Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (254)
Year of publication
- 2017 (254) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (254) (remove)
Language
- English (254)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (254) (remove)
Keywords
- Arabidopsis thaliana (5)
- ancient DNA (4)
- Arabidopsis (3)
- body height (3)
- community effect (3)
- functional traits (3)
- metabarcoding (3)
- phylogeny (3)
- Actin cytoskeleton (2)
- Adaptation (2)
- Apis mellifera (2)
- Apoptosis (2)
- Biodiversity (2)
- Brachypodium hybridum (2)
- Cell polarity (2)
- Cyanobacteria (2)
- DNA methylation (2)
- Epithelial tube (2)
- Exocrine gland (2)
- Insect (2)
- Invagination (2)
- Invasive species (2)
- JUB1 (2)
- Local adaptation (2)
- Mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- Microplastics (2)
- MtDNA (2)
- Myodes glareolus (2)
- Organogenesis (2)
- Phylogeography (2)
- Rainfall gradient (2)
- Southeast Asia (2)
- alien species (2)
- auxin (2)
- biogeography (2)
- climate change (2)
- electrochemistry (2)
- enzyme catalysis (2)
- gene expression (2)
- growth (2)
- migration (2)
- nutrients (2)
- oxidative stress (2)
- phytoplankton (2)
- poly(ether imide) (2)
- secular trend (2)
- species richness (2)
- synthetic biology (2)
- systems biology (2)
- transcription factor (2)
- 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate aldolase (1)
- AAP bacteria (1)
- Above-ground (1)
- Adaptive genetic variability (1)
- Adaptive traits (1)
- African green monkeys (1)
- Aglais (1)
- Agricultural landscape (1)
- Algeria (1)
- Allopatric/sympatric speciation (1)
- Analogue quality (1)
- Anchor peptides (1)
- Annuals (1)
- Anthropogenic pollution (1)
- Antibody detection (1)
- Antigone vipio (1)
- Antisense agents (1)
- Aquatic fungi (1)
- Arabidopsis-thaliana (1)
- Archaea (1)
- Architecture (1)
- Archival DNA (1)
- Argasidae (1)
- Argonaute 2 protein (1)
- Aridity (1)
- Australia (1)
- Australian rabbit invasion (1)
- B lymphocytes (1)
- BPP (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Bacterial production (1)
- Bahamas (1)
- Bark beetle (1)
- Bats (1)
- Bayesian standard ellipse (1)
- Below-ground (1)
- Berlin (1)
- Beta-diversity (1)
- Biofilm (1)
- Biogenic amines (1)
- Bluestain fungi (1)
- Bohemian forest ecosystem (1)
- Brachypodium distachyon (1)
- Brachypodium stacei (1)
- Brain development (1)
- Brassicaceae (1)
- Breeding strategies (1)
- Bryophyte (1)
- Busy lizzy (1)
- C. elegans (1)
- CCM (1)
- CIP/KIP (1)
- Callose (1)
- Camelus dromedarius (1)
- Campylomormyrus (1)
- Canidae (1)
- Canopy (1)
- Carbon isotopes (delta C-13) (1)
- Carbon preference index (CPI) (1)
- Carbon turnover (1)
- Cell cycle arrest (1)
- Centrosome (1)
- Chaoborus (1)
- Chlamydomonas (1)
- Chlamydomonas acidophila (1)
- Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1)
- Chlorella vulgaris (1)
- Chlorophyceae (1)
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (1)
- Chytrids (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Climate reconstruction (1)
- Climatic legacy (1)
- Coexistence (1)
- Cognitive style (1)
- Collembolans (1)
- Colonization (1)
- Community (1)
- Community assembly (1)
- Complex dynamics (1)
- Concept of lying (1)
- Continental air masses (1)
- Continuous renal replacement therapy (1)
- Core stability (1)
- Cross-validation (1)
- Ctenotus regius (1)
- Cutting frequency (1)
- Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (1)
- DELLA proteins (1)
- DNA barcoding (1)
- DNA metabarcoding (1)
- DNA sequencing (1)
- DOC quality (1)
- Dactylis glomerata (1)
- Daphnia magna (1)
- Definition of lying (1)
- Dehydration tolerance (1)
- Dictyostelium (1)
- Dietary Cholesterol (1)
- Differentiation (1)
- Digestive enzyme activity (1)
- Dip test (1)
- Disproportionating isozyme 2 (DPE2) dpe2-deficient plants (1)
- Disturbance (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Diversity indices (1)
- Downy mildew (1)
- Drought stress (1)
- Drug discovery (1)
- EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3) (1)
- EDTA (1)
- EMG (1)
- East Asian flyway (1)
- Eco-evolutionary dynamics (1)
- Ecophysiology on freshwater phytoplankton (1)
- Eger Rift (1)
- Electric organ (1)
- Endocardium (1)
- Enteritidis (1)
- Environmental filtering (1)
- Escherichia coli (1)
- Eukaryota (1)
- Eurasian otter (1)
- Europe (1)
- European bats (1)
- Eutrophication (1)
- Experimental philosophy (1)
- Eye-tracking (1)
- FAK-MAPK (1)
- FASTAR (1)
- FRUITFULL (1)
- Fatty acids (1)
- FcRn salvage mechanism (1)
- Ferritin (1)
- Fertilization (1)
- Field experiment (1)
- Field margins (1)
- Flat-headed cat (1)
- Forest edge (1)
- Freshwater (1)
- Freshwater microbial communities (1)
- Functional ecology (1)
- Functional traits (1)
- Fur (1)
- G-protein coupled receptor (1)
- GPS data (1)
- Gallionella (1)
- GenBank (1)
- Gene expression (1)
- Genetic structure (1)
- Genotyping-by-sequencing (1)
- Germany (1)
- Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database (1)
- Global change (1)
- Glucose (1)
- Glucosinolates (1)
- Golgi (1)
- Gradients (1)
- Growth efficiency (1)
- Grus japonensis (1)
- Grus monacha (1)
- Gubernatrix cristata (1)
- HB13 (1)
- Habitat heterogeneity (1)
- Habitat specialist (1)
- Habitat use (1)
- Hair matrix (1)
- Hapten (1)
- Heart regeneration (1)
- Hedgerow (1)
- Height z-score (1)
- Herb layer (1)
- Herbicide exposure (1)
- Herbivores (1)
- Heterogeneity species diversity relationship (1)
- Heteroptera (1)
- Heterotrophy (1)
- Hill numbers (1)
- Holocene (1)
- Horticulture (1)
- Host-plant quality (1)
- Human hair follicle (1)
- Human serum albumin (1)
- Humid forest (1)
- Hybrid capture (1)
- Hybrids (1)
- Hydrogen isotopes (delta D) (1)
- Iberian lynx (1)
- Immobilization (1)
- Immunodeficient mice models (1)
- Immunology (1)
- Immunosensor (1)
- Indo-European (1)
- Infanticide (1)
- Integrase 1 (1)
- Intensive care (1)
- Intermittent cycles (1)
- Invasion ecology (1)
- Ion channels (1)
- Ips typographus (1)
- Israel (1)
- Issue 119 (1)
- Ixodidae (1)
- JUNGBRUNNEN1 (JUB1/ANAC042) (1)
- Kupffer Cells (1)
- LC-OCD (1)
- LSD1 (1)
- Labour market outcome (1)
- Lady slipper balsam (1)
- Lake (1)
- Lake Constance (1)
- Land-use history (1)
- Land-use legacy (1)
- Landscape (1)
- Landscape eutrophication (1)
- Langmuir-Schaefer (1)
- Langmuir-Schaefer method (1)
- Larix (1)
- Late Glacial and Holocene (1)
- Leaf maltose content (1)
- Leopard cat (1)
- Leucogeranus leucogeranus (1)
- Leukotriene B4 (1)
- Light availability (1)
- Limiting similarity (1)
- Lipases (1)
- Lipogenesis (1)
- Liver (1)
- Long-term change (1)
- Lying (1)
- Lysiphlebus fabarum (1)
- MABC-2 (1)
- MADS-box transcription factor (1)
- MAPK (1)
- MAPK phosphatase (1)
- MAT (1)
- MIS 5 to 1 (1)
- Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (1)
- Malnutrition (1)
- Maltose assay (1)
- Management intensity (1)
- Management units (1)
- Material binding peptides (1)
- Mediterranean grass species (1)
- Mesostigmata (1)
- MiSpEx (1)
- Microsatellites (1)
- Microtubules (1)
- Mitogenome (1)
- Mitosis (1)
- Mixotrophy (1)
- Molecular phylogenetics (1)
- Molecular typing (1)
- Molecularly imprinted polymer (1)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers (1)
- Monoclonal antibody (1)
- Monte Carlo method (1)
- Morethia boulengeri (1)
- Multi-locus phylogeny (1)
- Multimedia learning (1)
- Multispecies coalescent (1)
- Muntjac (1)
- Myocardium (1)
- Myodes voles (1)
- N-ligands (1)
- NAC transcription factor (1)
- NTA (1)
- NWEurope (1)
- Namibia (1)
- Neolithic (1)
- New Guinea (1)
- New species (1)
- Nitrogen-limitation hypothesis (1)
- Non-target terrestrial plants (1)
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) (1)
- Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) (1)
- Norway (1)
- Nosema spp. (1)
- Notch (1)
- Nucleus (1)
- Nurse bee (1)
- Nutrient (1)
- Nutritional quality (1)
- Nycteribiidae (1)
- ORESARA1 (ORE1/ANAC092) (1)
- Obesity (1)
- Old-age pension (1)
- Osmotrophy (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- PAMP (1)
- PARAFAC (1)
- PBPK (1)
- PER (1)
- PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) (1)
- PLFA (1)
- PP2C phosphatase (1)
- Particle-associated microorganisms (1)
- Pathogens (1)
- Peronosporaceae (1)
- Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (1)
- Phase relationships (1)
- Phenotypic plasticity (1)
- Photosynthesis (1)
- Phylogenetics (1)
- Plankton (1)
- Plant chemical defense (1)
- Plant community (1)
- Plant community modelling (1)
- Plant diversity (1)
- Plant functional trait (1)
- Plant height (1)
- Plant-community composition (1)
- Plant-soil feedback (1)
- Poecile hypermelaenus (1)
- Poecile weigoldicus (1)
- Polish conscripts (1)
- Pollution (1)
- Polycomb (1)
- Pond (1)
- Ponds (1)
- Population dynamics (1)
- Population genetics (1)
- Post glacial colonization (1)
- Poverty (1)
- Precipitation (1)
- Predator-prey cycles (1)
- Proboscis extension response (1)
- Proliferation (1)
- Protein carbonylation (1)
- Proteomic (1)
- Pseudomonas syringae (1)
- Puumala virus seroprevalence (1)
- RNA (1)
- Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) (1)
- Rank-abundance (1)
- Rarity (1)
- Rattus norvegicus (1)
- Rattus rattus (1)
- Rearing experiment (1)
- Redistributive land reform (1)
- Remediation (1)
- Renal function (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Resurvey (1)
- Resuspended particulate (1)
- Risk assessment tool (1)
- Rodents (1)
- Rough (1)
- SAG29 (1)
- SAUR (1)
- SLA (1)
- SNPs (1)
- Salmonella (1)
- Scopoletin (1)
- Seasonality (1)
- Secular height trend (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Sediment traps (1)
- Seed mass (1)
- Seedlings (1)
- Selenium (1)
- Serpine1 (1)
- Sexual conflict (1)
- Sexual selection (1)
- Short-term drought (1)
- Siberia (1)
- Sideroxydans (1)
- Signalling (1)
- Siphonaptera (1)
- Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) (1)
- Slope exposure (1)
- Small-molecule miRNA modulators (1)
- Snakes (1)
- Soil (1)
- Space use (1)
- Species co-existence (1)
- Species complex (1)
- Species loss (1)
- Split-belt treadmill (1)
- Srebf1 (1)
- Stable carbon isotope (1)
- Stable isotopes (1)
- Stable nitrogen isotope (1)
- Statistical significance (1)
- Stature (1)
- Staurastromyces oculus (1)
- Staurastrum sp. (1)
- Storage effect (1)
- Streblidae (1)
- Sulfuricurvum (1)
- Surface modification (1)
- Survival (1)
- Tamias striatus (1)
- Target attainment (1)
- Taxonomic assignment (1)
- Taxonomy (1)
- Temperate forest (1)
- Total suspended solids (1)
- Touch-me-not (1)
- Trait-environment relationship (1)
- Transport (1)
- Treated wastewater (1)
- Triticum aestivum L. (1)
- Tropical system (1)
- Turbidity (1)
- Turnover (1)
- Typical Western Diet (1)
- Unspecific antibody clearance (1)
- Urine (1)
- Verbalizer (1)
- VideoScan (1)
- Virus-driven selection (1)
- Visualizer (1)
- WA-PLS (1)
- Weakly electric fish (1)
- Westerlies (1)
- Wind turbines (1)
- Zootoca vivipara (1)
- acquired thermotolerance (1)
- actin (1)
- activity predictions (1)
- adaptation (1)
- adipogenic differentiation (1)
- adipose tissue (1)
- adipose tissue regeneration (1)
- adsorber materials (1)
- age class effects (1)
- age-structured populations (1)
- amino acids (1)
- animal movement (1)
- anti-oxidative response (1)
- antibody (1)
- antigen (1)
- antioxidants (1)
- approximate Bayesian computation (1)
- aquaporin (1)
- aridity gradient (1)
- artificial transcription factor (1)
- assembly (1)
- attached (1)
- baboons (1)
- bacterial production (1)
- baps (1)
- behavioral thermoregulation (1)
- benthic (1)
- benthic food chain (1)
- berry development (1)
- bet-hedging (1)
- beta diversity (1)
- beta-Lactam (1)
- beta-amylase assay (1)
- biodiversity (1)
- biodiversity effects (1)
- biodiversity exploratories (1)
- bioelectronics (1)
- biofilm formation (1)
- biogenic amines (1)
- biomimetic mineralization (1)
- biomimetic sensors (1)
- biomineralization (1)
- biosynthesis (1)
- branching (1)
- brassinosteroid (1)
- brushite (1)
- bulk heterojunction (1)
- caffeine (1)
- calcium phosphate (1)
- capsule formation (1)
- capture enrichment (1)
- cartilage tissue engineering (1)
- cell culture (1)
- cell cycle (1)
- cell encapsulation (1)
- charge generation layers (1)
- chemosensation (1)
- children (1)
- chimeric transcription factors (1)
- chromatin (1)
- circular dichroism (1)
- climate (1)
- climate variability (1)
- clinal variation (1)
- closed forest (1)
- co-function network (1)
- co-limitation (1)
- coexistence (1)
- cognition (1)
- color morph frequency (1)
- community assembly rules (1)
- community effect on height (1)
- community phylogenetics (1)
- competition (1)
- competitive resistance (1)
- complex I (1)
- confocal microscopy (1)
- conscripts (1)
- consumptive resistance (1)
- correlation (1)
- correlation analysis (1)
- covariance (1)
- cranes (1)
- cyanobacteria (1)
- cytoskeleton (1)
- cytotype (1)
- dam construction (1)
- dead Cas9 (1)
- deep biosphere (1)
- defense (1)
- defense genes (1)
- degraded DNA (1)
- dendritic polymer (1)
- dendroecology (1)
- developing brain (1)
- diffusion (1)
- dissociation kinetics (1)
- distribution (1)
- diurnal cycle (1)
- diyabc (1)
- domestication (1)
- drought (1)
- dry weight (1)
- early warning (1)
- eco-physiology (1)
- ecosystem productivity (1)
- electropolymerization (1)
- electrospun scaffold (1)
- elevated CO2 concentration (1)
- endangered species (1)
- endophytes (1)
- ensemble prediction (1)
- environmental DNA (1)
- environmental autocorrelation (1)
- environmental conditions (1)
- enzyme immobilization (1)
- epidemiology (1)
- epigenetics (1)
- experimental evolution (1)
- exposition (1)
- extinct birds (1)
- extinction (1)
- extrapolating experimental data (1)
- extreme events (1)
- farm productivity (1)
- feeding rate (1)
- fertilization (1)
- fibronectin (1)
- fitness (1)
- fitness consequences (1)
- floodplain (1)
- fluorescence image analysis (1)
- food quality (1)
- foreign body giant cells (1)
- forest change (1)
- forest specialists (1)
- four-dimensional tissue reconstruction (1)
- free-living (1)
- freshwater lakes (1)
- fruit (1)
- fundamental motor skills (1)
- fungal pathogen susceptibility (1)
- gamma diversity (1)
- gelatin (1)
- gelatin based scaffold (1)
- gene function prediction (1)
- gene-expression (1)
- genetic erosion (1)
- genetic resistance (1)
- genotypes (1)
- gibberellic acid (1)
- global change (1)
- grapevine (1)
- grassland communities (1)
- gross primary production (1)
- habitat generalist (1)
- hantavirus (1)
- harmful algae (1)
- height (1)
- herbivory (1)
- heterogeneity (1)
- heterologous systems (1)
- hibernation (1)
- high temperature (1)
- honey bee (1)
- honeybee (1)
- hormonal pathways (1)
- hormones (1)
- host-pathogen coevolution (1)
- human-wildlife conflict (1)
- humidity (1)
- hunting (1)
- hyaluronic acid supplementation (1)
- hybrid capture (1)
- hybridoma technology (1)
- hydrogel (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- hyperoxia (1)
- image processing (1)
- immunconjugate (1)
- in vivo study (1)
- individual body height (1)
- individual differences (1)
- individual reaction norm (1)
- influenza (1)
- inorganic carbon uptake kinetics (1)
- inorganic phosphorus limitation (1)
- insulin analog (1)
- intrinsically disordered proteins (1)
- invasion (1)
- invasion boundary (1)
- invasive species (1)
- invertebrate-derived (iDNA) (1)
- islands (1)
- iterative mapping (1)
- kindergarten children (1)
- lacustrine groundwater discharge (1)
- land use change (1)
- landscape of fear (1)
- late embryogenesis abundant proteins (1)
- latitude (1)
- latitudinal gradients (1)
- lead halide perovskites (1)
- leaf economics (1)
- lean mass (1)
- life history (1)
- life-history traits (1)
- light response (1)
- light scattering (1)
- lipid rafts (1)
- lipidomics (1)
- littoral (1)
- mAb disposition (1)
- macrophytes (1)
- mainland (1)
- maternal effect (1)
- matrix elasticity (1)
- matrix protein (1)
- maximal correlation (1)
- measure hormone contents (1)
- mechanical loading (1)
- mechanotransduction (1)
- mercury intrusion porosimetry (1)
- mesocosm (1)
- mesoporous materials (1)
- metabolism (1)
- metabolomics (1)
- metabolomics/metabolite profiling (1)
- miRNA (1)
- microRNA-induced silencing complex (1)
- microarrays (1)
- microbial ecology (1)
- microbial invasion (1)
- microclimate (1)
- microperoxidase (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- microstructure (1)
- mitochondria (1)
- mitochondrial genome (1)
- mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) (1)
- mitochondrial genomes (1)
- mitogenome (1)
- mobility (1)
- model membranes (1)
- monoclonal antibodies (1)
- movement barrier (1)
- movement ecology (1)
- mowing (1)
- mtDNA (1)
- multiple stressors (1)
- museum specimens (1)
- myeloma cells (1)
- n-alkanes (1)
- natural selection (1)
- naturalized species (1)
- network (1)
- network structure (1)
- networks (1)
- neutrality (1)
- next-generation sequencing (1)
- non-Newtonian fluid (1)
- nonlinear averaging (1)
- nonribosomal peptide (1)
- normal weight obesity (1)
- nutrient availability (1)
- nutrient ratios (1)
- nutritional components (1)
- operative temperature (1)
- operative thermal environment (1)
- ophenylenediamine (1)
- osmolytes (1)
- osmoregulation (1)
- osmotic stress (1)
- palaeoenvironment (1)
- palaeogenomics (1)
- palaeontology (1)
- paleo-sediment (1)
- paleogenetics (1)
- parasite (1)
- parasitoid (1)
- parental effect (1)
- particulate matter (1)
- pastoralism (1)
- pathotypes (1)
- pelagic food chain (1)
- performance (1)
- periphyton (1)
- permafrost deposits (1)
- phenotypic variability (1)
- phenotyping (1)
- phosphatidylserine (1)
- phospholipids (1)
- phosphorus (1)
- photoautotrophic growth (1)
- photoheterotrophy (1)
- photosystem II (1)
- phylogeography (1)
- plant (1)
- plant biology (1)
- plant development and life-history traits (1)
- plant functional traits (1)
- plant invasion (1)
- plant species diversity (1)
- plant strategies (1)
- plasma membrane (1)
- plasticity (1)
- plastochromanol-8 (1)
- pollen (1)
- poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (1)
- polyelectrolyte (1)
- polyglycerol (1)
- polymeric thin film (1)
- polyploidization (1)
- polyunsaturated fatty acids (1)
- population genomics (1)
- population trend (1)
- porous microparticles (1)
- pre-school children (1)
- precipitation (1)
- precondition (1)
- predator-prey (1)
- predator-prey model (1)
- preterm infants (1)
- priming (1)
- prokaryotic community (1)
- property rights (1)
- protein (1)
- protein adsorption (1)
- protein folding (1)
- protein interaction (1)
- protein-membrane interaction (1)
- pufM gene (1)
- quantitative food webs (1)
- rabbit (1)
- rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (1)
- radiocarbon ages (1)
- rainfall gradient (1)
- rapid-acting (1)
- reactive oxygen species (1)
- recruitment (1)
- redox-active ligands (1)
- regional floras (1)
- remodeling atpase brahma (1)
- replacement (1)
- reproduction (1)
- respiration stratified lakes (1)
- responses (1)
- retrograde signaling (1)
- rhizosphere (1)
- risk spreading (1)
- ruthenium (1)
- salicylic acid (1)
- salt stress response (1)
- saproxylic beetles (1)
- scale transition (1)
- scopoletin (1)
- sedaDNA (1)
- seed dormancy (1)
- seed mass (1)
- seepage (1)
- selection (1)
- shape (1)
- simulation (1)
- single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (1)
- skinfolds (1)
- slope aspect (1)
- social signal (1)
- socioeconomic situation (1)
- soil microbiome (1)
- somatic growth (1)
- source-sink dynamics (1)
- spatial grain (1)
- spatial memory (1)
- spatial variability (1)
- species accumulation curve (1)
- species turnover (1)
- spectroelectrochemistry (1)
- stable carbon isotope discrimination (1)
- stem cell adhesion (1)
- step selection (1)
- stoichiometry (1)
- strategic growth adjustment (1)
- stress-gradient hypothesis (1)
- structure (1)
- substrate specificity (1)
- surface properties (1)
- synchronized cell cultures (1)
- synovial fluid (1)
- synthetic circuits (1)
- taxonomy (1)
- technical advance (1)
- temperature (1)
- temporal dynamics (1)
- temporal ecology (1)
- territoriality (1)
- thaliana (1)
- thiolactone (1)
- time of flight (1)
- time since last visit (1)
- tocochromanols (1)
- tomato (1)
- torpor (1)
- trade-offs (1)
- trait distribution (1)
- trait phylogenetic conservatism (1)
- transcription factors (1)
- transcription regulation (1)
- transcriptional memory (1)
- transcriptional regulation (1)
- transgenerational effects (1)
- transgenerational inheritance (1)
- transgenerational plasticity (1)
- treeline (1)
- trnL (1)
- trnL marker (1)
- trophic interactions (1)
- trophic transfer efficiency (1)
- tundra (1)
- two-phase extraction (1)
- tyramine (1)
- tyrosinase (1)
- urban ecology (1)
- variability (1)
- variance (1)
- vascularization (1)
- vegetation (1)
- vegetation model (1)
- venom (1)
- vitamin E (1)
- water level (1)
- weight (1)
- zonobiome (1)
Institute
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (254) (remove)
Orthogonal systems for heterologous protein expression as well as for the engineering of synthetic gene regulatory circuits in hosts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae depend on synthetic transcription factors (synTFs) and corresponding cis-regulatory binding sites. We have constructed and characterized a set of synTFs based on either transcription activator-like effectors or CRISPR/Cas9, and corresponding small synthetic promoters (synPs) with minimal sequence identity to the host’s endogenous promoters. The resulting collection of functional synTF/synP pairs confers very low background expression under uninduced conditions, while expression output upon induction of the various synTFs covers a wide range and reaches induction factors of up to 400. The broad spectrum of expression strengths that is achieved will be useful for various experimental setups, e.g., the transcriptional balancing of expression levels within heterologous pathways or the construction of artificial regulatory networks. Furthermore, our analyses reveal simple rules that enable the tuning of synTF expression output, thereby allowing easy modification of a given synTF/synP pair. This will make it easier for researchers to construct tailored transcriptional control systems.
For various experimental applications, microbial cultures at defined, constant densities are highly advantageous over simple batch cultures. Due to high costs, however, devices for continuous culture at freely defined densities still experience limited use. We have developed a small-scale turbidostat for research purposes, which is manufactured from inexpensive components and 3D printed parts. A high degree of spatial system integration and a graphical user interface provide user-friendly operability. The used optical density feedback control allows for constant continuous culture at a wide range of densities and offers to vary culture volume and dilution rates without additional parametrization. Further, a recursive algorithm for on-line growth rate estimation has been implemented. The employed Kalman filtering approach based on a very general state model retains the flexibility of the used control type and can be easily adapted to other bioreactor designs. Within several minutes it can converge to robust, accurate growth rate estimates. This is particularly useful for directed evolution experiments or studies on metabolic challenges, as it allows direct monitoring of the population fitness.
Background
The hypopharyngeal gland of worker bees contributes to the production of the royal jelly fed to queens and larvae. The gland consists of thousands of two-cell units that are composed of a secretory cell and a duct cell and that are arranged in sets of about 12 around a long collecting duct.
Results
By fluorescent staining, we have examined the morphogenesis of the hypopharyngeal gland during pupal life, from a saccule lined by a pseudostratified epithelium to the elaborate organ of adult worker bees. The hypopharyngeal gland develops as follows. (1) Cell proliferation occurs during the first day of pupal life in the hypopharyngeal gland primordium. (2) Subsequently, the epithelium becomes organized into rosette-like units of three cells. Two of these will become the secretory cell and the duct cell of the adult secretory units; the third cell contributes only temporarily to the development of the secretory units and is eliminated by apoptosis in the second half of pupal life. (3) The three-cell units of flask-shaped cells undergo complex changes in cell morphology. Thus, by mid-pupal stage, the gland is structurally similar to the adult hypopharyngeal gland. (4) Concomitantly, the prospective secretory cell attains its characteristic subcellular organization by the invagination of a small patch of apical membrane domain, its extension to a tube of about 100 μm in length (termed a canaliculus), and the expansion of the tube to a diameter of about 3 μm. (6) Finally, the canaliculus-associated F-actin system becomes reorganized into rings of bundled actin filaments that are positioned at regular distances along the membrane tube.
Conclusions
The morphogenesis of the secretory units in the hypopharyngeal gland of the worker bee seems to be based on a developmental program that is conserved, with slight modification, among insects for the production of dermal glands. Elaboration of the secretory cell as a unicellular seamless epithelial tube occurs by invagination of the apical membrane, its extension likely by targeted exocytosis and its expansion, and finally the reorganisation of the membrane-associated F-actin system. Our work is fundamental for future studies of environmental effects on hypopharyngeal gland morphology and development.
We studied the short- (12 h) and long-term (144 h) response of Daphnia pulex lipases to quality shifts in diets consisting of different mixtures of the green alga Scenedesmus with the cyanobacterium Synechococcus, two species with contrasting lipid compositions. The lipase/esterase activity in both the gut and the body tissues had fast responses to the diet shift and increased with higher dietary contributions of Synechococcus. When screening the Daphnia genome for TAG lipases, we discovered a large gene-family expansion of these enzymes. We used a subset of eight genes for mRNA expression analyses and distinguished between influences of time and diet on the observed gene expression patterns. We identified five diet-responsive lipases of which three showed a sophisticated short- and long-term pattern of expression in response to small changes in food-quality. Furthermore, the gene expression of one of the lipases was strongly correlated to lipase/esterase activity in the gut suggesting its potentially major role in digestion. These findings demonstrate that the lipid-related enzymatic machinery of D. pulex is finely tuned to diet and might constitute an important mechanism of physiological adaptation in nutritionally complex environments.