Evanthia Mantzouki, Miquel Lurling, Jutta Fastner, Lisette Nicole de Senerpont Domis, Elzbieta Wilk-Wozniak, Judita Koreiviene, Laura Seelen, Sven Teurlincx, Yvon Verstijnen, Wojciech Krzton, Edward Walusiak, Jurate Karosiene, Jurate Kasperoviciene, Ksenija Savadova, Irma Vitonyte, Carmen Cillero-Castro, Agnieszka Budzynska, Ryszard Goldyn, Anna Kozak, Joanna Rosinska, Elzbieta Szelag-Wasielewska, Piotr Domek, Natalia Jakubowska-Krepska, Kinga Kwasizur, Beata Messyasz, Aleksandra Pelechata, Mariusz Pelechaty, Mikolaj Kokocinski, Ana Garcia-Murcia, Monserrat Real, Elvira Romans, Jordi Noguero-Ribes, David Parreno Duque, Elisabeth Fernandez-Moran, Nusret Karakaya, Kerstin Haggqvist, Nilsun Demir, Meryem Beklioglu, Nur Filiz, Eti E. Levi, Ugur Iskin, Gizem Bezirci, Ulku Nihan Tavsanoglu, Koray Ozhan, Spyros Gkelis, Manthos Panou, Ozden Fakioglu, Christos Avagianos, Triantafyllos Kaloudis, Kemal Celik, Mete Yilmaz, Rafael Marce, Nuria Catalan, Andrea G. Bravo, Moritz Buck, William Colom-Montero, Kristiina Mustonen, Don Pierson, Yang Yang, Pedro M. Raposeiro, Vitor Goncalves, Maria G. Antoniou, Nikoletta Tsiarta, Valerie McCarthy, Victor C. Perello, Tonu Feldmann, Alo Laas, Kristel Panksep, Lea Tuvikene, Ilona Gagala, Joana Mankiewicz-Boczek, Meral Apaydin Yagci, Sakir Cinar, Kadir Capkin, Abdulkadir Yagci, Mehmet Cesur, Fuat Bilgin, Cafer Bulut, Rahmi Uysal, Ulrike Obertegger, Adriano Boscaini, Giovanna Flaim, Nico Salmaso, Leonardo Cerasino, Jessica Richardson, Petra M. Visser, Jolanda M. H. Verspagen, Tunay Karan, Elif Neyran Soylu, Faruk Maraslioglu, Agnieszka Napiorkowska-Krzebietke, Agnieszka Ochocka, Agnieszka Pasztaleniec, Ana M. Antao-Geraldes, Vitor Vasconcelos, Joao Morais, Micaela Vale, Latife Koker, Reyhan Akcaalan, Meric Albay, Dubravka Spoljaric Maronic, Filip Stevic, Tanja Zuna Pfeiffer, Jeremy Andre Fonvielle, Dietmar Straile, Karl-Otto Rothhaupt, Lars-Anders Hansson, Pablo Urrutia-Cordero, Ludek Blaha, Rodan Geris, Marketa Frankova, Mehmet Ali Turan Kocer, Mehmet Tahir Alp, Spela Remec-Rekar, Tina Elersek, Theodoros Triantis, Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou, Anastasia Hiskia, Sigrid Haande, Birger Skjelbred, Beata Madrecka, Hana Nemova, Iveta Drastichova, Lucia Chomova, Christine Edwards, Tugba Ongun Sevindik, Hatice Tunca, Burcin OEnem, Boris Aleksovski, Svetislav Krstic, Itana Bokan Vucelic, Lidia Nawrocka, Pauliina Salmi, Danielle Machado-Vieira, Alinne Gurjao de Oliveira, Jordi Delgado-Martin, David Garcia, Jose Luis Cereijo, Joan Goma, Mari Carmen Trapote, Teresa Vegas-Vilarrubia, Biel Obrador, Magdalena Grabowska, Maciej Karpowicz, Damian Chmura, Barbara Ubeda, Jose Angel Galvez, Arda Ozen, Kirsten Seestern Christoffersen, Trine Perlt Warming, Justyna Kobos, Hanna Mazur-Marzec, Carmen Perez-Martinez, Eloisa Ramos-Rodriguez, Lauri Arvola, Pablo Alcaraz-Parraga, Magdalena Toporowska, Barbara Pawlik-Skowronska, Michal Niedzwiecki, Wojciech Peczula, Manel Leira, Armand Hernandez, Enrique Moreno-Ostos, Jose Maria Blanco, Valeriano Rodriguez, Jorge Juan Montes-Perez, Roberto L. Palomino, Estela Rodriguez-Perez, Rafael Carballeira, Antonio Camacho, Antonio Picazo, Carlos Rochera, Anna C. Santamans, Carmen Ferriol, Susana Romo, Juan Miguel Soria, Julita Dunalska, Justyna Sienska, Daniel Szymanski, Marek Kruk, Iwona Kostrzewska-Szlakowska, Iwona Jasser, Petar Zutinic, Marija Gligora Udovic, Andelka Plenkovic-Moraj, Magdalena Frak, Agnieszka Bankowska-Sobczak, Michal Wasilewicz, Korhan Ozkan, Valentini Maliaka, Kersti Kangro, Hans-Peter Grossart, Hans W. Paerl, Cayelan C. Carey, Bas W. Ibelings

• Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through aInsight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.…