Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (180)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (180) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (180)
Keywords
- football (15)
- athletic performance (11)
- balance (10)
- youth (10)
- adolescents (9)
- resistance training (9)
- stretch-shortening cycle (9)
- strength training (8)
- electromyography (7)
- training (7)
- Exercise (6)
- Gait (6)
- children (6)
- exercise (6)
- monitoring (6)
- performance (6)
- postural control (6)
- strength (6)
- training load (6)
- young athletes (6)
- Electromyography (5)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (5)
- injury risk (5)
- power (5)
- EMG (4)
- Ground reaction force (4)
- Resistance training (4)
- aging (4)
- elite athletes (4)
- gait (4)
- periodization (4)
- Aging (3)
- Balance (3)
- Seniors (3)
- Walking (3)
- agility (3)
- change of direction (3)
- force (3)
- ground reaction force (3)
- injury (3)
- jumping (3)
- loading rate (3)
- movement (3)
- muscle strength (3)
- physiology (3)
- plyometric training (3)
- postural stability (3)
- soccer (3)
- speed (3)
- sport-specific performance (3)
- striking combat sports (3)
- working memory (3)
- Body composition (2)
- COVID-19 (2)
- Cognitive/motor interference (2)
- Detraining (2)
- EEG (2)
- Jump height (2)
- Kampfsport (2)
- Muscle strength (2)
- Performance (2)
- Postural stability (2)
- Proactive/reactive balance (2)
- Single/dual tasking (2)
- Steady-state balance (2)
- Team sports (2)
- Trunk muscle strength (2)
- Youth (2)
- attentional demand (2)
- biomechanics (2)
- cognitive performance (2)
- cognitive-postural dual task (2)
- combat sport (2)
- cross-education (2)
- drop jump (2)
- fatigue (2)
- gait analysis (2)
- global positioning system (2)
- ground reaction forces (2)
- hospitalization (2)
- human physical conditioning (2)
- inertial measurement unit (2)
- jumps (2)
- knee joint angle (2)
- maturity (2)
- modality compatibility (2)
- motor skills (2)
- muscle (2)
- muscle power (2)
- musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (2)
- oarsmen (2)
- on-water performance (2)
- peak height velocity (2)
- physical fitness (2)
- physical performance (2)
- plyometric exercise (2)
- plyometrics (2)
- postural sway (2)
- range of motion (2)
- rate of perceived exertion (2)
- rate of torque development (2)
- recovery (2)
- reliability (2)
- rolling averages (2)
- running (2)
- running mechanics (2)
- sensitivity (2)
- somatic variables (2)
- sportliche Leistung (2)
- sprint (2)
- sprints (2)
- talent (2)
- validity (2)
- weighted moving averages (2)
- youth athletes (2)
- youth soccer (2)
- youth sports (2)
- ACWR (1)
- Acceleration (1)
- Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS) (1)
- Alpha-2 (1)
- Association (1)
- Attention (1)
- Balance Tests (1)
- Biomechanics (1)
- Bow leg (1)
- Central activation (1)
- Children (1)
- Cognition motor (1)
- Cognitive enhancer (1)
- Cognitive fatigue (1)
- Cognitive interference (1)
- Cognitive skills (1)
- Computer Software (1)
- Conditioning activity (1)
- Core stability (1)
- Core strength (1)
- Countermovement jump (1)
- Cross-over fatigue (1)
- Crossover (1)
- Crossover fatigue (1)
- DXA (1)
- Daily life (1)
- Dual tasks (1)
- EXERCISE (1)
- Elderly (1)
- Electric stimulation (1)
- Electroencephalography (EEG) (1)
- Electromyography (EMG) (1)
- Elite sports (1)
- Endurance (1)
- Executive function (1)
- Exercise therapy (1)
- Exertion (1)
- Exhaustion (1)
- Explosive force production (1)
- Fall risk (1)
- Fall risk assessment (1)
- Falls (1)
- Fatigue (1)
- Flat feet (1)
- Football (1)
- Footwear (1)
- Force production (1)
- Frail elderly (1)
- Free moment (1)
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (1)
- Gait kinematics (1)
- Gait kinetics (1)
- Ginkgo biloba extract (1)
- Gym-based/home-based training (1)
- Healthy aging (1)
- ICA (1)
- Injury risk (1)
- Instability (1)
- Intensity Dose -response relationship (1)
- Isokinetic (1)
- Judo-specific pulling movement (1)
- Jugendliche (1)
- Jumping height (1)
- Kinder (1)
- Kindergarten (1)
- Kinematics (1)
- Knee valgus (1)
- Knee valgus motion (1)
- Lateral jumps (1)
- Linear regression analysis (1)
- Loading rate (1)
- MUSCLE (1)
- Maturation (1)
- Maximal isometric force (1)
- Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) (1)
- Maximalkraft (1)
- Mild cognitive impairment (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Morote-seoi-nage (1)
- Motion (1)
- Motor function (1)
- Motor performance (1)
- Motor skills (1)
- Movement velocity (1)
- Multiple sclerosis (1)
- Muscle (1)
- Muscle contraction (1)
- Muscle mass (1)
- Muscle power (1)
- Muscle torque (1)
- Oberflächenelektromyografie (1)
- OptoGait (1)
- Optojump system (1)
- Overhead athletes (1)
- Parkinson's disease (1)
- Pediatric gait (1)
- Performance gains (1)
- Physical fitness (1)
- Physical performance (1)
- Plyometric exercise (1)
- Plyometrics (1)
- Post-activation potentiation (1)
- Postactivation potentiation (1)
- Postural Control (1)
- Postural balance (1)
- Postural control (1)
- Power (1)
- Preventive therapy (1)
- Primary school (1)
- Principal component analysis (1)
- Quadriceps muscle (1)
- Quadriceps strength (1)
- Quarantine (1)
- RGB-D cameras (1)
- RPE (1)
- Reactive movement (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Repeated sprint (1)
- Scanning electron microscopy (1)
- Schnellkraft (1)
- Sensorimotor training (1)
- Short‐term effect (1)
- Shoulder (1)
- Speed (1)
- Sport-specific performance (1)
- Stress (1)
- Stress levels (1)
- Sway (1)
- Swimming performance (1)
- Theraband training (1)
- Theta (1)
- Tiredness (1)
- Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation (TMS) (1)
- Velocity (1)
- Vertec device (1)
- WALKING (1)
- Walking speed (1)
- Widerstandstraining (1)
- Work ability (1)
- Young swimmers (1)
- Zebris (1)
- academy (1)
- acute chronic workload ratio (1)
- adolescent (1)
- adolescent athletes (1)
- aerobic metabolism (1)
- aerobic power (1)
- age (1)
- allometry (1)
- alpha-2 (1)
- ankles (1)
- annual training (1)
- anterior cruciate ligament (1)
- anthropometry (1)
- anxiety (1)
- apoptosis (1)
- assessment (1)
- athlete testing (1)
- athlete. (1)
- athletes (1)
- athletic (1)
- attention (1)
- balance strategy (1)
- balance training (1)
- ball speed (1)
- ballistic training (1)
- barbell velocity (1)
- biological age (1)
- biological maturation (1)
- blood (1)
- blood sample (1)
- body density (1)
- body limbs (1)
- body shape (1)
- bone (1)
- calcaneal eversion (1)
- canoe racing (1)
- cardiomyopathy (1)
- cardiorespiratory fitness (1)
- causal mediation analysis (1)
- change of direction speed (1)
- change-of-direction speed (1)
- child (1)
- climbing (1)
- cognitive interference (1)
- cognitive skills (1)
- cognitive/muscular fatigue (1)
- combat sports (1)
- comparison of devices (1)
- concurrent training (1)
- conditioning activity (1)
- conditioning exercise (1)
- conditioning stimulus (1)
- core (1)
- core strength (1)
- data pipeline (1)
- deconditioning (1)
- depression (1)
- detraining (1)
- diabetes (1)
- diabetes mellitus (1)
- diabetic (1)
- digital health (1)
- directed acyclic graphs (1)
- dominant limb (1)
- dose-response relationship (1)
- dual task (1)
- dual-task costs (1)
- early sport specialization (1)
- eccentric-plyometric (1)
- elderly (1)
- electroencephalography (1)
- elite (1)
- endurance (1)
- endurance performance (1)
- energetic systems (1)
- evaluation (1)
- exercise intervention (1)
- exercise test (1)
- exercise training (1)
- exhaustion (1)
- explosive force production (1)
- external load (1)
- external training load (1)
- eyedness (1)
- fMRI (1)
- feet (1)
- field test (1)
- fitness (1)
- fitness tests (1)
- flat feet (1)
- flat foot (1)
- flexibility (1)
- footedness (1)
- footwear (1)
- free moment (1)
- function (1)
- functional performance (1)
- gait analysis algorithm (1)
- gait speed (1)
- gender (1)
- gender differences (1)
- hamstring muscles (1)
- hearing loss (1)
- heart rate (1)
- hematocrit (1)
- high-intensity interval training (1)
- high-intensity-interval training (1)
- hip (1)
- hormones (1)
- human motion (1)
- immune system (1)
- impact loading (1)
- infection (1)
- intermittent sport (1)
- internal load (1)
- intervention (1)
- jump (1)
- jump height (1)
- jump height/power (1)
- jump performance (1)
- jump performances (1)
- jump training (1)
- jump/sprint exercises (1)
- jumping ability (1)
- kindergarten (1)
- kinetics (1)
- knee (1)
- knee flexion angle (1)
- knee osteoarthritis (1)
- knee valgus angle (1)
- knee valgus motion (1)
- knees (1)
- late childhood (1)
- latency (1)
- laterality (1)
- leg extensors (1)
- limb overuse conditions (1)
- linear sprint (1)
- load carriage (1)
- load-velocity (1)
- long-term (1)
- low-back-pain (1)
- lower limb mechanics (1)
- lower-extremity kinematics (1)
- martial arts (1)
- matched time (1)
- material fatigue (1)
- maturation (1)
- maximal isometric contraction (1)
- maximal isometric torque (1)
- maximum voluntary contraction (1)
- medial longitudinal arch (1)
- mental imagery (1)
- meta-analysis (1)
- methodological quality (1)
- miRNAs (1)
- mitochondrial adaptation (1)
- mobility disability (1)
- motion capture (1)
- motor-performance (1)
- muscle activation (1)
- muscle activity (1)
- muscle coactivation (1)
- muscle fitness (1)
- muscle metabolism (1)
- muscular power (1)
- muscular strength (1)
- musculature (1)
- myofascial (1)
- neuromuscular rolling (1)
- non-dominant limb (1)
- of-direction speed (1)
- optimal load (1)
- overreaching (1)
- overtraining (1)
- oxygen consumption (1)
- passive stretching (1)
- patients (1)
- peak torque (1)
- pelvic alignment (1)
- pervasive healthcare (1)
- physical activity (1)
- physical activity program (1)
- physical conditioning human (1)
- physical fitness expertise (1)
- physiological strain (1)
- postural balance (1)
- power training (1)
- preactivation (1)
- pressure (1)
- prevention (1)
- progression (1)
- proprioception (1)
- public dataset (1)
- race (1)
- race time (1)
- randomized controlled-trial (1)
- rate of force development (1)
- region/point elastic gym floor (1)
- relationship (1)
- relationships (1)
- responses (1)
- return-to-sport (1)
- rotation (1)
- rugby league players (1)
- running velocity (1)
- schedule (1)
- scholastic demands (1)
- school baseball players (1)
- sedentary (1)
- self massage (1)
- self-massage therapy (1)
- self-myofascial release (1)
- sensorimotor training (1)
- sensory input (1)
- sex-differences (1)
- shoe (1)
- short latency response (1)
- shoulder girdle (1)
- shoulder strength (1)
- skeletal joints (1)
- ski jumping (1)
- soccer players (1)
- specific assessment (1)
- specific strength training (1)
- specificity (1)
- spezifisches Krafttraining (1)
- sport profile (1)
- sports (1)
- sprinting (1)
- stability (1)
- standing position (1)
- static/dynamic postural control (1)
- stroke (1)
- structured (1)
- surface electromyography (1)
- taekwondo electronic scoring system (1)
- taekwondo-specific testing (1)
- task difficulty (1)
- tasks (1)
- team sport (1)
- tendon stiffness (1)
- test-retest reliability (1)
- therapy (1)
- theta (1)
- time (1)
- time-efficient exercise (1)
- torque (1)
- track and field (1)
- training adaptation (1)
- training intensity (1)
- training specificity (1)
- twitch torque (1)
- unstable walkway (1)
- vertical jump height (1)
- vestibular (1)
- virus (1)
- virus infection (1)
- water sports (1)
- weight loss (1)
- weight training (1)
- weightlifting (1)
- whole-body vibratoin (1)
- women (1)
- work (1)
- young (1)
- young adults (1)
- young soccer players (1)
- youth sport (1)
Institute
Background: The contractile history of a muscle or a muscle group can result in an acute enhancement of subsequent muscle force output. This phenomenon is referred to as postactivation potentiation (PAP) and it was frequently substantiated in original research manuscripts, systematic literature reviews, and meta-analyses. However, there is a lack in the literature regarding precise dose-response relations. This literature review describes the main determinants of PAP effects and additionally presents the state of the art regarding the acute effects of PAP protocols on measures of strength, power, and speed in subelite and elite athletes of different sport disciplines. Furthermore, an attempt is made to demonstrate evidence-based information concerning the design of effective PAP protocols.
Methods: Our literature search included the electronic databases Pubmed, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar (1995 - March 2013). In total, 23 studies met the inclusionary criteria for review.
Results: Findings from our literature review indicate that various conditioning activities produce acute PAP effects in subelite and particularly elite athletes. More specifically, conditioning activities that are characterised by multiple sets, moderate to high intensities (60 - 84 % of the one repetition maximum), and rest intervals of 7 - 10 min. following the conditioning activity have the potential to induce short-term improvements in muscle force output and sports performance.
Conclusion: It is recommended that subelite and particularly elite athletes from strength, power, and speed disciplines apply specifically tailored conditioning activities during the acute preparation process for competition to induce performance enhancing PAP effects.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of surface instability on measures of performance and activity of leg and trunk muscles during drop jumps and landings.
Drop jumps and landings were assessed on a force plate under stable and unstable (balance pad on top of the force plate) conditions. Performance measures (contact time, jump height, peak ground reaction force) and electromyographic (EMG) activity of leg and trunk muscles were tested in 27 subjects (age 23 +/- A 3 years) during different time intervals (preactivation phase, braking phase, push-off phase).
The performance of drop jumps under unstable compared to stable conditions produced a decrease in jump height (9 %, p < 0.001, f = 0.92) and an increase in peak ground reaction force (5 %, p = 0.022, f = 0.72), and time for braking phase (12 %, p < 0.001, f = 1.25). When performing drop jumps on unstable compared to stable surfaces, muscle activity was reduced in the lower extremities during the preactivation, braking and push-off phases (11-25 %, p < 0.05, 0.48 a parts per thousand currency sign f a parts per thousand currency sign 1.23). Additionally, when landing on unstable compared to stable conditions, reduced lower limb muscle activities were observed during the preactivation phase (7-60 %, p < 0.05, 0.50 a parts per thousand currency sign f a parts per thousand currency sign 3.62). Trunk muscle activity did not significantly differ between the test conditions for both jumping and landing tasks.
The present findings indicate that modified feedforward mechanisms in terms of lower leg muscle activities during the preactivation phase and/or possible alterations in leg muscle activity shortly after ground contact (i.e., braking phase) are responsible for performance decrements during jumping on unstable surfaces.
Background: Therapeutic climbing exercises are employed for the treatment of shoulder-and knee-joint injuries. However, there is a void in the literature regarding muscle activation levels during the performance of these exercises. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate differences in muscle activation during therapeutic climbing exercises depending on the degree of task difficulty.
Participants/Material and Methods: A sample of 10 healthy subjects (sex: 4 females, 6 males; age: 27 +/- 3 years; climbing experience: 5 +/- 3 years) performed three shoulder girdle (i.e., wide shoulder pull, narrow shoulder pull, shoulder row) and two leg extensor (i.e., ascending frontal, ascending sidewards) exercises. Electromyographic (EMG) data were recorded on the right side for eleven muscles and then normalised using the maximum voluntary contractions for each muscle.
Results: With increasing task difficulty, muscle activity in all but one muscle (i.e., m. trapezius ascendens) increased significantly for the three shoulder girdle exercises. For the two leg extensor exercises, an increase in task difficulty produced a tendency towards yet not significantly higher muscle activity.
Conclusion: Shoulder row was the most effective therapeutic climbing exercise in the ability to activate muscles while showing the highest EMG signals. The absence of significant differences in muscle activity between the two leg extensor exercises indicates their equivalent use for muscle activation during therapy.
Deficiencies in balance and strength are common in children and they may lead to injuries. This study investigated the effects of inline skating exercise on balance and strength performance in healthy children. Twenty 11-12-year-old children (8 girls, 12 boys) were assigned to an intervention (n = 10) or a control (n = 10) group. Participants in the intervention group underwent a 4-week inline skating program (2 times/week, 90 min. each) integrated in their physical education lessons. Balance and strength were measured using the Star Excursion Balance test and the countermovement jump test. As compared to the control group, the intervention group significantly improved balance (17-48%, Cohen's d = 0.00-1.49) and jump height (8%, Cohen's d = 0.48). In children, inline skating is a safe, feasible (90% adherence rate), and effective program that can be integrated in physical education lessons to promote balance and strength.
Background: Cross-sectional studies detected associations between physical fitness, living area, and sports participation in children. Yet, their scientific value is limited because the identification of cause-and-effect relationships is not possible. In a longitudinal approach, we examined the effects of living area and sports club participation on physical fitness development in primary school children from classes 3 to 6.
Methods: One-hundred and seventy-two children (age: 9-12 years; sex: 69 girls, 103 boys) were tested for their physical fitness (i.e., endurance [9-min run], speed [50-m sprint], lower- [triple hop] and upper-extremity muscle strength [1-kg ball push], flexibility [stand-and-reach], and coordination [star coordination run]). Living area (i.e., urban or rural) and sports club participation were assessed using parent questionnaire.
Results: Over the 4 year study period, urban compared to rural children showed significantly better performance development for upper- (p = 0.009, ES = 0.16) and lower-extremity strength (p < 0.001, ES = 0.22). Further, significantly better performance development were found for endurance (p = 0.08, ES = 0.19) and lower-extremity strength (p = 0.024, ES = 0.23) for children continuously participating in sports clubs compared to their non-participating peers.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sport club programs with appealing arrangements appear to represent a good means to promote physical fitness in children living in rural areas.
The proportion of elderly people in societies of western industrialized countries is continuously rising. Biologic aging induces deficits in balance and muscle strength/power in old age, which is responsible for an increased prevalence of falls. Therefore, nationwide and easy-to-administer fall prevention programs have to be developed in order to contribute to the autonomy and quality of life in old age and to help reduce the financial burden on the public health care system due to the treatment of fall-related injuries. This narrative (qualitative) literature review deals with a) the reasons for an increased prevalence of falls in old age, b) important clinical tests for fall-risk assessment, and c) evidence-based intervention/training programs for fall prevention in old age. The findings of this literature review are based on a cost-free practice guide that is available to the public (via the internet) and that was created by an expert panel (i.e., geriatricians, exercise scientists, physiotherapists, geriatric therapists). The present review provides the scientific foundation of the practice guide.
This study investigated associations between variables of trunk muscle strength (TMS), spinal mobility, and balance in seniors. Thirty-four seniors (sex: 18 female, 16 male; age: 70 +/- 4 years; activity level: 13 +/- 7 hr/week) were tested for maximal isometric strength (MIS) of the trunk extensors, flexors, lateral flexors, rotators, spinal mobility, and steady-state, reactive, and proactive balance. Significant correlations were detected between all measures of TMS and static steady-state balance (r = .43.57, p < .05). Significant correlations were observed between specific measures of TMS and dynamic steady-state balance (r = .42.55, p < .05). No significant correlations were found between all variables of TMS and reactive/proactive balance and between all variables of spinal mobility and balance. Regression analyses revealed that TMS explains between 1-33% of total variance of the respective balance parameters. Findings indicate that TMS is related to measures of steady-state balance which may imply that TMS promoting exercises should be integrated in strength training for seniors.
The purpose of this study was to compare static balance performance and muscle activity during one-leg standing on the dominant and nondominant leg under various sensory conditions with increased levels of task difficulty. Thirty healthy young adults (age: 23 +/- 2 years) performed one-leg standing tests for 30 s under three sensory conditions (ie, eyes open/firm ground; eyes open/foam ground [elastic pad on top of the balance plate]; eyes closed/firm ground). Center of pressure displacements and activity of four lower leg muscles (ie, m. tibialis anterior [TA], m. soleus [SOL], m. gastrocnemius medialis [GAS], m. peroneus longus [PER]) were analyzed. An increase in sensory task difficulty resulted in deteriorated balance performance (P < .001, effect size [ES] = .57-2.54) and increased muscle activity (P < .001, ES = .50-1.11) for all but two muscles (ie, GAS, PER). However, regardless of the sensory condition, one-leg standing on the dominant as compared with the nondominant limb did not produce statistically significant differences in various balance (P > .05, ES = .06-.22) and electromyographic (P > .05, ES = .03-.13) measures. This indicates that the dominant and the nondominant leg can be used interchangeably during static one-leg balance testing in healthy young adults.
The purpose of this study was to assess intrasession and intersession reliability of maximal and explosive isometric torque production of the elbow flexors and its respective neuromuscular activation pattern. Subjects (13 men, age: 24.8 +/- 3.1 years, height: 1.9 +/- 0.1 m, body mass: 83.7 +/- 12.7 kg; and 6 women, age: 26.5 +/- 1.4 years, height: 1.7 +/- 0.1 m, body mass: 62.7 +/- 7.0 kg) were tested and retested 2-7 days later performing unilateral maximal isometric elbow flexions. Absolute (coefficient of variation[CV], test-retest variability[TRV], Bland-Altman plots with 95% limits of agreement) and relative reliability statistics (intraclass correlation coefficient) were calculated for various mechanical (i.e., maximal isometric torque, rate of torque development, impulse) and electromyographical measures (i.e., mean average voltage) at different time intervals relative to onset of torque (i. e., 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 100-200 ms). Intraclass correlation coefficient values were >= 0.61 for all mechanical and electromyographical measures and time intervals indicating good to excellent intrasession and intersession reliability. BlandAltman plots confirmed these findings by showing that only 0-2 (<= 3.3%) data points were beyond the limits of agreement. Regarding torque and electromyographic measures, CV (11.9-32.3%) and TRV (18.4-53.8%) values were high during the early intervals of torque development (<= 100 ms) indicating high variability. During the later intervals (>100 ms), lower CV (i. e., 5.0-29.9%) and TRV values (i.e., 5.4-34.6%) were observed indicating lower variability. The present study revealed that neuromuscular performance during explosive torque production of the elbow flexors is reproducible in time intervals >100 ms after onset of isometric actions, whereas during earlier time intervals variability is high.
Background
It has been demonstrated that core strength training is an effective means to enhance trunk muscle strength (TMS) and proxies of physical fitness in youth. Of note, cross-sectional studies revealed that the inclusion of unstable elements in core strengthening exercises produced increases in trunk muscle activity and thus provide potential extra training stimuli for performance enhancement. Thus, utilizing unstable surfaces during core strength training may even produce larger performance gains. However, the effects of core strength training using unstable surfaces are unresolved in youth. This randomized controlled study specifically investigated the effects of core strength training performed on stable surfaces (CSTS) compared to unstable surfaces (CSTU) on physical fitness in school-aged children.
Methods
Twenty-seven (14 girls, 13 boys) healthy subjects (mean age: 14 ± 1 years, age range: 13–15 years) were randomly assigned to a CSTS (n = 13) or a CSTU (n = 14) group. Both training programs lasted 6 weeks (2 sessions/week) and included frontal, dorsal, and lateral core exercises. During CSTU, these exercises were conducted on unstable surfaces (e.g., TOGU© DYNAIR CUSSIONS, THERA-BAND© STABILITY TRAINER).
Results
Significant main effects of Time (pre vs. post) were observed for the TMS tests (8-22%, f = 0.47-0.76), the jumping sideways test (4-5%, f = 1.07), and the Y balance test (2-3%, f = 0.46-0.49). Trends towards significance were found for the standing long jump test (1-3%, f = 0.39) and the stand-and-reach test (0-2%, f = 0.39). We could not detect any significant main effects of Group. Significant Time x Group interactions were detected for the stand-and-reach test in favour of the CSTU group (2%, f = 0.54).
Conclusions
Core strength training resulted in significant increases in proxies of physical fitness in adolescents. However, CSTU as compared to CSTS had only limited additional effects (i.e., stand-and-reach test). Consequently, if the goal of training is to enhance physical fitness, then CSTU has limited advantages over CSTS.