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The production of toxic metabolites by cyanobacterial blooms represents a significant threat to the health of humans and ecosystems worldwide. Here we summarize the current state of the knowledge regarding the genetics, biosynthesis and regulation of well-characterized cyanotoxins, including the microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins and antitoxins, as well as the lesser-known marine toxins (e.g. lyngbyatoxin, aplysiatoxin, jamaicamides, barbamide, curacin, hectochlorin and apratoxins). (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Tea aroma is one of the most important factors affecting the character and quality of tea. Recent advances in methods and instruments for separating and identifying volatile compounds have led to intensive investigations of volatile compounds in tea. These studies have resulted in a number of insightful and useful discoveries. Here we summarize the recent investigations into tea volatile compounds: the volatile compounds in tea products; the metabolic pathways of volatile formation in tea plants and the glycosidically-bound volatile compounds in tea; and the techniques used for studying such compounds. Finally, we discuss practical applications for the improvement of aroma and flavor quality in teas. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.