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Objective: Questionnaires are often applied in sports psychology to measure a person's trait or state. However, the extent to which the questionnaire captures differences because of trait or state influences is often unclear. The latent state-trait (LST) theory offers the opportunity to separate both variance sources. This separation allows estimating specific reliability coefficients. Design: The present paper gives a theoretical introduction to LST and its basic ideas. Using a real data set with N = 156 athletes we exemplify the steps necessary to derive the LST coefficients. All athletes filled out a comprehensive inventory assessing competitive anxiety on two occasions. Method: The data are analysed with structural equation models based on LST principles. Results: The results confirm the questionnaire's trait saturation. Conclusion: Finally, results are discussed in light of practical and theoretical implications.
Volitionale Komponenten im Sport : Fragebogen zur Erfassung volutionaler Komponenten im Sport (VKS)
(2009)
In this paper the psychometric quality of the sport-specific Volitional Components Questionnaire (VKS) is examined. After an item analysis, a factor analysis was undertaken resulted in the four factors self optimization, lack of activation, loss of focus, and self impediment. The questionnaire exhibits satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and retest reliability. In line with theory (Kuhl, 2001), correlations with the general questionnaire VCQ II (Kuhl & Fuhrmann, 1998) and sport-specific action orientation as measured with the HOSP questionnaire (Beckmann, 2003) indcate construct validity. Validity can also be shown by correlations with the external criterion of expert rating by coaches. In addition, the VKS is able to differentiate between athletes who perform well and those who perforin poorly.