffiti-Sprayer beantworteten diesen Fragebogen teils online im Internet, teils anonym gestreut auf Graffiti- oder Hip-Hop-Events.Faktorenanalytisch ließen sich sieben Anreizdimensionen ermitteln: Expertise/Kompetenzorientierung, Positive Emotionen/Flow, Kreativität, Gruppengefühl, Ruhm/Performanzorientierung, Lebenssinn, Sensation Seeking/Grenzerfahrung.Legales vs. illegales Graffiti-Sprayen unterschieden sich deutlich im Faktor Sensation Seeking/Grenzerfahrung und tendenziell im Faktor Lebenssinn. Das gesondert erfasste Flow-Erleben ließ sich beim illegalen Sprayen am besten über den Faktor Sensation Seeking/Grenzerfahrung vorhersagen, während Flow beim legalen Graffiti-Sprayen am besten über den Faktor Ruhm/Performanzorientierung vorhersagbar war. Innerhalb der legalen bzw. illegalen Sprayer ließen sich noch verschiedene Motivationstypen unterscheiden. Mit Blick auf alterskorrelierte Anreizveränderungen ließen sich beim legalen Graffiti-Sprayen keine nennenswerten Zusammenhänge zwischen Alter und Anreizgewicht feststellen. Dagegen nimmt beim illegalen Sprayen insbesondere die Bedeutung des Sensation Seeking sowie der Leistungsthematik signifikant mit dem Alter ab. Da dies die wichtigsten Anreize des illegalen Sprayens sind, dürfte dieser alterskorrelierte Anreizverlust erklären, warum es kaum illegale Sprayer gibt, die älter als 21 Jahre sind. Aus zusätzlich frei genannten Anreizen gab es noch Hinweise auf eine weitere Anreizkategorie, nämlich die Freude an „aggressiver Provokation“. Diese Kategorie war aber eher schwach besetzt. Diskutiert werden u. a. Möglichkeiten, unerwünschtes Graffiti-Sprayen einzudämmen. Hierzu wird auf die Notwendigkeit von „Aussteigeranalysen“ (Längsschnittstudien) hingewiesen, die offenlegen, für welche kritischen Anreize man Ersatz finden muss, wenn man z. B. in Interventionsprojekten das Engagement auffällig gewordener Sprayer auf andere Tätigkeitsfelder lenken möchte.
Inhalt: 1 Einleitung 2 Zur Auseinandersetzung mit sozialen Vorurteilen im Rahmen desschulischen Bildungsauftrags - 2.1 Aspekte des Vorurteilsabbaus aus pädagogischer Sicht - 2.2 Vorurteilsfreie Erziehung als demokratisches Leitziel 3 Ergebnisse der sozialwissenschaftlichen Vorurteilsforschung - 3.1 Zur theoretischen Fundierung des Vorurteilsbegriffs - 3.2 Zur individuellen Genese sozialer Vorurteile 4 Einstellungsänderung gegenüber sozialen Minderheiten - 4.1 Konstituierende Elemente des Unterrichts - 4.2 Methodisch-didaktische Überlegungen zur Veränderung vorurteilshafterEinstellungen - 4.3 Sozialformen, Lehrerrolle und Schülerverhalten 5 Grenzen des Abbaus sozialer Vorurteile innerhalb der Schule - 5.1 Vorurteilsabbau als gesamtgesellschaftliches Problem - 5.2 Hemmende Faktoren innerhalb der Schulorganisation
Objectives: The prospective longitudinal Mannheim Study of Children at Risk followed the development of children from the age of 2 years up to the age of 8 years. Are there differences between the developmental risk load in toddlers (psychopathology, cognition, motor or neurological development. and educational differences) who suffer from a hyperactive disorder at age 8 and that of undisturbed children of the same age? Are there specific harbingers of hyperkinetic disorders for the group concerned? Methods: In terms of their developmental risk load at the age of 2 years, 26 primary school children with hyperkinetic disorders were compared to 241 healthy primary school children, as well as to 25 children of the same age with emotional disturbances and 30 children of the same age with socially disruptive behavior. Results: A significant combination of predictors of later hyperkinetic disorders at primary school age proved to be increased fidgetiness and irritability, as well as a reduced language comprehension, at the age of two. Conclusions: The predictive value of symptoms in early childhood for later hyperkinetic disorder in children of primaryschool age is higher than that of symptoms assessed in infancy, which although expected is without relevant specificity.
Objectives: Are there any differences (organic, psychosocial, psychopathological, cognitive or educational, respectively differences in the motor or neurological development) between infants who later on at the age of 8 years suffer from a hyperactive disorder and those who later on at the same age are undisturbed? Are there specific harbingers for hyperactive disorders in the group concerned? Methods: With regard to their developmental risk load at the age of 3 months, 26 primary school children with hyperactive disorders were compared with 241 healthy children, 25 children with emotional disturbances, and 30 children with socially disruptive behaviour, all of the same age. Results: Identified as the most important predictors for the onset of hyperactive disorders were a reduced birth weight, the mother's origin from a shattered family, early contact impairments on the part of the child, and the mother's neglect of the infant. Conclusions: Altogether, however, the prediction of later hyperactivity in primary school children on the basis of salient features in the infant children remains unsatisfactory and unspecific.
Vor- und Nachteile von Longitudinalstudien in der Klinischen Psychologie und Jugendpsychiatrie
(2000)
Background.Vocational interests play a central role in the vocational decision-making process and are decisive for the later job satisfaction and vocational success. Based on Ackerman's (1996) notion of trait complexes, specific interest profiles of gifted high-school graduates can be expected. Aims.Vocational interests of gifted and highly achieving adolescents were compared to those of their less intelligent/achieving peers according to Holland's (1997) RIASEC model. Further, the impact of intelligence and achievement on interests were analysed while statistically controlling for potentially influencing variables. Changes in interests over time were investigated. Sample.N= 4,694 German students (age: M= 19.5, SD= .80; 54.6% females) participated in the study (TOSCA; Koller, Watermann, Trautwein, & Ludtke, 2004). Method. Interests were assessed in participants' final year at school and again 2 years later (N= 2,318). Results.Gifted participants reported stronger investigative and realistic interests, but lower social interests than less intelligent participants. Highly achieving participants reported higher investigative and (in wave 2) higher artistic interests. Considerable gender differences were found: gifted girls had a flat interest profile, while gifted boys had pronounced realistic and investigative and low social interests. Multilevel multiple regression analyses predicting interests by intelligence and school achievement revealed stable interest profiles. Beyond a strong gender effect, intelligence and school achievement each contributed substantially to the prediction of vocational interests. Conclusions.At the time around graduation from high school, gifted young adults show stable interest profiles, which strongly differ between gender and intelligence groups. These differences are relevant for programmes for the gifted and for vocational counselling.
This study investigates the effect of foveal load (i.e., processing difficulty of currently fixated words) on parafoveal information processing. Contrary to the commonly accepted view that high foveal load leads to reduced parafoveal processing efficiency, results of the present study showed that increasing foveal visual (but not linguistic) processing load actually increased the amount of parafoveal information acquired, presumably due to the fact that longer fixation duration on the pretarget word provided more time for parafoveal processing of the target word. It is therefore proposed in the present study that foveal linguistic processing load is not the only factor that determines parafoveal processing; preview time (afforded by foveal word visual processing load) may jointly influence parafoveal processing. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Miniature eye movements jitter the retinal image unceasingly, raising the question of how perceptual continuity is achieved during visual fixation. Recent work discovered suppression of visual bursts in the superior colliculus around the time of microsaccades, tiny jerks of the eyes that support visual perception while gaze is fixed. This finding suggests that corollary discharge, supporting visual stability when rapid eye movements drastically shift the retinal image, may also exist for the smallest saccades.
Two experiments investigated (1) how activation of manual affordances is triggered by visual and linguistic cues to manipulable objects and (2) whether graspable object parts play a special role in this process. Participants pressed a key to categorize manipulable target objects copresented with manipulable distractor objects on a computer screen. Three factors were varied in Experiment 1: (1) the target's and (2) the distractor's handles' orientation congruency with the lateral manual response and (3) the Visual Focus on one of the objects. In Experiment 2, a linguistic cue factor was added to these three factors-participants heard the name of one of the two objects prior to the target display onset. Analysis of participants' motor and oculomotor behaviour confirmed that perceptual and linguistic cues potentiated activation of grasp affordances. Both target- and distractor-related affordance effects were modulated by the presence of visual and linguistic cues. However, a differential visual attention mechanism subserved activation of compatibility effects associated with target and distractor objects. We also registered an independent implicit attention attraction effect from objects' handles, suggesting that graspable parts automatically attract attention during object viewing. This effect was further amplified by visual but not linguistic cues, thus providing initial evidence for a recent hypothesis about differential roles of visual and linguistic information in potentiating stable and variable affordances (Borghi in Language and action in cognitive neuroscience. Psychology Press, London, 2012).
We easily recover the causal properties of visual events, enabling us to understand and predict changes in the physical world. We see a tennis racket hitting a ball and sense that it caused the ball to fly over the net; we may also have an eerie but equally compelling experience of causality if the streetlights turn on just as we slam our car's door. Both perceptual [1] and cognitive [2] processes have been proposed to explain these spontaneous inferences, but without decisive evidence one way or the other, the question remains wide open [3-8]. Here, we address this long-standing debate using visual adaptation-a powerful tool to uncover neural populations that specialize in the analysis of specific visual features [9-12]. After prolonged viewing of causal collision events called "launches" [1], subsequently viewed events were judged more often as noncausal. These negative aftereffects of exposure to collisions are spatially localized in retinotopic coordinates, the reference frame shared by the retina and visual cortex. They are not explained by adaptation to other stimulus features and reveal visual routines in retinotopic cortex that detect and adapt to cause and effect in simple collision stimuli.
Violence against women
(2017)
Violence against women causes suffering and misery to victims and their families and places a heavy burden on societies worldwide. It mostly happens within intimate relationships or between people known to each other. Violence against women is a social construction based on a societal consensus about the roles and rights of men and women. Two prevalent forms of violence against women are physical and sexual victimization by an intimate partner, and sexual victimization outside intimate relationships. Explanations of why men engage in aggressive behavior toward women address different levels, including the macro level of society, the micro level of dyadic interactions, and the individual level of perpetrator characteristics. Prevention efforts are needed that address each of these levels.
Two field studies were conducted lo investigate the influence of observer and victim characteristics on attributions of victim and assailant responsibility in a rape case. In the first study, male and female subjects completed a measure of rape myth acceptance and were presented with a rape account after which they were asked to attribute responsibility to victim and assailant. In the second study, a new sample was asked to attribute responsibility to victim and assailant on the basis of one of two rape accounts in which victim's pre-rape behavior was manipulated. Results showed that both rape myth acceptance and victims' pre-rape behavior in influenced the degree of responsibility attributed to victims and assailants. No significant effects of subject gender were found. A more complex conceptualization is suggested of the link between observer and victim characteristics in social reactions to and evaluations of rape victims.
Verhaltenstherapie
(2005)
Verhaltenstherapie
(2003)
Verhaltensdiagnostik
(2003)
Verhaltensdiagnostik
(2002)
Verhaltensdiagnostik ist das klassische diagnostische Vorgehen der Verhaltenstherapie. Die Verhaltensdiagnostik versteht sich als funktional problemorientiert. Ausgangspunkt ist die Verhaltensformel von Kanfer und Saslow. In neueren Ansätzen wurde die klassische Verhaltensformel in ein dynamisches Selbstregulationsmodell überführt. Das Schema der Verhaltensanalyse wurde von Schulte weiterentwickelt. Neben die horizontale Verhaltensanalyse traten die vertikale Verhaltensanalyse und die Systemanalyse. Zu den Methoden der Verhaltensdiagnostik zählen die Exploration, die sich am Leitfaden der Verhaltensanalyse orientiert sowie Verfahren der Verhaltensbeobachtung, die in Registrierverfahren durch den Betroffenen, Bezugspersonen und den Diagnostiker unterteilt werden können. Verhaltensbeobachtungen unterteilen sich in freie versus systematische, teilnehmende versus nicht- teilnehmende Beobachtung sowie strukturierte versus nicht- strukturierte Situationen.
Verhaltensdiagnostik
(2008)
Unter Verhaltensdiagnostik versteht man ein Buendel diagnostischer Instrumente, die darauf abzielen, die aenderungsmoeglichkeiten von Problemverhalten zu eruieren. Verhaltensdiagnostik ist das klassische diagnostische Vorgehen der Verhaltenstherapie. Ausgehend von einer Analyse des Problemverhaltens und der Bedingungen seines Auftretens werden durch verschiedene Techniken Hinweise zu seiner Genese und seiner Aufrechterhaltung erwartet. Vertreter der Verhaltensdiagnostik sehen sie als Alternative und im Gegensatz zur klassischen Eigenschaftsdiagnostik (Reinecker-Hecht & Baumann, 1998), zu der die Ergebnisse aus psychologischen Testverfahren zur Erfassung von Intelligenzleistungen und Persoenlichkeitsmerkmalen ebenso zaehlen wie die Diagnostischen Klassifikationssysteme (z.B. ICD-10 oder DSM- IV)à.
Verhaltensanalyse
(2002)
Der vorliegende Beitrag betrachtet Vergewaltigung und sexuelle Nötigung als soziale Probleme, die das Zusammenwirken von allgemeinen gesellschaftlichen Normen und vorherrschenden Einstellungen zu sexueller Gewalt gegen Frauen widerspiegeln. Ausgehend von einem kurzen Überblick über die juristischen und alltagspsychologischen Definitionen von Vergewaltigung und sexueller Nötigung stehen zwei Fragestellungen im Mittelpunkt: Zunächst werden sozialpsychologische Befunde zur Zuschreibung von Mitverantwortung an Opfer von Vergewaltigungen diskutiert, in denen Einflußvariablen auf Opfer-, Täter- und Beurteilerseite (z.B. sozialer Status des Opfers und Geschlechtsrollenorientierung des Beurteilers) identifiziert werden, die die Verantwortungszuschreibung an das Opfer bestimmen. Im zweiten Teil werden die psychologischen Konsequenzen einer Vergewaltigung für das Opfer unter Bezug auf das von Burgess und Holmstrom (1974) diagnostizierte Vergewaltigungstrauma-Syndrom diskutiert sowie neuere Ansätze zur therapeutischen Betreuung vergewaltigter Frauen vorgestellt.
Aus der Vielzahl der in amerikanischen Studien untersuchten Einflußgrößen auf die Verantwortungsattributionen von Beobachtern an Täter und Opfer in Vergewaltigungsdelikten wurden die auf Opfer-, Täter- und Beurteilerseite am besten bestätigten Variablen herausgegriffen und einer Vergleichsuntersuchung mit einer deutschen Stichprobe zugrundegelegt: der soziale Status des Opfers, der soziale Status des Täters und die Geschlechtszugehörigkeit der Beurteiler. 75 Versuchspersonen sahen einen Filmausschnitt, in dem eine Frau ihre Vergewaltigung schildert. Vor der Beurteilung der Verantwortlichkeit des Opfers und des Täters erhielten die Vpn unterschiedliche Informationen über den sozialen Status des Opfers und des Täters. Die Ausgangshypothesen wurden nur zum Teil bestätigt. Dem statushöheren Opfer wurde weniger Verantwortung zugeschrieben als dem itatusniedrigen, dem statushöheren Täter wurde mehr Verantwortung zugeschrieben als dem statusniedrigen. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede zwischen den Beurteilern wurden nicht ermittelt.
Ventral striatum and amygdala activity as convergence sites for early adversity and conduct disorder
(2017)
Childhood family adversity (CFA) increases the risk for conduct disorder (CD) and has been associated with alterations in regions of affective processing like ventral striatum (VS) and amygdala. However, no study so far has demonstrated neural converging effects of CFA and CD in the same sample. At age 25 years, functional MRI data during two affective tasks, i.e. a reward (N = 171) and a face-matching paradigm (N = 181) and anatomical scans (N = 181) were acquired in right-handed currently healthy participants of an epidemiological study followed since birth. CFA during childhood was determined using a standardized parent interview. Disruptive behaviors and CD diagnoses during childhood and adolescence were obtained by diagnostic interview (2–19 years), temperamental reward dependence was assessed by questionnaire (15 and 19 years).
CFA predicted increased CD and amygdala volume. Both exposure to CFA and CD were associated with a decreased VS response during reward anticipation and blunted amygdala activity during face-matching. CD mediated the effect of CFA on brain activity. Temperamental reward dependence was negatively correlated with CFA and CD and positively with VS activity. These findings underline the detrimental effects of CFA on the offspring's affective processing and support the importance of early postnatal intervention programs aiming to reduce childhood adversity factors.
Variationen der P300- Amplitude bei seqeuntiell zunehmender Belastung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses
(1998)
Brain activation stability is crucial to understanding attention lapses. EEG methods could provide excellent markers to assess neuronal response variability with respect to temporal (intertrial coherence) and spatial variability (topographic consistency) as well as variations in activation intensity (low frequency variability of single trial global field power).
We calculated intertrial coherence, topographic consistency and low frequency amplitude variability during target P300 in a continuous performance test in 263 15-year-olds from a cohort with psychosocial and biological risk factors.
Topographic consistency and low frequency amplitude variability predicted reaction time fluctuations (RTSD) in a linear model. Higher RTSD was only associated with higher psychosocial adversity in the presence of the homozygous 6R-10R dopamine transporter haplotype.
We propose that topographic variability of single trial P300 reflects noise as well as variability in evoked cortical activation patterns. Dopaminergic neuromodulation interacted with environmental and biological risk factors to predict behavioural reaction time variability. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Value education of youth
(2002)
The value priorities of students and teachers were measured at eight different schools at the beginning and the end of the school year 2000/2001. This study once again confirmed the theoretical model of a universal structure of human values (Schwartz, 1992). At both measurement times, similar gender differences, as well as positive correlations between religiosity and school commitment were found. The students from the non-religious schools determined Hedonism as their highest, and Tradition as their lowest value priority. In the religious schools, Benevolence and Self-Direction were the highest values, whereas Power was found to be the lowest value priority. The change of the values Conformity, Hedonism, and Universalism was predicted both through the students′ religiosity and their type of school. The change of the values Power, Tradition, Benevolence, and Achievement, however, was mainly predicted through their religiosity. In three out of four schools the student-teacher similarity correlated positively with the school commitment of the students. Across all schools student-teacher similarity correlated positively with academic achievement.
Background
Benefit finding, defined as perceiving positive life changes resulting from adversity and negative life stressors, gains growing attention in the context of chronic illness. The study aimed at examining the psychometric properties of the Benefit Finding Scale for Children (BFSC) in a sample of German youth facing chronic conditions.
Methods
A sample of adolescents with various chronic conditions (N = 304; 12 – 21years) completed the 10-item BFSC along with measures of intra- and interpersonal resources, coping strategies, and health-related quality of life (hrQoL). The total sample was randomly divided into two subsamples for conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA/CFA).
Results
EFA revealed that the BFSC scores had a one-dimensional factor structure. CFA verified the one-dimensional factor structure with an acceptable fit. The BFSC exhibited acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.87 – 0.88) and construct validity. In line with our hypotheses, benefit finding was positively correlated with optimism, self-esteem, self-efficacy, sense of coherence, and support seeking. There were no correlations with avoidance, wishful thinking, emotional reaction, and hrQoL. Sex differences in benefit finding were not consistent across subsamples. Benefit finding was also positively associated with age, disease severity, and social status.
Conclusions
The BFSC is a psychometrically sound instrument to assess benefit finding in adolescents with chronic illness and may facilitate further research on positive adaptation processes in adolescents, irrespective of their specific diagnosis.
Narcissism has traditionally been assessed using explicit measures, yet contemporary measures are limited in their ability to capture people's automatic (i.e., implicit) self-evaluations. Here, we propose the antagonistic narcissism Implicit Association Test (AN-IAT). Three studies (N = 1082) using self-, informant-reports, and other implicit measures tested the psychometric properties of the AN-IAT. The AN-IAT showed high internal consistency and good temporal stability. The measure was positively associated with (antagonistic) narcissism, aggression, and lack of empathy, but unrelated to communal, pathological, and agentic narcissism as well as self-esteem. The AN-IAT predicted self- and informantratings of aggression and empathy beyond self-reports of antagonistic and agentic narcissism, and agreeableness. Together, the antagonistic narcissism IAT is a promising addition to the assessment of narcissism.
The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is the most current measure of body appreciation, a central facet of positive body image. This work aimed to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of a German version. In Study 1 (N = 659; M-age = 27.19, SD = 8.57), exploratory factor analyses (EFA) revealed that the German BAS-2 has a one-dimensional factor structure in women and men, showing cross-gender factor similarity. In Study 2 (N = 472; M-age = 30.08, SD = 12.35), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) further supported the original scale's one-dimensional factor structure after freeing correlated errors. The German BAS-2 also showed partial scalar invariance across gender, with women and men not differing significantly in latent mean scores. As predicted, we found convergent relationships with measures of self-esteem, intuitive eating, and variables associated with negative body image (i.e., weight-and shape concerns, drive for thinness). Correlations with BMI were small and in an inverse direction. Incremental validity was demonstrated by predicting self-esteem and intuitive eating over and above measures of negative body image. Additionally, the German BAS-2 showed internal consistency and 2-week test-retest reliability. Overall, our results suggest that the German BAS-2 is a psychometrically sound instrument.
Using behavioral observation for the longitudinal study of anger regulation in middle childhood
(2019)
Assessing anger regulation via self-reports is fraught with problems, especially among children. Behavioral observation provides an ecologically valid alternative for measuring anger regulation. The present study uses data from two waves of a longitudinal study to present a behavioral observation approach for measuring anger regulation in middle childhood. At T1, 599 children from Germany (6-10 years old) were observed during an anger eliciting task, and the use of anger regulation strategies was coded. At T2, 3 years later, the observation was repeated with an age-appropriate version of the same task. Partial metric measurement invariance over time demonstrated the structural equivalence of the two versions. Maladaptive anger regulation between the two time points showed moderate stability. Validity was established by showing correlations with aggressive behavior, peer problems, and conduct problems (concurrent and predictive criterion validity). The study presents an ecologically valid and economic approach to assessing anger regulation strategies in situ.
Migration is a critical issue for child development in the 21st century. We expand on García Coll et al.’s (1996) integrative model of minority child development by drawing from principles of attachment theory and interpersonal relationships research to offer new insights into how youth manage and respond to migration experiences. Immigrant and refugee youth should experience better outcomes to the extent that they (a) maintain strong relationships with caregivers and peers who provide a sense of closeness, safety, and confidence during the process of adjusting to this life transition and (b) find ways to establish a sense of connection and belonging to the new people, places, communities, and social networks within which they now live. Strong bonds to people and connection to places (both familiar and new) can counter the social stratification consequences to minority youth development that are well articulated in García Coll et al.’s integrative model. The need for new and better strategies that promote the positive development of immigrant and refugee youth within their families, schools, workplaces, and communities is crucial, not only for individuals and families but for society as a whole.
Three experiments investigated proactive interference and proactive facilitation in a memory-updating paradigm. Participants remembered several letters or spatial patterns, distinguished by their spatial positions, and updated them by new stimuli up to 20 times per trial. Self-paced updating times were shorter when an item previously remembered and then replaced reappeared in the same location than when it reappeared in a different location. This effect demonstrates residual memory for no-longer-relevant bindings of items to locations. The effect increased with the number of items to be remembered. With one exception, updating times did not increase, and recall of final values did not decrease, over successive updating steps, thus providing little evidence for proactive interference building up cumulatively.
The limited capacity of working memory forces people to update its contents continuously. Two aspects of the updating process were investigated in the present experimental series. The first series concerned the question if it is possible to update several representations in parallel. Similar results were obtained for the updating of object features as well as for the updating of whole objects, participants were able to update representations in parallel. The second experimental series addressed the question if working memory representations which were replaced in an updating disappear directly or interfere with the new representations. Evidence for the existence of old representations was found under working memory conditions and under conditions exceeding working memory capacity. These results contradict the hypothesis that working memory contents are protected from proactive interference of long-term memory contents.
Updating and reasoning
(2019)
Two issues should be addressed to refine and extend the distinction between temporal updating and reasoning advocated by Hoerl & McCormack. First, do the mental representations constructed during updating differ from those used for reasoning? Second, are updating and reasoning the only two processes relevant to temporal thinking? If not, is a dual-systems framework sensible? We address both issues below.
Untitled - Introduction
(2001)
Do properties of individual languages shape the mechanisms by which they are processed? By virtue of their non-concatenative morphological structure, the recognition of complex words in Semitic languages has been argued to rely strongly on morphological information and on decomposition into root and pattern constituents. Here, we report results from a masked priming experiment in Hebrew in which we contrasted verb forms belonging to two morphological classes, Paal and Piel, which display similar properties, but crucially differ on whether they are extended to novel verbs. Verbs from the open-class Piel elicited familiar root priming effects, but verbs from the closed-class Paal did not. Our findings indicate that, similarly to other (e.g., Indo-European) languages, down-to-the-root decomposition in Hebrew does not apply to stems of non-productive verbal classes. We conclude that the Semitic word processor is less unique than previously thought: Although it operates on morphological units that are combined in a non-linear way, it engages the same universal mechanisms of storage and computation as those seen in other languages.
The present study investigated whether visual and kinesthetic stimuli are stored as multisensory or modality-specific representations in unimodal and crossmodal working memory tasks. To this end, angle-shaped movement trajectories were presented to 16 subjects in delayed matching-to-sample tasks either visually or kinesthetically during encoding and recognition. During the retention interval, a secondary visual or kinesthetic interference task was inserted either immediately or with a delay after encoding. The modality of the interference task interacted significantly with the encoding modality. After visual encoding, memory was more impaired by a visual than by a kinesthetic secondary task, while after kinesthetic encoding the pattern was reversed. The time when the secondary task had to be performed interacted with the encoding modality as well. For visual encoding, memory was more impaired, when the secondary task had to be performed at the beginning of the retention interval. In contrast, memory after kinesthetic encoding was more affected, when the secondary task was introduced later in the retention interval. The findings suggest that working memory traces are maintained in a modality-specific format characterized by distinct consolidation processes that take longer after kinesthetic than after visual encoding.
Ungeduldige Winzlinge und ihre Entwicklung : was schützt Frühgeborene vor Entwicklungsstörungen
(1997)
Intuitively, strongly constraining contexts should lead to stronger probabilistic representations of sentences in memory. Encountering unexpected words could therefore be expected to trigger costlier shifts in these representations than expected words. However, psycholinguistic measures commonly used to study probabilistic processing, such as the N400 event-related potential (ERP) component, are sensitive to word predictability but not to contextual constraint. Some research suggests that constraint-related processing cost may be measurable via an ERP positivity following the N400, known as the anterior post-N400 positivity (PNP). The PNP is argued to reflect update of a sentence representation and to be distinct from the posterior P600, which reflects conflict detection and reanalysis. However, constraint-related PNP findings are inconsistent. We sought to conceptually replicate Federmeier et al. (2007) and Kuperberg et al. (2020), who observed that the PNP, but not the N400 or the P600, was affected by constraint at unexpected but plausible words. Using a pre-registered design and statistical approach maximising power, we demonstrated a dissociated effect of predictability and constraint: strong evidence for predictability but not constraint in the N400 window, and strong evidence for constraint but not predictability in the later window. However, the constraint effect was consistent with a P600 and not a PNP, suggesting increased conflict between a strong representation and unexpected input rather than greater update of the representation. We conclude that either a simple strong/weak constraint design is not always sufficient to elicit the PNP, or that previous PNP constraint findings could be an artifact of smaller sample size.
Intuitively, strongly constraining contexts should lead to stronger probabilistic representations of sentences in memory. Encountering unexpected words could therefore be expected to trigger costlier shifts in these representations than expected words. However, psycholinguistic measures commonly used to study probabilistic processing, such as the N400 event-related potential (ERP) component, are sensitive to word predictability but not to contextual constraint. Some research suggests that constraint-related processing cost may be measurable via an ERP positivity following the N400, known as the anterior post-N400 positivity (PNP). The PNP is argued to reflect update of a sentence representation and to be distinct from the posterior P600, which reflects conflict detection and reanalysis. However, constraint-related PNP findings are inconsistent. We sought to conceptually replicate Federmeier et al. (2007) and Kuperberg et al. (2020), who observed that the PNP, but not the N400 or the P600, was affected by constraint at unexpected but plausible words. Using a pre-registered design and statistical approach maximising power, we demonstrated a dissociated effect of predictability and constraint: strong evidence for predictability but not constraint in the N400 window, and strong evidence for constraint but not predictability in the later window. However, the constraint effect was consistent with a P600 and not a PNP, suggesting increased conflict between a strong representation and unexpected input rather than greater update of the representation. We conclude that either a simple strong/weak constraint design is not always sufficient to elicit the PNP, or that previous PNP constraint findings could be an artifact of smaller sample size.
This paper reviews the international literature on intimate partner violence with a focus on gender differences in perpetration and victimization rates. A total of 35 studies from 21 countries are discussed that report prevalence or incidence rates of men's and women's involvement in physical and/or sexual aggression against an intimate partner. In addition, evidence on risk factors as well as consequences of intimate partner violence for men and women is presented. Conceptual and methodological differences between the studies and the lack of comparable databases within countries are discussed as limitations of the evidence, and perspectives for future research are outlined in the framework of cross-cultural psychology
Background: Agrammatic speakers have problems with grammatical encoding and decoding. However, not all syntactic processes are equally problematic: present time reference, who questions, and reflexives can be processed by narrow syntax alone and are relatively spared compared to past time reference, which questions, and personal pronouns, respectively. The latter need additional access to discourse and information structures to link to their referent outside the clause (Avrutin, 2006). Linguistic processing that requires discourse-linking is difficult for agrammatic individuals: verb morphology with reference to the past is more difficult than with reference to the present (Bastiaanse et al., 2011). The same holds for which questions compared to who questions and for pronouns compared to reflexives (Avrutin, 2006). These results have been reported independently for different populations in different languages. The current study, for the first time, tested all conditions within the same population.
Aims: We had two aims with the current study. First, we wanted to investigate whether discourse-linking is the common denominator of the deficits in time reference, wh questions, and object pronouns. Second, we aimed to compare the comprehension of discourse-linked elements in people with agrammatic and fluent aphasia.
Methods and procedures: Three sentence-picture-matching tasks were administered to 10 agrammatic, 10 fluent aphasic, and 10 non-brain-damaged Russian speakers (NBDs): (1) the Test for Assessing Reference of Time (TART) for present imperfective (reference to present) and past perfective (reference to past), (2) the Wh Extraction Assessment Tool (WHEAT) for which and who subject questions, and (3) the Reflexive-Pronoun Test (RePro) for reflexive and pronominal reference.
Outcomes and results: NBDs scored at ceiling and significantly higher than the aphasic participants. We found an overall effect of discourse-linking in the TART and WHEAT for the agrammatic speakers, and in all three tests for the fluent speakers. Scores on the RePro were at ceiling.
Conclusions: The results are in line with the prediction that problems that individuals with agrammatic and fluent aphasia experience when comprehending sentences that contain verbs with past time reference, which question words and pronouns are caused by the fact that these elements involve discourse linking. The effect is not specific to agrammatism, although it may result from different underlying disorders in agrammatic and fluent aphasia.
Three studies examined the processes of mental model generation after pre-exposure to uncontrollability and in a depressive state. The main purpose of the experiments was to test the implications of the cognitive exhaustion model applying an explicit conceptualization of social mental models and a process tracing method developed by von Hecker (1997). An experimental situation was created for observation of consecutive, rule-based construction steps as a function of input diagnosticity, and for the quality assessment of the constructed mental model. The findings showed that participants pre-exposed to uncontrollability, as well as depressed students, were able as were controls, to identify rule-relevant information needed for model construction. However, they were less able than controls to engage in more cognitively demanding and generative step of processing , i.e. in integrating the pieces of input information into a coherent mental model of sentiment relations.
From the beginning of systematic research on sexual victimization, it has been recognized that a substantial proportion of women report nonconsensual sexual experiences meeting the defining criteria of rape in response to behaviorally specific items, but do not acknowledge their experience as rape in response to broad questions about whether they have ever been raped. Recent studies suggest that rates of unacknowledged rape may be as high or even higher among men than among women. This study examined rates of unacknowledged female and male victims of rape and sexual assault by comparing responses to behaviorally specific items of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S) with responses to broad questions using the labels of sexual assault and rape (SARA) in 593 participants (303 women) in Germany. As predicted, more women and men were classified as rape victims based on behaviorally specific items than on the basis of the broad rape item. The rates of unacknowledged rape were about 60% for women and 75% for men. The gender difference was not significant. Against our prediction, no significant differences in acknowledgement of sexual assault were found in relation to coercive strategy and victim-perpetrator relationship. Few cases of rape and sexual assault identified by the SARA items were missed by the behaviorally specific questions. The implications for establishing prevalence rates of rape and sexual assault and for comparing victims and nonvictims in terms of vulnerability factors and outcomes of sexual victimization are discussed.
Umschriebene Entwicklungsstörungen fassen eine Gruppe isolierter Leistungsstörungen zusammen, die aufgrund von spezifischen Störungen der Informationsverarbeitung und -verarbeitungsorganisation zustande kommen. Diese Störungen sind weder durch die allgemeine Intelligenz, noch die Förderung der Kinder oder bestehende psychische Störungen zu erklären. Die Leistung im umschriebenen Störungsbereich soll mindestens 1 Standardabweichungen unter dem Mittelwert der Altersgruppe und der individuellen Intelligenzleistung liegen. Die ICD-10 unterschiedet Umschriebene Entwicklungsstörungen des Sprechens und der Sprache, schulischer Fertigkeiten sowie der motorischen Funktionen. Die Prävalenzraten für die einzelnen Untergruppen bewegen sich zwischen 1 und 7%. Mit besonders ungünstigen Verläufen ist bei Kindern mit einer Lese-Rechtschreibstörung oder einer Sprachstörung zu rechnen. Beide Gruppen weisen extrem schlechte Schulleistungen, eine hohe Rate zusätzlicher psychischer Störungen sowie eine geringe Besserungsrate der Auffälligkeit auf. Einen günstigeren Verlauf weisen Artikulationsstörungen und motorische Störungen auf. Letztere sind durch eher introversive psychische Probleme gekennzeichnet, während Sprach- und Lese-Rechtschreibstörungen eine hohe Komorbidität mit expansiven Auffälligkeiten aufweisen. Relativ schlecht erforscht sind bislang Umschriebene Rechenstörungen, bei denen als einzige das Geschlechstverhältnis ausgeglichen ist. Die Therapie Umschriebener Entwicklungsstörungen muß sich streng an den ausführlich diagnostizierten Störungen der Informationsverarbeitung orientieren. Im Rahmen der neuropsychologischen Übungsbehandlung ist die Motivationslage der Kinder zu berücksichtigen, daneben sollte eine Beratung der Eltern und Lehrer erfolgen. Zusätzliche psychische Störungen können sich entweder im Zuge der Leistungsverbesserung zurückbilden oder bedürfen einer spezifischen zusätzlichen Therapie. Der ungünstige langfristige Spontanverlauf macht Früherkennung und rechtzeitigen Therapiebeginn erforderlich .
We propose two principles that facilitate integration of two relational premises in spatial reasoning. Integration is easier if the anaphor in the second premise, P2, bears the role of the relatum (relatum = given). Moreover, integration is easier if, in P2, the anaphor is mentioned before the new element (given-new). In premises with canonical word order (grammatical subjects mentioned first), these principles always conflict with one another. In topicalized statements mentioning the prepositional phrase first, the two principles work in tandem. By varying word order, we tested the two principles by measuring P2 comprehension times. Comprehension times indicated that integration was easiest when P2 obeyed both principles and most difficult when both principles were violated. Canonical premises were of intermediate difficulty. This pattern emerged regardless of whether the anaphor was a definite description or a pronoun