Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (3115) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (2761)
- Doctoral Thesis (179)
- Other (61)
- Review (52)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (33)
- Preprint (17)
- Habilitation Thesis (6)
- Part of a Book (3)
- Conference Proceeding (2)
- Moving Images (1)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (3115)
Keywords
- Holocene (36)
- climate change (33)
- Climate change (20)
- Earthquake source observations (19)
- Himalaya (18)
- Tibetan Plateau (18)
- erosion (18)
- permafrost (18)
- Pollen (17)
- Seismicity and tectonics (16)
- Siberia (12)
- Arctic (11)
- Site effects (11)
- Time-series analysis (11)
- Body waves (10)
- Chile (10)
- Climate (10)
- climate (10)
- Central Asia (9)
- Germany (9)
- Ostracoda (9)
- Paleoclimate (9)
- Wave propagation (9)
- cosmogenic nuclides (9)
- landscape evolution (9)
- Central Andes (8)
- Erosion (8)
- Europe (8)
- Pamir (8)
- earthquake (8)
- landslides (8)
- modelling (8)
- precipitation (8)
- remote sensing (8)
- Andes (7)
- China (7)
- Diatoms (7)
- Geochronology (7)
- Himalayas (7)
- Inverse theory (7)
- Palaeoclimate (7)
- Quaternary (7)
- Water quality (7)
- exhumation (7)
- induced seismicity (7)
- landslide (7)
- stable isotopes (7)
- subduction (7)
- thermochronology (7)
- Asia (6)
- Earthquake (6)
- Earthquake hazards (6)
- Ecosystem services (6)
- Geochemistry (6)
- InSAR (6)
- Iran (6)
- Lake sediments (6)
- Land use change (6)
- PHREEQC (6)
- Paleolimnology (6)
- Permafrost (6)
- Precipitation (6)
- Principal component analysis (6)
- South America (6)
- Theoretical seismology (6)
- carbon cycle (6)
- deep biosphere (6)
- floods (6)
- paleoclimate (6)
- pollen (6)
- reactive transport (6)
- subduction zone (6)
- tectonics (6)
- time series analysis (6)
- African Humid Period (5)
- Anatolia (5)
- Brazil (5)
- Crustal structure (5)
- East Africa (5)
- Flood risk (5)
- Groundwater (5)
- Indian summer monsoon (5)
- Induced seismicity (5)
- Land use (5)
- Landslides (5)
- Last Glacial Maximum (5)
- Late Holocene (5)
- Late Pleistocene (5)
- Magnetostratigraphy (5)
- Monsoon (5)
- Palaeolimnology (5)
- Pyrenees (5)
- Remote sensing (5)
- Seismic attenuation (5)
- Seismic tomography (5)
- Soil moisture (5)
- Strontium isotope stratigraphy (5)
- Subduction (5)
- Subduction zone processes (5)
- Throughfall (5)
- Topography (5)
- Turkey (5)
- Uncertainty (5)
- Wind erosion (5)
- Younger Dryas (5)
- carbon dioxide (5)
- connectivity (5)
- flood risk (5)
- geochronology (5)
- grain size (5)
- hydrology (5)
- isotopes (5)
- lakes (5)
- melt inclusions (5)
- modeling (5)
- monsoon (5)
- numerical modeling (5)
- thermokarst (5)
- uncertainty (5)
- Adaptation (4)
- Biostratigraphy (4)
- Cenozoic (4)
- Cosmogenic nuclides (4)
- Database (4)
- Earthquake dynamics (4)
- Earthquake ground motions (4)
- East African Rift System (4)
- Eclogite (4)
- Electrical conductivity (4)
- Flood (4)
- Fluid-rock interaction (4)
- GPS (4)
- Geostatistics (4)
- Graph theory (4)
- Ground-penetrating radar (4)
- India-Asia collision (4)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (4)
- Inversion (4)
- Lakes (4)
- Landsat (4)
- Landslide (4)
- LiDAR (4)
- Lonar Lake (4)
- MATLAB (4)
- Magnetotellurics (4)
- Maule earthquake (4)
- Mediterranean (4)
- Mekong Delta (4)
- Methane (4)
- NW Argentina (4)
- Neo-Tethys (4)
- Neotethys (4)
- Oman (4)
- Palynology (4)
- Seismic noise (4)
- Statistical seismology (4)
- Structural geology (4)
- TRMM (4)
- Tectonics (4)
- Temperature (4)
- Thermochronology (4)
- Thermokarst (4)
- Time series analysis (4)
- Transfer function (4)
- Tropical forest (4)
- Tso Moriri Lake (4)
- WA-PLS (4)
- analysis (4)
- biodiversity (4)
- body waves (4)
- climate change adaptation (4)
- evapotranspiration (4)
- governance (4)
- machine learning (4)
- magnetostratigraphy (4)
- methane (4)
- model (4)
- natural hazards (4)
- palaeoecology (4)
- partial melting (4)
- radiation belts (4)
- runoff (4)
- soil erosion (4)
- soil moisture (4)
- suspended sediment (4)
- treeline (4)
- trend analysis (4)
- uplift (4)
- vulnerability (4)
- water balance (4)
- water quality (4)
- wetland (4)
- Active tectonics (3)
- Alaska (3)
- Alborz Mountains (3)
- Aleatory variability (3)
- Algeria (3)
- Array seismology (3)
- Asian monsoon (3)
- Benzene (3)
- Beringia (3)
- Biomarkers (3)
- Biosilicification (3)
- Bolboschoenus maritimus (3)
- Central Europe (3)
- Chironomids (3)
- Climate Change (3)
- Climate variability (3)
- Complex networks (3)
- Computational seismology (3)
- Connectivity (3)
- Controlled source seismology (3)
- Deformation (3)
- Dynamics: seismotectonics (3)
- Early warning (3)
- Earthworms (3)
- Eastern Alps (3)
- Ebro basin (3)
- Edough (3)
- Electromagnetics (3)
- Eocene (3)
- Epistemic uncertainty (3)
- Event synchronization (3)
- Extreme rainfall (3)
- Flooding (3)
- Fluorescence imaging (3)
- Fourier analysis (3)
- GIS (3)
- Geomorphology (3)
- Geothermobarometry (3)
- Glaciation (3)
- Ground penetrating radar (3)
- Ground-motion prediction equation (3)
- Human evolution (3)
- Human impact (3)
- Hydrology (3)
- Indian monsoon (3)
- Interferometry (3)
- Inundation (3)
- Ionic liquids (3)
- Ionosphere (3)
- Italy (3)
- Kamchatka (3)
- Kenya Rift (3)
- KiK-net (3)
- Kyrgyzstan (3)
- Lake Van (3)
- Lake sediment (3)
- MTBE (3)
- Marine terraces (3)
- Menderes Massif (3)
- Metamorphism (3)
- Modeling (3)
- Modelling (3)
- Monitoring (3)
- Multifunctionality (3)
- Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) (3)
- Neogene (3)
- Nepal (3)
- New Zealand (3)
- Nitrogen (3)
- Northeast German Basin (3)
- Northern Andes (3)
- Nutrients (3)
- Organic matter (3)
- Overland flow (3)
- Pacific Ocean (3)
- Paleoclimatology (3)
- Paleogene (3)
- Paleohydrology (3)
- Paleoseismology (3)
- Phosphorus (3)
- Pleistocene (3)
- Raman spectroscopy (3)
- Recurrence plot (3)
- Resilience (3)
- Rhizosphere (3)
- Russia (3)
- S receiver functions (3)
- SWAT (3)
- Sediment budget (3)
- Sediment connectivity (3)
- Sediment load (3)
- Seismic cycle (3)
- Seismicity (3)
- Seismology (3)
- Sensitivity analysis (3)
- Sentinel-1 (3)
- Shallow-water carbonates (3)
- Soil (3)
- Soil erosion (3)
- Soil hydrology (3)
- South American Monsoon (3)
- Spectroscopy (3)
- Stable isotopes (3)
- Statistical methods (3)
- Surface waves and free oscillations (3)
- Suspended sediment (3)
- Svalbard (3)
- Tarim Basin (3)
- Tectonic geomorphology (3)
- Tephrostratigraphy (3)
- TerraceM (3)
- Tian Shan (3)
- Tien Shan (3)
- Triassic (3)
- Variscan (3)
- Varves (3)
- Volcano seismology (3)
- Water depth (3)
- Waveform inversion (3)
- Weathering (3)
- Westerlies (3)
- XRD (3)
- XRF (3)
- adaptation (3)
- agriculture (3)
- ambient noise (3)
- bacteria (3)
- biomarker (3)
- biostratigraphy (3)
- catchment (3)
- change detection (3)
- coastal erosion (3)
- convection (3)
- damage (3)
- deposition (3)
- diatoms (3)
- digital rock physics (3)
- drainage networks (3)
- dust (3)
- early warning (3)
- eclogite (3)
- electrical resistivity (3)
- equifinality (3)
- evaporites (3)
- exposure (3)
- extension (3)
- floodplain (3)
- fluid inclusions (3)
- fluid-rock interaction (3)
- geochemistry (3)
- geomorphology (3)
- geomorphometry (3)
- glacier (3)
- heterogeneity (3)
- human impact (3)
- hydropower (3)
- imaging (3)
- imaging spectroscopy (3)
- impact (3)
- lake sediments (3)
- late Holocene (3)
- lidar (3)
- migration (3)
- models (3)
- monitoring (3)
- nitrogen (3)
- numerical simulation (3)
- numerical simulations (3)
- olivine (3)
- organic matter (3)
- pH (3)
- paleoaltimetry (3)
- paleolimnology (3)
- paleomagnetism (3)
- permeability (3)
- plume (3)
- radiocarbon (3)
- risk reduction (3)
- river incision (3)
- salt diffusion (3)
- sediment (3)
- sediment dynamics (3)
- sedimentology (3)
- sensitivity (3)
- site effects (3)
- snow (3)
- streamflow (3)
- sulfate reduction (3)
- surface processes (3)
- tectonic geomorphology (3)
- temperature (3)
- thermal modeling (3)
- time series (3)
- upper mantle (3)
- vertical coupling (3)
- water (3)
- water management (3)
- weathering (3)
- AHP (2)
- AMOC (2)
- Acadian (2)
- Acidification (2)
- Affordability (2)
- Agricultural field (2)
- Airborne laser scanning (ALS) (2)
- Alborz range (2)
- Alkylpyridinium salts (2)
- Alpine Fault (2)
- Alps (2)
- Andean Plateau (2)
- Anisotropy (2)
- Antarctica (2)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 dating (2)
- Aragonite (2)
- Arctic Ocean (2)
- Arctic lakes (2)
- Argentina (2)
- Atlantic Ocean (2)
- August 2002 flood (2)
- Australia (2)
- Autocorrelation (2)
- Badlands (2)
- Baltic Sea (2)
- Barasona Reservoir (2)
- Barents Sea (2)
- Baseline shift (2)
- Batch experiments (2)
- Bayesian inference (2)
- Bayesian logistic regression (2)
- Bayesian networks (2)
- Be-10 (2)
- Biodegradation (2)
- Biogenic silica (2)
- Biomarker (2)
- Black shales (2)
- Blueschist (2)
- Boosted regression trees (2)
- CO2 (2)
- Carbon (2)
- Carbon colloid (2)
- Caribbean (2)
- Catchment classification (2)
- Central Chile (2)
- Central Pontides (2)
- Chaiten volcano (2)
- Chinese loess (2)
- Cladocera (2)
- Clay mineralogy (2)
- Climate change adaptation (2)
- Climate dynamics (2)
- Climate reconstruction (2)
- Coastal erosion (2)
- Coastal uplift (2)
- Compression (2)
- Computational fluid dynamics (2)
- Congo Air Boundary (2)
- Conservation management (2)
- Continental margins: convergent (2)
- Continental neotectonics (2)
- Continental tectonics: strike-slip and transform (2)
- Correlation (2)
- Coulomb failure stress (2)
- Cretaceous (2)
- DEM (2)
- DFT (2)
- Data processing (2)
- Dead Sea Transform (2)
- Dead Sea basin (2)
- Deep carbon cycle (2)
- Degradation (2)
- Denudation (2)
- Deposition (2)
- Digital Elevation Model (2)
- Drought (2)
- Drought indices (2)
- ECHSE (2)
- ENSO (2)
- EXAFS (2)
- Earthquakes (2)
- East European Craton (2)
- Eastern Cordillera (2)
- Eastern Mediterranean (2)
- Eastern Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Ecology (2)
- Eger Rift (2)
- Electromagnetic theory (2)
- Element mobility (2)
- EnMAP (2)
- Environmental impact (2)
- Environmental magnetism (2)
- Evapotranspiration (2)
- Exhumation (2)
- Export regime (2)
- Extreme event (2)
- Fish (2)
- Floods (2)
- Floods Directive (2)
- Foraminifera (2)
- Forest (2)
- Fracture and flow (2)
- Functional traits (2)
- Fuzzy logic (2)
- GMPE (2)
- GNSS Reflectometry (2)
- Garnet (2)
- Gas diffusion layer (2)
- Geodynamics (2)
- Geomorphic systems (2)
- Glacial geomorphology (2)
- Global change (2)
- Global inversion (2)
- Global warming (2)
- Gondwana (2)
- Grain size (2)
- Grassland (2)
- Ground-motion prediction equations (2)
- Gyttja (2)
- H/V ratio (2)
- HVSR (2)
- Hazard (2)
- Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk (2)
- High-pressure metamorphism (2)
- Hydrothermal carbonization (2)
- Hyperion (2)
- INOPEX (2)
- Iceland (2)
- Image processing (2)
- India (2)
- Indicators (2)
- Indus (2)
- Insurance (2)
- Integrated modelling (2)
- Interaction (2)
- Interception (2)
- Interdisciplinarity (2)
- June 2013 flood (2)
- Jurassic (2)
- Kettle holes (2)
- Kinetics (2)
- LGM (2)
- Lacustrine sediment (2)
- Lake (2)
- Lake Malombe (2)
- Lake level (2)
- Land-cover change (2)
- Land-use change (2)
- Landsat-8 (2)
- Larger Foraminifera (2)
- Larger foraminifera (2)
- Larix gmelinii (2)
- Late Cretaceous (2)
- Late Quaternary (2)
- Lateglacial (2)
- Levant (2)
- Limnology (2)
- Lithospheric structure (2)
- Loess (2)
- Lower crust (2)
- Lu-Hf (2)
- Luingo caldera (2)
- MASW (2)
- MAT (2)
- Machine learning (2)
- Makran (2)
- Management (2)
- Maule (2)
- Mean July temperature (2)
- Meerfelder Maar (2)
- Metasomatism (2)
- Microbial abundance (2)
- Miocene (2)
- Model-data comparison (2)
- Modern analogue technique (2)
- Mongolia (2)
- Mont Terri (2)
- Mountain basins (2)
- Mountain building (2)
- NW Iran (2)
- Nanogranitoids (2)
- Natural hazards (2)
- Near East (2)
- Neotectonics (2)
- Neural networks (2)
- Non-monetary valuation (2)
- North America (2)
- North Tabriz Fault (2)
- Northern Asia (2)
- Numerical experiment (2)
- Numerical modelling (2)
- Open source (2)
- Orbital forcing (2)
- Organic carbon (2)
- Organic geochemistry (2)
- Ostracods (2)
- P-waves (2)
- Palaeoclimatology (2)
- Palaeoecology (2)
- Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- Paleoceanography (2)
- Paleoenvironment (2)
- Paleogeography (2)
- Panama (2)
- Paris Agreement (2)
- Paris-Edinburgh press (2)
- Passive Microwave (2)
- Pasture (2)
- Patagonia (2)
- Peat (2)
- Permian (2)
- Phase transitions (2)
- Phragmites australis (2)
- Phytoplankton (2)
- Plant macrofossils (2)
- Plate tectonics (2)
- Plio-Pleistocene (2)
- Pollen record (2)
- Precise Point Positioning (2)
- Preferential flow (2)
- Probability distributions (2)
- Procrustes rotation (2)
- Provenance (2)
- Proxy (2)
- Puna Plateau (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
- REE (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
- Raman microspectroscopy (2)
- Random Forest (2)
- Random forests (2)
- Rasa (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Receiver functions (2)
- Remediation (2)
- Review (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
- Risk reduction (2)
- River (2)
- River restoration (2)
- Rock magnetism (2)
- Russian Arctic (2)
- SAMT (2)
- SRTM (2)
- SSW (2)
- SWIM (2)
- Salinity (2)
- Sampling (2)
- Satellite geodesy (2)
- Saturated hydraulic conductivity (2)
- Sclerochronology (2)
- Sediment Transport (2)
- Sediment fingerprinting (2)
- Sediment geochemistry (2)
- Sediment yield (2)
- Sedimentology (2)
- Sediments (2)
- Seismic interferometry (2)
- Seismic monitoring and test-ban treaty verification (2)
- Seismotectonic segmentation (2)
- Seismotectonics (2)
- Semi-arid (2)
- Semiarid (2)
- Sentinel-2 (2)
- Sesia Zone (2)
- Si fractions (2)
- Silicon isotopes (2)
- Site characterization (2)
- Slope (2)
- Soil heterogeneity (2)
- South American Monsoon System (2)
- South American monsoon system (2)
- Southeast Asia (2)
- Southern Italy (2)
- Space geodetic surveys (2)
- Spain (2)
- Spatial scale (2)
- Species distribution models (2)
- Stemflow (2)
- Stress pattern (2)
- Strong-motion (2)
- Structure elucidation (2)
- Subarctic North Pacific (2)
- Subduction zone (2)
- Subjective well-being (2)
- Subsurface biosphere (2)
- Suguta Valley (2)
- Sumatra (2)
- Surface roughness (2)
- Swarm constellation (2)
- Talik (2)
- TanDEM-X (2)
- Tectonic stress (2)
- Temperature reconstruction (2)
- Terrestrial Si cycle (2)
- The Netherlands (2)
- Thermal field (2)
- Tibet (2)
- Tight integration (2)
- Tomography (2)
- Tonminerale (2)
- Total organic carbon (2)
- Trace element geochemistry (2)
- Trans-European Suture Zone (2)
- Transform faults (2)
- Transhimalaya (2)
- Tropical lake (2)
- U-Pb geochronology (2)
- UAV (2)
- UV femtosecond laser ablation (2)
- Uncertainties (2)
- Upper Cretaceous (2)
- VIIRS DNB (2)
- Validation (2)
- Vegetation (2)
- Vegetation dynamics (2)
- Volatilization (2)
- Volcano monitoring (2)
- Vulnerability (2)
- Walvis Ridge (2)
- Water management (2)
- Wave scattering and diffraction (2)
- Western Central Africa (2)
- Western Europe (2)
- Wetlands (2)
- X-ray absorption (2)
- Zooplankton (2)
- anatexis (2)
- arctic (2)
- argon dating (2)
- assessment (2)
- basal accretion (2)
- basin analysis (2)
- biomass (2)
- black carbon (2)
- calcium phosphate (2)
- carbon (2)
- carbonate (2)
- cell enumeration (2)
- change (2)
- characteristics (2)
- climate change impact (2)
- climate extremes (2)
- climate-change (2)
- clustering (2)
- coastal geomorphology (2)
- coastal wetland (2)
- coherency (2)
- collision (2)
- composition (2)
- compound flood (2)
- correlation (2)
- cosmic-ray neutron sensing (2)
- crust (2)
- crustal thickness (2)
- debris flow (2)
- decomposition (2)
- deep carbon cycle (2)
- denudation (2)
- deuterium (2)
- diamond anvil cell (2)
- dietary patterns (2)
- digital elevation model (2)
- disturbance (2)
- diversity (2)
- downscaling (2)
- drainage of the catchment area (2)
- dynamics (2)
- earthquake hydrology (2)
- earthquake source observations (2)
- earthquakes (2)
- ecohydrology (2)
- ecological niche modelling (2)
- ecosystem services (2)
- edge-driven convection (2)
- elastic properties (2)
- electrochemistry (2)
- electromagnetic (2)
- eolian dust (2)
- equatorial electrojet (2)
- equatorial ionosphere (2)
- extensional tectonics (2)
- extinction (2)
- extreme rainfall (2)
- facies (2)
- flood (2)
- flood loss (2)
- flood risk analysis (2)
- flood risk management (2)
- flooding (2)
- floodplain sedimentation (2)
- fluid migration (2)
- fluid-induced seismicity (2)
- fluids (2)
- fluvial geomorphology (2)
- forecasting (2)
- formation damage (2)
- frequency analysis (2)
- garnet (2)
- gas hydrate (2)
- geodynamics (2)
- geomagnetic observatories (2)
- geophysics (2)
- geothermal (2)
- geothermal energy (2)
- geyser (2)
- glacial erosion (2)
- glacial hazards (2)
- glacial lake outburst floods (2)
- global change (2)
- global environmental change (2)
- grain-size distribution (2)
- granitoids (2)
- grazing (2)
- ground motion (2)
- ground-penetrating radar (2)
- groundwater flow (2)
- heavy rainfall (2)
- helium-4 (2)
- high pressure (2)
- high-pressure (2)
- hillslopes (2)
- historical floods (2)
- human activity (2)
- human evolution (2)
- hydrological drought (2)
- hydrological modeling (2)
- hyporheic zone (2)
- hysteresis (2)
- incision (2)
- inclination shallowing (2)
- insurance (2)
- interception (2)
- invasive species (2)
- inverse analysis (2)
- ionic liquids (2)
- knickpoint (2)
- knickpoints (2)
- lake monitoring (2)
- land cover change (2)
- land use change (2)
- land-use change (2)
- late Quaternary (2)
- lithosphere (2)
- management effects (2)
- mantle transition zone (2)
- mapping (2)
- marine terraces (2)
- mass (2)
- maximum magnitude (2)
- mica (2)
- micro-CT (2)
- microbial activity (2)
- microbial diversity (2)
- minerals (2)
- moment tensor (2)
- multivariate regression (2)
- multivariate statistics (2)
- n-Alkanes (2)
- nanogranites (2)
- nearshore zone (2)
- normal faults (2)
- numerical (2)
- numerical model (2)
- ocean color remote sensing (2)
- organic carbon (2)
- oroclinal bending (2)
- orogenic peridotite (2)
- orogenic processes (2)
- orogeny (2)
- overland flow (2)
- palaeoenvironmental proxies (2)
- palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- paleoceanography (2)
- paleovegetation (2)
- participation (2)
- pathogens (2)
- patterns (2)
- peatlands (2)
- permafrost degradation (2)
- permafrost thaw (2)
- phenotypic plasticity (2)
- phosphorus (2)
- photogrammetry (2)
- phreeqc (2)
- phytoplankton (2)
- plateau (2)
- playa (2)
- pluvial floods (2)
- point clouds (2)
- pollution (2)
- pore pressure (2)
- preferential flow (2)
- preparedness (2)
- preprocessing (2)
- provenance (2)
- radial flow (2)
- radiogenic isotopes (2)
- rainfall (2)
- ray tracing (2)
- reactive oxygen species (2)
- receiver function (2)
- record (2)
- redox processes (2)
- remagnetization (2)
- renewable energy (2)
- repository far-field (2)
- reservoir characterization (2)
- resilience (2)
- retrogressive thaw slumps (2)
- rheology (2)
- rifting (2)
- risk management cycle (2)
- river networks (2)
- rivers (2)
- salt pan (2)
- salt structures (2)
- satellite data (2)
- scaling (2)
- sea level rise (2)
- seasonality (2)
- sediment routing (2)
- sediment storage (2)
- sediment supply (2)
- sediment yield (2)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (2)
- seismic hazard (2)
- seismic monitoring (2)
- seismic tomography (2)
- seismicity (2)
- seismology (2)
- semi-arid (2)
- semi-arid hydrology (2)
- sensor alignment (2)
- sensor fusion (2)
- shrub encroachment (2)
- signal propagation (2)
- silicon (2)
- soil organic carbon (2)
- sorption (2)
- source parameters (2)
- species distribution model (2)
- speleothems (2)
- spin transition (2)
- stable carbon isotopes (2)
- strain localization (2)
- subsea permafrost (2)
- subsurface life (2)
- suspended sediments (2)
- sustainable development (2)
- synthesis (2)
- system analysis (2)
- systems (2)
- tectonophysics (2)
- thaw (2)
- thermal (2)
- thermodynamic modeling (2)
- thermokarst lakes (2)
- thorium (2)
- torsion (2)
- tourmaline (2)
- trace elements (2)
- travel time distribution (2)
- validation (2)
- vegetation (2)
- virulence (2)
- water resources (2)
- wave-particle interactions (2)
- westerlies (2)
- wetlands (2)
- wind speed (2)
- yedoma (2)
- zircon (2)
- "Little Ice Age' (LIA) (1)
- "Medieval Warm Period' (MWP) (1)
- (CS)-C-137 and Pb-210 dating (1)
- (Ex-ante) impact assessment (1)
- (U-Th) (1)
- (U-Th)/He (1)
- (compliant) cracks (1)
- 0 (1)
- 10-Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- 16S rRNA genes (1)
- 2-D numerical model (1)
- 239+240 Plutonium (1)
- 2D numerical experiments (1)
- 3-D effects (1)
- 3D CAVE (1)
- 3D geomechanical numerical model (1)
- 3D map (1)
- 3D mesh generator (1)
- 3D modeling (1)
- 3D root (1)
- 3D thermal modelling (1)
- 7924 (1)
- 7934 (1)
- 7959 (1)
- ABSH-system (1)
- AFT (1)
- ALMaSS (1)
- ALOS World 3D (1)
- ALS (1)
- AMSR-E (1)
- AMSR2 (1)
- ANN (1)
- ARCH (1)
- ARIMA (1)
- ASTER GDEM (1)
- AVHRR (1)
- Abrupt events (1)
- Absolute age dating (1)
- Absolute shear-wave velocity (1)
- Absorption feature parameters (1)
- Abundance from Large Sites) model (1)
- Acanthocyclops (1)
- Accelerometer records (1)
- Accretion, underplating and exhumation processes (1)
- Accuracy Asseessment (1)
- Accuracy Assessment (1)
- Acheulian (1)
- Acidithiobacillus (1)
- Acidobacteriaceae (1)
- Acidothermus (1)
- Active fault (1)
- Active seismic (1)
- Active volcanism (1)
- Actual evapotranspiration (1)
- Adana Basin (1)
- Adaptability (1)
- Adaptation process (1)
- Adaptation to climate change (1)
- Adaption (1)
- Adaptive value (1)
- Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer data (1)
- Advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) (1)
- Advection (1)
- Aegean (1)
- Aegean Sea (1)
- Aerosols (1)
- Africa (1)
- African humid period (1)
- Aftershocks (1)
- Afyon Zone (1)
- Afyon volcanics (1)
- Afyon zone (1)
- AgI (1)
- Age-depth modelling (1)
- Agent-based modeling (1)
- Agent-based models (1)
- Agglutinated foraminifera (1)
- Agricultural fields (1)
- Agricultural landscape (1)
- Agricultural management (1)
- Agricultural soils (1)
- Agriculture (1)
- Agro-meteorological data (1)
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens (1)
- Ahr (1)
- Ahr River (1)
- Air conditioners (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Airborne lidar (1)
- Alanya (1)
- Alas (1)
- Alberta (1)
- Albite-amphibolite facies (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Algorithm (1)
- Alkaline igneous rocks (1)
- Alkalinity (1)
- Alkalization (1)
- Allee effect (1)
- Allometry (1)
- Alpine geology (1)
- Alpine hazards (1)
- Altai (1)
- Altai Mountains (1)
- Altiplano (1)
- Alto de Las Lagunas Ignimbrite (1)
- Altyn Tagh Fault (1)
- Aluminium– silicates (1)
- Amazon (1)
- Amazon region (1)
- Amazonia (1)
- Ambient noise (1)
- Ambient noise tomography (1)
- Ambient seismic noise (1)
- Ambient seismic vibrations (1)
- Ambient vibration analysis (1)
- Ambient vibrations (1)
- Amides (1)
- Amino acid (1)
- Amoebal silicon (1)
- Amorphous silica (1)
- Amphibole geothermobarometry (1)
- Amphibolites (1)
- Amplification (1)
- Amplitude and waveform analysis of PcP (1)
- Amplitude ratio (1)
- Anaerobic digestion (1)
- Analog historical seismograms (1)
- Analog material (1)
- Analogue quality (1)
- Analogue seismic records (1)
- Anatexis (1)
- Anatolia westward motion (1)
- Anatolide-Tauride Block (1)
- Ancient DNA (1)
- Ancient Gneiss Complex (1)
- Ancient forest (1)
- Andean back-arc; (1)
- Andean plateau (1)
- Andean retroarc (1)
- Angastaco Formation (1)
- Angkor (1)
- Animal personalities (1)
- Anisotropy of magnetic remanence (1)
- Annual 30-day minimum flow (1)
- Annual laminae (1)
- Anoxia (1)
- Antarctic Circumpolar Current (1)
- Antarctic glaciology (1)
- Antarctic ice (1)
- Antecedent conditions (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (1)
- Apatite (U-TH)/HE (1)
- Apennine Carbonate Platform (1)
- Apennine Carbonate Platform (ACP) (1)
- Aphanizomenon (1)
- Appalachian Mountains (1)
- Applied geophysics (1)
- Aptian (1)
- Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (1)
- Aquatic macrophytes (1)
- Aquifer (1)
- Aquifer systems (1)
- Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) (1)
- Ar dating (1)
- Ar-39 (1)
- Ar-40 (1)
- Ar-40-Ar-39 geochronology (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 age (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 laser ablation (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 spot ages (1)
- Ar-Ar white-mica dating (1)
- Arabia-Eurasia collision (1)
- Arabian Sea (1)
- Arabian carbonate platform (1)
- Arabian plate (1)
- Aral Sea (1)
- Arauco Bay (1)
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (1)
- Arc accretion (1)
- Arc magmatism (1)
- Archaean SCLM (1)
- Archaeolithoporella (1)
- Archaeology (1)
- Archean (1)
- Archeology (1)
- Arctic Russia (1)
- Arctic climate change (1)
- Arctic limnology (1)
- Arctic ocean (1)
- Argentine margine (1)
- Argentinean broken foreland (1)
- Argon-Argon dating (1)
- Arid Central Asia (1)
- Arid central Asia (1)
- Aridity (1)
- Aridity gradient (1)
- Arkose (1)
- Arktis (1)
- Armenia (1)
- Array measurements (1)
- Artifact (1)
- Artificial catchment (1)
- Artificial mixture (1)
- Artificial neuronal network (1)
- Artificial water catchment (1)
- Ashmura (1)
- Asian Summer Monsoon (1)
- Assapaat landslide (1)
- Asset estimation (1)
- Assimilation-fractional crystallization (1)
- Asteroid (1)
- Asthenospheric flow (1)
- Asthenospheric fluid (1)
- Asymmetric basin (1)
- Asymmetric rifting (1)
- Ataturk Dam Lake (1)
- Atlas Mountains (1)
- Atmospheric CO2 concentration (1)
- Atmospheric chemistry (1)
- Atmospheric dynamics (1)
- Atmospheric science (1)
- Attenuation (1)
- Authigenic carbonates (1)
- Authigenic mineral formation (1)
- Authigenic mineral transformation (1)
- Automatic detection (1)
- Availability (1)
- Avalanche forecasting (1)
- Avalonia (1)
- Aymara (1)
- B-isotopes (1)
- BNDVI (1)
- Babassu palm (Attalea speciosa Mart. synonym: Orbignya phalerata Mart.) (1)
- Back-arc basin (1)
- Backarc extension (1)
- Backbone model (1)
- Bagging (1)
- Baiu (1)
- Bajgan Complex (1)
- Bajgan/Durkan (1)
- Bakterien (1)
- Baladeh earthquake (1)
- Balanced cross section (1)
- Baldeggersee (1)
- Baltic Sea Coast (1)
- Baltic Sea coast (1)
- Band (1)
- Baraba forest-steppe (1)
- Baragoi (1)
- Barasona reservoir (1)
- Barberton Greenstone Belt (1)
- Barite concretion (1)
- Barremian-Aptian (1)
- Barrovian metamorphism (1)
- Barrovian-type metamorphism (1)
- Basaltic ash-fall deposits (1)
- Basanite (1)
- Baseline error (1)
- Basement-cored ranges (1)
- Basement-involved thrusts (1)
- Basilika formation (1)
- Basin analysis (1)
- Basin axial submarine channel (1)
- Basomtso (1)
- Bavaria (1)
- Bayesian Network (1)
- Bayesian hierarchical model (1)
- Bayesian model (1)
- Bayesian modeling (1)
- Bayesian non-parametrics (1)
- Bayesianism (1)
- Be-10 depth-profiles (1)
- Beacon fire (1)
- Beaufort Sea (1)
- Bedded chert (1)
- Benefits (1)
- Beni Suef Basin (1)
- Bentheim sandstone (1)
- Best management practice (1)
- Bet-hedging germination (1)
- Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp czerepanovii (1)
- Big Naryn complex (1)
- Billefjorden trough (1)
- Binalud Mountains (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biodiversity experiments (1)
- Biodiversity hotspot (1)
- Biodiversity monitoring (1)
- Biodiversity theory (1)
- Biogas fermentation residues (1)
- Biogeochemical Si cycle (1)
- Biogeography (1)
- Biological indicator (1)
- Biomass water (1)
- Biomedical engineering (1)
- Biomisation (1)
- Biotic interactions (1)
- Bioturbation (1)
- Bitlis complex (1)
- Bitterfeld (1)
- Bivalvia (1)
- Bivariate flood quantile (1)
- Black Sea (1)
- Blueschist metamorphism (1)
- Bocono (1)
- Bohemian Massif (1)
- Bohrloch-Rekonstruktion (1)
- Boldness (1)
- Bolivia (1)
- Boosted regression trees (BRT) (1)
- Boostrap aggregation (1)
- Bootstrapping (1)
- Boreal ecosystems (1)
- Borehole image logs (1)
- Borehole reconstruction (1)
- Borneo (1)
- Boron isotopes (1)
- Borrelia afzelii (1)
- Borrelia lusitaniae (1)
- Bosumtwi (1)
- Botanic gardens (1)
- Boundary line analysis (1)
- Brachypodium hybridum (1)
- Brahmaputra River (1)
- Brain injuries (1)
- Braunsbach (1)
- Bray-Curtis (1)
- Brazilian Earth System Model (1)
- Brilliant blue (1)
- Britholite (1)
- British Columbia (1)
- Brittle deformation (1)
- Brittle fault analysis (1)
- Brittle precursors (1)
- Broad-band seismometers (1)
- Bryophytes (1)
- Buckingham-Darcy law (1)
- Building exposure modelling (1)
- Bulfat (1)
- Bulk compressibility (1)
- Buntsandstein (1)
- Burned areas (1)
- Bushveld Complex (1)
- Bykovsky Peninsula (1)
- C and O K-edge spectra (1)
- C isotopes (1)
- C sequestration (1)
- C-13 and O-18 chemostratigraphy (1)
- C-13-glucose (1)
- C-14 (1)
- C-14 analyses (1)
- C-14 bomb peak (1)
- C-14-derived chronology (1)
- C-Q relationship (1)
- C3 and C4 grasses (1)
- CAOB (1)
- CCSEM (1)
- CDOM (1)
- CMIP5 (1)
- CMIP5 models (1)
- CMIP6 (1)
- CO2 emissions (1)
- COH fluid (1)
- COH-fluid (1)
- CPC-uni (1)
- CRNS (1)
- CU (1)
- Caatinga (1)
- Calabria (1)
- Caledonian (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary (1)
- Can Tho (1)
- Canada (1)
- Canadian Beaufort Sea (1)
- Canary Islands (1)
- Canopy storage capacity (1)
- Canopy structure (1)
- Cantera (1)
- Cape Verde (1)
- Cappadocia (1)
- Carbo-Iron (R) (1)
- Carbon 14 (1)
- Carbon and oxygen isotopes (1)
- Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes (1)
- Carbon cycle (1)
- Carbon dioxide (1)
- Carbon isotope ratio (delta C-13(TOC)) (1)
- Carbon isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Carbon redistribution (1)
- Carbon sequestration (1)
- Carbon stable isotopes (1)
- Carbon-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Carbonate and mudrock facies (1)
- Carbonate contourite drift (1)
- Carbonate platform response (1)
- Carbonate platforms (1)
- Carbonates (1)
- Carbonation (1)
- Carboniferous (1)
- Carboniferous magmatism (1)
- Carnian Pluvial Event (1)
- Carpholite (1)
- Catabolic genes (1)
- Catastrophic valley infill (1)
- Catchment (1)
- Catchment characteristics (1)
- Catchment geomorphology (1)
- Catchment order (1)
- Catchment scale (1)
- Catchment wetness (1)
- Cation-exchange capacity (1)
- Causality (1)
- Cave (1)
- Cell counts (1)
- Cellulose (1)
- Cenozoic basins (1)
- Cenozoic climate transitions (1)
- Central Alps (1)
- Central Anatolia (1)
- Central Anatolian Plateau (1)
- Central Anatolian plateau (1)
- Central India (1)
- Central Iranian micro-continent (CIM) (1)
- Central Myanmar Basin (1)
- Central Tertiary Basin (1)
- Central Yakutia (1)
- Central andes (1)
- Central-Asia (1)
- Central-western Mongolia (1)
- Cerrado (1)
- Cerro Machin Volcano (1)
- Chain structure (1)
- Changbai mountains (1)
- Change detection (1)
- Change point analysis (1)
- Change points (1)
- Change-point regression model (1)
- Changes in fluvial systems (1)
- Channel island (1)
- Chao (1)
- Chara/Characeae (1)
- Characteristic pollen source area (1)
- Chemeron Formation (1)
- Chemical fractionation (1)
- Chew Bahir (1)
- Chile convergent margin (1)
- Chile subduction zone (1)
- Chilean Coastal Cordillera (1)
- Chilean subduction zone (1)
- Chinese Loess Plateau (1)
- Chironomidae (1)
- Chloritoid (1)
- Chota formation (1)
- Cignana (1)
- Circular statistics (1)
- City boundaries (1)
- City population (1)
- Civil engineering (1)
- Cladocoropsis (1)
- Classification trees (1)
- Clay Minerals (1)
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (1)
- Climate adaptation (1)
- Climate change adaptation Saxony (1)
- Climate feedback (1)
- Climate governance (1)
- Climate modelling (1)
- Climate prediction (1)
- Climate warming (1)
- Climatic variations (1)
- Clockwise P-T path (1)
- Clogging (1)
- Clonal plants (1)
- Closed chamber measurements (1)
- Closure temperature (1)
- Cluster (1)
- Cluster analysis moment (1)
- Clustering (1)
- Coastal Cordillera (Chile) (1)
- Coastal hazards (1)
- Coastal regions (1)
- Coastal sedimentation (1)
- Coastal sequence of shorelines (1)
- Coastal zone (1)
- Coda waves (1)
- Code_Aster (1)
- Coesite-bearing eclogite (1)
- Cold air surges (1)
- Collision (1)
- Collision zone (1)
- Colloid transport (1)
- Cologne (1)
- Colombia (1)
- Colombian Andes (1)
- Colorado mineral belt (1)
- Combin (1)
- Combine (1)
- Comets (1)
- Common garden experiments (1)
- Common vole (1)
- Community dynamics (1)
- Comparative hydrology (1)
- Comparative study (1)
- Competition (1)
- Complex network (1)
- Complex terrain (1)
- Complexity (1)
- Composition of the mantle (1)
- Compositional data analysis (1)
- Compound flood event (1)
- Compound-specific carbon isotope (1)
- Compound-specific isotope (1)
- Compound-specific stable isotopic (1)
- Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) (1)
- Computational models (1)
- Computational neuroscience (1)
- Computed tomography (1)
- Concentration-discharge relationship (1)
- Concentration-discharge relationships (1)
- Concept (1)
- Concept of differentiated land use (1)
- Conduction (1)
- Conductive channel (1)
- Conductive thermal field (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- Conductivity depth model (1)
- Confidence interval (1)
- Coniacian (1)
- Coniacian-Santonian boundary (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Conservation genetics (1)
- Conservation planning (1)
- Consumption (1)
- Contact model (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Continental biomarkers (1)
- Continental margins: transform (1)
- Continental tectonics: compressional (1)
- Continuity (1)
- Continuous temperature logging (1)
- Controlled source electromagnetics (CSEM) (1)
- Controlling factors (1)
- Convection (1)
- Convective storms (1)
- Convergent margins (1)
- Cooling and unroofing history (1)
- Cooling rates (1)
- Coordination failure (1)
- Copernicus (1)
- Copernicus DEM (1)
- Coping appraisal (1)
- Copulas (1)
- Coral reef terraces (1)
- Corbicula (1)
- Core complex (1)
- Core-mantle boundary (1)
- Corestone (1)
- Corundum (1)
- Coseismic coastal uplift (1)
- Coseismic rupture (1)
- Coseismic slip distribution (1)
- Cosmic-ray (1)
- Cosmic-ray neutrons (1)
- Cosmogenic Be-10 erosion rates (1)
- Cosmogenic Be-10 exposure dating (1)
- Cosmogenic-nuclide geochronology (1)
- Cost-benefit (1)
- Costs (1)
- Cotentin and Western Europe (1)
- Coupled fluid and heat transport (1)
- Coupled heat and mass transport (1)
- Crack opening and closure (1)
- Cratons (1)
- Creep (1)
- Creep and deformation (1)
- Cristobalite (1)
- Critical taper wedge (1)
- Critical zone (1)
- Crop rotation (1)
- Crop type mapping (1)
- Cross-dating (1)
- Cross-scale interaction (1)
- Cross-validation (1)
- Crosshole tomography (1)
- Crustal density (1)
- Crustal earthquakes (1)
- Crustal melting (1)
- Crustal stretching style (1)
- CryoGRID (1)
- Cryolithology (1)
- Cryospheric science (1)
- Cryostratigraphy (1)
- Crystal nucleation (1)
- Cs-137 (1)
- Cuesta de la chilca (1)
- Cultural ecosystem services (1)
- Culture growth dynamics (1)
- Cumbres Calchaquies (1)
- Cuora (1)
- Cyanobacteria (1)
- Cyanobium (1)
- Cyclic soft stimulation (CSS) (1)
- Cyprus (1)
- D-enrichment (1)
- DBH (1)
- DCB (1)
- DDM simulation (1)
- DEM analysis (1)
- DEM generation (1)
- DEM noise (1)
- DIN EN 1998-1/NA (1)
- DNA preservation (1)
- DOC (1)
- DOC vs. DIC (1)
- Dairy cow (1)
- Dam engineering (1)
- Damage modeling (1)
- Damage reduction (1)
- Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles (1)
- Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations (1)
- Danube (1)
- Data acquisition (1)
- Data assimilation (1)
- Data collection (1)
- Data fusion (1)
- Database model (1)
- Databases (1)
- Dead Sea (1)
- Dead Sea Basin (1)
- Dead Sea deep drilling project (1)
- Death Valley (1)
- Debris avalanche deposit (1)
- Debris flow (1)
- Debris flows (1)
- Decision-making (1)
- Decomposition (1)
- Deconvolution (1)
- Deep biosphere (1)
- Deep fluids (1)
- Deep ocean redox condition (1)
- Deep percolation flux (1)
- Deep-marine sedimentology (1)
- Deep-sea records (1)
- Deforestation (1)
- Deglaciation (1)
- Dehydration (1)
- Denali (1)
- Denitrification (1)
- Density (1)
- Density dependence (1)
- Depositional origin (1)
- Depositional setting (1)
- Depth perception (1)
- Desert wetland ecosystems (1)
- Desertification (1)
- Detrital layers (1)
- Deuterium excess (1)
- Developing countries (1)
- Devonian transpression (1)
- Diagenesis (1)
- Diagenetic barium cycling (1)
- Diatexites (1)
- Diatom frustule (1)
- Diffuse pollution (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Digital Elevation Models (1)
- Digital elevation model (1)
- Digital geology (1)
- Digital terrain analysis (1)
- Dinosterol (1)
- Diol (1)
- Direct economic loss (1)
- Direct push (1)
- Directivity (1)
- Disaster impact analysis (1)
- Disaster loss databases (1)
- Discontinuity surfaces (1)
- Dispersal (1)
- Dispersion curve (1)
- Dispersion curves (1)
- Dissolution collapse breccia (1)
- Dissolution precipitation replacement (1)
- Dissolved organic matter (DOM) (1)
- Distachyapites (1)
- Distributed acoustic sensing (1)
- Distribution patterns (1)
- Disturbance index (1)
- Diurnal fluctuations (1)
- Divergent mantle flow (1)
- Dolomites (1)
- Dominant link directions (1)
- Dora-Maira (1)
- Dormancy (1)
- Downholemethods (1)
- Downscaling socio-economic scenarios (1)
- Drainage capture (1)
- Drainage morphometry (1)
- Drainage network (1)
- Drainage networks (1)
- Drill-core reorientation (1)
- Drinking water quality (1)
- Driving forces (1)
- Droughts (1)
- Dry land degradation (1)
- Dryland (1)
- Drylands (1)
- Duplex (1)
- Duricrusts (1)
- Dust (1)
- Dust deposition (1)
- Dynamic behavior (1)
- Dynamic bulk modulus (1)
- Dynamic input-output model (1)
- Dynamic landscapes (1)
- Dynamic vegetation models (1)
- Dynamics and mechanics of faulting (1)
- Dynamics of lithosphere and mantle (1)
- Décollement (1)
- E Anatolia (1)
- EDX (1)
- ELA (1)
- EMI sensors (1)
- EMIC (1)
- EMIC waves (1)
- EMMA (1)
- ENSO/IOD (1)
- EPS (1)
- ERA5 (1)
- ERV model (1)
- EU Floods Directive (1)
- Earliest Cambrian (1)
- Early Eocene (1)
- Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (1)
- Early Paleogene (1)
- Early Pleistocene (1)
- Early cretaceous (1)
- Early pleistocene; (1)
- Early warning system (1)
- Earth in Five Reactions: A Deep Carbon Perspective (1)
- Earth materials (1)
- Earth tides (1)
- Earthquake loss modelling (1)
- Earthquake rates (1)
- Earthquake scenario (1)
- Earthquake swarm (1)
- East African Rift (1)
- East African rift system (1)
- East Asian summer monsoon (1)
- Eastern Africa (1)
- Eastern Dharwar craton (1)
- Eastern Himalaya (1)
- Eastern Tibet (1)
- Eastern Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Eastern hemisphere (1)
- Eccentricity (1)
- Eclogites (1)
- Ecogeomorphology (1)
- Ecohydrology (1)
- Ecological boundaries (1)
- Ecological competition (1)
- Ecological health (1)
- Ecological vulnerability (1)
- Economic network (1)
- Ecosystem dissimilarity (1)
- Ecosystem dynamics (1)
- Ecosystem engineer (1)
- Ecosystem function (1)
- Ecosystem functions and services (1)
- Ecosystem research (1)
- Ecosystem response (1)
- Ecotone hierarchy (1)
- Ecuador (1)
- Edge effects (1)
- Education (1)
- Eemian (1)
- Effective dimensionality (1)
- Effective number of species (1)
- Effectiveness (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Eifel maar (1)
- Eisenbuhl (1)
- Ejina Basin (1)
- Ejina Becken (1)
- El Hierro (1)
- El Nino Southern Oscillation (1)
- El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (1)
- Elastic response (1)
- Elbe estuary (1)
- Electrical and electronic engineering (1)
- Electrical resistivity (1)
- Electrical resistivity imaging (1)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) (1)
- Electricity generation by source (1)
- Element partitioning (1)
- Ellenberg indicator values (1)
- Elymus trachycaulus (1)
- Embedding (1)
- Emergence time (1)
- Emergent macrophytes (1)
- Emission scenarios (1)
- Emissions (1)
- Empirical Mode Decomposition (1)
- Empirical ground-motion models (1)
- Empirical site amplification functions (1)
- EnGeoMAP 2 (1)
- End-member modeling (1)
- Endemism (1)
- Endosulfan (1)
- Energy and society (1)
- Energy crops (1)
- Energy security (1)
- Enrichment factor (1)
- Ensemble (1)
- Ensembles (1)
- Enstatite (1)
- Environmental (1)
- Environmental change (1)
- Environmental drivers (1)
- Environmental isotopes (1)
- Environmental sciences (1)
- Environmental vulnerability (1)
- Eocene deformation (1)
- Eocene-Oligocene (1)
- Eocene-Oligocene transition (1)
- Ephedripites (1)
- Epiphytic foraminifera (1)
- Equant (stiff) pores (1)
- Equatorial Pacific (1)
- Equatorial plasma irregularities (1)
- Equilibrium phase modeling (1)
- Eroded soil types (1)
- Erodium cicutarium (1)
- Erosion processes (1)
- Erosion rate reconstructions (1)
- Error (1)
- Error propagation (1)
- Eruptive recurrence (1)
- Ethiopia rift (1)
- Etna (1)
- Euglyphida (1)
- Euler-Liouville (1)
- Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) (1)
- Europa (1)
- European Alps (1)
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) (1)
- European Vegetation Archive (EVA) (1)
- European air quality (1)
- European basin system (1)
- European beech forest (1)
- European strong motion data (1)
- Eutrophication (1)
- Evaporites (1)
- Evaporitic varves (1)
- Event-based modeling (1)
- Evolution (1)
- Evolutionary ecology (1)
- Ex ante assessment (1)
- Ex situ/in situ population genetic comparison (1)
- Excavation plan (1)
- Exchangeable Ca (1)
- Expectation maximisation (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Experimental (1)
- Experimental petrology (1)
- Expert judgment (1)
- Expert study (1)
- Expression (1)
- Extended R-Value model (1)
- Extension (1)
- Extensional duplex (1)
- Extent (1)
- Extracellular DNA (1)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extreme (1)
- Extreme discharge data (1)
- Extreme events (1)
- Extreme habitats (1)
- Extreme value statistics (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- Extremwertstatistik (1)
- Exudates (1)
- F-test (1)
- FAIR (1)
- FEM (1)
- FEM models (1)
- FGF23 (1)
- FISH (1)
- FT-ICR-MS (1)
- FTIR (1)
- Faceted taxonomy (1)
- Facies (1)
- Facies modeling (1)
- Fagradalsfjall (1)
- Famatina belt (1)
- Famatinian (1)
- Fault core and damage zone (1)
- Fault healing (1)
- Fault linkage and interaction (1)
- Fault-rock microstructures (1)
- Faults (1)
- Fauna (1)
- Fe-C composite (1)
- Feature selection (1)
- Federal Water Act (1)
- Feedback biotic-abiotic (1)
- Feldspar zoning (1)
- Felsic volcanism (1)
- Fen stratigraphy (1)
- Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (1)
- Ferric iron (1)
- Ferrous iron (1)
- Fiber analysis (1)
- Field analogue (1)
- Field aquifer (1)
- Field measurements (1)
- Final run (1)
- Firmicutes (1)
- First ovulation (1)
- Fiscal costs (1)
- Fission track (zircon) (1)
- Fission-track thermochronology (1)
- Flash flood (1)
- Flash flood analysis (1)
- Flash floods (1)
- Flood damage potential (1)
- Flood duration (1)
- Flood forecasting (1)
- Flood frequency (1)
- Flood generating processes (1)
- Flood impacts (1)
- Flood loss (1)
- Flood losses (1)
- Flood magnitude (1)
- Flood regimes (1)
- Flood risk management (1)
- Flood timing (1)
- Flora (1)
- Flow regime (1)
- Flow velocity (1)
- Flowback (1)
- Flower structure (1)
- Fluid (1)
- Fluid Flow (1)
- Fluid inclusion geochemistry (1)
- Fluid inclusions (1)
- Fluid mixing (1)
- Fluid processes (1)
- Fluid-Gesteins Wechselwirkung (1)
- Fluid/magma reservoir (1)
- Fluideinschluss (1)
- Flume channel (1)
- Fluvial Incision (1)
- Fluvial longitudinal profile (1)
- Fluvial terrace (1)
- Focal mechanism (1)
- Fold and thrust belt (1)
- Food security (1)
- Foragers (1)
- Forearc (1)
- Forearc dewatering (1)
- Forecasting (1)
- Forecasting Framework (1)
- Foreland (1)
- Foreland basin fragmentation (1)
- Forensic disaster analysis (1)
- Forest change (1)
- Forest disturbance (1)
- Forest ecosystem (1)
- Forest management (1)
- Forest mineral topsoil (1)
- Forest regeneration (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Forest-savannah (1)
- Formalised scenario analysis (1)
- Forschungsmethodik (1)
- Fortet member (1)
- Fossil DNA (1)
- Fourier transformation (1)
- Fractional cover (1)
- Fractionation (1)
- Fracture sealing (1)
- Fracture wall offset (1)
- Fractured carbonate geothermal reservoirs (1)
- Framework quantitative ecology (1)
- France (1)
- Frequency-magnitude distribution (1)
- Freshwater ecosystem (1)
- Frost-cracking (1)
- Fukushima Prefecture (1)
- Full-waveform (1)
- Functional averaging (1)
- Functional connectivity (1)
- Functional diversity (1)
- Functional effect (1)
- Functional types (1)
- Functions (1)
- Futaba fault (1)
- Fuzzy (1)
- Fuzzy classification (1)
- GAIA (1)
- GEDI (1)
- GEO BON (1)
- GEOMAGIA50 (1)
- GEOTRACES compliant (1)
- GLDAS (1)
- GNSS (1)
- GNSS forward scatterometry (1)
- GNSS reflectometry (1)
- GNSS-integrated water vapour (1)
- GPM (1)
- GPR (1)
- GPS and GLONASS (1)
- GRACE (1)
- GST (1)
- Gabbro (1)
- Gabbroic rocks (1)
- Gadot Formation (1)
- Ganga River (1)
- Ganymede (1)
- Garnet schist (1)
- Garnet-orthopyroxene-cordierite gneiss (1)
- Gas sparging (1)
- Gastropods (1)
- Gaussian Process regression (1)
- Gaxun Nur (1)
- Gefahrenkarten (1)
- Gehyra variegata (1)
- Gekoppelter Wärme- und Massetransport (1)
- Gemmatimonadetes (1)
- Generalization error (1)
- Generalized Extreme Value distribution (1)
- Generalized additive models (1)
- Generalized linear models (1)
- Generalized linear models (GLMs) (1)
- Genetic algorithm (1)
- Genetic model (1)
- Geo-Visualisation (1)
- Geobiology (1)
- Geochemical indices (1)
- Geochemical modelling (1)
- Geochemical records (1)
- Geodynamic (1)
- Geodynamic modelling (1)
- Geographic information systems (1)
- Geoinformation Science (1)
- Geologic mapping (1)
- Geology (1)
- Geomagnetism (1)
- Geomechanical Model (1)
- Geomechanical modelling (1)
- Geomechanics (1)
- Geomorphic coupling (1)
- Geomorphic indices (1)
- Geomorphological mapping (1)
- Geophysical methods (1)
- Geophysical prospecting (1)
- Geophysics (1)
- Geopotential theory (1)
- Geosciences (1)
- Geotechnical parameters (1)
- Geothermal (1)
- Geothermal applications in Oman (1)
- Geothermal water (1)
- Geoökologie (1)
- Germanic Basin (1)
- Gerris (1)
- Gesteinsbildung (1)
- Ghana (1)
- Glacial (1)
- Glacial buzzsaw (1)
- Glacial lake (1)
- Glacial lake outbursts (1)
- Glacial landscape history (1)
- Glacial refugia (1)
- Glacier Mass Balances (1)
- Glacier foreland (1)
- Glacierized basins (1)
- Glaciers (1)
- Glaucophane (1)
- Glaucophane schist (1)
- Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) (1)
- Global climate change (1)
- Global monsoon (1)
- Global precipitation measurement (1)
- Global sensitivity analysis (1)
- Global warming potential (1)
- Glueckstadtgraben (1)
- Gnetaceaepollenites (1)
- Gokceada Island (1)
- Gondwana break-up (1)
- Gondwanaoberh (1)
- Gongjue basin (1)
- Gorkha earthquake (1)
- Grain for Green Project (1)
- Grain-size (1)
- Grain-size end-member modelling (1)
- Granite (1)
- Granites (1)
- Granitoid magmas (1)
- Granular materials (1)
- Granulite enclaves (1)
- Granulites (1)
- Graphitization (1)
- GrassPlot (1)
- Gravel-bed (1)
- Gravitational potential energy (1)
- Gravity (1)
- Gravity inversion (1)
- Gravity modelling (1)
- Great Himalayan earthquakes (1)
- Greek Islands (1)
- Green investment (1)
- Green surge (1)
- Greenhouse gas emissions (1)
- Greenhouse gas source (1)
- Greenland ice cores (1)
- Gridded rainfall (1)
- Ground Motion Prediction Equation (1)
- Ground motion (1)
- Ground motion and GPS (1)
- Ground motion prediction equation (1)
- Ground squirrel nest (1)
- Ground vegetation (1)
- Ground-based estimates (1)
- Ground-motion models (1)
- Ground-motion-model (1)
- Groundwater quality (1)
- Groundwater recharge (1)
- Groundwater remediation (1)
- Groundwater-stream water interactions (1)
- Growth zoning (1)
- Groß beta Schönebeck (1)
- Grt-Pyx exsolution (1)
- Grundwasser-Oberflächenwasser-Interaktion (1)
- Guajira Peninsula (1)
- Guaymas Basin (1)
- Gulf of Mexico (1)
- Gutenberg-Richter relationship (1)
- Gypsum (1)
- Gypsum quantification (1)
- H/V Verhältnis (1)
- H/V method (1)
- H/V ratio technique (1)
- H/V spectral ratio (1)
- HBV-light model (1)
- HP and UHP metamorphism (1)
- HP metamorphism (1)
- HP-LT metamorphic rocks (1)
- HP-LT rocks (1)
- HP-experiments (1)
- HP-granulite (1)
- HP-metamorphism (1)
- HP/LT metamorphism (1)
- HT/LP metamorphism (1)
- HTC biochar (1)
- HYPE model (1)
- Habitat fragmentation (1)
- Habitat management (1)
- Habitat suitability (1)
- Hadley-Walker Circulation (1)
- Haida Gwaii (1)
- Hail (1)
- Haimantas (1)
- Halobacteria (1)
- Hangrutschungen (1)
- Harran Plain (1)
- He (1)
- He thermochronology (1)
- Heat flow (1)
- Heat flux (1)
- Heating and cooling electricity consumption (1)
- Heating energy demand (1)
- Heavy Minerals (1)
- Heavy metals (1)
- Heihe (1)
- Heinrich event (1)
- Heinrich events (1)
- Hemispherical photography (1)
- Hepatic enzyme (1)
- Herkunftsanalyse (1)
- Heteroscedasticity (1)
- Hf isotopes (1)
- Hiatus (1)
- Hidden Markov model (1)
- Hierarchical clustering (1)
- Hierarchical model (1)
- Hierarchical partitioning (1)
- High Arctic Large Igneous Province (1)
- High Asia (1)
- High Mountain Asia (1)
- High frequency back-projection (1)
- High mountain ecology (1)
- High pressure (1)
- High rate GPS (1)
- High-Grade Metamorphism (1)
- High-pressure (1)
- High-rate GPS (1)
- High-rateGPS (1)
- High-temperature experiments (1)
- High-temperature shear zones (1)
- Higher-order effects (1)
- Hillslope pedosequence (1)
- Hillslope thermokarst (1)
- Himalayan hydroclimate (1)
- Himalayan rivers (1)
- Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH) (1)
- Hindu Kush-Karakoram (1)
- Historic natural hazards (1)
- Historical events (1)
- Historical seismogram reproductions (1)
- Hochwasser (1)
- Hochwassergefährdung (1)
- Hochwasserrisikomanagementrichtlinie (1)
- Holocene Climate (1)
- Holocene Thermal Maximum (1)
- Holocene thermal maximum (1)
- Hominin (1)
- Hominin evolution (1)
- Hominins (1)
- Homo sapiens (1)
- Horizontal (1)
- Hotspot (1)
- Huisman-Olff-Fresco models (1)
- Hula Basin (1)
- Humahuaca Basin (1)
- Humic layer (1)
- Humidity (1)
- Humification (1)
- Humus forms (1)
- Hunter-gatherers (1)
- Hutchinson niche (1)
- Hydraulic aperture (1)
- Hydraulic connectivity (1)
- Hydraulic fracture (1)
- Hydraulic fracturing (1)
- Hydraulic loading rate (1)
- Hydraulics (1)
- Hydro-mechanical coupling (1)
- Hydro-meteorological indices (1)
- HydroGeoSphere (1)
- Hydroclimate (1)
- Hydrodynamics (1)
- Hydrogen (1)
- Hydrogen isotopes (1)
- Hydrogeomorphic type (1)
- Hydrological balance (1)
- Hydrological flowpaths (1)
- Hydrological model (1)
- Hydrological modelling (1)
- Hydrological monitoring (1)
- Hydrological time series analysis (1)
- Hydrologie (1)
- Hydrolysis (1)
- Hydrometric networks (1)
- Hydromorphologic alteration (1)
- Hydropedology (1)
- Hydrophobic treatment (1)
- Hydrostratigraphic model (1)
- Hydrothermal veins (1)
- Hydrus-1D (1)
- Hydrus-2D (1)
- Hyetograph classification (1)
- Hypersaline lake (1)
- Hyperspectral (1)
- Hyperspectral remote sensing (1)
- Hypolimnetic oxygen (1)
- Hyporheic zone (1)
- Hypothesis generation (1)
- Hypsometry analysis (1)
- Hysteresis index (1)
- Hämolyse (1)
- IAPETUS suture (1)
- IBM (1)
- ICDP (1)
- ICDP Dead Sea deep drilling (1)
- ICESat-2 (1)
- IGP (1)
- IMPRESSIONS (1)
- IODP (1)
- IPCC (1)
- IPCC AR5 scenarios (1)
- IRD (1)
- ISSR (1)
- Iberian Basin (1)
- Iberian Peninsula (1)
- Ice sheet dynamics (1)
- Ice wedges (1)
- Ice-wedge polygon (1)
- Identifiability (1)
- Idiosomic Si pool (1)
- Illitization (1)
- Image classification (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Imaging spectroscopy (1)
- Immigration by air (1)
- Impact assessment (1)
- Impacts (1)
- Imputation (1)
- In situ C-14 (1)
- In situ Raman spectroscopy (1)
- In situ stress field (1)
- In-situ Laser Ablation Split Stream ICPMS (1)
- In-situ cosmogenic Be-10 (1)
- In-situ degradation rates (1)
- In-situ remediation (1)
- In-stream geomorphological structures (1)
- In-stream processes (1)
- Incentives (1)
- Incomplete inventories (1)
- Index of connectivity (1)
- Index of dispersion (1)
- Indian Monsoon (1)
- Indian Ocean (1)
- Indian ocean dipole (1)
- Indicator species (1)
- Indonesia (1)
- Indonesian throughflow (1)
- Inference model (1)
- Infiltrability (1)
- Inflow and outflow (1)
- Informative prior (1)
- Infrared (1)
- Infrared observations (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Initial ecosystem (1)
- Inner Mongolia (1)
- Intangible losses (1)
- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (1)
- Integrated environmental modelling (1)
- Integration (1)
- Inter-Andean valley (1)
- Inter-annual glacier elevation change (1)
- Inter-phase mass transfer (1)
- Interdisciplinary links (1)
- Interior (1)
- Interior Alaska (1)
- Intermediate-deep earthquakes (1)
- International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (1)
- International policy (1)
- International unions (1)
- Intertidal organisms (1)
- Interzeptionsverdunstung (1)
- Intra-oceanic subduction (1)
- Intracellular DNA (1)
- Intraplate earthquakes (1)
- Intraplate processes (1)
- Intraplate seismicity (1)
- Inverse Theory (1)
- Inverse filtering (1)
- Inverse methods (1)
- Inversion for moment tensors (1)
- Invertebrates (1)
- Inylchek Glacier (1)
- Ion-Beam (FIB) (1)
- Ionospheric scale lengths (1)
- Iraq (1)
- Irrawaddy River (1)
- Irrigation (1)
- Irrigation experiment (1)
- Isabena river (1)
- Island (1)
- Island arc (1)
- Isochrones (1)
- Isomap (1)
- Isometric feature mapping (1)
- Isotope (1)
- Isotope proxy (1)
- Isotope-hydrological integrated modeling (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Israel (1)
- Issyk Kul (1)
- Issyk-Kul (1)
- Ivrea Zone (1)
- JULIA (1)
- Jaccard (1)
- Jafnayn formation (1)
- Jaguaribe Basin (1)
- James Ross archipelago (1)
- Japan (1)
- Japan subduction zone (1)
- Joint Inversion (1)
- Joint inversion (1)
- Jurassic arc (1)
- Jwalamukhi Thrust (1)
- K-Ar system (1)
- K-means technique (1)
- Kaghan (1)
- Kaghan Valley (1)
- Kalahari (1)
- Kalakuli Lake (1)
- Kalman filter (1)
- Kameng River section (1)
- Kanas Lake (1)
- Kappa (1)
- Karaburun (1)
- Kardia mine (1)
- Karelian Isthmus (1)
- Kashmir earthquake (1)
- Kaya Identity (1)
- Kazakhstan (1)
- Kenya (1)
- Kernel occurrence rate (1)
- Kerogen petrography (1)
- Kettle hole (1)
- Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (1)
- Khatanga (1)
- Khatanga river (1)
- Kinematics of crustal (1)
- Kinematics of crustal and mantle deformation (1)
- Klimawandel (1)
- Klotho (1)
- Knickzones (1)
- Kobresia meadow (1)
- Kokchetavite (1)
- Kp index (1)
- Krankheitserreger (1)
- Ksat (1)
- Kuilyu Complex (1)
- Kuilyu complex (1)
- Kumdykolite (1)
- Kurils (1)
- Kurpsai dam (1)
- Kwajalein (1)
- L-Asterisk (1)
- L-moments estimation (1)
- LAI (1)
- LANDSAT (1)
- LIA (1)
- LLSVPs (1)
- LM (1)
- LP (1)
- LPJ-GUESS (1)
- La Pampa (1)
- Lacustrine carbonate (1)
- Lacustrine carbonates (1)
- Lacustrine record (1)
- Lacustrine sediments (1)
- Lacustrine surface samples (1)
- Lake Bayan Nuur (1)
- Lake Chiuta (1)
- Lake Issyk‐ Kul (1)
- Lake Kinneret (1)
- Lake Lisan (1)
- Lake Magadi (1)
- Lake Malawi basin (1)
- Lake Mead (1)
- Lake Medvedevskoe (1)
- Lake Stechlin (1)
- Lake Turkana (1)
- Lake deposits (1)
- Lake model (1)
- Lake-area (1)
- Lake-ice cover (1)
- Lake-surfaces variability (1)
- Lamina thickness (1)
- Laminated lake sediments (1)
- Land and water (1)
- Land cover change (1)
- Land cover maps (1)
- Land reform (1)
- Land use conception (1)
- Land-use planning (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landform assemblages (1)
- Landsat 8 (1)
- Landsat time-series (1)
- Landscape (1)
- Landscape Response (1)
- Landscape aesthetics (1)
- Landscape change (1)
- Landscape dynamics (1)
- Landscape planning (1)
- Landscape preferences (1)
- Landscape structure (1)
- Landscape values (1)
- Landscape visualisation (1)
- Landscapes (1)
- Landslide chronosequences (1)
- Landslide dam (1)
- Landslide inventory (1)
- Landslide susceptibility (1)
- Large basins (1)
- Larger benthic foraminifera (1)
- Larix (1)
- Larix cajanderi (1)
- Larix larch (1)
- Las Chacras-Potrerillos (1)
- Laser ICP-MS (1)
- Laser fluorination (1)
- Last Interglacial (1)
- Last cold stage (1)
- Last interglacial-glacial transition (1)
- Late Cenozoic (1)
- Late Devonian (1)
- Late Triassic (1)
- Late cretaceous (1)
- Late pleistocene (1)
- Late-Holocene (1)
- Lateinamerika (1)
- Latemar (1)
- Latin America (1)
- Laurentide Ice Sheet (1)
- Lawsonite (1)
- Leaf area index (1)
- Leaf wax (1)
- Lech catchment (1)
- Leeuwin Current (1)
- Legitimacy (1)
- Lehmann discontinuity (1)
- Lena Delta (1)
- Leones Glacier (1)
- Lesser Himalayan Duplex (1)
- Leucocratic tourmaline orthogneisses (1)
- Levant climate (1)
- Levee (1)
- Level of confidence (1)
- Leveling data (1)
- Li-F granite (1)
- Lichenometry (1)
- Life history (1)
- Liguride Complex (1)
- Limestone assimilation in basanite (1)
- Linking (1)
- Lipid (1)
- Lipid biomarker (1)
- Lipid biomarkers (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Liquid water distribution (1)
- Literature review (1)
- Lithosphere (1)
- Lithosphereasthenosphere boundary (1)
- Little Ice Age (1)
- Liver function (1)
- Livestock (1)
- Local knowledge (1)
- Local magnitude scale (1)
- Local structure Yttrium, Strontium, Lanthanum (1)
- Local-to-regional scale (1)
- Logic tree (1)
- Logic trees (1)
- Logistic regression (1)
- Lombok (1)
- Lonar Crater Lake (1)
- Long-Term (1)
- Long-range transport (1)
- Loop-loop systems (1)
- Loppa High (1)
- Loss modeling (1)
- Loss modelling (1)
- Lotus corniculatus (1)
- Low flow indicator (1)
- Low impact development (1)
- Low-centred polygon (1)
- Lower Cretaceous (1)
- Lower Palaeolithic (1)
- Lower Paleolithic (1)
- Lower crustal flow (1)
- Lowland catchment (1)
- Lu-Hf in garnet (1)
- Lu-Hf system (1)
- Lu/Hf dating of garnet (1)
- Luminescence dating (1)
- Lupinus albus (1)
- Lut Blocks (1)
- Luxury tourism (1)
- Lyme disease (1)
- Lysimeter control systems (1)
- M(w)8.8 Maule earthquake (1)
- MALDI imaging (1)
- MARS (1)
- MAT(mr) paleothermometer (1)
- MC-ICP-MS (1)
- MCA (1)
- MCDM (1)
- MHT (1)
- MIT (1)
- MNDWI (1)
- MO (1)
- MODFLOW (1)
- MODIS (1)
- MODIS ET (1)
- MRD (1)
- MUSLE (1)
- MWAC (1)
- Macerals (1)
- Macrolepidoptera (1)
- Macrophytes (1)
- Madeira island (1)
- Mafic Rocks (1)
- Magma migration and fragmentation (1)
- Magma mixing (1)
- Magnetic field variations through time (1)
- Magnetic hydrochar (1)
- Magnetic properties (1)
- Magnetic susceptibility (1)
- Magnetic+Susceptibility (1)
- Magnitude and frequency (1)
- Mahneshan Metamorphic Complex (1)
- Maiella Mountains (1)
- Major and trace elements (1)
- Malagasy/Kuunga orogeny (1)
- Mallik (1)
- Manifold (1)
- Mann-Kendall test (1)
- Mantle processes (1)
- Mantle rheology (1)
- Mantle source (1)
- Mapping (1)
- Marine Isotope Stage 13 (1)
- Marine Isotope Stage 3 (1)
- Marine terrace (1)
- Markov Blanket (1)
- Markov Chain Monte Carlo inversion (1)
- Marmara Sea (1)
- Mars (1)
- Martian regolith analogs (1)
- Mass balance approach (1)
- Mass extinction (1)
- Mass transport (1)
- Mathematical formulation (1)
- Mato Grosso (1)
- Matrix diffusion (1)
- Matter cycling (1)
- Matter dynamics (1)
- Maturity (1)
- Maule megathrust (1)
- Maximum entropy method (1)
- Maximum magnitude of earthquake (1)
- Measurement uncertainty (1)
- Mechanical aperture (1)
- Mechanical properties (1)
- Medieval Climate Anomaly (1)
- Mediterranean Basin (1)
- Mediterranean Sea (1)
- Mediterranean fluvial systems (1)
- Mediterranean rivers (1)
- Mediterranean shallow lake (1)
- Mediterranean shrubland (1)
- Mediterranean-mountainous (1)
- Mekong delta (1)
- Melainabacteria (1)
- Melt (1)
- Melt inclusions (1)
- Merensky Reef (1)
- Merida Andes (1)
- Mermia ichnofacies (1)
- Mesh convergence (1)
- Mesorbitolina (1)
- Mesoscale (1)
- Mesoscale systems (1)
- Messinian Erosional Surface (1)
- Messinian Salinity Crisis (1)
- Meta-plagiogranite (1)
- Meta-trachyandesite (1)
- Metabarcoding (1)
- Metamorphic core complex (1)
- Metamorphic evolution (1)
- Metamorphic sole (1)
- Metapelites (1)
- Metapelitic rock (1)
- Metasedimentary succession (1)
- Metasediments (1)
- Metastability (1)
- Meteorites (1)
- Metering (1)
- Methane leakage (1)
- Methanogenic archaea (1)
- Method comparison (1)
- Methodology (1)
- Methylheptadecanes (1)
- Mexico (1)
- Mg/Ca (1)
- Micro-Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Micro-XRF (1)
- Micro-aggregates (1)
- Micro-fades (1)
- Micro-structure (1)
- Microalgae assemblages (1)
- Microbial community analysis (1)
- Microbial mounds (1)
- Microbial processes (1)
- Microcontinent (1)
- Microcrack (1)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (1)
- Microfacies (1)
- Microfossils (1)
- Microhabitats (1)
- Micromechanical model (1)
- Micropollutants (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Microseismic monitoring (1)
- Microseismicity (1)
- Microtremors (1)
- Mid-late Holocene (1)
- Middle East (1)
- Middle Eocene deformation (1)
- Middle Holocene (1)
- Middle Palaeolithic (1)
- Middle Strand (1)
- Middle Tianshan (1)
- Middle-Upper Permian (1)
- Migmatites (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mikroanalyse (1)
- Milankovitch (1)
- Military conversion (1)
- Millennial-scale variability (1)
- Mineral composition (1)
- Mineral soil (1)
- Mineralization (1)
- Mineralogy (1)
- Minimum mortality temperature (1)
- Minor (1)
- Miocene deformation (1)
- Miocene volcanism (1)
- Misho complex (1)
- Missing data (1)
- Mitigation (1)
- Mitigation measures (1)
- Mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved woodland (1)
- Mixed-effects regression (1)
- Mixing model (1)
- Mixing models (1)
- Mixture model (1)
- Miyakejima intrusion (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Model availability (1)
- Model comparison (1)
- Model complexity (1)
- Model coupling (1)
- Model development (1)
- Model landscape (1)
- Model selection (1)
- Modeling framework (1)
- Modeling tools for decision-making (1)
- Modern analogues (1)
- Modern pollen/vegetation relationships (1)
- Moho depths (1)
- Moisture availability (1)
- Moisture evolution (1)
- Moisture reconstructions (1)
- Moisture-advection feedback (1)
- Molasse Basin (1)
- Molecular design (1)
- Molybdenum mineralization (1)
- Moment tensor inversion (1)
- Monetary valuation (1)
- Monitoring programmes (1)
- Monsoonal variability (1)
- Moodies Group (1)
- Moon (1)
- Moraine landscape (1)
- Morisita (1)
- Morisita-Horn (1)
- Morphotectonics (1)
- Mosha Fault (1)
- Moss samples (1)
- Mossbauer spectroscopy (1)
- Moulouya river basin (1)
- Mountain hydrology (1)
- Mountain lake (1)
- Mountain meteorology (1)
- Mozambique Ocean (1)
- Mt. Quincan (1)
- Mudrock analyses (1)
- Multi-angular model-based decomposition (1)
- Multi-attribute decision-making (1)
- Multi-proxy record (1)
- Multi-site study (1)
- Multi-temporal (1)
- Multi-variables (1)
- Multicomponent ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data (1)
- Multidimensionality (1)
- Multilevel model (1)
- Multiple regression (1)
- Multivariate (1)
- Multivariate adaptive regression splines (1)
- Multivariate regression trees (1)
- Multivariate statistical analysis (1)
- Mycotoxins (1)
- N (1)
- N isotopes (1)
- N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) (1)
- N-butylpyridinium bromide (1)
- NAC transcription factor ATAF1 (1)
- NAO (1)
- NDVI temporal profiles (1)
- NE Spain (1)
- NESS (1)
- NFSA (1)
- NMDS (1)
- NOR (1)
- NSGA-II (1)
- NW Himalaya (1)
- NW Morocco (1)
- NW Turkey (1)
- NW-Argentine Andes (1)
- Na-pyrophosphate soluble organic matter (1)
- Najd aquifer (1)
- Namche Barwa (1)
- Namche Barwa syntaxis (1)
- Namibia (1)
- Namibian passive margin (1)
- Nanogranites (1)
- Nanolayers (1)
- Nanomaterial (1)
- Nanorocks (1)
- Narrow (1)
- Natura 2000 monitoring (1)
- Natural dam (1)
- Natural hazard (1)
- Nature protection (1)
- Nd isotopic composition (1)
- Near surface geophysics (1)
- Near+Surface (1)
- Near-surface geophysics (1)
- Nearshore zone (1)
- Neoacadian orogenic cycles (1)
- Neodymium isotopes (1)
- Neogene and Quaternary coastal uplift (1)
- Neotethys Ocean (1)
- Neotropics (1)
- Nested scenarios (1)
- Net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) (1)
- Net precipitation (1)
- Network analysis (1)
- Networks (1)
- Neural circuits (1)
- Neural networks, fuzzy logic (1)
- Neutron radiography (1)
- Nevado Coropuna (1)
- Nianbaoyeze Mountains (1)
- Niche stability (1)
- Niger River Basin (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitrate retention (1)
- Nitrate-N (1)
- NlpR (1)
- Nocardioides alcanivorans (1)
- Non-ergodic PSHA (1)
- Non-marine (1)
- Non-parametric regression (1)
- Non-scalar input factors (1)
- Non-uniqueness (1)
- Nonlinear site response (1)
- Nonparametric statistics (1)
- Nordeste (1)
- Nordic catchments (1)
- Norfolk Island (1)
- Normal (1)
- Normal fault evolution (1)
- North (1)
- North Africa (1)
- North Anatolian Fault (1)
- North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) (1)
- North Atlantic (1)
- North Atlantic Large Igneous Province (1)
- North Atlantic Oscillation (1)
- North Atlantic climate change (1)
- North Atlantic forcing (1)
- North Calabrian Unit (1)
- North Iran (1)
- North Pacific (1)
- North Pacific Ocean (1)
- North Tehran Fault (1)
- North-Western Pacific (1)
- North-eastern Germany (1)
- North-eastern Morocco (1)
- North-eastern Spain (1)
- Northeast Iran (1)
- Northeast Spain (1)
- Northeast of Brazil (1)
- Northeastern China (1)
- Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (1)
- Northern Europe (1)
- Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (1)
- Northern Makran (1)
- Northern Patagonian Icefield (1)
- Northern Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Northern Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Northern Zagros Suture Zone (NZSZ) (1)
- Northwestern Anatolia (1)
- Northwestern Turkey (1)
- Norway (1)
- Norway rat (1)
- Nothofagus (1)
- Nuclear explosions (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (1)
- Numerical model (1)
- Numerical modeling (1)
- Numerical study (1)
- Numerische Modellierung (1)
- Nutrient export (1)
- O horizon (1)
- O ligands (1)
- O-2 (1)
- OAE-2 (1)
- OBIA (1)
- ODD model description (1)
- ODP 659 (1)
- ODP 721/722 (1)
- ODP 967 (1)
- OLCI (1)
- OLI (1)
- OSL (1)
- OSL and C-14 geochronology (1)
- OSL dating (1)
- Ocean Circulation (1)
- Ocean acidification (1)
- Ocean color remote sensing (1)
- Ocean sciences (1)
- Ocean tidal model (1)
- Oceanic anoxic event 1a (1)
- Oceanic transform and fracture zone processes (1)
- Ohalo Site (1)
- Ohre Rift (1)
- Oil sands (1)
- Old Red Sandstone (1)
- Olduvai Subchron (1)
- Oligochaeta (1)
- Omphacite (1)
- Ooid shoals (1)
- Opal-A (1)
- Opal-CT (1)
- Open tropical rain forest (1)
- OpenFOAM (1)
- OpenForecast (1)
- OpenGeosys (1)
- OpenLayers 3 (1)
- OpenStreetMap (1)
- Operational and environmental effects (1)
- Operational use (1)
- Ophiolite (1)
- Ophiolite obduction (1)
- Optical absorption spectroscopy (1)
- Optical methods (1)
- Optical sensors (1)
- Optically stimulated luminescence (1)
- Optimal city size distribution (1)
- Optimization (1)
- Orai1 (1)
- Orbitoides (1)
- Ordination (1)
- Ordovician (1)
- Ore (1)
- Orfento Formation (1)
- Organic chemistry (1)
- Organic matter degradation (1)
- Organic matter stabilization (1)
- Organic pollutants (1)
- Orinoco River system (1)
- Orogen-parallel lateral extrusion (1)
- Orogenic Plateaus (1)
- Orogenic wedge (1)
- Orogenic wedges (1)
- Orographic barrier (1)
- Orographicprecipitation (1)
- Orthoptera (1)
- Orthotropy (1)
- Ostantarktis (1)
- Ostseeküste (1)
- Out-of-sequence thrust (1)
- Output uncertainty (1)
- Overland Bow (1)
- Overland flow generation (1)
- Oxygen and carbon isotopes (1)
- Oxygen isotope compositions (1)
- Oxygen mapping (1)
- Oyster (1)
- Ozone (1)
- P-T path (1)
- P-T-d-tpaths (1)
- P-n tomography (1)
- PAHs (1)
- PAN (1)
- PCA (1)
- PDO (1)
- PETM (1)
- PGE (1)
- PGM (1)
- PM balances (1)
- PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations (1)
- POL (1)
- PSD (1)
- PT estimates (1)
- PT path (1)
- PT pseudosection (1)
- PTMEs (1)
- Pace-of-life (1)
- Pacific-Asia convergence (1)
- Palaeo-Tethys (1)
- Palaeo-lake sediments (1)
- Palaeo-landslides (1)
- Palaeo-seismicity (1)
- Palaeo-shorelines (1)
- Palaeo-vegetation (1)
- Palaeoceanography (1)
- Palaeoclimate proxy (1)
- Palaeoclimate reconstruction (1)
- Palaeodrainage (1)
- Palaeoenvironments (1)
- Palaeofloods (1)
- Palaeogene (1)
- Palaeogeography (1)
- Palaeoliminology (1)
- Palaeomagnetism (1)
- Palaeotemperature (1)
- Palaeotethys (1)
- Palaeotropics (1)
- Palaeovegetation (1)
- Paleo (1)
- Paleo-ecology (1)
- Paleo-productivity (1)
- Paleo-tethys (1)
- Paleoarchean (1)
- Paleobiogeography (1)
- Paleoclimate dynamics (1)
- Paleoclimatic dynamics (1)
- Paleocurrent (1)
- Paleoecology (1)
- Paleoenvironmental (1)
- Paleoenvironmental change (1)
- Paleolake Lorenyang (1)
- Paleomagnetism (1)
- Paleosol (1)
- Paleotethys (1)
- Palygorskite (1)
- Palynostratigraphy (1)
- Paläoklimadynamik (1)
- Pamir Mountains (1)
- Pamir mountains (1)
- Pan-African (1)
- Pan-African magmatism (1)
- Panama Canal watershed (1)
- Panasqueira (1)
- Panjal Traps (1)
- Parana-Etendeka Large Igneous Province (1)
- Paratethys (1)
- Pargasite (1)
- Parlung River (1)
- Partial melt (1)
- Participation (1)
- Particle flow code (1)
- Particle mobility (1)
- Particle swarm optimization (1)
- Particle-size fractions (1)
- Passiv-seismische Interferometrie (1)
- Passive seismic (1)
- Passive seismic interferometry (1)
- Pastoralism (1)
- Patagonian Ice Sheet (1)
- Pattern-oriented modelling (1)
- Patterns (1)
- Pb ages (1)
- Peak flow trends (1)
- Peak-over-threshold (1)
- Peat properties (1)
- Pebas/Acre system (1)
- Peclet number (1)
- Pedestal moraine (1)
- Pediastrum (1)
- Pedogenic carbonate nodules (1)
- Pedotransfer function (1)
- Pegmatoid (1)
- Pentacyclic triterpene methyl ethers (1)
- Per capita growth rate (1)
- Perchlorate (1)
- Perennial frozen ground (1)
- Performance (1)
- Peri-urban agriculture (1)
- Peridotites (1)
- Peridotitic melts (1)
- Permafrost carbon feedback (1)
- Permafrost coasts (1)
- Permafrost degradation (1)
- Permafrost ecosystem (1)
- Permafrost peatlands (1)
- Permanent uplift (1)
- Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Perumytilus mussels (1)
- Peruvian fore arc (1)
- Pesticide transport (1)
- Petrogenesis (1)
- Petrography (1)
- Pharmaceuticals (1)
- Phase angle (1)
- Phenological correction (1)
- Phenotypic plasticity (1)
- Phosphates (1)
- Phosphogenesis (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Physical environment (1)
- Physical rock properties (1)
- Phytolith dissolution (1)
- Phytolith morphotypes (1)
- Piedmont Zone (1)
- Pierson-Moskowitz spectra (1)
- Pigments (1)
- Pilot-scale constructed wetland (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Pine (1)
- Pinus pinaster (1)
- Pitzer (1)
- Plan oblique relief (1)
- Planetary cartography (1)
- Planktothrix (1)
- Plant growth (1)
- Plant macro-remains (1)
- Plant n-alkanes (1)
- Plant phenology (1)
- Plasma convection (1)
- Plateau margins (1)
- Pleistocene and Holocene climate (1)
- Pleistocene/Holocene transition (1)
- Plio-Pleistocene timeframe (1)
- Plio-Pleistocene transition (1)
- Plio-Pleistozän Zeitfenster (1)
- Plio-pleistocene transition (1)
- Pliocene (1)
- Poaceae (1)
- Pohang (Korea) (1)
- Point cloud (1)
- Polarisation analysis (1)
- Pollen size (1)
- Pollen source area (1)
- Pollen trap (1)
- Pollen-climate calibration (1)
- Pollen-climate relationship (1)
- Pollen-climate transfer function (1)
- Pollinator conservation (1)
- Polymerization (1)
- Polymorphs (1)
- Ponds (1)
- Pontides (1)
- Population density (1)
- Population dynamics (1)
- Pore analysis (1)
- Pore network modeling (1)
- Porous sandstone (1)
- Portugal (1)
- Poshtuk (1)
- Poshtuk metapelites (1)
- Post-glacial landscape (1)
- Posterior estimation (1)
- Potamogeton/Stuckenia (1)
- Potassic white mica (1)
- Potassium (1)
- Power-to-Gas (1)
- Precambrain (1)
- Precaution (1)
- Precession (1)
- Precipitation events (1)
- Precipitation pattern (1)
- Precipitation reconstruction (1)
- Precipitation variability (1)
- Precise point positioning (1)
- Predation (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Predictive models (1)
- Preparedness (1)
- Primitive island-arc (1)
- Probabilistic exposure modelling (1)
- Probabilistic forecasting (1)
- Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and Bayesian inference (1)
- Process domains (1)
- Process models (1)
- Procrustes analysis (1)
- Project monitoring (1)
- Proportional population growth rate (1)
- Proto-North Atlantic (1)
- Protolith (1)
- Provenance Analysis (1)
- Provenance analysis (1)
- Provenance studies (1)
- Proximal soil sensing (1)
- Pseudo-binary phase diagrams (1)
- Pseudoleucite (1)
- Pseudotachylyte (1)
- Pu239+240 (1)
- Public good game (1)
- Public policy (1)
- Public-private partnerships (1)
- Pull-Apart (1)
- Pull-Apart Basin (1)
- Pull-apart basin (1)
- Pulsed climate variability hypothesis (1)
- Puna (1)
- Punishment (1)
- Push factor (1)
- Q(10) (1)
- QBO (1)
- Qilian mountains (1)
- Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) (1)
- Quantification of runoff components (1)
- Quantile Regression Forest model (1)
- Quantile regression (1)
- Quantile regression forests (1)
- Quantitative reconstruction (1)
- Quantitative regional plant abundance (1)
- Quarter-wavelength principle (1)
- Quartz (1)
- Quaternary climate (1)
- Quaternary climate change (1)
- Quaternary geochronology (1)
- Quaternary maar volcanism (1)
- Quaternary terraces (1)
- Quercus brantii (1)
- Quercus ilex (1)
- Quercus pubescens (1)
- RCP scenarios (1)
- RCP4,5 and 8,5 (1)
- RCP4.5 (1)
- RCP8.5 (1)
- RETC (1)
- REVEALS (1)
- REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation (1)
- REVEALS model (1)
- RHA1 (1)
- RSCM thermometry (1)
- Rac-metalaxyl (1)
- Radar rainfall data (1)
- Radioactivity (1)
- Radiocarbon (1)
- Radiocarbon age dating (1)
- Radiocarbon and OSL dating (1)
- Radioisotope disequilibria dating (1)
- Radiolaria (1)
- Radon (1)
- Rain gauges (1)
- Rainfall (1)
- Rainfall event (1)
- Rainfall floods (1)
- Rainfall interception (1)
- Rainfall network (1)
- Rainfall simulation (1)
- Rainfall-triggered landslide (1)
- Rainforest (1)
- Raman (1)
- Random Forests (1)
- Rangeland (1)
- Rangeland management (1)
- Rangifer tarandus (1)
- Raoult's law (1)
- Rapid exhumation/cooling (1)
- RapidEye (1)
- Rare common comparison (1)
- Rare earth element (REE) distribution (1)
- Rate of compositional change (1)
- Rattus norvegicus (1)
- Raw observation (1)
- Rayleigh test (1)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochron (1)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (1)
- Reactive transport (1)
- Reactive transport modelling (1)
- Real Estate Portal (1)
- Real time (1)
- Recent forest (1)
- Recharge (1)
- Recharge controls (1)
- Reclamation (1)
- Reconstruction (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Recurrence analysis (1)
- Red River (1)
- Red Sea (1)
- Redox potential (1)
- Redox reaction (1)
- Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD plus ) (1)
- Reduction targets (1)
- Redundancy analysis (1)
- Reefs (1)
- Reference site (1)
- Reference station (1)
- Reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- Reflectivity (1)
- Regime shifts (1)
- Regional climate models (1)
- Regional cooperation (1)
- Regional ecosystem service management (1)
- Regional forcings (1)
- Regional objectives (1)
- Regional scale (1)
- Regional-dependence (1)
- Regionalization (1)
- Regolith (1)
- Regoliths (1)
- Relative dating (1)
- Renewable energy (1)
- Renovation (1)
- Rental Prize (1)
- Reproductive performance (1)
- Reptile (1)
- Research needs (1)
- Reservoir (1)
- Reservoir Networks (1)
- Reservoir network (1)
- Reservoir temperature (1)
- Reservoirs (1)
- Residential building stock (1)
- Residual analysis (1)
- Residual maximum likelihood (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Respiration rate (1)
- Response function (1)
- Retention (1)
- Rewetting (1)
- Reykjanes (1)
- Rheic Ocean (1)
- Rheology: crust and (1)
- Rhine basin (1)
- Rhodococcus (1)
- Rifted continental margin (1)
- Ring complex (1)
- Riparian vegetation (1)
- Riparian zone (1)
- Risk assessment (1)
- Risk dominance (1)
- Risk perception (1)
- Risk zoning (1)
- Riskspreading (1)
- River Esera (1)
- River Incision Model (1)
- River Isabena (1)
- River basin (1)
- River bed sediment (1)
- River discharge (1)
- River flow (1)
- River incision (1)
- River profiles (1)
- River-groundwater exchange (1)
- River-groundwater-interaction (1)
- Riverine floods (1)
- Roach (1)
- Rock glacier (1)
- Rock-Eval pyrolysis (1)
- Rocky deserts (1)
- Rodinia (1)
- Role-play (1)
- Romania (1)
- Root morphology (1)
- Root respiration (1)
- Root water uptake (1)
- Rooting depth (1)
- Roots (1)
- Rossby waves (1)
- Rotifers (1)
- Roughness (1)
- Rover station (1)
- Runoff modeling (1)
- Russian Arctic region (1)
- Rutile mineral chemistry (1)
- Ryukyu Group (1)
- Ryukyu Islands (1)
- S-receiver functions (1)
- S-type granite (1)
- S-wave velocity (1)
- S-waves (1)
- SAFIRA II (1)
- SAR (1)
- SDM (1)
- SEBAL (1)
- SEM (1)
- SH waves (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SIO₂ (1)
- SMI (1)
- SN(A)15 (1)
- SPEI (1)
- SPI (1)
- SPM (1)
- SRTM improvements (1)
- SSMI/S (1)
- SW Africa (1)
- Sabzevar (1)
- Salento (1)
- Salinic (1)
- Salt Range (1)
- Salt diapir (1)
- Salt pan (1)
- Salt transport (1)
- Salztransport (1)
- Samara (1)
- Sambagawa (1)
- Sampling strategy (1)
- Sanabria Lake (1)
- Sand dune steppe and grassland vegetation (1)
- Sandstone detrital modes (1)
- Santa Cruz Island (1)
- Santa-Barbara system (1)
- Sarmentofascis (1)
- Satellite gravity data (1)
- Satellite magnetics (1)
- Saturated zone (1)
- Sava River (1)
- Savanna (1)
- Scaling (1)
- Scenario (1)
- Scenario study (1)
- Scenarios (1)
- Schadensprozesse (1)
- Scheme (1)
- Schleswig-Holstein (1)
- Schwerminerale (1)
- Scotland (1)
- Sea level (1)
- Sea of Galilee (1)
- Sea of Marmara (1)
- Sea-level change (1)
- Sea-level changes (1)
- Seagrasses (1)
- Seasonal forecasting (1)
- Seawater intrusion (1)
- Secondary forest (1)
- Sectoral emissions (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Sediment Flux (1)
- Sediment cascade (1)
- Sediment cascades (1)
- Sediment characterization (1)
- Sediment distribution (1)
- Sediment magnetism (1)
- Sediment monitoring (1)
- Sediment production (1)
- Sediment recycling (1)
- Sediment redistribution (1)
- Sediment retention (1)
- Sediment reuse (1)
- Sediment storage (1)
- Sediment supply (1)
- Sediment tails (1)
- Sediment transfer (1)
- Sediment transport (1)
- Sedimentary basin (1)
- Sedimentary facies (1)
- Sedimentary rocks (1)
- Sedimentation rate (1)
- Seed competition (1)
- Seismic anisotropy (1)
- Seismic damage assessment (1)
- Seismic gap (1)
- Seismic hazard (1)
- Seismic hazard assessment (1)
- Seismic imaging (1)
- Seismic investigations (1)
- Seismic load parameters (1)
- Seismic nest (1)
- Seismic network (1)
- Seismic refraction (1)
- Seismic risk (1)
- Seismic slip distribution (1)
- Seismic source parameters (1)
- Seismicity and tectonic (1)
- Seismo-tectonics (1)
- Seismo-volcanic activity (1)
- Seismogenic sources (1)
- Seismoturbidites (1)
- Self-organizing map (1)
- Self-propping fracture (1)
- Semi-arid savanna (1)
- Semiarid catchment (1)
- Sensitive areas (1)
- Sentinel 2 (1)
- Sentinel 3 (1)
- Sentinel-1 InSAR (1)
- Sequence stratigraphy (1)
- Sequences (1)
- Sequential extraction (1)
- Sericytochromatia (1)
- Shale gas (1)
- Shallow borehole sensors (1)
- Shallow lakes (1)
- Shallow marine deposits (1)
- Shallow subsurface (1)
- Shan (1)
- Shanderman (1)
- Shannon entropy (1)
- Shape detection (1)
- Shear Zone (1)
- Shear wave splitting (1)
- Shear wave velocity (1)
- Shear zones (1)
- Shell Bar (1)
- Shire River basin (1)
- Shore vegetationa (1)
- Short-lived climate pollutants (1)
- Shrubland regeneration (1)
- Si cycling (1)
- Si extraction (1)
- SiO(2)Molecular dynamics (1)
- SiO2-H2O (1)
- Siberian arctic (1)
- Siderite (1)
- Sierra de Aconquija (1)
- Sierra de San Luis (1)
- Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Sierras Pampeanas Orientales (1)
- Sigmoid model (1)
- Signal enhancement (1)
- Signal propagation (1)
- Silica (1)
- Silicate weathering (1)
- Silicate- carbonate melts/glasses (1)
- Silk Road (1)
- Sillimanit (1)
- Simulated Mars-like conditions (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Simulation model (1)
- Single station sigma (1)
- Single-station sigma (1)
- Singular value decomposition (1)
- Sinkholes (1)
- Site amplification (1)
- Site characterisation (1)
- Site classification (1)
- Site proxy (1)
- Site response (1)
- Site-adequate land use (1)
- Site-condition proxies (1)
- Site-specific agricultural land-use (1)
- Siurana Reservoir (1)
- Siwalik (1)
- Siwalik Group (1)
- Siwaliks (1)
- Size distribution (1)
- Slab break-off (1)
- Slab retreat (1)
- Slab roll-back (1)
- Slip Distribution (1)
- Slip deficit (1)
- Slip distribution (1)
- Slip rate (1)
- Slip-rate (1)
- Slope exposure (1)
- Slope temperature (1)
- Slope-area plot (1)
- Sm-Nd (1)
- Smallholder (1)
- Snow (1)
- Snow avalanche recognition (1)
- Snow-Water Equivalent (1)
- Snow-cover (1)
- Snowella (1)
- Snowmelt floods (1)
- Social valuation (1)
- Social-ecological systems (1)
- Socio-economics (1)
- Socio-economy (1)
- Sociocultural valuation (1)
- Socioeconomic scenarios (1)
- Soil C leaching (1)
- Soil C- and N stocks (1)
- Soil carbon (1)
- Soil catena (1)
- Soil contamination (1)
- Soil deposition (1)
- Soil development (1)
- Soil microorganisms (1)
- Soil moisture measurement comparison (1)
- Soil moisture patterns (1)
- Soil moisture regimes (1)
- Soil moisture time series (1)
- Soil monitoring (1)
- Soil organic carbon stocks (1)
- Soil organic carbon storage (1)
- Soil organic matter (1)
- Soil process modelling (1)
- Soil reaction (1)
- Soil redoximorphic feature (1)
- Soil respiration (1)
- Soil stratification (1)
- Soil texture (1)
- Soil thin-section (1)
- Soil tillage (1)
- Soil water balance (1)
- Soil water balance simulation (1)
- Soil water variability (1)
- Soil-environmental relationships (1)
- Soil-water salinity (1)
- Soils (1)
- Solid Earth sciences (1)
- Solute evolution (1)
- Sommer et al. 2006 (1)
- Source (1)
- Source longevity (1)
- Source mechanism (1)
- South Africa (1)
- South Asia (1)
- South Atlantic (1)
- South Central Andes (1)
- South China Sea (1)
- South Korea (1)
- South Pacific Gyre (1)
- South-America (1)
- Southern Apennines (1)
- Southern Caspian Basin (1)
- Southern Central Volcanic Zone (1)
- Southern Ethiopian Rift (1)
- Southern Kyrgyzstan (1)
- Southern Levant (1)
- Southern Norway (1)
- Southern Oscillation (1)
- Southern Pamir (1)
- Soybean (1)
- Soziale Medien (1)
- Spatial Modeling (1)
- Spatial analysis (1)
- Spatial analysis and modelling tool (SAMT) (1)
- Spatial and nonspatial graphs (1)
- Spatial and temporal denudation rate (1)
- Spatial autocorrelation (1)
- Spatial coherence (1)
- Spatial distribution (1)
- Spatial patterns (1)
- Spatial policy (1)
- Spatial structure (1)
- Spatially cross-correlated ground motion (1)
- Spatially explicit modelling (1)
- Spatially explicit models (1)
- Spatially explicit prediction (1)
- Spatio-temporal variability (1)
- Species conservation (1)
- Species distribution modelling (1)
- Species range shift (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Spectral analysis (1)
- Spectral clustering analysis (1)
- Spectral decomposition (1)
- Spectral intensity (1)
- Spectral unmixing (1)
- Spectrometry (1)
- Spectrophotometry (1)
- Spektroskopie (1)
- Speleoseismology (1)
- Speleothems (1)
- Spin transition (1)
- Spitzbergen (1)
- Sponge spicule (1)
- Sponges (1)
- Sporopollenin (1)
- Spreewald wetland (1)
- Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
- Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes (1)
- Sr-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Sri Lanka (1)
- Stability properties (1)
- Stable carbon isotope (1)
- Stable isotope fractionation analysis (1)
- Stable oxygen isotopes (1)
- Stable water isotopes (1)
- Stag hunt (1)
- Stage-discharge (1)
- Stakeholder (1)
- Stakeholder participation (1)
- Stalagmite (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Standardized precipitation index (1)
- Starkregen (1)
- State space reconstruction (1)
- Static bulk modulus (1)
- Statistical Methods (1)
- Statistical analysis (1)
- Statistical downscaling (1)
- Statistical modeling (1)
- Statistical significance (1)
- Statistics (1)
- Steppe (1)
- Steppe-desert (1)
- Stimulation fluids (1)
- Stochastic gradient boosting (1)
- Stochastic model (1)
- Stockholm-convention (1)
- StorAge Selection function (1)
- Storm (1)
- Storm water management model (1)
- Strain (1)
- Strain localisation (1)
- Strain localization Carrara marble (1)
- Strandlines (1)
- Stratal cyclicity (1)
- Strategic uncertainty (1)
- Stratigraphy (1)
- Stream length gradient (1)
- Stream network (1)
- Streamfiow (1)
- Streamflow (1)
- Stress field (1)
- Stress measurement (1)
- Stress parameter (1)
- Stress tensor (1)
- Strike-slip faults (1)
- Strong motion (1)
- Strong-motion data (1)
- Strong-motion records (1)
- Strontium-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Structural health monitoring (1)
- Structural inheritance (1)
- Structural models (1)
- Structure effect (1)
- Structure-from-motion (1)
- Sturmhochwasser (1)
- Sturzflut (1)
- Style of faulting (1)
- Störungszone (1)
- Subaerial exposure (1)
- Subantarctic Front (1)
- Subduction Zone (1)
- Subduction earthquakes (1)
- Subduction fluids (1)
- Subduction input (1)
- Subduction interface (1)
- Subduction zone structure (1)
- Subfreezing temperatures (1)
- Submarine channel (1)
- Submarine permafrost (1)
- Submarine sediments (1)
- Submariner Permafrost (1)
- Submerged macrophytes (1)
- Submerged vegetation composition (1)
- Subsea permafrost (1)
- Substrate (1)
- Subsurface energy storage (1)
- Subterranean environment (1)
- Subtropical cyclones (1)
- Sulfate (1)
- Sumatran fault (1)
- Sumba Island (1)
- Summer and winter temperature (1)
- Supercontinent breakup (1)
- Supercontinent cycle (1)
- Support vector machine regression (1)
- Supra-subduction zone (1)
- Surface (1)
- Surface Exposure Age (1)
- Surface composition (1)
- Surface floods (1)
- Surface roughness parameters (1)
- Surface waves (1)
- Surface-to-borehole spectral ratios (1)
- Surface-wave methods (1)
- Susceptibility (1)
- Suspended sediment transport (1)
- Suspended-sediment yield (1)
- Sustainable cities (1)
- Sustainable development (1)
- Sustainable land use (1)
- Sustainable natural hazard management (1)
- Sutlej River (1)
- Swarm earthquakes (1)
- Symbology (1)
- Syn-eruptive Hyaloclastic deposits (1)
- Syn-rift breccia (1)
- Synchronization (1)
- Synchrotron X-ray (1)
- Synchrotron tomography (1)
- Syntectonic sedimentation (1)
- Synthetic pyroxene (1)
- Syria (1)
- System (1)
- Systematics (1)
- TDS-1 (1)
- TIN (1)
- TL of feldspar (1)
- TL-thermochronology (1)
- TLS (1)
- TOC (1)
- TRMM satellite data (1)
- Tailings ponds (1)
- Tajik Basin (1)
- Takab (1)
- TanDEM-X DEM (1)
- Tananao Complex (1)
- Tangible losses (1)
- Taphonomy (1)
- Taranaki Basin (1)
- Tarim Basin, NW China (1)
- Tarim basin (1)
- Tasseled Cap transformation (1)
- Tauern Window; (1)
- Tauride (1)
- Taurus petroleum system (1)
- Team (1)
- TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) (1)
- Tectonic Evolution (1)
- Tectonic Geomorphology (1)
- Tectonic deformation (1)
- Tectonic reconstruction (1)
- Tectonic uplift (1)
- Tectonic-climate coupling (1)
- Tectonics and climatic interactions (1)
- Temperate deciduous forest (1)
- Temperature sensitivity (1)
- Temperature time series (1)
- Temperaturerekonstruktion (1)
- Temporal clustering (1)
- Temporal dynamics (1)
- Temporal sensitivity (1)
- Temporal spread (1)
- Temporal stability of soil water fluxes (1)
- Temporal variability (1)
- Temporary pond (1)
- TerraSAR-X (1)
- Terrace reoccupation (1)
- Terraces (1)
- Terrain maps (1)
- Terrestrial C sink (1)
- Terrestrial ecosystem development (1)
- Testate amoeba shell (1)
- Testate amoebae (1)
- Testudines (1)
- Teteriv (1)
- Tetrahymanol (1)
- Th-232 (1)
- Th-U-Pb monazite age (1)
- Thaw lakes (1)
- The Geysers (1)
- The northern margin of the South China Sea (1)
- Theriak/Domino (1)
- Thermal electricity production (1)
- Thermal evolution (1)
- Thermal treatment (1)
- Thermo-mechanical modeling (1)
- Thermo-sensitive tracers (1)
- Thermobarometry (1)
- Thermodynamic modeling (1)
- Thermodynamic-geochemical modeling (1)
- Thermotoleranz (1)
- Thick-skinned tectonics (1)
- Tholeiite (1)
- Tholeiitic basalts (1)
- Thorichnus-Vatnaspor ichnoassemblage (1)
- Three-dimensional (1)
- Threshold (1)
- Thrombolites (1)
- Tian (1)
- Tian Shan piedmont (1)
- Tian shan (1)
- Tianshan orogenic belt (1)
- Tibetan plateau (1)
- Tidal marsh vegetation (1)
- Tien Shan (western Central Asia) (1)
- Tien Shan Mountains (1)
- Tile drain (1)
- Tillage (1)
- Tillage erosion (1)
- Time-lag effects (1)
- Time-lapse imaging (1)
- Tonian–Cryogenian (1)
- Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) (1)
- Topography reconstruction (1)
- Trace elements (1)
- Trace metals (1)
- Tracer (1)
- Tracers (1)
- Transbaikalia (1)
- Transfer functions (1)
- Transform fault (1)
- Transformation of hydrological signals (1)
- Transpression (1)
- Tree age distribution (1)
- Tree line (1)
- Tree species effect (1)
- Tree-based pursuit (1)
- Tree-ring (1)
- Tree-ring software (1)
- Tremp basin (1)
- Triaxial deformation (1)
- Triggered seismicity (1)
- Triphylite (1)
- Tristan mantle plume (1)
- Triticum aestivum L (1)
- Trophic interactions (1)
- Tropical dry deciduous forests (1)
- Tropical high mountains (1)
- Tropical montane forests (1)
- Tropical rainforest (1)
- Tropical storms (1)
- Tropics (1)
- Trout Lake (1)
- Trujillo Block (1)
- Tso Morari (1)
- Tsunami effect (1)
- Tsunamis (1)
- Tundra (1)
- Tundra-taiga ecotone (1)
- Tungsten–tin deposits (1)
- Tuning (1)
- Turbidite (1)
- Turbidite paleoseismology (1)
- Turbidity retrieval (1)
- Turkana depression (1)
- Tuscany (1)
- Tuz Golu Basin (1)
- Twitter (1)
- Type-I error (1)
- U (1)
- U/Pb dating of titanite (1)
- UAS (1)
- UAVs (1)
- UHP eclogites (1)
- UHP edogites and felsic gneisses (1)
- UHP exhumation (1)
- UHP metamorphism (1)
- UNESCO (1)
- UNFCCC (1)
- USLE (1)
- Uk'37 (1)
- Ukraine (1)
- Ultra-high pressure (UHP) (1)
- Ultra-low velocity zones (1)
- Ultrahigh-pressure (1)
- Uncertainty Processor (1)
- Uncertainty analysis (1)
- Uncertainty estimation (1)
- Unconventional gas (1)
- Unconventional gas production (1)
- Unconventional reservoir potential (1)
- Underground gas storage (1)
- Ungauged catchments (1)
- Uniformitarianism (1)
- Unloading (1)
- Unsaturated zone (1)
- Unterrichtsmethoden (1)
- Uplift (1)
- Uplift Rate (1)
- Uplift rate (1)
- Upper Cambrian (1)
- Upper Indus Basin (1)
- Upper Paleozoic (1)
- Upper Permian Zechstein Group Northern Germany (1)
- Urban CO2 emissions (1)
- Urban Kaya relation (1)
- Urban ecosystem analysis (1)
- Urban energy (1)
- Urban learning lab (1)
- Urban scaling (1)
- Urban sprawl (1)
- Urban water cycle (1)
- V-S,V-30 (1)
- V-p (1)
- V-s profiles (1)
- V-s ratios (1)
- V-s,V-30 (1)
- VERB (1)
- VI (1)
- VLBI analysis (1)
- VLP (1)
- VOCs (1)
- VT events and tremor (1)
- Vadose zone (1)
- Valais ocean (1)
- Valley fill (1)
- Valley fills (1)
- Values (1)
- Van Krevelen diagram (1)
- Variability (1)
- Varve (1)
- Varve chronologies (1)
- Varve chronology (1)
- Varve counting (1)
- Varved lake sediments (1)
- Varved sediments (1)
- Vascular plants (1)
- Vegetation change (1)
- Vegetation composition (1)
- Vegetation diversity indices (1)
- Vegetation driver (1)
- Vegetation structure (1)
- Vegetation-climate disequilibrium (1)
- Vegetative reproduction (1)
- Velocity models (1)
- Vermicompost (1)
- Versalzung (1)
- Vertical flow filters (1)
- Vertical flux (1)
- Vertical pollen dispersal and deposition (1)
- Vertical resolution (1)
- Vertical-flow soil filter (1)
- Vertisol genesis (1)
- Vietnam (1)
- Vinoren (1)
- Virtual active seismic (1)
- Virulenz (1)
- Viscous blocking (1)
- Visitors (1)
- Visual system (1)
- Visualisation tool (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Volatiles (1)
- Volcan de Colima (1)
- Volcanic activity (1)
- Volcanic arc processes (1)
- Volcanic collapse (1)
- Volcanic disturbances (1)
- Volcanic rift zone (1)
- Volcanic rocks (1)
- Volcaniclastics (1)
- Volcanology (1)
- Volta Basin (1)
- Volume reconstruction (1)
- Vrica Subchron (1)
- Vulnerability mapping (1)
- W Cantabrian coast (1)
- WAPLS (1)
- WASA-SED (1)
- WGHM (1)
- WRF (1)
- WRF-Chem (1)
- WaSiM-ETH (1)
- Walker circulation (1)
- Wall paintings (1)
- Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (1)
- Water (1)
- Water Availability (1)
- Water balance (1)
- Water balance model (1)
- Water budget / balance (1)
- Water chemistry (1)
- Water demand (1)
- Water distribution (1)
- Water quality modelling (1)
- Water resources (1)
- Water stable isotope (1)
- Water storage (1)
- Water storage dynamic (1)
- Water transport (1)
- Water yield (1)
- Watershed (1)
- Wave (1)
- Wave-built terraces (1)
- Wavelet power spectrum (1)
- Wavelet transform (1)
- Wavelet transformation (1)
- Weather (1)
- Weather patterns (1)
- Weather radar (1)
- Weathering indices (1)
- Web maps (1)
- WebGL (1)
- Weighted model ensembles (1)
- Weighted-average partial least squares (1)
- Weights-of-Evidence (1)
- Well productivity (1)
- West Africa (1)
- West Bohemia (1)
- Western Africa (1)
- Western Alps (1)
- Western Bug (1)
- Western Interior Basin (1)
- Western Qaidam Basin (1)
- Wheat (1)
- White mica Ar-40/ Ar-39 spot ages (1)
- Wide-angle seismic (1)
- Wild bees (1)
- Willingness to pay (1)
- Willow tree (1)
- Wind model (1)
- Wind modelling (1)
- Wind tunnel experiments (1)
- Within-field variation (1)
- Woodchips (1)
- Woody coverage (1)
- WorldDEM (1)
- WorldView-2 (1)
- Wuchiapingian (1)
- X-radiography (1)
- X-ray Raman scattering (1)
- X-ray fluorescence (1)
- X-ray mapping (1)
- XRF analysis (1)
- XRF data (1)
- Xigaze ophiolite (1)
- Xining Basin (1)
- Xinjiang (1)
- Yakutia (1)
- Yamal (1)
- Yangtze River (1)
- Yarlung Tsangpo (1)
- Yedoma (1)
- Yedoma Ice Complex (1)
- Yucatan Peninsula (1)
- Yukon (1)
- Yuli belt (1)
- Yurtus Formation (1)
- Z-P approach (1)
- ZHe tracer thermochronology (1)
- Zagros forests (1)
- Zanskar (1)
- Zechstein salt (1)
- Zechstein-Buntsandstein interval (1)
- Zelezna hurka (1)
- Zeolites (1)
- Zermatt-Saas (1)
- Ziphiidae (1)
- Zircon U-Pb age (1)
- Zircon U-Pb dating (1)
- Zircon U/Pb and Pb-Pb ages (1)
- Zircon age (1)
- Zircon dating (1)
- Zooxanthellate corals (1)
- aboveground biomass (1)
- absorption (1)
- acceptability (1)
- accessory minerals (1)
- accommodation-space (1)
- accountability (1)
- accretionary complex (1)
- accretionary prism (1)
- accumulation in soils (1)
- acidophilic microorganisms (1)
- acoustic emission (1)
- acoustic emissions (1)
- action plan (1)
- active continental margin (1)
- active layer (1)
- actively growing bacteria (AGB) (1)
- adaption measure (1)
- adaptive management (1)
- administrative units (1)
- adsorption (1)
- advection (1)
- aeolian (1)
- aeolian input (1)
- aerobic respiration (1)
- aerosols (1)
- afforestation (1)
- afterslip inversion (1)
- age class forest (1)
- age resetting (1)
- age-depth model (1)
- age-elevation relationships (1)
- age-heterogeneity (1)
- agemodeling (1)
- agent-based models (1)
- agglomeration (1)
- aggradation-incision cycles (1)
- agricultural productivity (1)
- agricultural soils (1)
- agroecosystem (1)
- aillikite (1)
- air pollution (1)
- airborne (1)
- airborne geophysics (1)
- airglow (1)
- albedo (1)
- algorithms (1)
- alkaline granites (1)
- alkaline lake (1)
- alluvial fans (1)
- alluvial-fan sedimentation (1)
- alpine (1)
- alpine environment (1)
- alpine grassland degradation (1)
- alps (1)
- alteration geochemistry (1)
- altitudinal zonation (1)
- alveolinaceans (1)
- ambition (1)
- ammonia (1)
- ammonia volatilization (1)
- amphibole (1)
- amplicon sequencing (1)
- analog experiment (1)
- analog modeling (1)
- analog models (1)
- and Granite Magmatism (1)
- andean geology (1)
- anhydrite inclusions (1)
- animal calories (1)
- anorthite (1)
- anoxia (1)
- ant mounds (1)
- antibiotic resistance (1)
- antimicrobial resistance (1)
- apatite (1)
- apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology (1)
- apatite fission track (1)
- apatite fission-track (1)
- apatite fission-track thermochronology (1)
- apatite geochemistry and U-Pb dating (1)
- apatite helium thermochronology (1)
- aquatic carbon cycle (1)
- aquifer-river interface (1)
- archaeology (1)
- archetypical gauging station (1)
- architecture (1)
- arctic tundra (1)
- arctic water bodies (1)
- arctic-alpine environments (1)
- area-average snow monitoring (1)
- aridification (1)
- arktische Klimaänderung (1)
- artefact avoidance (1)
- artificial light (1)
- artificial light at night (1)
- artificial neural networks (1)
- artificially drained lowland (1)
- assimilation (1)
- asthenosphere (1)
- astronomical calibration (1)
- asymmetric rifting (1)
- atlantic (1)
- atmosphere (1)
- atmosphere-only climate model simulations (1)
- atmospheric aerosols (1)
- atmospheric circulation (1)
- atmospheric deposition (1)
- attenuation (1)
- attitudes (1)
- attitudinal transects (1)
- attraction (1)
- attributes (1)
- attribution (1)
- autocorrelation (1)
- automated monitoring (1)
- automatic chambers (1)
- automatic lineament extraction (1)
- automatic processing (1)
- autotrophic respiration (1)
- back arc basin (1)
- bacterial community composition (1)
- bacterial diversity (1)
- bacterial-community structure (1)
- bandgap (1)
- bank infiltration (1)
- base-level fall (1)
- baseflow (1)
- basin modeling (1)
- bat fatalities (1)
- beaver (1)
- bed disturbance (1)
- bedload transport (1)
- bedrock-alluvial channels (1)
- behavioral adaptation (1)
- belowground biomass (1)
- bentonite (1)
- berylium-10 (1)
- beryllium (1)
- best practices (1)
- biodiversity decline (1)
- biofilm (1)
- biogas (1)
- biogeochemistry (1)
- biogeographic provinces (1)
- biogeography (1)
- bioindicators (1)
- biological invasion (1)
- biomanipulation (1)
- biomarkers (1)
- biomaterial (1)
- biomineralization (1)
- biosynthetic fractionation (1)
- bioturbation (1)
- blueSeis-3A sensors (1)
- body condition (1)
- body growth rate (1)
- bond strength (1)
- bonding transition (1)
- boosting (1)
- boreal forest (1)
- boreal forests (1)
- borehole leakage (1)
- bottom sediments (1)
- boundary element modeling (1)
- boundary exchange (1)
- boundary scavenging (1)
- box turtles (1)
- brackish marsh (1)
- braided alluvial rivers (1)
- branched GDGTs (1)
- breaches (1)
- breccia (1)
- broadband seismometer (1)
- bromeliad (1)
- bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunocytochemistry (1)
- brown (1)
- brushite (1)
- bryophytes (1)
- bubble trap (1)
- buildings (1)
- bulk chemistry (1)
- burning (1)
- calc-alkaline (1)
- calcium (1)
- caldera collapse (1)
- calderas (1)
- calibration (1)
- canopy height (1)
- capacitive sensors (1)
- captive breeding (1)
- carbon burial (1)
- carbon capture and storage (CCS) (1)
- carbon capture and utilization (CCU) (1)
- carbon density (1)
- carbon export (1)
- carbon flows (1)
- carbon fluxes (1)
- carbon isotopes (1)
- carbon sequestration (1)
- carbon stabilization (1)
- carbon-cycle (1)
- carbonate assimilation (1)
- carbonate precipitation (1)
- carbonate ramp (1)
- carbonates (1)
- carbonatites (1)
- carnallite (1)
- carnivora (1)
- cartography (1)
- case history (1)
- case study (1)
- cash crops (1)
- cataclasite (1)
- catchment connectivity (1)
- catchment nitrate export (1)
- catchment response (1)
- catchment scale (1)
- catchments (1)
- cell separation (1)
- cellulose (1)
- cement (1)
- cementation (1)
- central Andean foreland (1)
- central Mediterranean (1)
- central Mongolia (1)
- central Poland (1)
- central south island (1)
- channel geometry (1)
- channel migration (1)
- channel projection (1)
- channel steepness (1)
- channel transmission losses (1)
- channel width (1)
- charcoal (1)
- chemical weathering (1)
- chemical-mechanical interaction (1)
- chemistry (1)
- chemocline (1)
- chlorite (1)
- chlorite-phengite thermobarometry (1)
- chloritoid micaschist (1)
- chloritoid stability (1)
- cholecalciferol (1)
- choppering (1)
- chorus waves (1)
- chronological construction (1)
- chronology (AICC2012) (1)
- chronostratigraphy (1)
- chronostratigrapy (1)
- circulation (1)
- city district (1)
- classification (1)
- clay (1)
- clay mineral (1)
- clay organic coating (1)
- clay sediments (1)
- cleaner energy transitions (1)
- climat change (1)
- climate action (1)
- climate adaptation (1)
- climate benefits (1)
- climate change co-operation (1)
- climate change cooperation (1)
- climate clubs (1)
- climate gradient (1)
- climate instability (1)
- climate modeling (1)
- climate networks (1)
- climate reconstructions (1)
- climate time series analysis (1)
- climate transition (1)
- climate variability (1)
- climate warming (1)
- climate-carbon cycle feedbacks (1)
- climate-change mitigation (1)
- climate-change policy (1)
- climate-tectonic feedback processes (1)
- climate-tectonic feedbacks (1)
- climatic and tectonic forcing (1)
- climatology (1)
- clinopyroxenite (1)
- clockwise P-T path (1)
- clonal growth (1)
- closed forest (1)
- club goods (1)
- cluster analysis (1)
- co-benefits (1)
- coastal flooding (1)
- coastal floods (1)
- coastal sand dunes (1)
- coefficient of determination (1)
- coesite (1)
- coexistence (1)
- coexisting phases (1)
- coherence (1)
- coherent noise (1)
- cold surges (1)
- companies (1)
- competition (1)
- competition-defense trade-off (1)
- complexes (1)
- compliance (1)
- components (1)
- composite properties (1)
- compositional gap (1)
- compositional map (1)
- compositional species turnover (1)
- computational fluid dynamics (1)
- computational geosciences (1)
- concentration (1)
- conditional commitments (1)
- conductivity map (1)
- conservation planning (1)
- conservation units (1)
- conservative (1)
- contamination processes (1)
- continental break-up (1)
- continental breakup (1)
- continental collision (1)
- continental lithosphere (1)
- continental neotectonics (1)
- continental rifting (1)
- continental rifts (1)
- continental shelf (1)
- continuous modelling (1)
- continuous snowpack monitoring (1)
- controlled drainage (1)
- convective available potential energy (1)
- convective available potential energy (CAPE) (1)
- convective rainfall (1)
- coordination transformation (1)
- coral (1)
- core flow (1)
- core-shell (1)
- coregistration (1)
- correlation skill (1)
- correlations (1)
- corridors (1)
- cosmic-rays (1)
- cosmogenic burial dating (1)
- cosmogenic erosion rates (1)
- cosmogenic nuclide-dating (1)
- cosmogenic radionuclides (1)
- cost of electricity (COE) (1)
- cost-benefit analysis (1)
- costs of infrastructure (1)
- coumatetralyl (1)
- coupled fluid and heat transport (1)
- covalency (1)
- creep and unmapped faults; (1)
- critical infrastructure resilience (1)
- critical meteorological condition (1)
- crop products (1)
- cross-calibration (1)
- crown roots (1)
- crustal anatexis (1)
- crustal density structure (1)
- crustal fault (1)
- crustal magma chamber (1)
- crustal structure (1)
- cryostratigraphy (1)
- crystal growth rate (1)
- crystal nucleation (1)
- crystalline (1)
- cuticle (1)
- cyanobacteria sedimentation (1)
- cycle (1)
- cyclic stratigraphy (1)
- daily-discharge time (1)
- damage assessment (1)
- damage estimation (1)
- damage model (1)
- damage surveys (1)
- damaging processes (1)
- dams (1)
- data (1)
- data archeology (1)
- data based model (1)
- data fusion (1)
- data scarcity (1)
- data science (1)
- data-based (1)
- data-mining (1)
- databases (1)
- debris avalanche (1)
- debris flows (1)
- debris-flow topography (1)
- decision making (1)
- decision tree (1)
- decompression (1)
- deep convection (1)
- deep long-period earthquakes (1)
- deep low-frequency earthquakes (1)
- deep-level mining (1)
- deep-marine sedimentary processes (1)
- defense against predation (1)
- deforestation (1)
- deformation monitoring (1)
- deglaciation (1)
- degradation (1)
- dehydration (1)
- delayed fluorescence (1)
- delta O-18 (1)
- delta drift (1)
- delta-c-13 (1)
- dendroclimatology (1)
- dendroecology (1)
- dendrometer measurements (1)
- denitrification (1)
- density dependence (1)
- density-driven (1)
- density-driven flow (1)
- density-functional theory (1)
- dependence (1)
- depletion amplitude (1)
- depositional environment (1)
- derived flood frequency (1)
- derived flood risk analysis (1)
- deshadowing (1)
- design (1)
- detachment folds (1)
- deterministic (1)
- detrital carbonate (1)
- detrital geochronology and thermochronology (1)
- detrital zircons (1)
- dew-point temperature (1)
- diagnostics (1)
- diamond (1)
- diatom indicator species (1)
- diatom-bound nitrogen isotopes (1)
- differential split-sample test (1)
- diffusion (1)
- digital core reconstruction (1)
- digital elevation models (1)
- digital grain sizing (1)
- digital terrain analysis (1)
- dike (1)
- dike intrusion (1)
- dike propagation (1)
- dike-induced seismicity (1)
- dike-induced stresses (1)
- diorite (1)
- direct georeferencing (1)
- directivity analysis (1)
- disaster risk (1)
- disaster risk reduction (1)
- discharge (1)
- discharge pattern (1)
- discharge time series (1)
- discharge variability (1)
- discontinuity surfaces (1)
- disinfection (1)
- dislocation creep (1)
- dispersion maxima (1)
- dissolution properties (1)
- dissolved (1)
- dissolved silica concentration (1)
- distal turbidites (1)
- distributed volcanic fields (1)
- distribution (1)
- disturbance tracking (1)
- ditch irrigation (1)
- ditch system (1)
- diurnal signal (1)
- dolerite (1)
- doming (1)
- double diffusive convection (1)
- downstream fining (1)
- drainage (1)
- drainage network expansion (1)
- drainage-divide migration (1)
- drained lake basins (1)
- drought stress (1)
- dryland (1)
- dryland rivers (1)
- drylands (1)
- dumortierite (1)
- duplex (1)
- dust emission and deposition (1)
- dust sources (1)
- dynamic topography (1)
- dynamical seasonal prediction (1)
- eDNA (1)
- early Holocene (1)
- early eocene (1)
- earth surface processes (1)
- earth system model (1)
- earth system sciences (1)
- earthflow (1)
- earthquake cycle (1)
- earthquake damage (1)
- earthquake deformation (1)
- earthquake ground motions (1)
- earthquake hazard analysis (1)
- earthquake hazards (1)
- earthquake modeling (1)
- earthquake nucleation (1)
- earthquake sequences (1)
- earthquake source (1)
- earthworm ecological types (1)
- east Africa (1)
- east African rift (1)
- eastern Mediterranean (1)
- eastern Qiangtang terrane (1)
- eastern asia (1)
- eastern south–central Andes (1)
- eclogites (1)
- eco-hydrology (1)
- ecohydrological modelling (1)
- ecological forecasts (1)
- ecological indication (1)
- ecological succession (1)
- ecological theory (1)
- ecology (1)
- economics (1)
- ecosystem change (1)
- ecosystem service cascade (1)
- ecosystem-based adaptation (1)
- ecosystems (1)
- effective elastic properties (1)
- effectiveness (1)
- efficient method (1)
- elastic geobarometry (1)
- elastic rock properties (1)
- elastic waves (1)
- elastin-like recombinamers (1)
- electric fields and currents (1)
- electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- electricity generation (1)
- electromagnetic imaging (1)
- electromagnetic scattering (1)
- electromagnetics (1)
- electron lifetime (1)
- electron microprobe (1)
- electron transport (1)
- electronic structure (1)
- electrons (1)
- elevated CO2 (1)
- emergency (1)
- emergency management (1)
- emergency preparedness (1)
- emergency response (1)
- empirical (1)
- end-member mixing (1)
- energy security (1)
- energy transfer (1)
- enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) (1)
- ensemble modeling (1)
- environmental (1)
- environmental change (1)
- environmental reconstruction (1)
- environmental remediation (1)
- environmental seismology (1)
- environmentalism (1)
- eocene thermal maximum (1)
- epistemic (1)
- epsilon Nd (1)
- equations (1)
- equatorial electrojet (EEJ) (1)
- equatorial plasma depletion (1)
- equilibrium assemblage (1)
- erosion rate (1)
- erosion rates (1)
- erosion-climate link (1)
- eruption (1)
- eruptions (1)
- eruptive cycle (1)
- estimation (1)
- eutrophication (1)
- evaporite minerals (1)
- event characteristics (1)
- event coincidence analysis (1)
- events (1)
- ex-ante impact assessment (1)
- exhumation and uplift (1)
- expedition (1)
- experimental catchments (1)
- experimental design (1)
- experimental petrology (1)
- experiments (1)
- exploration (1)
- exsolution microstructures (1)
- exsolution textures (1)
- extent of rhizosphere (1)
- extinction event (1)
- extracellular DNA (1)
- extreme discharge (1)
- extreme events (1)
- extreme seasons (1)
- extremes (1)
- facilitation (1)
- falling sphere viscosimetry (1)
- fallout radionuclides (1)
- farmland biodiversity (1)
- fatigue (1)
- fatty acids (1)
- fault bend (1)
- fault bend fold (1)
- fault creep (1)
- fault interaction (1)
- fault linkage (1)
- fault network (1)
- fault zone (1)
- faulting behavior (1)
- faults (1)
- feedback (1)
- feeding trait (1)
- fenite (1)
- fens (1)
- ferropicrite magmas (1)
- fields (1)
- fine fraction (1)
- finite element modeling (1)
- fire (1)
- fire history (1)
- fission track thermochronology (1)
- fission-track (1)
- flash flood (1)
- flat-slab (1)
- flat-slab subduction (1)
- flexible model (1)
- flood damage (1)
- flood events (1)
- flood generating processes (1)
- flood genesis (1)
- flood hazard (1)
- flood hazard mapping; (1)
- flood loss estimation (1)
- flood loss model transfer (1)
- flood mechanisms (1)
- flood modelling; (1)
- flood seasonality (1)
- flood typology (1)
- floodplain wetlands (1)
- floodplains (1)
- flow accumulation (1)
- flow cytometry (1)
- flow regime (1)
- flow velocity (1)
- flow-through experiment (1)
- flowering time (1)
- fluctuation (1)
- fluid flow and thermal modelling (1)
- fluid injection (1)
- fluid regime (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- fluorescence imaging (1)
- fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) (1)
- fluvial (1)
- fluvial erosion (1)
- fluvial floods (1)
- fluvial response (1)
- fluvial strath terraces (1)
- fluvial terrace (1)
- fluvial terraces (1)
- flux (1)
- flux tracking (1)
- focal mechanisms (1)
- folds (1)
- food grain policies (1)
- food quality (1)
- food security (1)
- food systems (1)
- food web (1)
- fore arc (1)
- forearc (1)
- forecast (1)
- forecasting (1922, 4315, 7924, 7964) (1)
- foreland basin (1)
- foreland-basin stratigraphy (1)
- forest change (1)
- forest structure (1)
- fossil pollen (1)
- fracking (1)
- fractional snow cover (1)
- fracture aperture (1)
- fracture growth (1)
- freeze-thaw cycling (1)
- frequency-domain electromagnetics (1)
- freshwater biodiversity (1)
- freshwater ecosystems (1)
- freshwater ostracods (1)
- frictional melt (1)
- frictional properties (1)
- frontal accretion (1)
- frost‐ cracking (1)
- frozen soil (1)
- full (1)
- functional response (1)
- functional trait correlations (1)
- functional traits (1)
- fundamental frequency (1)
- fungi (1)
- fuzzy logic (1)
- gabbros (1)
- gap analysis (1)
- gas flux (1)
- gas partial pressure (1)
- gas storage (1)
- gas supply conditions (1)
- gas-solid (1)
- gaylussite (1)
- gender (1)
- gene sequencing (1)
- generative model (1)
- generic sampling (1)
- geo-bio interaction (1)
- geochemical cycling (1)
- geodynamic evolution of SE Anatolia (1)
- geodynamic modeling (1)
- geoecology (1)
- geogenic degassing (1)
- geographical range shifts (1)
- geoinformatics (1)
- geologic hazards (1)
- geologic versus geodetic rates (1)
- geomagnetic (1)
- geomagnetic indices (1)
- geomagnetic observatory data (1)
- geomagnetic storm drivers (1)
- geomagnetism (1)
- geomodeling (1)
- geomorphic connectivity (1)
- geomorphic markers (1)
- geostatistics (1)
- geothermal reservoir (1)
- geo–bio interaction (1)
- giant earthquakes (1)
- glacial (1)
- glacial and interglacial permafrost (1)
- glacial buzzsaw (1)
- glacial equilibrium (1)
- glacial geomorphology (1)
- glacial lakes (1)
- glacial-interglacial cycles (1)
- glacier chemistry (1)
- glacier flow (1)
- glacier melt (1)
- glacier variation (1)
- glacierized basins (1)
- glaciers (1)
- glaciolacustrine sediment (1)
- glaciological instruments and methods (1)
- glass (1)
- glasses (1)
- global (1)
- global Si cycle (1)
- global climate (1)
- global microbial biomass (1)
- global monsoon (1)
- global sensitivity analysis (1)
- gneiss domes (1)
- gold (1)
- grain (1)
- grain boundary sliding (1)
- grain storage (1)
- granite (1)
- granite melts (1)
- granulite (1)
- graphitization (1)
- grassland vegetation (1)
- grasslands (1)
- gravitational collapse (1)
- gravity modeling (1)
- gravity observations (1)
- gravity-driven slope deformation (1)
- grazing defence (1)
- green algae (1)
- green infrastructure (1)
- green-green dilemma (1)
- greenhouse gas (1)
- greenhouse gas emissions (1)
- gridded data (1)
- ground ice (1)
- ground motion fields (1)
- ground motion modeling (1)
- ground motion models (1)
- ground motion prediction equations (1)
- ground response analysis (1)
- ground-motion modelling (1)
- groundwater (1)
- groundwater age (1)
- groundwater dynamics (1)
- groundwater flow modeling (1)
- groundwater level (1)
- groundwater lysimeter (1)
- groundwater recharge (1)
- groundwater surface water interaction (1)
- groundwater table (1)
- groundwater vulnerability (1)
- groundwater-surface water (1)
- groundwater-surface water exchange (1)
- groundwater-surface water interaction (1)
- growth rate (1)
- growth response (1)
- growth strata (1)
- growth structures (1)
- guano (1)
- gulf coastal plain (1)
- habitat (1)
- habitat modeling (1)
- habitat suitability models (1)
- hafnium analysis (1)
- hafnon (1)
- hallow offshore (1)
- hanging wall (1)
- hardgrounds (1)
- heat flow (1)
- heat tracing (1)
- heat-stress (1)
- heavy metals (1)
- heavy tail behavior (1)
- heavy-tailed distributions (1)
- hemolysins (1)
- hemolysis (1)
- herd composition (1)
- heterogeneity in soil hydraulic properties (1)
- heterotrophic respiration (1)
- heuristic analysis (1)
- hexadecane (1)
- high mountain environments (1)
- high pressure and temperature (1)
- high pressure research (1)
- high spatial resolution (1)
- high temperature (1)
- high temporal resolution (1)
- high-Pmetamorphism (1)
- high-density reservoir network (1)
- high-frequency data (1)
- high-precision gravimeter (1)
- high-pressure and Barrovian-type metamorphism (1)
- high-pressure incubation system (1)
- high-pressure metamorphism (1)
- high-pressure metasedimentary rocks (1)
- high-resolution biomarkers (1)
- high-resolution record (1)
- higher education (1)
- hillslope (1)
- hiss waves (1)
- historical geography (1)
- historical geomagnetic storms (1)
- historische Hochwasser (1)
- holocene (1)
- hominid (1)
- hominin (1)
- hominins (1)
- hotspot (1)
- huddle test (1)
- human settlement (1)
- human-environment system (1)
- hummocky (1)
- hybrid (1)
- hybrid modelling (1)
- hybrid pumped hydro power storage (1)
- hydrate formation (1)
- hydrate formation process (1)
- hydraulic conductivity (1)
- hydraulic fracturing (1)
- hydro power (1)
- hydro storage (1)
- hydro-geological system (1)
- hydro-meterological hazards (1)
- hydrocarbon field (1)
- hydrocarbons (1)
- hydrochemistry (1)
- hydroclimatology (1)
- hydroclimatology of floods (1)
- hydrodynamic interactions (1)
- hydrodynamic level (1)
- hydrogen (1)
- hydrogen bond (1)
- hydrogen stable isotopes (1)
- hydrogenase (1)
- hydrogeology (1)
- hydrograph partitioning curves (1)
- hydrologic modeling (1)
- hydrological behaviour (1)
- hydrological conditioning (1)
- hydrological modelling (1)
- hydrological signatures (1)
- hydrological uplift and subsidence (1)
- hydrometric network design (1)
- hydrothermal alteration (1)
- hydrothermal system; (1)
- hydrothermal systems (1)
- hydrous melt (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- hydroyxapatite (1)
- hyperaridity (1)
- hypersaline lake (1)
- hyperspectral (1)
- hypothetical trend (1)
- hysteresis pattern (1)
- ice (1)
- ice complex (1)
- ice dynamics (1)
- ice sheet (1)
- ice-grain mixture (1)
- ice-rafted debris (1)
- ice-sheet modelling (1)
- ice-shelf tributary glaciers (1)
- identifiability analysis (1)
- identifying influential nodes (1)
- igneous texture (1)
- ilmenite (1)
- image enhancement (1)
- immersive 3D geovisualization (1)
- immobilization (1)
- impact forecasting (1)
- impacts (1)
- impoundment rate (1)
- in (1)
- in situ stress (1)
- in-flight (1)
- in-stream gravel bar (1)
- inclusions (1)
- incommensurate modulation (1)
- indigenous people (1)
- indirect facilitation (1)
- individual-based model (1)
- industrial ecology (1)
- inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- inelastic properties (1)
- inference (1)
- infiltration (1)
- infiltration patterns (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- inheritance (1)
- injections (1)
- injectivity (1)
- inner magnetosphere (1)
- innovation (1)
- input-output (I-O) analysis (1)
- insects (1)
- insights (1)
- intangible impacts (1)
- integrated modelling (1)
- integrated river basin management (1)
- integrated river basin modelling (1)
- integrative modelling framework (1)
- intensification (1)
- interaction (1)
- interannual variability (1)
- intercultural understanding (1)
- interdisciplinarity (1)
- interdisciplinary research (1)
- interferometric SAR (InSAR) (1)
- intermontane basins (1)
- intermontane valleys (1)
- internal structure (1)
- internal validation (1)
- interpretation (1)
- interseismic strain rate (1)
- intrabasinal faulting (1)
- intracellular DNA (1)
- intracontinental deformation (1)
- intraplate deformation (1)
- inundation (1)
- inundation simulation (1)
- inverse modeling (1)
- inverse modelling (1)
- inverse problem (1)
- inversion (1)
- inversion tectonics (1)
- ionic conductivity (1)
- ionospheric irregularities (1)
- iron (1)
- iron feature depth (IFD) (1)
- irrigation (1)
- irrigation runoff (1)
- isotopic analysis (1)
- isotopic methods (1)
- kettle hole (1)
- kinematic analysis (1)
- knickzone (1)
- kokchetavite (1)
- kumdykolite (1)
- lacustrine primary productivity (LPP) (1)
- lagoon (1)
- lagoons (1)
- lake (1)
- lake Donggi Cona (1)
- lake catchments (1)
- lake change (1)
- lake drainage (1)
- lake dynamics (1)
- lake eutrophication (1)
- lake shoreline (1)
- lake stratification (1)
- lake-level changes (1)
- laminography (1)
- land conversion (1)
- land degradation (1)
- land restoration; NDVI (1)
- land use (1)
- land use and land cover change (1)
- land use functions (1)
- land-use (1)
- land-use intensity (1)
- landsat (1)
- landscape connectivity (1)
- landscape effect (1)
- landscape evolution modeling (1)
- landscape response to climate change (1)
- landscape transience (1)
- lanthanides (1)
- lanthanoid migration (1)
- larch forest (1)
- larger foraminifera (1)
- last glacial (1)
- last glacial period (1)
- late Palaeozoic (1)
- lateglacial (1)
- lateral erosion (1)
- lateral fluxes (1)
- lateral spread (1)
- laterally constrained inversion (1)
- latitude (1)
- lattice preferred orientations (1)
- lava dome (1)
- layered mafic intrusion (1)
- leading edge (1)
- leaf water evaporative H-2-enrichment (1)
- leaf wax delta D (1)
- leaf wax n-alkanes (1)
- leaf-wax n-alkane delta D (1)
- learning success (1)
- legume-grass mixture (1)
- length measurements (1)
- length of day (1)
- lethal violence (1)
- level (1)
- lichens (1)
- life-history strategy (1)
- light (1)
- light pollution (1)
- limestone (1)
- lipid metabolism (1)
- liquid structure (1)
- liquids (1)
- lithic technology development (1)
- lithium pegmatites (1)
- lithium-ion battery electrolyte (1)
- lithobiont (1)
- lithofacies proportion modeling (1)
- lithology (1)
- lithosphere dynamics (1)
- lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (1)
- lithosphere-mantle wind interactions (1)
- lithospheric layering (1)
- littoral zone (1)
- livestock (1)
- livestock feed (1)
- lizard (1)
- load stress (1)
- loading conditions (1)
- local adaptation (1)
- local food (1)
- localization (1)
- localized flooding (1)
- location (1)
- location of scatterers (1)
- locking degree (1)
- lonar lake (1)
- loss and damage (1)
- low molecular weight organic acids (1)
- low temperature chronology (1)
- low velocity zone (1)
- low-frequency (1)
- low-grade metamorphism (1)
- low-relief (1)
- lower crustal bodies (1)
- luminescence dating (1)
- lumped parameter model (1)
- lunar tide (1)
- lunar tide of EEJ (1)
- lupin (1)
- machine learning (0555) (1)
- machine-learning (1)
- macroecology (1)
- macropore flow (1)
- macropores (1)
- mafic migmatite (1)
- magma evolution (1)
- magma ocean (1)
- magma plumbing system (1)
- magma reservoirs (1)
- magma-poor (1)
- magmatic arc (1)
- magmatic processes (1)
- magmatic underplating (1)
- magmatic-hydrothermal systems (1)
- magmatism (1)
- magnesiodumortierite (1)
- magnesium silicate skarn (1)
- magnetic fabric (1)
- magnetic parameters (1)
- magnetic surveying (1)
- magnetics (1)
- magnetosphere (1)
- magnetospheric convection (1)
- magnetotellurics (1)
- magnitude & frequency (1)
- maize (1)
- majorite (1)
- mantle convection (1)
- mantle deformation (1)
- mantle discontinuities (1)
- mantle evolution (1)
- mantle flow modeling (1)
- mantle formation (1)
- mantle plume (1)
- marble (1)
- margins (1)
- marine sediments (1)
- marine-controlled source electromagnetic method (1)
- mass exchange (1)
- mass spectrometry (1)
- mass wasting (1)
- mathematical geology (1)
- maximum (1)
- maximum entropy (MaxEnt) (1)
- meadow (1)
- mean transit time (1)
- measurement frequency (1)
- mechanical pressure (1)
- mechanism (1)
- mechanistic model (1)
- mechanistic models (1)
- mega-monsoon (1)
- megathrust (1)
- megathrust earthquake (1)
- melilitite (1)
- melt inclusions; nanocarbonatites (1)
- melt-melt immiscibility (1)
- melting (1)
- melts (1)
- memory (1)
- meridional overturning circulation (1)
- meso-scale ecosystems (1)
- mesoscale convective systems (1)
- mesoscale heterogeneous catchment (1)
- meta-ophiolites (1)
- meta-pelites (1)
- metabarcoding (1)
- metagenomic analysis (1)
- metal recycling plants (1)
- metal- organic frameworks (1)
- metal-containing ionic (1)
- metal-containing ionic liquids; (1)
- metaophiolite (1)
- metapelitic rock (1)
- metasomatism (1)
- meteoric 10Be (1)
- meteoric diagenesis (1)
- meteorological drought (1)
- meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (1)
- methane hydrate (1)
- methanogenic archaea (1)
- methanol (1)
- methods (1)
- micro-CT scan (1)
- microbes (1)
- microbial community (1)
- microbial lipid (1)
- microbial mats (1)
- microbialite (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microdiamond (1)
- microfossil (1)
- microporous materials (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- microscopy (1)
- microseisms (1)
- mid-latitude Westerlies (1)
- mid-latitudes flow (1)
- mid-lithospheric discontinuity (1)
- midlatitude nighttime magnetic fluctuation (1)
- mine waste (1)
- mineral deposits (1)
- mineral mapping (1)
- mineralization (1)
- minimum gradient support regularization (1)
- mining sciences (1)
- minirhizotron (1)
- mire (1)
- miscibility gap (1)
- mitigation (1)
- mixed cropping (1)
- mixed gas hydrates (1)
- mobile Raman-microprobe (1)
- model calibration (1)
- model enhancement (1)
- model selection (1)
- model structure (1)
- model validation (1)
- modeling; (1)
- modelling systems (1)
- modern pollen (1)
- modern surface pollen (1)
- modern surface sediments (1)
- mofette systems (1)
- moisture variations in India (1)
- monitoring network (1)
- monsoon onset (1)
- monsoon river hydrology (1)
- monsunale Variabilität (1)
- moraine (1)
- moraine landscape (1)
- morphological adaptation (1)
- morphological traits (1)
- morphometric indices (1)
- morphometry (1)
- morphotypes (1)
- mosaicking (1)
- motivation theory (1)
- mountain birch (1)
- mountain geomorphology (1)
- mountain growth (1)
- mountains (1)
- mountains near cities (1)
- movement (1)
- mu RF (1)
- multi-attribute (1)
- multi-frequency (1)
- multi-proxy reconstructions (1)
- multi-scale (MA-MS) proportion calibration (1)
- multi-slab (1)
- multi-spectral analysis (1)
- multi-stage diagenesis (1)
- multi-taxon (1)
- multi-temporal RapidEye satellite data (1)
- multi-thermochronometer (1)
- multi-year insurance (1)
- multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (1)
- multilevel probabilistic flood loss model (1)
- multiobjective calibration (1)
- multiparameter (1)
- multiperspective reception of AvH (1)
- multisensor (1)
- multisensor system (1)
- multispectral (1)
- multitemporal (1)
- multivariable (1)
- multivariate Statistik (1)
- multiyear drought (1)
- multi‐ temporal analyses (1)
- municipality (1)
- muons (1)
- mylonite (1)
- n-Alkane (1)
- n-alkanes (1)
- nanocomposite material (1)
- nanogranite (1)
- nanogranitoids (1)
- natural dams (1)
- natural hazard (1)
- natural hazard management (1)
- nature conservation (1)
- nature-based solutions (NBS) (1)
- near surface (1)
- near-surface monitoring (1)
- neotectonics (1)
- nested catchments (1)
- nested plot (1)
- network analysis (1)
- neutron imaging (1)
- neutron radiography (1)
- neutron simulations (1)
- neutron tomography (1)
- neutrons (1)
- night lights (1)
- nightlights (1)
- nighttime MSTID (1)
- nitrate export dynamic (1)
- nitrogen biogeochemistry (1)
- nitrogen legacies (1)
- noble gases (1)
- noise cross (1)
- non-double-couple components (1)
- non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- non-state actors (1)
- non-vascular epiphyte (1)
- nonstationarity (1)
- nontidal ocean loading (1)
- nordatlantische Klimaänderung (1)
- normal-fault evolution (1)
- north-atlantic (1)
- north-eastern Brazil (1)
- north-western Argentina (1)
- northern Eurasia (1)
- northern Kenya Rift (1)
- northern Puna (1)
- northern high latitudes (1)
- northwestern Europe (1)
- northwestern Iran (1)
- numerical models (1)
- numerical solution (1)
- numerics (1)
- nutrient retention (1)
- nutrient status (1)
- object-based damage modeling (1)
- object-based image analysis (1)
- ocean acidification (1)
- ocean bottom seismology (1)
- ocean circulation (1)
- ocean surface (1)
- ocean-crust formation (1)
- oceanic lithosphere (1)
- oceanic lithosphere and mantle (1)
- oceanic transform and fracture zone processes (1)
- oceans (1)
- offscraping (1)
- oligocene climate (1)
- ongonite (1)
- online (1)
- open (1)
- open data (1)
- operational service (1)
- ophiolite (1)
- opinion (1)
- optical cell (1)
- optical data (1)
- optical remote sensing (1)
- optical sensors (1)
- optically stimulated luminescence (1)
- optimization (1)
- optimum temperature (1)
- orbital forcing (1)
- ordination (1)
- organic carbon cycle (1)
- organic carbon stabilization (1)
- organic geochemistry (1)
- organic layer (1)
- origination (1)
- orogen-parallel extension (1)
- orogenic plateau evolution (1)
- orogenic wedge (1)
- orographic barrier (1)
- orographic barrier uplift (1)
- orographic rainfall (1)
- ostracod shells (1)
- out-of-sequence deformation (1)
- outburst flood (1)
- overwintering (1)
- oxidation state (1)
- oxidizer (1)
- oxygen (1)
- oxygen dynamics (1)
- oxygen fractionation model (1)
- oxygen isotopes (1)
- pH dynamics (1)
- pH mapping (1)
- palaeoclimate reconstruction (1)
- palaeoclimate records (1)
- palaeoclimatology (1)
- palaeolimnology (1)
- paleo-delta (1)
- paleo-erosion rate (1)
- paleo-erosion rates (1)
- paleo-sediment (1)
- paleoaltimetry proxies (1)
- paleoclimate proxy (1)
- paleoclimatic reconstructions (1)
- paleoclimatology (1)
- paleoelevation (1)
- paleoenvironment (1)
- paleohydrology (1)
- paleomagnetism and rock magnetism (1)
- paleomagnetism applied to tectonics (1)
- paleoreservoir age (1)
- paleosol (1)
- paleosol sequence (1)
- parallel evolution (1)
- parameter (1)
- parameter emulation (1)
- parameter estimation (1)
- parameterization (1)
- parametric and nonparametric comparison (1)
- parametric georeferencing (1)
- parasitism (1)
- parathyroid hormone (1)
- pargasite (1)
- part 1 (1)
- part I (1)
- particle size (1)
- particulate organic carbon (1)
- passive continental margin (1)
- passive microwave (1)
- passive seismic monitoring (1)
- past circulation (1)
- pastoral abandonment (1)
- pasture (1)
- patched vegetation cover (1)
- patterned ground (1)
- peak discharge (1)
- peak-temperature pattern (1)
- peat characterization (1)
- peatland carbon storage (1)
- peatland geomorphology (1)
- peatland hydrology (1)
- pebblecounts (1)
- pegmatite (1)
- pelagic zone (1)
- pelitic migmatite (1)
- peperite (1)
- peralkalinity (1)
- peraluminosity (1)
- perception (1)
- perennial crop (1)
- peri-urban agriculture (1)
- periglacial landscapes (1)
- periglacial process (1)
- peritectic phase (1)
- permafost (1)
- permafrost carbon feedback (1)
- permafrost disturbances (1)
- permafrost ecosystems (1)
- permafrost lowlands (1)
- permafrost region (1)
- permafrost regions (1)
- permeability test (1)
- permeability-porosity relationship (1)
- permutation entropy (1)
- pesticides (1)
- petrography (1)
- petrostructural analysis (1)
- phagotrophy (1)
- phase space time delay embedding reconstruction (1)
- phase symmetry (1)
- phase transition (1)
- phlogopite (1)
- phosphate (1)
- phreatophytes (1)
- phycocyanin (1)
- phylogenetic and taxonomic plant diversity (1)
- phylotypes (1)
- physical experiments (1)
- physical stratigraphy (1)
- phytogenic silica (1)
- phytolith (1)
- picocyanobacteria diversity (1)
- picoseismicity (1)
- piggyback basin (1)
- pioneer zone (1)
- pipe detection (1)
- pitch angle diffusion coefficient (1)
- pitfalls (1)
- pixel-level fusion (1)
- plan oblique relief (1)
- planetary waves (1)
- plankton (1)
- planktonic foraminifera (1)
- planning indicators (1)
- plant transformation (1)
- plant water relations (1)
- plant wax biomarker (1)
- plant-animal-soil-system (1)
- plant-plant interactions (1)
- plasma density (1)
- plasma drifts (1)
- plasmidome (1)
- plastic degradation (1)
- plastisphere (1)
- plate boundary fault (1)
- plate coupling force (1)
- plate reconstructions (1)
- plate tectonics (1)
- platinum (1)
- playa-lake (1)
- plume-induced (1)
- plume-ridge interaction (1)
- pockmark (1)
- point cloud (1)
- polarimetric SAR (1)
- polarization analysis (1)
- policy (1)
- pollen accumulation rates (1)
- pollen mapping (1)
- pollen morphology (1)
- pollen productivity (1)
- pollen taxa (1)
- pollination (1)
- pollution indices (1)
- polyamine (1)
- polyammonium salt (1)
- polycarboxylate (1)
- polymorphism (1)
- polymorphs (1)
- polyzwitterion (1)
- population density (1)
- population dynamics (1)
- population growth (1)
- population pressure (1)
- population recovery (1)
- population size (1)
- pore-scale (1)
- poroelasticity (1)
- porous media (1)
- porphyry Cu-Au deposit (1)
- post-collision (1)
- post-collisional setting (1)
- postmidnight (1)
- postseismic deformation (1)
- potentially affected areas (PAA) (1)
- potentially toxic elements (1)
- power-law rheology (1)
- pre-Maya settlement (1)
- pre-Siwalik (1)
- pre-monsoon (1)
- precaution (1)
- precipitation anomaly (1)
- precipitation reconstruction (1)
- precursor (1)
- predator-prey cycles (1)
- predator-prey model (1)
- prediction (1)
- prediction uncertainty (1)
- preferences (1)
- preferences in land management (1)
- pressure solution (1)
- pressures (1)
- principal component analysis (1)
- principal component analysis (PCA) (1)
- prior derivation (1)
- private governance (1)
- probabilistic (1)
- probabilistic approaches (1)
- probabilistic discrimination (1)
- probabilistic modeling (1)
- process based (1)
- process life cycle assessment (1)
- process simulation (1)
- process-based model (1)
- process-based statistics (1)
- processes and landforms of glacial erosion (1)
- production rate (1)
- prograding lobes (1)
- project database (1)
- prolonged droughts (1)
- propagating uplift (1)
- propagation (1)
- protactinium (1)
- protection (1)
- protection motivation theory (PMT) (1)
- protists (1)
- proto-Paratethys (1)
- protozoa (1)
- proxy calibration (1)
- pseudomorphism (1)
- pseudosection (1)
- pseudotachylyte (1)
- psychrotolerant (1)
- pull-apart basin (1)
- pulsed climate variability framework (1)
- quality (1)
- quantitative precipitation estimation (1)
- quantitative research (1)
- quarternary channels (1)
- quartz (1)
- quartz sandstone (1)
- radar imaging (1)
- radar interferometry (1)
- radiation-damage (1)
- radio science (1)
- radio wave propagation (1)
- radio-echo sounding (1)
- radiocarbon dating (1)
- radiogenic heat-production (1)
- radiometric alignment (1)
- railway transportation (1)
- rain attenuation (1)
- rain detection (1)
- rain effect (1)
- rain splash (1)
- rainfall events (1)
- rainfall partitioning (1)
- rainfall simulation (1)
- rainfall-runoff (1)
- rainforest (1)
- rainforest crisis (1)
- rainy-season (1)
- ramp (1)
- random vibration (1)
- range shifts (1)
- rangeland management (1)
- rapid damage mapping (1)
- reaction (1)
- reactivation (1)
- reactive transport model (1)
- reanalysis (1)
- receiver functions (1)
- recovery (1)
- recruitment (1)
- recurrence quantification analysis (1)
- redox reactions (1)
- reduction (1)
- reef (1)
- reflection seismic (1)
- reforms (1)
- refuge (1)
- regimes (1)
- regional deformation (1)
- regional development (1)
- regional flood frequency analysis (1)
- regional mapping (1)
- regionalisation (1)
- regression (1)
- regression tree (1)
- regulation (1)
- reindeer (1)
- relative pollen productivity (1)
- relative sea-level (1)
- relaxation (1)
- relevant pollen source area (1)
- relict landscape (1)
- relief (1)
- relief development (1)
- relief map (1)
- remote (1)
- remote sensing data (1)
- remotely sensed evapotranspiration (1)
- renya Rift (1)
- reproductive success (1)
- repulsion (1)
- required minimum runoff (1)
- resampling (1)
- reservoir (1)
- reservoir volume (1)
- reservoirs (1)
- residential buildings (1)
- resistance (1)
- response (1)
- response time (1)
- restoration (1)
- return flow (1)
- reversible scavenging (1)
- rheological weakening (1)
- rhizosphere (1)
- rhizosphere biogeochemistry (1)
- rhizosphere hydraulic properties (1)
- rhyolites (1)
- rift transfer zone (1)
- rift variability (1)
- rifts (1)
- rigorous geocoding (1)
- ring current electrons (1)
- ring faulting (1)
- riparian zone (1)
- riparian zones (1)
- risk (1)
- risk assessment (1)
- risk communication (1)
- risk management (1)
- risk mitigation (1)
- risk modeling (1)
- risk perception (1)
- river (1)
- river discharge (1)
- river dynamics (1)
- river erosion (1)
- river floods (1)
- river plume (1)
- river restoration (1)
- river sediment (1)
- river terraces (1)
- river transport (1)
- riveraquifer interaction (1)
- rock (1)
- rock and mineral magnetism (1)
- rock exhumation (1)
- rock glacier (1)
- rock glaciers (1)
- rock magnetism (1)
- rock strength (1)
- rock uplift (1)
- rock uplift-relief scaling (1)
- rockfalls (1)
- rodent control (1)
- root activity (1)
- root biomass (1)
- root density (1)
- root depth distribution (1)
- root distribution (1)
- root exudation (1)
- root lengths density (1)
- root penetration (1)
- root respiration (1)
- root system (1)
- root water uptake (1)
- root-soil interaction (1)
- rotation (1)
- rotational seismology (1)
- rotational sensor (1)
- run-on (1)
- rutile-type (1)
- sPlot (1)
- saline aquifer (1)
- saline groundwater (1)
- saline lake (1)
- saline pan (1)
- saline pan cycle (1)
- saline permafrost (1)
- salinization (1)
- salmon (1)
- salt dissolution (1)
- sampling bias (1)
- sampling locations (1)
- san andreas fault (1)
- savanna (1)
- savannah (1)
- savannas (1)
- scale (1)
- scale-dependence (1)
- scaling relation (1)
- scenario (1)
- scenario analysis (1)
- scientific drilling (1)
- sea (1)
- sea floor morphology (1)
- sea level (1)
- sea level change (1)
- sea level trends (1)
- sea surface height (1)
- sea surface temperature reconstructions (1)
- sea turtle (1)
- sea-level projections (1)
- seafloor sediment failure (1)
- sealevel (1)
- seasonal forecast (1)
- seasonal patterns (1)
- seasonal precipitation (1)
- seasonality effect (1)
- security and economy (1)
- sediment budget (1)
- sediment delivery processes (1)
- sediment flux (1)
- sediment flux hysteresis (1)
- sediment input (1)
- sediment mobility (1)
- sediment output (1)
- sediment production (1)
- sediment routing system (1)
- sediment source fingerprinting (1)
- sediment thickness (1)
- sediment transit time (1)
- sediment transport (1)
- sediment traps (1)
- sediment-routing system connectivity (1)
- sediment-supply ratio (A /S) (1)
- sediment-transport model (1)
- sedimentary DNA (1)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) (1)
- sedimentary aquifer (1)
- sedimentary basins (1)
- sedimentary contact (1)
- sedimentary cycles (1)
- sedimentary loading and unloading cycles (1)
- sedimentation pattern (1)
- segregating oceanic crust (1)
- seismic anisotropy (1)
- seismic moment release (1)
- seismic risk (1)
- seismic waves (1)
- seismicity and tectonics (1)
- seismicity model (1)
- seismisches Hintergrundrauschen (1)
- seismo-electromagnetic (1)
- seismomechanics (1)
- seismotectonic segmentation (1)
- self-similarity (1)
- semi-arid area (1)
- semiarid grassland (1)
- sensing (1)
- sensitivity analyses (1)
- sensitivity analysis (1)
- sentinel-1 (1)
- sentinel-2 (1)
- sequestration (1)
- series ERA-interim (1)
- serpentinite carbonation (1)
- service sectors (1)
- shaking (1)
- shallow earthquakes (1)
- shallow groundwater (1)
- shallow groundwater tables (1)
- shallow translational landslides (1)
- shallow-water chemostratigraphy (1)
- shear localization (1)
- shell-architecture (1)
- shoreline movement direction (1)
- shoreline movement rate (1)
- shortening (1)
- shotgun sequencing (1)
- shrub expansion (1)
- shrub thinning (1)
- shrubline (1)
- siderite (1)
- signal-to-noise ratio (1)
- silica concentration (1)
- silica gel (1)
- sill (1)
- silvopastoral systems (1)
- simulation (1)
- simulation model (1)
- simulation-based (1)
- singleslab (1)
- site amplification (1)
- situ Raman spectroscopy (1)
- size fractions (1)
- skill (1)
- slab-mantle decoupling (1)
- slab-mantle interface (1)
- slags (1)
- slip model (1)
- slip partitioning (1)
- slope aspect (1)
- slope failure (1)
- slow slip (1)
- small baseline subset (SBAS) (1)
- snow characteristics (1)
- snow grain size (1)
- snow hydrology (1)
- snow melt (1)
- social (1)
- social justice (1)
- social valuation (1)
- social vulnerability (1)
- socioeconomic scenarios (1)
- soft law (1)
- software (1)
- soil (1)
- soil CO2 sampling tubes (1)
- soil Si pools (1)
- soil aggregates (1)
- soil formation (1)
- soil heterogeneity (1)
- soil horizonation (1)
- soil landscape (1)
- soil moisture dynamics (1)
- soil moisture profile (1)
- soil organic matter (1)
- soil parameters (1)
- soil texture (1)
- soil water distribution (1)
- soil-adjusted vegetation index (1)
- soil-moisture (1)
- soil-root interaction (1)
- soils (1)
- solar radiation (1)
- solid Earth degassing (1)
- solid solution (1)
- source (1)
- source array design (1)
- source direction (1)
- source rock evaluation (1)
- source time function (1)
- source-to-sink (1)
- southern Central Andes (1)
- southern hemisphere oceans (1)
- soya beans (1)
- soybean cultivation (1)
- spatial autocorrelation (1)
- spatial correlation (1)
- spatial extent (1)
- spatial heterogeneity (1)
- spatial parameterization (1)
- spatial planning (1)
- spatial sampling (1)
- spatial scales (1)
- spatially and temporally explicit modelling macroecology (1)
- spatially explicit agent-based modeling (1)
- spatially explicit model (1)
- special sensor microwave imager (1)
- special sensor microwave imager/sounder (1)
- speciation (1)
- species distribution modelling (1)
- species richness (1)
- species-area relationship (SAR) (1)
- specific stream power (1)
- specific surface area (1)
- specific yield (1)
- spectral adjustment (1)
- spectral analysis (1)
- spectrogram (1)
- speleothem (1)
- spin (1)
- spinel (1)
- splay fault (1)
- splay faults (1)
- splitting parameters (1)
- stable (1)
- stable craton (1)
- stakeholder participation (1)
- stalagmite (1)
- stand structure (1)
- standards (1)
- static stress change (1)
- statistical methods (1)
- statistical seismology (1)
- statistics (1)
- steady state topography (1)
- steepness index (1)
- stemflow (1)
- steppe soils (1)
- steric factors (1)
- stick slip (1)
- stochastic dynamical systems (1)
- stochastic filtering (1)
- storage capacity (1)
- storage-discharge relationship (1)
- storm flood (1)
- storm surge (1)
- stormflow (1)
- stormflow generation (1)
- strain transient (1)
- strainmeter data (1)
- strath terraces (1)
- stratification (1)
- stratigraphy (1)
- stream (1)
- stream power (1)
- stream profile (1)
- stream water (1)
- streamflow probabilistic forecasting (1)
- streamflow response (1)
- streamwater chemistry (1)
- stress (1)
- stress field (1)
- stress state (1)
- stress-tolerance genes (1)
- structural (1)
- structural mapping (1)
- structure from motion (1)
- structured additive model (1)
- student survey (1)
- sub-sampling (1)
- subaerial exposure (1)
- subalkaline to alkaline magmatism (1)
- subarctic (1)
- subarctic Pacific stratification (1)
- subcatchment response (1)
- subduction accretion (1)
- subduction and exhumation (1)
- subduction erosion (1)
- subduction history (1)
- subduction initiation (1)
- subduction initiation (PISI) (1)
- subduction interface (1)
- subduction zone earthquakes (1)
- subduction-collision (1)
- subfossil Cladocera (1)
- submarine (1)
- submarine gas vents (1)
- submarine permafrost (1)
- submerged cave (1)
- subsea (1)
- subsidence (1)
- subsidence analysis (1)
- subsurface heterogeneities (1)
- subsurface microbiology (1)
- sulfur solubility (1)
- sulfur speciation (1)
- sulphate metasomatism (1)
- summer (1)
- summer monsoon (1)
- supercontinent Nuna (1)
- supergene ores (1)
- superplasticity (1)
- supervised machine learning (1)
- surface inflation (1)
- surface reflectance (1)
- surface runoff (1)
- surface sealing (1)
- surface type-function-concept (1)
- surface uplift (1)
- surface velocity (1)
- surface water flooding (1)
- surface water groundwater interaction (1)
- surface water levels (1)
- surface wave (1)
- surface wave, inversion, near surface (1)
- surprise (1)
- surveys (1)
- survival (1)
- suspended particulate matter (1)
- suspended sediment transport (1)
- sustainability (1)
- sustained casing pressure (1)
- swarm LP (1)
- swarms (1)
- switzerland (1)
- symplectite (1)
- synchronization (1)
- synthesis gas (1)
- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) (1)
- synthetic flood events (1)
- system architecture (1)
- system boundary (1)
- table-top experiment (1)
- tabular mining (1)
- taiga forest (1)
- talik (1)
- tantalum (1)
- target (1)
- techno-economic model (1)
- tectonic (1)
- tectonic evolution (1)
- tectonic geodesy (1)
- tectonic inheritance (1)
- tectonic inversion (1)
- tectonic reconstruction (1)
- tectonic shortening (1)
- tectonism (1)
- teleseismic tomography (1)
- temperature coefficient (1)
- temperature extremes (1)
- temperature response (1)
- temperature sensor (1)
- temperature time series (1)
- temporal disaggregation (1)
- temporal evolution (1)
- tensile opening (1)
- tensile strength (1)
- tensor inversion (1)
- tephra (1)
- terrain map (1)
- terrestrial (1)
- terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- terrestrial ecosystems (1)
- terrestrial higher plant waxes (1)
- tetrahalido metallates (1)
- tetrahalidometallates (1)
- tetrahedral boron (1)
- the Ogooue Delta (1)
- theory (1)
- thermal effect (1)
- thermal field (1)
- thermal overprint (1)
- thermal properties (1)
- thermo-erosion (1)
- thermobarometry (1)
- thermochemical modeling (1)
- thermodynamic equilibrium (1)
- thermodynamic modelling (1)
- thermodynamics (1)
- thermohaline processes (1)
- thermokarst lake (1)
- thermokarst lake dynamics (1)
- thermomechanical modeling (1)
- thermophiles; (1)
- thermoregulation (1)
- thermotolerance (1)
- thick-skinned deformation (1)
- thickness of the lithosphere (1)
- thickness-displacement relationships (1)
- thrust tectonics (1)
- tibetan plateau (1)
- tide gauge (1)
- tide gauge observations (1)
- tillage (1)
- tilt (1)
- time-scale (1)
- time-series (1)
- time-series mapping (1)
- tin (1)
- titanite (1)
- tomato (1)
- tomography (1)
- topographic analysis (1)
- topographic asymmetry (1)
- topography (1)
- trace element transport (1)
- trait-based approaches (1)
- trait-based neighbourhood model (1)
- trajectories (1)
- transdisciplinary research (1)
- transfer (1)
- transfer functions (1)
- transferability (1)
- transform fault (1)
- transform faults (1)
- transient (1)
- transient erosion (1)
- transient response (1)
- transit-time (1)
- transition (1)
- transitions (1)
- transport processes (1)
- travel time distributions (1)
- tree line alteration (1)
- tremor (1)
- trench advance (1)
- trench-parallel extension (1)
- trend detection (1)
- trend significance (1)
- triangle method (1)
- triggered earthquake (1)
- tritium assay (1)
- tropic state index (1)
- tropical biodiversity (1)
- tropical climate (1)
- tropical inland water bodies (1)
- tropical lowland rainforest (1)
- tropical montane forest (1)
- tropical peatlands (1)
- tropical speleothems (1)
- tropical swamp (1)
- truncation error estimate (1)
- tsunami (1)
- tsunami hazards (1)
- tundra (1)
- tundra-taiga ecotone (1)
- turbidites (1)
- turbidity (1)
- turbidity currents (1)
- twin domains (1)
- two phase aggregates (1)
- typical steppe (1)
- ultra-relativistic electrons (1)
- ultrahigh-pressure (1)
- ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) (1)
- ultramafic granulites (1)
- ultrasonication (1)
- uncertainty analysis (1)
- uncertainty quantification (1)
- underground coal gasification (1)
- underground coal gasification (UCG) (1)
- underplating (1)
- ungauged basins (1)
- unmanaged forest (1)
- upconversion nanoparticles (1)
- uplift and erosion (1)
- uplift rate changes (1)
- upper tail behaviour (1)
- uranium speciation (1)
- urban green (1)
- urban green spaces (1)
- urban infill development (1)
- urban planning practice (1)
- urbanization (1)
- vadose zone (1)
- valley distribution (1)
- van Genuchten-Mualem (1)
- variability (1)
- variable selection (1)
- variance (1)
- variogram (1)
- varved sediments (1)
- vascular epiphyte (1)
- vegetation change (1)
- vegetation cover (1)
- vegetation degradation (1)
- vegetation dynamics (1)
- vegetation expansion (1)
- vegetation history (1)
- vegetation model (1)
- vegetation reconstruction (1)
- vegetation states (1)
- vegetation trajectories (1)
- vegetation-climate-fire-soil feedbacks (1)
- vegetation-plot database (1)
- vertical water flux (1)
- very high resolution imagery (1)
- very low-low-grade metamorphism (1)
- viscosity (1)
- visualisation (1)
- viverridae (1)
- volcanic deformation (1)
- volcanic earthquakes (1)
- volcanic eruption (1)
- volcanic glass (1)
- volcanic island (1)
- volcanism (1)
- volcano-seismology (1)
- volcanoseismology (1)
- voring basin (1)
- warfare (1)
- wasting (1)
- water age (1)
- water availability (1)
- water balance model (1)
- water budget (1)
- water demand (1)
- water distribution (1)
- water fluxes (1)
- water height-area-volume curve (1)
- water isotopes (1)
- water quality modeling (1)
- water resources management (1)
- water rock interaction (1)
- water scarcity (1)
- water security (1)
- water storage (1)
- water storage capacity (1)
- water table (1)
- water yield (1)
- water-energy-food nexus (1)
- water-extractable elements (1)
- water-limited environment (1)
- watersheds (1)
- wave number (1)
- waveform (1)
- waveform inversion (1)
- waves and tides (1)
- weakening mechanisms (1)
- weather (1)
- weather pattern (1)
- weathering indices (1)
- weathering inputs (1)
- welfare (1)
- westernmost Tibetan Plateau (1)
- wet meadow (1)
- wetland hydrology (1)
- white mica (1)
- whole Earth images (1)
- wildfire (1)
- wildflower mixture (1)
- wind (1)
- wind energy production (1)
- wind energy-biodiversity conflict (1)
- wind erosion (1)
- wireline logs (1)
- woody encroachment (1)
- yedoma ice complex (1)
- ytterbian xenotime-(Y) (1)
- zinc (1)
- zircon U-Pb geochronology (1)
- zircon fission tracks (1)
- zircon fission-track dating (1)
- zircon provenance (1)
- zircon uranium-thorium-helium (1)
- zoning (1)
- zoogeomorphology (1)
- zooprophylaxis (1)
- Überflutung (1)
- Überflutungssimulation (1)
Institute
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (3115) (remove)
A new view of Ecuador's complex geodynamics has been developed in the course of modeling seismic source zones for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. This study focuses on two aspects of the plates' interaction at a continental scale: (a) age-related differences in rheology between Farallon and Nazca plates—marked by the Grijalva rifted margin and its inland projection—as they subduct underneath central Ecuador, and (b) the rapidly changing convergence obliquity resulting from the convex shape of the South American northwestern continental margin. Both conditions satisfactorily explain several characteristics of the observed seismicity and of the interseismic coupling. Intermediate-depth seismicity reveals a severe flexure in the Farallon slab as it dips and contorts at depth, originating the El Puyo seismic cluster. The two slabs position and geometry below continental Ecuador also correlate with surface expressions observable in the local and regional geology and tectonics. The interseismic coupling is weak and shallow south of the Grijalva rifted margin and increases northward, with a heterogeneous pattern locally associated to the Carnegie ridge subduction. High convergence obliquity is responsible for the North Andean Block northeastward movement along localized fault systems. The Cosanga and Pallatanga fault segments of the North Andean Block-South American boundary concentrate most of the seismic moment release in continental Ecuador. Other inner block faults located along the western border of the inter-Andean Depression also show a high rate of moderate-size earthquake production. Finally, a total of 19 seismic source zones were modeled in accordance with the proposed geodynamic and neotectonic scheme.
Ground motion with strong-velocity pulses can cause significant damage to buildings and structures at certain periods; hence, knowing the period and velocity amplitude of such pulses is critical for earthquake structural engineering.
However, the physical factors relating the scaling of pulse periods with magnitude are poorly understood.
In this study, we investigate moderate but damaging earthquakes (M-w 6-7) and characterize ground- motion pulses using the method of Shahi and Baker (2014) while considering the potential static-offset effects.
We confirm that the within-event variability of the pulses is large. The identified pulses in this study are mostly from strike-slip-like earthquakes. We further perform simulations using the freq uency-wavenumber algorithm to investigate the causes of the variability of the pulse periods within and between events for moderate strike-slip earthquakes.
We test the effect of fault dips, and the impact of the asperity locations and sizes. The simulations reveal that the asperity properties have a high impact on the pulse periods and amplitudes at nearby stations.
Our results emphasize the importance of asperity characteristics, in addition to earthquake magnitudes for the occurrence and properties of pulses produced by the forward directivity effect.
We finally quantify and discuss within- and between-event variabilities of pulse properties at short distances.
The Tian Shan range is an inherited intracontinental structure reactivated by the far-field effects of the India-Asia collision. A growing body of thermochronology and magnetostratigraphy datasets shows that the range grew through several tectonic pulses since similar to 25 Ma, however the early Cenozoic history remains poorly constrained. The time-lag between the Eocene India-Asia collision and the Miocene onset of Tian Shan exhumation is particularly enigmatic. This peculiar period is potentially recorded along the southwestern Tian Shan piedmont. There, late Eocene marine deposits of the proto-Paratethys epicontinental sea transition to continental foreland basin sediments of unknown age were recently dated. We provide magnetostratigraphic dating of these continental sediments from the 1700-m-thick Mine section integrated with previously published detrital apatite fission track and U/Pb zircon ages. The most likely correlation to the geomagnetic polarity time scale indicates an age span from 20.8 to 13.3 Ma with a marked increase in accumulation rates at 19-18 Ma. This implies that the entire Oligocene period is missing between the last marine and first continental sediments, as suggested by previous southwestern Tian Shan results. This differs from the southwestern Tarim basin where Eocene marine deposits are continuously overlain by late Eocene-Oligocene continental sediments. This supports a simple evolution model of the western Tarim basin with Eocene-Oligocene foreland basin activation to the south related to northward thrusting of the Kunlun Shan, followed by early Miocene activation of northern foreland basin related to overthrusting of the south Tian Shan. Our data also support southward propagation of the Tian Shan piedmont from 20 to 18 Ma that may relate to motion on the Talas Fergana Fault. The coeval activation of a major right-lateral strike-slip system allowing indentation of the Pamir Salient into the Tarim basin, suggests far-field deformation from the India-Asia collision zone affected the Tian Shan and the Talas Fergana fault by early Miocene. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Understanding the variability of the ionosphere is important for the prediction of space weather and climate. Recent studies have shown that forcing from the lower atmosphere plays a significant role for the short-term (day-to-day) variability of the low-latitude ionosphere. The present study aims to assess the importance of atmospheric forcing for the variability of the daytime equatorial ionospheric electric field on the interannual (year-to-year) time scale. Magnetic field measurements from Huancayo (12.05 degrees S, 75.33 degrees W) are used to augment the equatorial vertical plasma drift velocity (V-Z) measurements from the Jicamarca Unattended Long-term Investigations of the Ionosphere and Atmosphere radar during 2001-2016. V-Z can be regarded as a measure of the zonal electric field. After removing the seasonal variation of similar to 10m/s, midday values of V-Z show an interannual variation of similar to 2m/s with an oscillation period of 2-3years. No evidence of solar cycle influence is found. The Ground-to-topside Atmosphere-Ionosphere model for Aeronomy, which takes into account realistic atmospheric variability below 30km, reproduces the pattern of the observed interannual variation without having to include variable forcing from the magnetosphere. The results indicate that lower atmospheric forcing plays a dominant role for the observed interannual variability of V-Z at 1200 local time.
The equatorial electrojet is an enhanced eastward current in the dayside E region ionosphere flowing along the magnetic equator. The equatorial electrojet is highly variable as it is subject to various forcing mechanisms including atmospheric waves from the lower layers of the atmosphere. There are occasionally times when the intensity of the equatorial electrojet at a fixed longitude shows an oscillatory variation with a period of approximately 6days. We present case studies of such events based on the equatorial electrojet measurements from the CHAMP and Swarm satellites. The spatial and temporal variability of the equatorial electrojet intensity during these events reveals characteristics of a westward propagating wave with zonal wavenumber 1, consistent with the effect of the quasi-6-day planetary wave. Analyses of the geopotential height data from the Aura satellite confirm the presence of the quasi-6-day planetary wave in the lower thermosphere during the events. The amplitude of the quasi-6-day variation in the equatorial electrojet intensity depends on longitude, but no systematic longitudinal dependence is found for different events. During the event of August 2010, quasi-6-day variations are also observed by ground-based magnetometers and a radar in the Peruvian sector. The effect of the quasi-6-day wave accounts for up to +/- 5.9m/s in the equatorial vertical plasma velocity at noon, which is much larger than previously predicted by a numerical model. These results suggest that the quasi-6-day planetary wave is an important source of short-term variability in the equatorial ionosphere.
Coupling land-use change and hydrologic models for quantification of catchment ecosystem services
(2018)
Representation of land-use and hydrologic interactions in respective models has traditionally been problematic. The use of static land-use in most hydrologic models or that of the use of simple hydrologic proxies in land-use change models call for more integrated approaches. The objective of this study is to assess whether dynamic feedback between land-use change and hydrology can (1) improve model performances, and/or (2) produce a more realistic quantification of ecosystem services. To test this, we coupled a land-use change model and a hydrologic mode. First, the land-use change and the hydrologic models were separately developed and calibrated. Then, the two models were dynamically coupled to exchange data at yearly time-steps. The approach is applied to a catchment in South Africa. Performance of coupled models when compared to the uncoupled models were marginal, but the coupled models excelled at the quantification of catchment ecosystem services more robustly.
Badlands have long been considered as model landscapes due to their perceived close relationship between form and process. The often intense features of erosion have also attracted many geomorphologists because the associated high rates of erosion appeared to offer the opportunity for studying surface processes and the resulting forms. Recently, the perceived simplicity of badlands has been questioned because the expected relationships between driving forces for erosion and the resulting sediment yield could not be observed. Further, a high variability in erosion and sediment yield has been observed across scales. Finally, denudation based on currently observed erosion rates would have lead to the destruction of most badlands a long time ago. While the perceived simplicity of badlands has sparked a disproportional (compared to the land surface they cover) amount of research, our increasing amount of information has not necessarily increased our understanding of badlands in equal terms. Overall, badlands appear to be more complex than initially assumed. In this paper, we review 40 years of research in the Zin Valley Badlands in Israel to reconcile some of the conflicting results observed there and develop a perspective on the function of badlands as model landscapes. While the data collected in the Zin Valley clearly confirm that spatial and temporal patterns of geomorphic processes and their interaction with topography and surface properties have to be understood, we still conclude that the process of realizing complexity in the "simple" badlands has a model function both for our understanding as well as perspective on all landscape systems.
The Relative Pollen Productivities (RPPs) of common steppe species are estimated using Extended R-value (ERV) model based on pollen analysis and vegetation survey of 30 surface soil samples from typical steppe area of northern China. Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Asteraceae are the dominant pollen types in pollen assemblages, reflecting the typical steppe communities well. The five dominant pollen types and six common types (Thalictrum, Iridaceae, Potentilla, Ephedra, Brassicaceae, and Ulmus) have strong wind transport abilities; the estimated Relevant Source Area of Pollen (RSAP) is ca. 1000 m when the sediment basin radius is set at 0.5 m. Ulmus, Artemisia, Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Thalictrum have relative high RPPs; Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Potentilla, and Ephedra pollen have moderate RPPs; Asteraceae and Iridaceae have low RPPs. The reliability test of RPPs revealed that most of the RPPs are reliable in past vegetation reconstruction. However, the RPPs of Asteraceae and Iridaceae are obviously underestimated, and those of Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Ephedra are either slightly underestimated or slightly overestimated, suggesting that those RPPs should be considered with caution. These RPPs were applied to estimating plant abundances for two fossil pollen spectra (from the Lake Bayanchagan and Lake Haoluku) covering the Holocene in typical steppe area, using the "Regional Estimates of Vegetation Abundance from Large Sites" (REVEALS) model. The RPPs-based vegetation reconstruction revealed that meadow-steppe dominated by Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Artemisia plants flourished in this area before 6500-5600 cal yr BP, and then was replaced by present typical steppe.
By using 3-year global positioning system (GPS) measurements from December 2013 to November 2016, we provide in this study a detailed survey on the climatology of the GPS signal loss of Swarm onboard receivers. Our results show that the GPS signal losses prefer to occur at both low latitudes between +/- 5 and +/- 20 degrees magnetic latitude (MLAT) and high latitudes above 60 degrees MLAT in both hemispheres. These events at all latitudes are observed mainly during equinoxes and December solstice months, while totally absent during June solstice months. At low latitudes the GPS signal losses are caused by the equatorial plasma irregularities shortly after sunset, and at high latitude they are also highly related to the large density gradients associated with ionospheric irregularities. Additionally, the high-latitude events are more often observed in the Southern Hemisphere, occurring mainly at the cusp region and along nightside auroral latitudes. The signal losses mainly happen for those GPS rays with elevation angles less than 20 degrees, and more commonly occur when the line of sight between GPS and Swarm satellites is aligned with the shell structure of plasma irregularities. Our results also confirm that the capability of the Swarm receiver has been improved after the bandwidth of the phase-locked loop (PLL) widened, but the updates cannot radically avoid the interruption in tracking GPS satellites caused by the ionospheric plasma irregularities. Additionally, after the PLL bandwidth increased larger than 0.5 Hz, some unexpected signal losses are observed even at middle latitudes, which are not related to the ionospheric plasma irregularities. Our results suggest that rather than 1.0 Hz, a PLL bandwidth of 0.5 Hz is a more suitable value for the Swarm receiver.
In this study, we investigated the scale sizes of equatorial plasma irregularities (EPIs) using measurements from the Swarm satellites during its early mission and final constellation phases. We found that with longitudinal separation between Swarm satellites larger than 0.4 degrees, no significant correlation was found any more. This result suggests that EPI structures include plasma density scale sizes less than 44 km in the zonal direction. During the Swarm earlier mission phase, clearly better EPI correlations are obtained in the northern hemisphere, implying more fragmented irregularities in the southern hemisphere where the ambient magnetic field is low. The previously reported inverted-C shell structure of EPIs is generally confirmed by the Swarm observations in the northern hemisphere, but with various tilt angles. From the Swarm spacecrafts with zonal separations of about 150 km, we conclude that larger zonal scale sizes of irregularities exist during the early evening hours (around 1900 LT).
The central Andes
(2018)
The Central Andes and the Atacama Desert represent a unique geological, climatic, and magmatic setting on our planet. It is the only place on Earth where subduction of an oceanic plate below an active continental margin has led to an extensive mountain chain and an orogenic plateau that is second in size only to the Tibetan Plateau, which resulted from continental collision. In this article, we introduce the history of the Central Andes and the evolution of its landscape. We also discuss links between tectonic forces, magmatism, and the extreme hyperarid climate of this land that, in turn, has led to rich deposits of precious ores and minerals.
Flood risk management in Germany follows an integrative approach in which both private households and businesses can make an important contribution to reducing flood damage by implementing property-level adaptation measures. While the flood adaptation behavior of private households has already been widely researched, comparatively less attention has been paid to the adaptation strategies of businesses. However, their ability to cope with flood risk plays an important role in the social and economic development of a flood-prone region. Therefore, using quantitative survey data, this study aims to identify different strategies and adaptation drivers of 557 businesses damaged by a riverine flood in 2013 and 104 businesses damaged by pluvial or flash floods between 2014 and 2017. Our results indicate that a low perceived self-efficacy may be an important factor that can reduce the motivation of businesses to adapt to flood risk. Furthermore, property-owners tended to act more proactively than tenants. In addition, high experience with previous flood events and low perceived response costs could strengthen proactive adaptation behavior. These findings should be considered in business-tailored risk communication.
Dumortierite was synthesized in piston-cylinder experiments at 2.5-4.0 GPa, 650-700 degrees C in the Al2O3 -B2O3-SiO2-H2O (ABSH) system. Electron-microprobe (EMP) analyses reveal significant boron-excess (up to 0.26 B-[4] per formula unit, pfu) and silicon-deficiency relative to the ideal anhydrous dumortierite stoichiometry Al7BSi3O18 . The EMP data in conjunction with results from single-crystal Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction provide evidence that silicon at the tetrahedral site is replaced by excess boron via the substitution Si-[4] <--> B-[4] + H. The Raman spectrum of synthetic dumortierite in the frequency region 2000 4000 cm(-1) comprises eight bands, of which six are located at frequencies below 3400 cm(-1). This points to strong hydrogen bonding, most likely O2-H center dot center dot center dot O7 and O7-H center dot center dot center dot O2, arising from a high number of octahedral vacancies at the All site and substitution of trivalent Al3+ and B3+ for Si4+ at Si1 and Si2 sites, causing decreasing acceptor-donor distances and lower incident valence at the acceptor oxygen. Contrary to the synthetic high-pressure ABSH-dumortierite, magnesiodumortierite from the Dora-Maira Massif, which is assumed to have formed at similar conditions (2.5-3.0 GPa, 700 degrees C), does not show any B-excess. Tourmaline shows an analogous behaviour in that magnesium-rich (e.g., dravitic) tourmaline formed at high pressure shows no or only minor amounts of tetrahedral boron, whereas natural aluminum-rich tourmaline and synthetic olenitic tourmaline formed at high pressures can incorporate significant amounts of tetrahedral boron. Two mechanisms might account for this discrepancy: (i) Structural avoidance of Mg-[6]-(OR3+)-R-[4] configurations in magnesiodumortierite due to charge deficieny at the oxygens O2 and O7 and strong local distortion of M1 due to decreased O2-O7 bond length, and/or (ii) decreasing fluid mobility of boron in Al-rich systems at high pressures.
Questions: (i) Is plant species richness related to patch configuration, quality, heterogeneity and history in very small forest patches? (ii) Is there a similar effect of patch configuration, quality, heterogeneity and history on all plant species or does it vary for different plant groups? (iii) Does the importance of patch configuration, quality, heterogeneity and history vary for plant species richness between patch size classes?
Location: Prignitz region, western part of Brandenburg, Germany
Methods: Plant species lists for 183 forest patches (0.08-12.7 ha) were compiled. We conducted a hierarchical partitioning analysis to test which of the four patch variables - configuration, quality, heterogeneity and history - explained most of the variance in plant species richness and richness of various plant groups.
Results: Irrespective of patch size class, species richness is mainly predicted by patch quality and heterogeneity. In particular, generalists are primarily affected by the soil moisture and nutrient level, and specialists additionally by patch heterogeneity and history. A higher historical habitat quality, together with long habitat continuity, led to an increase in forest specialists and geophytes in all patches. In the >5-ha patches only historical habitat quality accounted for a significant increase in the number of species with short-distance dispersal capacity in all species. Regardless of patch size, the number of locally infrequent species increased significantly with historical habitat quality. The effect of patch configuration was negligible, except for space-filling trees and shrubs, when considering all patches.
Conclusions: Our more comprehensive statistical approach shows, in general, that all complex variables have an effect on species richness and should be considered in future studies. The fact that patch heterogeneity and quality are the main predictors of species richness indicates that very small forest patches covered a range of highly structured patches and sites having various growth conditions. We assume that the century-old tradition of private ownership with smallholder social structure is the main reason for variability in stand structure and species assemblage, resulting in the uniqueness of each patch. Since the number of locally infrequent plant species increases significantly with historical habitat quality, we suggest that it is particularly important to consider this variable in future studies on the decline of infrequent plant species.
Rivers draining the southern Himalaya provide most of the water supply for the densely populated Indo-Gangetic plains. Despite the importance of water resources in light of climate change, the relative contributions of rainfall, snow and glacier melt to discharge are not well understood, due to the scarcity of ground-based data in this complex terrain. Here, we quantify discharge sources in the Sutlej Valley, western Himalaya, from 2000 to 2012 with a distributed hydrological model that is based on daily, ground-calibrated remote-sensing observation. Based on the consistently good model performance, we analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution of hydrologic components and quantified their contribution to river discharge. Our results indicate that the Sutlej River's annual discharge at the mountain front is sourced to 55% by effective rainfall (rainfall reduced by evapotranspiration), 35% by snow melt and 10% by glacier melt. In the high-elevation orogenic interior glacial runoff contributes ∼30% to annual river discharge. These glacier melt contributions are especially important during years with substantially reduced rainfall and snowmelt runoff, as during 2004, to compensate for low river discharge and ensure sustained water supply and hydropower generation. In 2004, discharge of the Sutlej River totaled only half the maximum annual discharge; with 17.3% being sourced by glacier melt. Our findings underscore the importance of calibrating remote-sensing data with ground-based data to constrain hydrological models with reasonable accuracy. For instance, we found that TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) product 3B42 V7 systematically overestimates rainfall in arid regions of our study area by a factor of up to 5. By quantifying the spatiotemporal distribution of water resources we provide an important assessment of the potential impact of global warming on river discharge in the western Himalaya. Given the near-global coverage of the utilized remote-sensing datasets this hydrological modeling approach can be readily transferred to other data-sparse regions.
The sediment flux through Himalayan rivers directly impacts water quality and is important for sustaining agriculture as well as maintaining drinking-water and hydropower generation. Despite the recent increase in demand for these resources, little is known about the triggers and sources of extreme sediment flux events, which lower water quality and account for extensive hydropower reservoir filling and turbine abrasion. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal trends in suspended sediment flux based on daily data during the past decade (2001-2009) from four sites along the Sutlej River and from four of its main tributaries. In conjunction with satellite data depicting rainfall and snow cover, air temperature and earthquake records, and field observations, we infer climatic and geologic controls of peak suspended sediment concentration (SSC) events. Our study identifies three key findings: First, peak SSC events (a parts per thousand yen 99th SSC percentile) coincide frequently (57-80%) with heavy rainstorms and account for about 30% of the suspended sediment flux in the semi-arid to arid interior of the orogen. Second, we observe an increase of suspended sediment flux from the Tibetan Plateau to the Himalayan Front at mean annual timescales. This sediment-flux gradient suggests that averaged, modern erosion in the western Himalaya is most pronounced at frontal regions, which are characterized by high monsoonal rainfall and thick soil cover. Third, in seven of eight catchments, we find an anticlockwise hysteresis loop of annual sediment flux variations with respect to river discharge, which appears to be related to enhanced glacial sediment evacuation during late summer. Our analysis emphasizes the importance of unconsolidated sediments in the high-elevation sector that can easily be mobilized by hydrometeorological events and higher glacial-meltwater contributions. In future climate change scenarios, including continuous glacial retreat and more frequent monsoonal rainstorms across the Himalaya, we expect an increase in peak SSC events, which will decrease the water quality and impact hydropower generation.
Seasonal precipitation gradients and their impact on fluvial sediment flux in the Northwest Himalaya
(2010)
Precipitation in the form of rain and snowfall throughout the Himalaya controls river discharge and erosional processes and, thus, has a first-order control on the fluvial sediment flux. Here, we analyze daily precipitation data (1998-2007) of 80 weather stations from the northwestern Himalaya in order to decipher temporal and spatial moisture gradients. In addition, suspended sediment data allow assessment of the impact of precipitation on the fluvial sediment flux for a 10(3)-km(2) catchment (Baspa). We find that weather stations located at the mountain front receive similar to 80% of annual precipitation during summer (May-Oct), whereas stations in the orogenic interior, i.e., leeward of the orographic barrier, receive similar to 60% of annual precipitation during winter (Nov-Apr). In both regions 4-6 rainstorm days account for similar to 40% of the summer budgets, while rainstorm magnitude-frequency relations, derived from 40-year precipitation time-series, indicate a higher storm variability in the interior than in the frontal region. This high variability in maximum annual rainstorm days in the orogenic interior is reflected by a high variability in extreme suspended sediment events in the Baspa Valley, which strongly affect annual erosion yields. The two most prominent 5-day-long erosional events account for 50% of the total 5-year suspended sediment flux and coincide with synoptic-scale monsoonal rainstorms. This emphasizes the erosional impact of the Indian Summer Monsoon as the main driving force for erosion processes in the orogenic interior, despite more precipitation falling during the winter season.
Nitraria is a halophytic taxon (i.e., adapted to saline environments) that belongs to the plant family Nitrariaceae and is distributed from the Mediterranean, across Asia into the south-eastern tip of Australia. This taxon is thought to have originated in Asia during the Paleogene (66-23 Ma), alongside the proto-Paratethys epicontinental sea. The evolutionary history of Nitraria might hold important clues on the links between climatic and biotic evolution but limited taxonomic documentation of this taxon has thus far hindered this line of research. Here we investigate if the pollen morphology and the chemical composition of the pollen wall are informative of the evolutionary history of Nitraria and could explain if origination along the proto-Paratethys and dispersal to the Tibetan Plateau was simultaneous or a secondary process. To answer these questions, we applied a novel approach consisting of a combination of Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), to determine the chemical composition of the pollen wall, and pollen morphological analyses using Light Microscopy (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). We analysed our data using ordinations (principal components analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling), and directly mapped it on the Nitrariaceae phylogeny to produce a phylomorphospace and a phylochemospace. Our LM, SEM and FTIR analyses show clear morphological and chemical differences between the sister groups Peganum and Nitraria. Differences in the morphological and chemical characteristics of highland species (Nitraria schoberi, N. sphaerocarpa, N. sibirica and N. tangutorum) and lowland species (Nitraria billardierei and N. retusa) are very subtle, with phylogenetic history appearing to be a more important control on Nitraria pollen than local environmental conditions. Our approach shows a compelling consistency between the chemical and morphological characteristics of the eight studied Nitrariaceae species, and these traits are in agreement with the phylogenetic tree. Taken together, this demonstrates how novel methods for studying fossil pollen can facilitate the evolutionary investigation of living and extinct taxa, and the environments they represent.
From November 2006 to January 2010, a sediment trap that was cleared monthly was deployed in Lake Challa, a deep stratified freshwater lake on the eastern slope of Mt. Kilimanjaro in southern Kenya. Geochemical data from sediment trap samples were compared with a broad range of limnological and meteorological parameters to characterize the effect of single parameters on productivity and sedimentation processes in the crater basin. During the southern hemisphere summer (November-March), when the water temperature is high and the lake is biologically productive (nondiatom algae), calcite predominated in the sediment trap samples. During the "long rain" season (March-May) a small amount of organic matter and lithogenic material caused by rainfall appeared. This was followed by the cool and windy months of the southern hemisphere winter (June-October) when diatoms were the main component, indicating a diatom bloom initiated by improvement of nutrient availability related to upwelling processes. The sediment trap data support the hypothesis that the light-dark lamination couplets, which are abundant in Lake Challa cores, reflect seasonal delivery to the sediments of diatom-rich particulates during the windy months and diatom-poor material during the wet season. However, interannual and spatial variability in upwelling and productivity patterns, as well as El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related rainfall and drought cycles, exert a strong influence on the magnitude and geochemical composition of particle export to the hypolimnion of Lake Challa.
Interannual rainfall variations in equatorial East Africa are tightly linked to the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with more rain and flooding during El Nino and droughts in La Nina years, both having severe impacts on human habitation and food security. Here we report evidence from an annually laminated lake sediment record from southeastern Kenya for interannual to centennial-scale changes in ENSO-related rainfall variability during the last three millennia and for reductions in both the mean rate and the variability of rainfall in East Africa during the Last Glacial period. Climate model simulations support forward extrapolation from these lake sediment data that future warming will intensify the interannual variability of East Africa's rainfall.
It is widely recognized that collisional mountain belt topography is generated by crustal thickening and lowered by river bedrock erosion, linking climate and tectonics(1-4). However, whether surface processes or lithospheric strength control mountain belt height, shape and longevity remains uncertain. Additionally, how to reconcile high erosion rates in some active orogens with long-term survival of mountain belts for hundreds of millions of years remains enigmatic. Here we investigate mountain belt growth and decay using a new coupled surface process(5,6) and mantle-scale tectonic model(7). End-member models and the new non-dimensional Beaumont number, Bm, quantify how surface processes and tectonics control the topographic evolution of mountain belts, and enable the definition of three end-member types of growing orogens: type 1, non-steady state, strength controlled (Bm > 0.5); type 2, flux steady state(8), strength controlled (Bm approximate to 0.4-0.5); and type 3, flux steady state, erosion controlled (Bm < 0.4). Our results indicate that tectonics dominate in Himalaya-Tibet and the Central Andes (both type 1), efficient surface processes balance high convergence rates in Taiwan (probably type 2) and surface processes dominate in the Southern Alps of New Zealand (type 3). Orogenic decay is determined by erosional efficiency and can be subdivided into two phases with variable isostatic rebound characteristics and associated timescales. The results presented here provide a unified framework explaining how surface processes and lithospheric strength control the height, shape, and longevity of mountain belts.
In recent years, nature-based solutions are receiving increasing attention in the field of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation as inclusive, no regret approaches. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) can mitigate the impacts of climate change, build resilience and tackle environmental degradation thereby supporting the targets set by the 2030 Agenda, the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework. Despite these benefits, EbA is still rarely implemented in practice. To better understand the barriers to implementation, this research examines policy-makers' perceptions of EbA, using an extended version of Protection Motivation Theory as an analytical framework. Through semi-structured interviews with policy-makers at regional and provincial level in Central Vietnam, it was found that EbA is generally considered a promising response option, mainly due to its multiple ecosystem-service benefits. The demand for EbA measures was largely driven by the perceived consequences of natural hazards and climate change. Insufficient perceived response efficacy and time-lags in effectiveness for disaster risk reduction were identified as key impediments for implementation. Pilot projects and capacity building on EbA are important means to overcome these perceptual barriers. This paper contributes to bridging the knowledge-gap on political decision-making regarding EbA and can, thereby, promote its mainstreaming into policy plans.
We employ P to S converted waveforms to investigate effects of the hot mantle plume on seismic discontinuities of the crust and upper mantle. We observe the Moho at depths between 13 and 17 km, regionally covered by a strong shallow intracrustal converted phase. Coherent phases on the transverse component indicate either dipping interfaces, 3- D heterogeneities or lower crustal anisotropy. We find anomalies related to discontinuities in the upper mantle down to the transition zone evidently related to the hot mantle plume. Lithospheric thinning is confirmed in greater detail than previously reported by Li et al., and we determine the dimensions of the low-velocity zone within the asthenosphere with greater accuracy. Our study mainly focuses on the temperature-pressure dependent discontinuities of the upper mantle transition zone. Effects of the hot diapir on the depths of mineral phase transitions are verified at both major interfaces at 410 and 660 km. We determine a plume radius of about 200 km at the 660 km discontinuity with a core zone of about 120 km radius. The plume conduit is located southwest of Big Island. A conduit tilted in the northeast direction is required in the upper mantle to explain the observations. The determined positions of deflections of the discontinuities support the hypothesis of decoupled upper and lower mantle convection
Proglacial environments are ideal for studying the development of soils through the changes of rocks exposed by glacier retreat to weathering and microbial processes. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents as well as soil pH and soil elemental compositions are thought to be dominant factors structuring the bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities in the early stages of soil ecosystem formation. However, the functional linkages between C and N contents, soil composition and microbial community structures remain poorly understood. Here, we describe a multivariate analysis of geochemical properties and associated microbial community structures between a moraine and a glaciofluvial outwash in the proglacial area of a High Arctic glacier (Longyearbreen, Svalbard). Our results reveal distinct differences in developmental stages and heterogeneity between the moraine and the glaciofluvial outwash. We observed significant relationships between C and N contents, delta C-13(org) and delta N-15 isotopic ratios, weathering and microbial abundance and community structures. We suggest that the observed differences in microbial and geochemical parameters between the moraine and the glaciofluvial outwash are primarily a result of geomorphological variations of the proglacial terrain.
In public perception, abnormal animal behavior is widely assumed to be a potential earthquake precursor, in strong contrast to the viewpoint in natural sciences. Proponents of earthquake prediction via animals claim that animals feel and react abnormally to small changes in environmental and physico-chemical parameters related to the earthquake preparation process. In seismology, however, observational evidence for changes of physical parameters before earthquakes is very weak. In this study, we reviewed 180 publications regarding abnormal animal behavior before earthquakes and analyze and discuss them with respect to (1) magnitude-distance relations, (2) foreshock activity, and (3) the quality and length of the published observations. More than 700 records of claimed animal precursors related to 160 earthquakes are reviewed with unusual behavior of more than 130 species. The precursor time ranges from months to seconds prior to the earthquakes, and the distances from a few to hundreds of kilometers. However, only 14 time series were published, whereas all other records are single observations. The time series are often short (the longest is 1 yr), or only small excerpts of the full data set are shown. The probability density of foreshocks and the occurrence of animal precursors are strikingly similar, suggesting that at least parts of the reported animal precursors are in fact related to foreshocks. Another major difficulty for a systematic and statistical analysis is the high diversity of data, which are often only anecdotal and retrospective. The study clearly demonstrates strong weaknesses or even deficits in many of the published reports on possible abnormal animal behavior. To improve the research on precursors, we suggest a scheme of yes and no questions to be assessed to ensure the quality of such claims.
A sediment core from a closed basin lake (Lake Kuhai) from the semi-arid northeastern Tibetan Plateau was analysed for its pollen record to infer Lateglacial and post glacial vegetation and climatic change. At Lake Kuhai five major vegetation and climate shifts could be identified: (1) a change from cold and dry to relatively warmer and more moist conditions at 14.8 cal ka BP: (2) a shift to conditions of higher effective moisture and a stepwise warmer climate at 13.6 cal ka BP; (3) a further shift with increased moisture but colder conditions at 7.0 cal ka BP; (4) a return to a significantly colder and drier phase at 6.3 cal ka BP; (5) and a change back to relatively moist conditions at 2.2 cal ka BP. To investigate the response of lake ecosystems to climatic changes, statistical comparisons were made between the lake Kuhai pollen record and a formerly published ostracod and sedimentary record from the same sediment core. Furthermore, the pollen and lacustrine proxies from lake Kuhai were compared to a previously published pollen and lacustrine record from the nearby Lake Koucha. Statistical comparisons were done using non-metric multidimensional scaling and Procrustes rotation. Differences between lacustrine and pollen responses within one site could be identified, suggesting that lacustrine proxies are partly influenced by in-lake or local catchment processes, whereas the terrestrial (pollen) proxy shows a regional climate signal. Furthermore, we found regional differences in proxy response between lake Kuhai and Lake Koucha. Both pollen records reacted in similar ways to major environmental changes, with minor differences in the timing and magnitude of these changes. The lacustrine records were very similar in their timing and magnitude of response to environmental changes; however, the nature of change was at times very distinct. To place the current study in the context of Holocene moisture evolution across the Tibetan Plateau, we applied a five-scale moisture index and average link clustering to all available continuous palaeo-climate records from the Tibetan Plateau to possibly find general patterns of moisture evolution on the Plateau. However, no common regional pattern of moisture evolution during the Holocene could be detected. We assign this to complex responses of different proxies to environmental and atmospheric changes in an already very heterogeneous mountain landscape where minor differences in elevation can cause strong variation in microenvironments.
A general mean annual temperature increase accompanied with substantial glacial retreat has been noted on the Tibetan Plateau during the last two centuries but most significantly since the mid 1950s. These climate trends are particularly apparent on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. However, the Tibetan Plateau (due to its heterogeneous mountain landscape) has very complex and spatially differing temperature and precipitations patterns. As a result, intensive palaeolimnological investigations are necessary to decipher these climatic patterns and to understand ecological responses to recent environmental change. Here we present palaeolimnological results from a (210)Pb/(137)Cs-dated sediment core spanning approximately the last 200 years from a remote high-mountain lake (LC6 Lake, working name) on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Sediment profiles of diatoms, organic variables (TOC, C:N) and grain size were investigated. The (210)Pb record suggests a period of rapid sedimentation, which might be linked to major tectonic events in the region ca. 1950. Furthermore, unusually high (210)Pb supply rates over the last 50 years suggest that the lake has possibly been subjected to increasing precipitation rates, sediment focussing and/or increased spring thaw. The majority of diatom taxa encountered in the core are typical of slightly acidic to circumneutral, oligotrophic, electrolyte-poor lakes. Diatom species assemblages were rich, and dominated by Cyclotella sp., Achnanthes sp., Aulacoseira sp. and fragilarioid taxa. Diatom compositional change was minimal over the 200-year period (DCCA = 0.85 SD, p = 0.59); only a slightly more diverse but unstable diatom assemblage was recorded during the past 50 years. The results indicate that large-scale environmental changes recorded in the twentieth century (i.e. increased precipitation and temperatures) are likely having an affect on the LC6 Lake, but so far these impacts are more apparent on the lake geochemistry than on the diatom flora. Local and/or regional peculiarities, such as increasing precipitation and cloud cover, or localized climatic phenomena, such as negative climate feedbacks, might have offset the effects of increasing mean surface temperatures.
Rapid population growth and economic development have led to increased anthropogenic pressures on the Tibetan Plateau, causing significant land cover changes with potentially severe ecological consequences. To assess whether or not these pressures are also affecting the remote montane-boreal lakes on the SE Tibetan Plateau, fossil pollen and diatom data from two lakes were synthesized. The interplay of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem response was explored in respect to climate variability and human activity over the past 200 years. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and Procrustes rotation analysis were undertaken to determine whether pollen and diatom responses in each lake were similar and synchronous. Detrended canonical correspondence analysis was used to develop quantitative estimates of compositional species turnover. Despite instrumental evidence of significant climatic warming on the southeastern Plateau, the pollen and diatom records indicate very stable species composition throughout their profiles and show only very subtle responses to environmental changes over the past 200 years. The compositional species turnover (0.36-0.94 SD) is relatively low in comparison to the species reorganizations known from the periods during the mid-and early-Holocene (0.64-1.61 SD) on the SE Plateau, and also in comparison to turnover rates of sediment records from climate-sensitive regions in the circum arctic. Our results indicate that climatically induced ecological thresholds are not yet crossed, but that human activity has an increasing influence, particularly on the terrestrial ecosystem in our study area. Synergistic processes of post-Little Ice Age warming, 20th century climate warming and extensive reforestations since the 19th century have initiated a change from natural oak-pine forests to seminatural, likely less resilient pine-oak forests. Further warming and anthropogenic disturbances would possibly exceed the ecological threshold of these ecosystems and lead to severe ecological consequences.
The Tibetan Plateau is a region that is highly sensitive to recent global warming, but the complexity and heterogeneity of its mountainous landscape can result in variable responses. In addition, the scarcity and brevity of regional instrumental and palaeoecological records still hamper our understanding of past and present patterns of environmental change. To investigate how the remote, high-alpine environments of the Nianbaoyeze Mountains, eastern Tibetan Plateau, are affected by climate change and human activity over the last similar to 600 years, we compared regional tree-ring studies with pollen and diatom remains archived in the dated sediments of Dongerwuka Lake (33.22A degrees N, 101.12A degrees E, 4,307 m a.s.l.). In agreement with previous studies from the eastern Tibetan Plateau, a strong coherence between our two juniper-based tree-ring chronologies from the Nianbaoyeze and the Anemaqin Mountains was observed, with pronounced cyclical variations in summer temperature reconstructions. A positive directional trend to warmer summer temperatures in the most recent decades, was, however, not observed in the tree-ring record. Likewise, our pollen and diatom spectra showed minimal change over the investigated time period. Although modest, the most notable change in the diatom relative abundances was a subtle decrease in the dominant planktonic Cyclotella ocellata and a concurrent increase in small, benthic fragilarioid taxa in the similar to 1820s, suggesting higher ecosystem variability. The pollen record subtly indicates three periods of increased cattle grazing activity (similar to 1400-1480 AD, similar to 1630-1760 AD, after 1850 AD), but shows generally no significant vegetation changes during past similar to 600 years. The minimal changes observed in the tree-ring, diatom and pollen records are consistent with the presence of localised cooling centres that are evident in instrumental and tree-ring data within the southeastern and eastern Tibetan Plateau. Given the minor changes in regional temperature records, our complacent palaeoecological profiles suggest that climatically induced ecological thresholds have not yet been crossed in the Nianbaoyeze Mountains region.
Substantial investment in climate change research has led to dire predictions of the impacts and risks to biodiversity. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth assessment report(1) cites 28,586 studies demonstrating significant biological changes in terrestrial systems(2). Already high extinction rates, driven primarily by habitat loss, are predicted to increase under climate change(3-6). Yet there is little specific advice or precedent in the literature to guide climate adaptation investment for conserving biodiversity within realistic economic constraints(7). Here we present a systematic ecological and economic analysis of a climate adaptation problem in one of the world's most species-rich and threatened ecosystems: the South African fynbos. We discover a counterintuitive optimal investment strategy that switches twice between options as the available adaptation budget increases. We demonstrate that optimal investment is nonlinearly dependent on available resources, making the choice of how much to invest as important as determining where to invest and what actions to take. Our study emphasizes the importance of a sound analytical framework for prioritizing adaptation investments(4). Integrating ecological predictions in an economic decision framework will help support complex choices between adaptation options under severe uncertainty. Our prioritization method can be applied at any scale to minimize species loss and to evaluate the robustness of decisions to uncertainty about key assumptions.
The impact of reservoir heterogeneities on High-Temperature aquifer thermal energy storage systems
(2018)
We conducted a geoscientific feasibility study for the development of a high-temperature thermal aquifer energy storage system (HT-ATES) outside the capital of Muscat, northern Oman. The aquifer storage is part of a solar geothermal cooling project for the sustainable and continuous cooling of office buildings. The main concept is that excess solar energy will be stored in the subsurface through hot water injection and subsequently utilised as auxiliary energy source during peak demand times. The characterisation of aquifer heterogeneities is thus essential to predict subsurface thermal heat plume development and recovery efficiency of the storage system. We considered two aquifer systems as potential storage horizons, (i) a clastic-dominated alluvial fan system where individual channel systems in combination with diagenetic alterations constitute the main heterogeneities and (ii) a carbonate-dominated system represented by a homogenous layer-cake architecture. The feasibility study included a multidisciplinary approach from initial field work, geocellular reservoir modelling to finite element fluid flow and thermal modelling. Our results show that for the HT-ATES system, with a high frequency of injection and production cycles, heat loss mainly occurs due to heterogeneities in the permeability field of the aquifer in combination with buoyancy driven vertical fluid flow. An impermeable cap-rock is needed to keep the heat plume in place. Conductive heat loss is a minor issue. Highly complex heat plume geometries are apparent in the clastic channel system and ATES well planning is challenging due to the complex and interconnected high permeable channels. The carbonate sequence shows uniform plume geometries due to the layer cake architecture of the system and is tentatively more suitable for ATES development. Based on our findings we propose the general concept of HT-ATES traps, incorporating and building on expertise and knowledge from petroleum and reservoir geology regarding reservoir rocks and suitable trap&seal geometries. The concept can be used as guideline for future high-temperature aquifer storage exploration and development.
Design flood estimation is an essential part of flood risk assessment. Commonly applied are flood frequency analyses and design storm approaches, while the derived flood frequency using continuous simulation has been getting more attention recently. In this study, a continuous hydrological modelling approach on an hourly time scale, driven by a multi-site weather generator in combination with a -nearest neighbour resampling procedure, based on the method of fragments, is applied. The derived 100-year flood estimates in 16 catchments in Vorarlberg (Austria) are compared to (a) the flood frequency analysis based on observed discharges, and (b) a design storm approach. Besides the peak flows, the corresponding runoff volumes are analysed. The spatial dependence structure of the synthetically generated flood peaks is validated against observations. It can be demonstrated that the continuous modelling approach can achieve plausible results and shows a large variability in runoff volume across the flood events.
The Red Indian Line (RIL) in central Newfoundland is the suture, where the main tract of the Iapetus Ocean was closed at similar to 452 Ma during accretion of the peri-Gondwanan Victoria arc with the composite active Laurentian margin. The protracted deformation history of this soft collision started at similar to 471 Ma with accretion of oceanic terranes to the active composite Laurentian margin. After Iapetus closure both colliding active margins were progressively deformed and metamorphosed during Silurian and Devonian (Salinic, Acadian and Neoacadian orogenic cycles). Peak conditions of the very low- to medium-grade, heterogeneously distributed metamorphism were determined by pseudosection techniques within the range of 2-7 kbar, 230-450 degrees C during increase of the metamorphic field gradient from similar to 12 degrees C/km to similar to 32 degrees C/km over time. Multiple metamorphic crystallisation stages were dated by white mica Ar-40/Ar-39 spot and plateau ages, additional Rb-Sr mineral isochrons involving white mica and one U/Pb age of titanite. All resulting ages between 439 +/- 4 Ma and 356 +/- 16 Ma postdate the closure of Iapetus. Results differ along two transects: The oldest ages of 443-421 Ma (Salinic orogenic cycle) were observed along the northern transect through the RIL zone with minimal younger overprint. Hence low temperature, intermediate to high pressure conditions (4.0-7.0 kbar, 230-340 degrees C) achieved during Taconic-Salinic underthrusting are well preserved. During Acadian dextral transpression the Taconic-Salinic structural wedge was tilted subvertically. In contrast, rocks along the southern transect through the RIL zone mainly show Acadian ages of 408-390 Ma with local preservation of older ages. Acadian deformation occurred under low temperature/low pressure conditions (similar to 250-450 degrees C, 2.5-4.6 kbar). Also Silurian terrestrial cover rocks were buried under these conditions. Acadian-Neoacadian deformation (393-340 Ma) becomes younger towards the northwest and progressively localized in transcurrent fault zones. This final foreland deformation at shallow crustal level established the Acadian/Neoacadian orogenic front in central Newfoundland slightly northwest of the RIL.
The Madre de Dios Metamorphic Complex (MDMC) in southern Chile is a fossil frontal accretionary prism, which is mainly composed of metapsammopelitic rocks, intercalations of oceanic rocks (greenstone and metachert) and platform carbonate. We concentrated on the metabasite to decipher the metamorphic evolution. This rock type contains assemblages of the pumpellyite-actinolite facies: pumpellyite +/- actinolite-chlorite +/- grandite +/- phengite +/- epidote-albite- quartz-titanite +/- K-feldspar +/- calcite. The metamorphic phases mainly grew by prograde hydration reactions during various episodes of restricted fluid influx. Fundamental phase relations of the pumpellyite-actinolite facies and adjacent facies were reproduced by pseudosections calculated for the system K2O-Na2O-CaO-FeO-O-2-MgO-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2-H2O- CO2 at 200-400 degrees C and 1-9 kbar. The calculated stability fields of the metamorphic assemblages as realized in the MDMC metabasite indicate highest metamorphic conditions restricted to 290-310 degrees C, 4-6 kbar for the MDMC, presumably as a result of the main fluid influx at these conditions. Nevertheless, earlier local equilibria are still preserved as a result of strongly kinetically controlled mineral reactions and a lack of recrystallization and compositional homogenization at thin-section scale. Hence, thermodynamic calculations of local multivariant mineral equilibria using the entire compositional variation of minerals in the MDMC show that the prograde PT path evolved from 4 +/- 1 kbar, 200-220 degrees C to 5 +/- 1 kbar, 290-330 degrees C. The prograde PT path reflects nearly horizontal particle paths after reaching the maximum depth typical for frontal accretionary prisms. Long residence at maximum depth resulted in thermal re-equilibration. Ar-40/Ar-39 spot ages were measured by in situ UV laser ablation of local phengite concentrations in a deformed metapelite at 233 center dot 2 +/- 1 center dot 8 Ma and in an undeformed metabasite at 200 center dot 8 +/- 2 center dot 4 Ma. Whereas the first age represents an age of accretion, the latter age can be attributed to mineral growth either during a younger stage of accretion or during a retrograde stage. Ar-40/Ar-39 isotopic analyses of two further metabasite samples reflect a prominent resetting of ages at 152 center dot 0 +/- 2 center dot 2 Ma and white mica growth during external fluid access triggered by either a local intrusion or a late Jurassic extensional episode.
In the late Palaeozoic fore-arc system of north-central Chile at latitudes 31-32 degrees S (from the west to the east) three lithotectonic units are telescoped within a short distance by a Mesozoic strikeslip event (derived peak P-T conditions in brackets): (1) the basally accreted Choapa Metamorphic Complex (CMC; 350-430 degrees C, 6-9 kbar), (2) the frontally accreted Arrayan Formation (AF; 280-320 degrees C, 4-6 kbar) and (3) the retrowedge basin of the Huentelauquen Formation (HF; 280-320 degrees C, 3-4 kbar). In the CMC, Ar-Ar spot ages locally date white-mica formation at peak P-T conditions and during early exhumation at 279-242 Ma. In a local garnet mica-schist intercalation (570-585 degrees C, 11-13 kbar) Ar-Ar spot ages refer to the ascent from the subduction channel at 307-274 Ma. Portions of the CMC were isobarically heated to 510-580 degrees C at 6.6-8.5 kbar. The age of peak P-T conditions in the AF can only vaguely be approximated at >= 310 Ma by relict fission-track ages consistent with the observation that frontal accretion occurred prior to basal accretion. Zircon fission-track dating indicates cooling below similar to 280 degrees C at similar to 248 Ma in the CMC and the AF, when a regional unconformity also formed. Ar-Ar white-mica spot ages in parts of the CMC and within the entire AF and HF point to heterogeneous resetting during Mesozoic extensional and shortening events at similar to 245-240 Ma, similar to 210-200 Ma, similar to 174-159 Ma and similar to 142-127 Ma. The zircon fission-track ages are locally reset at 109-96 Ma. All resetting of Ar-Ar white-mica ages is proposed to have occurred by in situ dissolution/precipitation at low temperature in the presence of locally penetrating hydrous fluids. Hence syn-and postaccretionary events in the fore-arc system can still be distinguished and dated in spite of its complex heterogeneous postaccretional overprint.
The Guarguaraz Complex in West Argentina formed during collision between the microplate Chilenia and South America. It is composed of neritic clastic metasediments with intercalations of metabasic and ultrabasic rocks of oceanic origin. Prograde garnet growth in metapelite and metabasite occurred between 1.2 GPa, 470 degrees C and 1.4 GPa, 530 degrees C, when the penetrative s(2)-foliation was formed. The average age of garnet crystallization of 390 +/- 2 Ma (2 sigma) was determined from three four-point Lu-Hf mineral isochrones from metapelite and metabasite samples and represents the time of collision. Peak pressure conditions are followed by a decompression path with slight heating at 0.5 GPa, 560 degrees C. Fluid release during decompression caused equilibration of mineral compositions at the rims and also aided Ar diffusion. An Ar-40/39 Ar plateau age of white mica at 353 +/- 1 Ma (1 sigma) indicates the time of cooling below 350-400 degrees C. These temperatures were attained at pressures of 0.2-0.3 GPa, indicative of an average exhumation rate of >= 1 mm/a for the period 390-353 Ma. Late hydrous influx at 0.1-0.3 GPa caused pervasive growth of sericite and chlorite and reset the Ar/Ar ages of earlier coarse-grained white mica. At 284-295 Ma, the entire basement cooled below 280 degrees C (fission track ages of zircon) after abundant post-collisional granitoid intrusion. The deeply buried epicontinental sedimentary rocks, the high peak pressure referring to a low metamorphic geotherm of 10-12 degrees C/km, and the decompression/heating path are characteristics of material buried and exhumed within a (micro) continent-continent collisional setting.
Ar-40/Ar-39 in situ UV laser ablation of white mica, Rb-Sr mineral isochrons and zircon fission track dating were applied to determine ages of very low- to low-grade metamorphic processes at 3.5 +/- 0.4 kbar, 280 +/- 30 degrees C in the Avalonian Mira terrane of SE Cape Breton Island (Nova Scotia). The Mira terrane comprises Neoproterozoic volcanic-arc rocks overlain by Cambrian sedimentary rocks. Crystallization of metamorphic white mica was dated in six metavolcanic samples by Ar-40/Ar-39 spot age peaks between 396 +/- 3 and 363 +/- 14 Ma. Rb-Sr systematics of minerals and mineral aggregates yielded two isochrons at 389 +/- 7 Ma and 365 +/- 8 Ma, corroborating equilibrium conditions during very low- to low-grade metamorphism. The dated white mica is oriented parallel to foliations produced by sinistral strike-slip faulting and/or folding related to the Middle-Late Devonian transpressive assembly of Avalonian terranes during convergence and emplacement of the neighbouring Meguma terrane. Exhumation occurred earlier in the NW Mira terrane than in the SE. Transpression was related to the closure of the Rheic Ocean between Gondwana and Laurussia by NW-directed convergence. The Ar-40/Ar-39 spot age spectra also display relict age peaks at 477-465 Ma, 439 Ma and 420-428 Ma attributed to deformation and fluid access, possibly related to the collision of Avalonia with composite Laurentia or to earlier Ordovician-Silurian rifting. Fission track ages of zircon from Mira terrane samples range between 242 +/- 18 and 225 +/- 21 Ma and reflect late Palaeozoic reburial and reheating close to previous peak metamorphic temperatures under fluid-absent conditions during rifting prior to opening of the Central Atlantic Ocean.
The iron speciation in hydrous haplotonalitic and haplogranitic silicate glasses was studied using XAFS spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Spectral features occurring at the main crest of the XANES at the iron K-edge of hydrous glasses indicate contributions to the spectra by iron-moieties present in a more ordered structural environment than found in the dry glass. These differences are also suggested by analysis of the EXAFS. These effects are not completely suppressed even for those samples that were quenched with a higher cooling rate. Strongest differences to the dry glass are observed for a sample that was quenched slowly through the temperature of glass transformation. Crystals (60 to 1500 nm in size) of magnetite, maghemite and another unidentified phase were observed in this sample by TEM, whereas no crystals were found in samples quenched with regular or high cooling rates. In-situ XANES measurements up to 700 degrees C and 500 MPa were performed to reveal the origin (i.e., during synthesis or quench) of the structural differences for those hydrous glasses that do not display any detectable crystallization. The comparison of XANES spectra collected on Fe2+ in water-saturated haplogranitic melt at 700 degrees C and 500 MPa and on Fe2+ in dry melt at 1150 degrees C shows that the local structural environment of Fe2+ in both systems is similar. This indicates that there is no detectable and direct influence of water on the local structure around iron in this type of melt. Hence, the differences observed between hydrous and dry glasses can only be related to artefacts formed during the quench process. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Fe K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and Mossbauer spectra were collected on synthetic glasses of basaltic composition and of glasses on the sodium oxide-silica binary to establish a relation between the pre- edge of the XANES at the K-edge and the Fe oxidation state of depolymerised glasses. Charges of sample material were equilibrated at ambient pressure, superliquidus temperatures and oxygen fugacities that were varied over a range of about 15 orders of magnitude. Most experiments were carried out in gas-flow furnaces, either with pure oxygen, air, or different CO/CO2 mixtures. For the most reduced conditions, the samples charges were enclosed together with a pellet of the IQF oxygen buffer in an evacuated silica glass ampoule. Fe3+/SigmaFe x 100 of the samples determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy range between 0% and 100%. Position and intensity of the pre-edge centroid position vary strongly depending on the Fe oxidation state. The pre-edge centroid position and the Fe oxidation state determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy are nonlinearly related and have been fitted by a quadratic polynomial. Alternatively, the ratio of intensities measured at positions sensitive to Fe2+ and Fe3+, respectively, provides an even more sensitive method. Pre- edge intensities of the sample suite indicate average Fe co-ordination between 4 and 6 for all samples regardless of oxidation state. A potential application of the calibration given here opens the possibility of determining Fe oxidation state in glasses of similar compositions with high spatial resolution by use of a Micro-XANES setup (e.g., glass inclusions in natural minerals). (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Fe K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and Mossbauer spectra were collected on synthetic glasses of basaltic composition and of glasses on the sodium oxide-silica binary to establish a relation between the pre- edge of the XANES at the K-edge and the Fe oxidation state of depolymerised glasses. Charges of sample material were equilibrated at ambient pressure, superliquidus temperatures and oxygen fugacities that were varied over a range of about 15 orders of magnitude. Most experiments were carried out in gas-flow furnaces, either with pure oxygen, air, or different CO/CO2 mixtures. For the most reduced conditions, the samples charges were enclosed together with a pellet of the IQF oxygen buffer in an evacuated silica glass ampoule. Fe3+/Sigma Fe x 100 of the samples determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy range between 0% and 100%. Position and intensity of the pre-edge centroid position vary strongly depending on the Fe oxidation state. The pre-edge centroid position and the Fe oxidation state determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy are nonlinearly related and have been fitted by a quadratic polynomial. Alternatively, the ratio of intensities measured at positions sensitive to Fe2+ and Fe3+, respectively, provides an even more sensitive method. Pre- edge intensities of the sample suite indicate average Fe co-ordination between 4 and 6 for all samples regardless of oxidation state. A potential application of the calibration given here opens the possibility of determining Fe oxidation state in glasses of similar compositions with high spatial resolution by use of a Micro-XANES setup (e.g., glass inclusions in natural minerals). (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
A confocal set-up is presented that improves micro-XRF and XAFS experiment with high-pressure e diamond-anvil cells (DACs) In this experiment a probing volume is defined by the focus of the incoming synchrotron radiation beam and that of a polycapillary X-ray half-lens with a very long working distance, which is placed in front of the fluorescence detector This set-up enhances the quality of the fluorescence and XAFS spectra, and thus the sensitivity for detecting elements at low concentrations. It efficiently suppresses signal from outside the sample chamber, which stems from elastic and inelastic scattering of the incoming beam by the diamond anvils as well as from excitation of fluorescence from the body of the DAC
An overview is given on the current state of X-ray absorption measurements on silicate melts and glasses. The challenges, limitations, and achievements of analyzing X-ray absorption spectra measured in liquids to determine structural properties of major and minor elements in magmas are described, with particular focus on describing non-Gaussian pair distribution functions in highly disordered glasses and melts, measured at in situ conditions. This includes a discussion on the progress of combining experiments with data from molecular dynamics simulations. For the measurements at conditions of the deep Earth, various experimental approaches and necessities are discussed and two examples are described in more detail. Finally, the achievements and prospects are presented for measuring X-ray absorption spectra indirectly by X-ray Raman scattering.
Fe in magma : an overview
(2005)
The strong influence of physical conditions during magma formation on Fe equilibria offers a large variety of possibilities to deduce these conditions from Fe-bearing phases and phase assemblages found in magmatic rocks. Conditions of magma genesis and their evolution are of major interest for the understanding of volcanic eruptions. A brief overview on the most common methods used is given together with potential problems and limitations. Fe equilibria are not only sensitive to changes in intensive parameters (especially T and fO(2)) and extensive parameters like composition also have major effects, so that direct application of experimentally calibrated equilibria to natural systems is not always possible. Best estimates for pre-eruptive conditions are certainly achieved by studies that relate field observations directly to experimental observations for the composition of interest using as many constraints as possible (phase stability relations, Fe-Ti oxides, Fe partitioning between phases, Fe oxidation state in glass etc.). Local structural environment of Fe in silicate melts is an important parameter that is needed to understand the relationship between melt transport properties and melt structure. Assignment of Fe co-ordination and its relationship to the oxidation state seems not to be straightforward. In addition, there is considerable evidence that the co- ordination of Fe in glass differs from that in the melt, which has to be taken into account when linking melt structure to physical properties of silicate melts at T and P.
The study reported here evaluates the degree to which metals, salt anions and organic compounds are released from shales by exposure to water, either in its pure form or mixed with additives commonly employed during shale gas exploitation. The experimental conditions used here were not intended to simulate the exploitation process itself, but nevertheless provided important insights into the effects additives have on solute partition behaviour under oxic to sub-oxic redox conditions.
In order to investigate the mobility of major (e.g. Ca, Fe) and trace (e.g. As, Cd, Co, Mo, Pb, U) elements and selected organic compounds, we performed leaching tests with black shale samples from Bornholm, Denmark and Lower Saxony, Germany. Short-term experiments (24 h) were carried out at ambient pressure and temperatures of 100 degrees C using five different lab-made stimulation fluids. Two long-term experiments under elevated pressure and temperature conditions at 100 degrees C/100 bar were performed lasting 6 and 2 months, respectively, using a stimulation fluid containing commercially-available biocide, surfactant, friction reducer and clay stabilizer.
Our results show that the amount of dissolved constituents at the end of the experiment is independent of the pH of the stimulation fluid but highly dependent on the composition of the black shale and the buffering capacity of specific components, namely pyrite and carbonates. Shales containing carbonates buffer the solution at pH 7-8. Sulphide minerals (e.g. pyrite) become oxidized and generate sulphuric acid leading to a pH of 2-3. This low pH is responsible for the overall much larger amount of cations dissolved from shales containing pyrite but little to no carbonate. The amount of elements released into the fluid is also dependent on the residence time, since as much as half of the measured 23 elements show highest concentrations within four days. Afterwards, the concentration of most of the elemental species decreased pointing to secondary precipitations. Generally, in our experiments less than 15% of each analysed element contained in the black shale was mobilised into the fluid. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate and compare the geochemical impact of pure and impure CO2 on rock forming minerals of possible CO2 storage reservoirs. This geochemical approach takes into account the incomplete purification of industrial captured CO2 and the related effects during injection, and provides relevant data for long-term storage simulations of this specific greenhouse gas. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the interactions of supercritical CO2, brine and rock-forming mineral concentrates (albite, microcline, kaolinite, biotite, muscovite, calcite, dolomite and anhydrite) using a newly developed experimental setup. After up to 42 day (1000 h) experiments using pure and impure supercritical CO2 the dissolution and solution characteristics were examined by XRD, XRF, SEM and EDS for the solid, and ICP-MS and IC for the fluid reactants, respectively. Experiments with mixtures of supercritical CO2 (99.5 vol.%) and SO2 or NO2 impurities (0.5 vol.%) suggest the formation of H2SO4 and HNO3, reflected in pH values between 1 and 4 for experiments with silicates and anhydrite and between 5 and 6 for experiments with carbonates. These acids should be responsible for the general larger amount of cations dissolved from the mineral phases compared to experiments using pure CO2. For pure CO2 a pH of around 4 was obtained using silicates and anhydrite, and 7-8 for carbonates. Dissolution of carbonates was observed after both pure and impure CO2 experiments. Anhydrite was corroded by approximately 50 wt.% and gypsum precipitated during experiments with supercritical CO2 + NO2. Silicates do not exhibit visible alterations during all experiments but released an increasing amount of cations in the reaction fluid during experiments with impure CO2. Nonetheless, precipitated secondary carbonates could not be identified.
Apatite fission track and apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He ages were obtained from high- and ultra high-pressure rocks from the Kaghan Valley, Pakistan. Four samples from the high altitude northern parts of the valley yielded apatite fission track ages between 24.5 +/- 3.7 and 15.6 +/- 2.1 Ma and apatite (U-Th)/He ages between 21.0 +/- 0.6 and 5.3 +/- 0.2 Ma. These data record cooling of the formerly deeply-subducted high-grade metamorphic rocks induced by denudation and exhumation consistent with extension and back sliding along the reactivated, normal-acting Main Mantle Thrust. Overlap at around 10 Ma between fission track and (U-Th)/He ages is recognised at one location (Besal) showing that fast cooling occurred due to brittle reactivation of a former thrust fault. Widespread Miocene cooling is also evident in adjacent areas to the west (Deosai Plateau, Tso Moran), most likely related to uplift and unroofing linked to continued underplating of the Indian lower crust beneath Ladakh and Kohistan in the Late Eocene to Oligocene. In the southernmost part of the study area, near Naran, two significantly younger Late Miocene to Pliocene apatite fission track ages of 7.6 +/- 2.1 to 4.0 +/- 0.5 Ma suggest a spatial and temporal separation of exhumation processes. These younger ages are best explained by enhanced Late Miocene uplift and erosion driven by thrusting along the Main Boundary Thrust.
Ultrahigh-pressure (UHP), coesite-bearing edogites in the Himalaya have been documented from the Kaghan Valley in Pakistan and the Tso Morani area in northwest India. These complexes are part of the northern edge of the Indian plate that has been subducted to, and metamorphosed at, mantle depths of more than 100 km before being exhumed. Both UHP complexes are located today directly adjacent to the Indus-Tsangpo suture zone and are not separated by non-metamorphosed sequences of Tethyan sediments from the Asian margin. Herein, we present new data for one fresh coesite-bearing eclogite from the Tso Moran massif. Therein, garnets are zoned reflecting their growth during prograde and peak metamorphism and showing a thin retrograde overgrowth. Inclusions can be directly correlated to the compositional zoning and are seen as either relicts of the protolith mineral paragenesis and as "snap shots" of the mineral paragenesis during subduction and under peak conditions. Rare earth element concentrations (REE) were obtained for garnet, mineral inclusions in garnet and matrix minerals. The REE pattern in garnet reflects a sequential change in matrix minerals and their proportions due to net transfer reactions during subduction and peak metamorphism. Using conventional geothermobarometry, a peak pressure of ca. 44-48 kbar at 560-760 degrees C followed by an S-shaped exhumation curve has been deduced. Gibbs free energy minimization modelling was used to supplement our analytical findings. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
We performed leaching tests at elevated temperatures and pressures with an Alum black shale from Bomholm, Denmark and a Posidonia black shale from Lower Saxony, Germany. The Alum shale is a carbonate free black shale with pyrite and barite, containing 74.4 mu g/g U. The Posidonia shales is a calcareous shale with pyrite but without detectable amounts of barite containing 3.6 mu g/g U. Pyrite oxidized during the tests forming sulfuric acid which lowered the pH on values between 2 and 3 of the extraction fluid from the Alum shale favoring a release of U from the Alum shale to the fluid during the short-term and in the beginning of the long-term experiments. The activity concentration of U-238 is as high as 23.9 mBq/ml in the fluid for those experiments. The release of U and Th into the fluid is almost independent of pressure. The amount of uranium in the European shales is similar to that of the Marcellus Shale in the United States but the daughter product of U-238, the Ra-226 activity concentrations in the experimentally derived leachates from the European shales are quite low in comparison to that found in industrially derived flowback fluids from the Marcellus shale. This difference could mainly be due to missing Cl in the reaction fluid used in our experiments and a lower fluid to solid ratio in the industrial plays than in the experiments due to subsequent fracking and minute cracks from which Ra can easily be released.
Amphibole and mica Ar-40/Ar-39 ages as well as zircon, rutile and titanite U-Pb geochronology of eclogites and associated host rocks from the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Nappes (Indian Plate) in the Upper Kaghan Valley, Pakistan allow distinction of a multistage exhumation history. An Eocene age for peak-pressure metamorphism has been obtained by phengite Ar-40/Ar-39 (47.3 +/- 0.3 Ma) and zircon U-Pb (47.3 +/- 0.4 and 47.4 +/- 0.3 Ma) ages from cover and basement gneisses. A very short-lived metamorphic peak and rapid cooling is documented by an amphibole Ar-40/Ar-39 age of 46.6 +/- 0.5 Ma and a rutile U-Pb age of 44.1 +/- 1.3 Ma from eclogites. Phengite and biotite ages from cover and basement sequences metamorphosed during the Himalayan orogeny are 34.5 +/- 0.2 to 28.1 +/- 0.2 Ma whereas youngest biotites, yielding 23.6 +/- 0.1 and 21.7 +/- 0.2 Ma, probably reflect argon partial resetting. The amphibole age, together with those derived from phengite and zircon demonstrate a rate of initial exhumation of 86-143 mm/a i.e. an extremely rapid transport of the Indian Plate continental crust from ultra-high pressure (UHP) conditions back to crustal levels (47-46 Ma for transport from 140 to 40 km depth). Subsequent exhumation (46-41 Ma, 40-35 km) slowed to about 1 mm/a at the base of the continental crust but increased again later towards slightly higher exhumation rates of ca. 2 mm/a (41-34 Ma, 35- 20 km). This indicates a change from buoyancy-driven exhumation at mantle depths to compression forces related to continent-continent collision and accompanied crustal folding, thrusting and stacking that finally exposed the former deeply-buried rocks.
Metabasites were sampled from rock series of the subducted margin of the Indian Plate, the so-called Higher Himalayan Crystalline, in the Upper Kaghan Valley, Pakistan. These vary from corona dolerites, cropping out around Saif- ul-Muluk in the south, to coesite-eclogite close to the suture zone against rocks of the Kohistan arc in the north. Bulk rock major- and trace-element chemistry reveals essentially a single protolith as the source for five different eclogite types, which differ in fabric, modal mineralogy as well as in mineral chemistry. The study of newly-collected samples reveals coesite (confirmed by in situ Raman spectroscopy) in both garnet and omphacite. All eclogites show growth of amphiboles during exhumation. Within some coesite-bearing eclogites the presence of glaucophane cores to barroisite is noted whereas in most samples porphyroblastic sodic-calcic amphiboles are rimmed by more aluminous calcic amphibole (pargasite, tschermakite, and edenite). Eclogite facies rutile is replaced by ilmenite which itself is commonly surrounded by titanite. In addition, some eclogite bodies show leucocratic segregations containing phengite, quartz, zoisite and/or kyanite. The important implication is that the complex exhumation path shows stages of initial cooling during decompression (formation of glaucophane) followed by reheating: a very similar situation to that reported for the coesite-bearing eclogite series of the Tso Morari massif, India, 450 km to the south-east.
Understanding the key factors influencing the water quality of large river systems forms an important basis for the assessment and protection of cross-regional ecosystems and the implementation of adapted water management concepts. However, identifying these factors requires in-depth comprehension of the unique environmental systems, which can only be achieved by detailed water quality monitoring.
Within the scope of the joint science and sports event "Elbschwimmstaffel" (swimming relay on the river Elbe) in June/July 2017 organized by the German Ministry of Education and Research, water quality data were acquired along a 550 km long stretch of the Elbe River in Germany. During the survey, eight physiochemical water quality parameters were recorded in high spatial and temporal resolution with the BIOFISH multisensor system. Multivariate statistical methods were applied to identify and delineate processes influencing the water quality.
The BIOFISH dataset revealed that phytoplankton activity has a major impact on the water quality of the Elbe River in the summer months. The results suggest that phytoplankton biomass constitutes a substantial proportion of the suspended particles and that photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton is closely related to significant temporal changes in pH and oxygen saturation.
An evaluation of the BIOFISH data based on the combination of statistical analysis with weather and discharge data shows that the hydrological and meteorological history of the sampled water body was the main driver of phytoplankton dynamics. This study demonstrates the capacity of longitudinal river surveys with the BIOFISH or similar systems for water quality assessment, the identification of pollution sources and their utilization for online in situ monitoring of rivers.
The "Bohemians" of New Zealand - an ethnic group? In 1982 a small group of New Zealanders established contacts with the region of origin of their about 200 German-speaking ancestors who had emigrated from Bohemia for economic reasons in the 1860s and 1870s. They had all come from about twenty villages situated west of plzen and founded a rural settlement and participated in the foundation of a second one in New Zealand. Since World War I there had been no further contacts between the emigrants and their descendants on the one hand and their relatives in Bohemia on the other hand. For two reasons new contacts were established after such a long time: (1) the back-to the-roots-movement had spread to New Zealand from the USA, Canada and Australia, and (2) the status of cultural diversity keeps being enhanced in New Zealand since about 1970. These processes also influenced those people in New Zealand who call themselves "Bohemians" because of their ancestors' region of origin. Their total number is estimated at 10, 000 to 15, 000 at present. Up to now hardly any attention was attached to them in New Zealand by academic research and/or the general public. This paper discusses the history and today's situation of the former immigrants' community as well as the New Zealand "Bohemians " in general, raising the questions to what extent they can be defined as an ethnic group now and whether they will retain their status as a specific group in future
Land-use concepts provide decision support for the most efficient usage options according to sustainable development and multifunctionality requirements. However, developments in landscape-related, agricultural production schemes are primarily driven by economic benefits. Therefore, most agricultural land-use concepts tackle particular problems or interests and lack a systemic perspective. As a result, we discuss a conceptual model for future site-specific agricultural land-use with an inbuilt requirement for adequate experimental sites to enable monitoring systems for a new generation of ecosystem models and for new approaches to address science-stakeholder interactions.
Different upper tail indicators exist to characterize heavy tail phenomena, but no comparative study has been carried out so far. We evaluate the shape parameter (GEV), obesity index, Gini index and upper tail ratio (UTR) against a novel benchmark of tail heaviness - the surprise factor. Sensitivity analyses to sample size and changes in scale-to-location ratio are carried out in bootstrap experiments. The UTR replicates the surprise factor best but is most uncertain and only comparable between records of similar length. For samples with symmetric Lorenz curves, shape parameter, obesity and Gini indices provide consistent indications. For asymmetric Lorenz curves, however, the first two tend to overestimate, whereas Gini index tends to underestimate tail heaviness. We suggest the use of a combination of shape parameter, obesity and Gini index to characterize tail heaviness. These indicators should be supported with calculation of the Lorenz asymmetry coefficients and interpreted with caution.
Temperate forest soils of central Europe are regarded as important pools for soil organic carbon (SOC) and thought to have a high potential for carbon (C) sequestration. However, comprehensive data on total SOC storage, particularly under different forest types, and its drivers is limited. In this study, we analyzed a forest data set of 596 completely sampled soil profiles down to the parent material or to a depth of 1 m within Bavaria in southeast Germany in order to determine representative SOC stocks under different forest types in central Europe and the impact of different environmental parameters. We calculated a total median SOC stock of 9.8 kg m(-2) which is considerably lower compared with many other inventories within central Europe that used modelled instead of measured soil properties. Statistical analyses revealed climate as controlling parameter for the storage of SOC with increasing stocks in cool, humid mountainous regions and a strong decrease in areas with higher temperatures. No significant differences of total SOC storage were found between broadleaf, coniferous and mixed forests. However, coniferous forests stored around 35% of total SOC in the labile organic layer that is prone to human disturbance, forest fires and rising temperatures. In contrast, mixed and broadleaf forests stored the major part of SOC in the mineral soil. Moreover, these two forest types showed unchanged or even slightly increased mineral SOC stocks with higher temperatures, whereas SOC stocks in mineral soils under coniferous forest were distinctly lower. We conclude that mixed and broadleaf forests are more advantageous for C sequestration than coniferous forests. An intensified incorporation of broadleaf species in extent coniferous forests of Bavaria would prevent substantial SOC losses as a result of rising temperatures in the course of climate change.
Carbon storage capacity of semi-arid grassland soils and sequestration potentials in northern China
(2015)
Organic carbon (OC) sequestration in degraded semi-arid environments by improved soil management is assumed to contribute substantially to climate change mitigation. However, information about the soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration potential in steppe soils and their current saturation status remains unknown. In this study, we estimated the OC storage capacity of semi-arid grassland soils on the basis of remote, natural steppe fragments in northern China. Based on the maximum OC saturation of silt and clay particles <20m, OC sequestration potentials of degraded steppe soils (grazing land, arable land, eroded areas) were estimated. The analysis of natural grassland soils revealed a strong linear regression between the proportion of the fine fraction and its OC content, confirming the importance of silt and clay particles for OC stabilization in steppe soils. This relationship was similar to derived regressions in temperate and tropical soils but on a lower level, probably due to a lower C input and different clay mineralogy. In relation to the estimated OC storage capacity, degraded steppe soils showed a high OC saturation of 78-85% despite massive SOC losses due to unsustainable land use. As a result, the potential of degraded grassland soils to sequester additional OC was generally low. This can be related to a relatively high contribution of labile SOC, which is preferentially lost in the course of soil degradation. Moreover, wind erosion leads to substantial loss of silt and clay particles and consequently results in a direct loss of the ability to stabilize additional OC. Our findings indicate that the SOC loss in semi-arid environments induced by intensive land use is largely irreversible. Observed SOC increases after improved land management mainly result in an accumulation of labile SOC prone to land use/climate changes and therefore cannot be regarded as contribution to long-term OC sequestration.
Agricultural soils have a high potential for sequestration of atmospheric carbon due to their volume and several promising management options. However, there is a remarkable lack of information about the status quo of organic carbon in agricultural soils. In this study a comprehensive data set of 384 cropland soils and 333 grassland soils within the state of Bavaria in southeast Germany was analyzed in order to provide representative information on total amount, regional distribution and driving parameters of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) in agricultural soils of central Europe. The results showed that grassland soils stored higher amounts of SOC (11.8 kg m(-2)) and N (0.92 kg m(-2)) than cropland soils (9.0 and 0.66 kg m(-2), respectively) due to moisture-induced accumulation of soil organic matter (SOM) in B horizons. Surprisingly, no distinct differences were found for the A horizons since tillage led to a relocation of SOM with depth in cropland soils. Statistical analyses of driving factors for SOM storage revealed soil moisture, represented by the topographic wetness index (TWI), as the most important parameter for both cropland and grassland soils. Climate effects (mean annual temperature and precipitation) were of minor importance in agricultural soils because management options counteracted them to a certain extent, particularly in cropland soils. The distribution of SOC and N stocks within Bavaria based on agricultural regions confirmed the importance of soil moisture since the highest cropland SOC and N stocks were found for tertiary hills and loess regions, which exhibited large areas with potentially high soil moisture content in extant floodplains. Grassland soils showed the highest accumulation of SOC and N in the Alps and Pre-Alps as a result of low temperatures, high amounts of precipitation and high soil moisture content in areas of glacial denudation. Soil class was identified as a further driving parameter for SOC and N storage in cropland soils. In total, cropland and grassland soils in Bavaria store 242 and 134 Mt SOC as well as 19 and 12 Mt N down to a soil depth of 1 m or the parent material, respectively.
Challenges in understanding the hydrologic controls on the mobility of slow-moving landslides
(2011)
Slow-moving landslides are a wide-spread type of active mass movement, can cause severe damages to infrastructure, and may be a precursor of sudden catastrophic slope failures. Pore-water pressure is commonly regarded as the most important among a number of possible factors controlling landslide velocity. We used high-resolution monitoring data to explore the relations of landslide mobility and hydrologic processes at the Heumoser landslide in Austria, which is characterized by continuous slow movement along a shear zone. Movement rates showed a seasonality that was associated with elevated pore-water pressures. Pore pressure monitoring revealed a system of confined and separated aquifers with differing dynamics. Analysis of a simple infinite slope mobility model showed that small variations in parameters, along with measured pore pressure dynamics, provided a perfect match to our observations. Modeling showed a stabilizing effect of snow cover due to the additional load. This finding was supported by a multiple regression model, which further suggested that effective pore pressures at the slip surface were partially differing from the borehole observations and were related to preferential infiltration and subsurface flow in adjacent areas. It appears that in a setting like the Heumoser landslide, hydrologic processes delicately influence slope mobility through their control on pore pressure dynamics and the weight of the landslide body, which challenges observation and modeling. Moreover, it appears that their simplicity, and especially their high sensitivity to parameter variations, limits the conclusions that can be drawn from infinite slope models.
A common problem in ecology is identifying the relationship between relief and site properties obtainable only by point measurements. The method of Multi-Scale Landscape Analysis (MSLA) identifies such correlations. MSLA combines frequency filtering of the digital elevation model (DEM) with an estimation of the optimum filter coefficients using an optimization procedure. Tested using point data of soil decarbonation from a German young moraine landscape, MSLA provided significant results. Implemented within open source software SAMT. MSLA is comfortable and flexible to use, offering applications for numerous other spatial analysis problems.
The investigated HP/LT metasedimentary units of the Valaisan and adjacent European domains occupy a key position in the Alpine belt for understanding the transition from early subduction-related HP/LT metamorphism to collision-related Barrovian overprint and the evolution of mountain belts in general. The timing of high-pressure metamorphism, subsequent retrogression and following Barrow-type overprint was studied by Ar-40/Ar-39 dating of biotite and several white mica generations that are well characterized in terms of mineral chemistry, texture and associated mineral assemblages. Four distinct age populations of white mica record peak pressure conditions (42-40 Ma) and several stages of subsequent retrograde metamorphic evolution (36-25 Ma). Biotite isotopic analyses yield consistent apparent ages that cluster around 18-16 Ma for the Barrow-type thermal overprint. The recorded isotopic data reveal a significant time gap in the order of some 20 Ma between subduction-related HP/LT metamorphism and collision-related Barrovian overprint, supporting the notion of a polymetamorphic evolution associated with a bimodal P-T path.
This study monitors regional changes in the crystallinity of carbonaceous matter (CM) by applying Micro-Raman spectroscopy to a total of 214 metasediment samples (largely so-called Bundnerschiefer) dominantly metamorphosed under blueschist- to amphibolite-facies conditions. They were collected within the northeastern margin of the Lepontine dome and easterly adjacent areas of the Swiss Central Alps. Three-dimensional mapping of isotemperature contours in map and profile views shows that the isotemperature contours associated with the Miocene Barrow-type Lepontine metamorphic event cut across refolded nappe contacts, both along and across strike within the northeastern margin of the Lepontine dome and adjacent areas. Further to the northeast, the isotemperature contours reflect temperatures reached during the Late Eocene subduction-related blueschist-facies event and/or during subsequent near-isothermal decompression; these contours appear folded by younger, large-scale post-nappe-stacking folds. A substantial jump in the recorded maximum temperatures across the tectonic contact between the frontal Adula nappe complex and surrounding metasediments indicates that this contact accommodated differential tectonic movement of the Adula nappe with respect to the enveloping Bundnerschiefer after maximum temperatures were reached within the northern Adula nappe, i.e. after Late Eocene time.
Arctic and alpine treelines worldwide differ in their reactions to climate change. A northward advance of or densification within the treeline ecotone will likely influence climate-vegetation feedback mechanisms. In our study, which was conducted in the Taimyr Depression in the North Siberian Lowlands, w present a combined field-and model-based approach helping us to better understand the population processes involved in the responses of the whole treeline ecotone, spanning from closed forest to single-tree tundra, to climate warming. Using information on stand structure, tree age, and seed quality and quantity from seven sites, we investigate effects of intra-specific competition and seed availability on the specific impact of recent climate warming on larch stands. Field data show that tree density is highest in the forest-tundra, and average tree size decreases from closed forest to single-tree tundra. Age-structure analyses indicate that the trees in the closed forest and forest-tundra have been present for at least similar to 240 yr. At all sites except the most southerly ones, past establishment is positively correlated with regional temperature increase. In the single-tree tundra, however, a change in growth form from krummholz to erect trees, beginning similar to 130 yr ago, rather than establishment date has been recorded. Seed mass decreases from south to north, while seed quantity increases. Simulations with LAVESI (Larix Vegetation Simulator) further suggest that relative density changes strongly in response to a warming signal in the forest-tundra while intra-specific competition limits densification in the closed forest and seed limitation hinders densification in the single-tree tundra. We find striking differences in strength and timing of responses to recent climate warming. While forest-tundra stands recently densified, recruitment is almost non-existent at the southern and northern end of the ecotone due to autecological processes. Palaeo-treelines may therefore be inappropriate to infer past temperature changes at a fine scale. Moreover, a lagged treeline response to past warming will, via feedback mechanisms, influence climate change in the future.
Tree stands in the boreal treeline ecotone are, in addition to climate change, impacted by disturbances such as fire, water-related disturbances and logging. We aim to understand how these disturbances affect growth, age structure, and spatial patterns of larch stands in the north-eastern Siberian treeline ecotone (lower Kolyma River region), an insufficiently researched region. Stand structure of Larix cajanderi Mayr was studied at seven sites impacted by disturbances. Maximum tree age ranged from 44 to 300 years. Young to medium-aged stands had, independent of disturbance type, the highest stand densities with over 4000 larch trees per ha. These sites also had the highest growth rates for tree height and stem diameter. Overall lowest stand densities were found in a polygonal field at the northern end of the study area, with larches growing in distinct " tree islands". At all sites, saplings are significantly clustered. Differences in fire severity led to contrasting stand structures with respect to tree, recruit, and overall stand densities. While a low severity fire resulted in low-density stands with high proportions of small and young larches, high severity fires resulted in high-density stands with high proportions of big trees. At waterdisturbed sites, stand structure varied between waterlogged and drained sites and latitude. These mixed effects of climate and disturbance make it difficult to predict future stand characteristics and the treeline position.
Relative pollen productivity (RPP) estimates are fractionate values, often in relation to Poaceae, that allow vegetation cover to be estimated from pollen counts with the help of models. RPP estimates are especially used in the scientific community in Europe and China, with a few studies in North America. Here we present a comprehensive compilation of available northern hemispheric RPP studies and their results arising from 51 publications with 60 sites and 131 taxa. This compilation allows scientists to identify data gaps in need of further RPP analyses but can also aid them in finding an RPP set for their study region. We also present a taxonomically harmonised, unified RPP dataset for the Northern Hemisphere and subsets for North America (including Greenland), Europe (including arctic Russia), and China, which we generated from the available studies. The unified dataset gives the mean RPP for 55 harmonised taxa as well as fall speeds, which are necessary to reconstruct vegetation cover from pollen counts and RPP values. Data are openly available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.922661 (Wieczorek and Herzschuh, 2020).
Alluvial and transport-limited bedrock rivers constitute the majority of fluvial systems on Earth. Their long profiles hold clues to their present state and past evolution. We currently possess first-principles-based governing equations for flow, sediment transport, and channel morphodynamics in these systems, which we lack for detachment-limited bedrock rivers. Here we formally couple these equations for transport-limited gravel-bed river long-profile evolution. The result is a new predictive relationship whose functional form and parameters are grounded in theory and defined through experimental data. From this, we produce a power-law analytical solution and a finite-difference numerical solution to long-profile evolution. Steady-state channel concavity and steepness are diagnostic of external drivers: concavity decreases with increasing uplift rate, and steepness increases with an increasing sediment-to-water supply ratio. Constraining free parameters explains common observations of river form: to match observed channel concavities, gravel-sized sediments must weather and fine - typically rapidly - and valleys typically should widen gradually. To match the empirical square-root width-discharge scaling in equilibrium-width gravel-bed rivers, downstream fining must occur. The ability to assign a cause to such observations is the direct result of a deductive approach to developing equations for landscape evolution.
Isostasy is one of the oldest and most widely applied concepts in the geosciences, but the geoscientific community lacks a coherent, easy-to-use tool to simulate flexure of a realistic (i.e., laterally heterogeneous) lithosphere under an arbitrary set of surface loads. Such a model is needed for studies of mountain building, sedimentary basin formation, glaciation, sea-level change, and other tectonic, geodynamic, and surface processes. Here I present gFlex (for GNU flexure), an open-source model that can produce analytical and finite difference solutions for lithospheric flexure in one (profile) and two (map view) dimensions. To simulate the flexural isostatic response to an imposed load, it can be used by itself or within GRASS GIS for better integration with field data. gFlex is also a component with the Community Surface Dynamics Modeling System (CSDMS) and Landlab modeling frameworks for coupling with a wide range of Earth-surface-related models, and can be coupled to additional models within Python scripts. As an example of this in-script coupling, I simulate the effects of spatially variable lithospheric thickness on a modeled Iceland ice cap. Finite difference solutions in gFlex can use any of five types of boundary conditions: 0-displacement, 0-slope (i.e., clamped); 0-slope, 0-shear; 0-moment, 0-shear (i.e., broken plate); mirror symmetry; and periodic. Typical calculations with gFlex require << 1 s to similar to 1 min on a personal laptop computer. These characteristics - multiple ways to run the model, multiple solution methods, multiple boundary conditions, and short compute time - make gFlex an effective tool for flexural isostatic modeling across the geosciences.
Timing and magnitude of surface uplift are key to understanding the impact of crustal deformation and topographic growth on atmospheric circulation, environmental conditions, and surface processes. Uplift of the East African Plateau is linked to mantle processes, but paleoaltimetry data are too scarce to constrain plateau evolution and subsequent vertical motions associated with rifting. Here, we assess the paleotopographic implications of a beaked whale fossil (Ziphiidae) from the Turkana region of Kenya found 740 km inland from the present-day coastline of the Indian Ocean at an elevation of 620 m. The specimen is similar to 17 My old and represents the oldest derived beaked whale known, consistent with molecular estimates of the emergence of modern straptoothed whales (Mesoplodon). The whale traveled from the Indian Ocean inland along an eastward-directed drainage system controlled by the Cretaceous Anza Graben and was stranded slightly above sea level. Surface uplift from near sea level coincides with paleoclimatic change from a humid environment to highly variable and much drier conditions, which altered biotic communities and drove evolution in east Africa, including that of primates.
Cenozoic uplift of the East African Plateau has been associated with fundamental climatic and environmental changes in East Africa and adjacent regions. While this influence is widely accepted, the timing and the magnitude of plateau uplift have remained unclear. This uncertainty stems from the lack of datable, geomorphically meaningful reference horizons that could record surface uplift. Here, we document the existence of significant relief along the East African Plateau prior to rifting, as inferred from modeling the emplacement history of one of the longest terrestrial lava flows, the similar to 300-km-long Yatta phonolite flow in Kenya. This 13.5 Ma lava flow originated on the present-day eastern Kenya Rift flank, and utilized a riverbed that once routed runoff from the eastern rim of the plateau. Combining an empirical viscosity model with subsequent cooling and using the Yatta lava flow geometry and underlying paleotopography (slope angle), we found that the prerift slope was at least 0.2 degrees, suggesting that the lava flow originated at a minimum elevation of 1400 m. Hence, high paleotopography in the Kenya Rift region must have existed by at least 13.5 Ma. We infer from this that middle Miocene uplift occurred, which coincides with the two-step expansion of grasslands, as well as important radiation and speciation events in tropical Africa.
Whilst sophisticated multiphase fluid flow models are routinely employed to understand behaviour of oil and gas reservoirs, high-resolution data describing the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of rock characteristics is rarely available to populate models. We present a new approach to developing a quantitative understanding of the effect of individual controls on the distribution of petrophysical properties and their impact on fluid flow. This involves simulating flow through high-detail permeability architectures generated by forward modelling of the coupled depositional-diagenetic evolution of isolated platforms using CARB3D(+). This workflow is exemplified by an investigation of interactions between subsidence and climate, and their expression in spatial variations in reservoir quality in an isolated carbonate platform of similar size and subsidence history to the Triassic Latemar Platform.
Dissolutional lowering during subaerial exposure controls platform-top graininess via platform top hydrodynamics during the subsequent transgression. Dissolved carbonate is reprecipitated as cements by percolating meteoric waters. However, associated subsurface meteoric dissolution generates significant secondary porosity under a more humid climate. Slower subsidence enhances diagenetic overprinting during repeated exposure events. Single-phase streamline simulations show how early diagenesis develops more permeable fairways within the finer-grained condensed units that can act as thief zones for flow from the grainier but less diagenetically altered cyclic units.
Predicting macroscopic elastic rock properties requires detailed information on microstructure
(2017)
Predicting variations in macroscopic mechanical rock behaviour due to microstructural changes, driven by mineral precipitation and dissolution is necessary to couple chemo-mechanical processes in geological subsurface simulations. We apply 3D numerical homogenization models to estimate Young’s moduli for five synthetic microstructures, and successfully validate our results for comparable geometries with the analytical Mori-Tanaka approach. Further, we demonstrate that considering specific rock microstructures is of paramount importance, since calculated elastic properties may deviate by up to 230 % for the same mineral composition. Moreover, agreement between simulated and experimentally determined Young’s moduli is significantly improved, when detailed spatial information are employed.
Geochemical processes change the microstructure of rocks and thereby affect their physical behaviour at the macro scale. A micro-computer tomography (micro-CT) scan of a typical reservoir sandstone is used to numerically examine the impact of three spatial alteration patterns on pore morphology, permeability and elastic moduli by correlating precipitation with the local flow velocity magnitude. The results demonstrate that the location of mineral growth strongly affects the permeability decrease with variations by up to four orders in magnitude. Precipitation in regions of high flow velocities is characterised by a predominant clogging of pore throats and a drastic permeability reduction, which can be roughly described by the power law relation with an exponent of 20. A continuous alteration of the pore structure by uniform mineral growth reduces the permeability comparable to the power law with an exponent of four or the Kozeny-Carman relation. Preferential precipitation in regions of low flow velocities predominantly affects smaller throats and pores with a minor impact on the flow regime, where the permeability decrease is considerably below that calculated by the power law with an exponent of two. Despite their complete distinctive impact on hydraulics, the spatial precipitation patterns only slightly affect the increase in elastic rock properties with differences by up to 6.3% between the investigated scenarios. Hence, an adequate characterisation of the spatial precipitation pattern is crucial to quantify changes in hydraulic rock properties, whereas the present study shows that its impact on elastic rock parameters is limited. The calculated relations between porosity and permeability, as well as elastic moduli can be applied for upscaling micro-scale findings to reservoir-scale models to improve their predictive capabilities, what is of paramount importance for a sustainable utilisation of the geological subsurface.
Quantifying rock weakening due to decreasing calcite mineral content by numerical simulations
(2018)
The quantification of changes in geomechanical properties due to chemical reactions is of paramount importance for geological subsurface utilisation, since mineral dissolution generally reduces rock stiffness. In the present study, the effective elastic moduli of two digital rock samples, the Fontainebleau and Bentheim sandstones, are numerically determined based on micro-CT images. Reduction in rock stiffness due to the dissolution of 10% calcite cement by volume out of the pore network is quantified for three synthetic spatial calcite distributions (coating, partial filling and random) using representative sub-cubes derived from the digital rock samples. Due to the reduced calcite content, bulk and shear moduli decrease by 34% and 38% in maximum, respectively. Total porosity is clearly the dominant parameter, while spatial calcite distribution has a minor impact, except for a randomly chosen cement distribution within the pore network. Moreover, applying an initial stiffness reduced by 47% for the calcite cement results only in a slightly weaker mechanical behaviour. Using the quantitative approach introduced here substantially improves the accuracy of predictions in elastic rock properties compared to general analytical methods, and further enables quantification of uncertainties related to spatial variations in porosity and mineral distribution.
Diagenetic trends of synthetic reservoir sandstone properties assessed by digital rock physics
(2021)
Quantifying interactions and dependencies among geometric, hydraulic and mechanical properties of reservoir sandstones is of particular importance for the exploration and utilisation of the geological subsurface and can be assessed by synthetic sandstones comprising the microstructural complexity of natural rocks. In the present study, three highly resolved samples of the Fontainebleau, Berea and Bentheim sandstones are generated by means of a process-based approach, which combines the gravity-driven deposition of irregularly shaped grains and their diagenetic cementation by three different schemes. The resulting evolution in porosity, permeability and rock stiffness is examined and compared to the respective micro-computer tomographic (micro-CT) scans. The grain contact-preferential scheme implies a progressive clogging of small throats and consequently produces considerably less connected and stiffer samples than the two other schemes. By contrast, uniform quartz overgrowth continuously alters the pore space and leads to the lowest elastic properties. The proposed stress-dependent cementation scheme combines both approaches of contact-cement and quartz overgrowth, resulting in granulometric, hydraulic and elastic properties equivalent to those of the respective micro-CT scans, where bulk moduli slightly deviate by 0.8%, 4.9% and 2.5% for the Fontainebleau, Berea and Bentheim sandstone, respectively. The synthetic samples can be further altered to examine the impact of mineral dissolution or precipitation as well as fracturing on various petrophysical correlations, which is of particular relevance for numerous aspects of a sustainable subsurface utilisation.
Late Quaternary landscapes of unglaciated Beringia were largely shaped by ice-wedge polygon tundra. Ice Complex (IC) strata preserve such ancient polygon formations. Here we report on the Yukagir IC from Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island in northeastern Siberia and suggest that new radioisotope disequilibria (230Th/U) dates of the Yukagir IC peat confirm its formation during the Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 7a–c interglacial period. The preservation of the ice-rich Yukagir IC proves its resilience to last interglacial and late glacial–Holocene warming. This study compares the Yukagir IC to IC strata of MIS 5, MIS 3, and MIS 2 ages exposed on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island. Besides high intrasedimental ice content and syngenetic ice wedges intersecting silts, sandy silts, the Yukagir IC is characterized by high organic matter (OM) accumulation and low OM decomposition of a distinctive Drepanocladus moss-peat. The Yukagir IC pollen data reveal grass-shrub-moss tundra indicating rather wet summer conditions similar to modern ones. The stable isotope composition of Yukagir IC wedge ice is similar to those of the MIS 5 and MIS 3 ICs pointing to similar atmospheric moisture generation and transport patterns in winter. IC data from glacial and interglacial periods provide insights into permafrost and climate dynamics since about 200 ka.