570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie
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- Leaf senescence (2)
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- Limnology (2)
- Lipases (2)
- Lipidomics (2)
- Lysophosphatidylcholine (2)
- Lythrum salicaria (2)
- MADS-domain transcription factor (2)
- MALDI-TOF-MS (2)
- MAPK (2)
- MED16 (2)
- MHC (2)
- MSAP (2)
- Manganese (2)
- Markov cluster algorithm (2)
- Martini force-field (2)
- Mate choice (2)
- Maus (2)
- Mechanotransduction (2)
- Medicago truncatula (2)
- Meiosis (2)
- Melampyrum pratense (2)
- Membranproteine (2)
- Mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- Metabolismus (2)
- Metabolit (2)
- Metabolite (2)
- Metaboliten (2)
- Metabolites (2)
- Metabolom (2)
- Metabolomik (2)
- Metal Metabolism (2)
- Metschnikowia (2)
- Microarrays (2)
- Microbial ecology (2)
- Microbiology (2)
- Microcystin (2)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (2)
- Microsatellite analysis (2)
- Mikroorganismen (2)
- Mikrosatelliten (2)
- Mindfulness (2)
- Mitochondrial DNA (2)
- Mitochondrien (2)
- Mitogenome (2)
- Mitogenomes (2)
- Mitose (2)
- Mitosis (2)
- Mixed mating (2)
- Mixed methods (2)
- Modell (2)
- Molybdänkofaktor (2)
- Monoclonal antibodies (2)
- Monoclonal antibody (2)
- Monte Carlo method (2)
- Multiplex (2)
- Multiplex mutagenesis (2)
- Muntjac (2)
- Mutation rate (2)
- Mutator locus (2)
- Mykotoxine (2)
- NAB (2)
- NE Germany (2)
- NMR structure (2)
- NRPS (2)
- NZO (2)
- Nahrungsnetz (2)
- Namibia (2)
- Nanostruktur (2)
- Network clustering (2)
- Netzwerke (2)
- Neurotoxicity (2)
- Nighttime illumination (2)
- Nitrat (2)
- Nitrogen deposition (2)
- Northern Asia (2)
- Norway (2)
- Nostoc punctiforme (2)
- Nucleus (2)
- NutriAct Family Study (2)
- Nutrition (2)
- O-serotyping (2)
- ODBA (2)
- OMICs tools (2)
- Offspring weight (2)
- Ohrid-Prespa region (2)
- Older adults (2)
- Optogenetik (2)
- Organogenesis (2)
- Orthologous Matrix (OMA) Project (2)
- Outcrossing (2)
- Outcrossing rate (2)
- Outdoor enclosure (2)
- PBPK (2)
- PBS1 (2)
- PC-3 cells (2)
- PEI coating (2)
- PKS (2)
- PUFA (2)
- PXR (2)
- Palaeogenetics (2)
- Paläoökologie (2)
- Parasit (2)
- Parasitoid wasp (2)
- Partial Little Square (2)
- Partnership (2)
- Paternity analysis (2)
- Pathogen (2)
- Pathway design (2)
- Peptid (2)
- Periphyton (2)
- Periplaneta americana (2)
- Personality (2)
- Pex1 (2)
- Pex6 (2)
- Pflanze (2)
- Pflanzengemeinschaften (2)
- Pflanzenwachstum (2)
- PhIP (2)
- Phase variation (2)
- Phenole (2)
- Phosphat (2)
- Photosynthesis (2)
- Phylogenie (2)
- Phylogenomics (2)
- Pinus sylvestris (2)
- Pipistrellus nathusii (2)
- Plankton (2)
- Plant community model (2)
- Plant development (2)
- Plant-soil feedback (2)
- Plants (2)
- Plasma membrane (2)
- Plastid (2)
- Poecilia formosa (2)
- Poecilia latipinna (2)
- Polyadenylierung (2)
- Polyelektrolyt-Multischichten (2)
- Polyethylenglykol (2)
- Polysaccharide (2)
- Population dynamics (2)
- Predator-prey interactions (2)
- Pregnancy (2)
- Promiscuous enzymes (2)
- Promotor (2)
- Prostaglandin E2 (2)
- Proteinaggregation (2)
- Proteins (2)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2)
- Puumala virus seroprevalence (2)
- QDs (2)
- R Shiny (2)
- RNA (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RNA virus (2)
- RNA-guided Cas9 (2)
- RT-PCR (2)
- RUNX2 (2)
- Randomized-controlled trial (2)
- Raphidiopsis (2)
- Recombination (2)
- Redox marker (2)
- Redoxreaktion (2)
- Redoxregulation (2)
- Regulation (2)
- Rezeptor (2)
- Rice (2)
- Riesenvesikel (2)
- Rodent (2)
- Roridula gorgonias (2)
- Rotifera (2)
- RpoS (2)
- RubisCO (2)
- S-XRF (2)
- SERS enhancement factor (2)
- SFON (2)
- SIMS techniques (2)
- SPB (2)
- SULT1A1 (2)
- SWL (2)
- Sailfin molly (2)
- Salmonella Typhimurium (2)
- Saprolegnia (2)
- Saprolegniaceae (2)
- Savannas (2)
- Schleudertrauma (2)
- Schmalwand <Arabidopsis> (2)
- Schwefel (2)
- Scopoletin (2)
- Seasonality (2)
- Sediment (2)
- Selenium (2)
- Senescence (2)
- Sequenzierung (2)
- Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation (2)
- Serine cycle (2)
- Sexual selection (2)
- Siberian tree line (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Simulationsmodell (2)
- Smpd1 (2)
- Soil (2)
- Soil function (2)
- Solanaceae (2)
- Space use (2)
- Specific wood density (2)
- Stickstoff (2)
- Strategic growth adjustment (2)
- Sulforaphan (2)
- Sulfotransferase (2)
- Sundaland (2)
- Sus scrofa (2)
- System (2)
- Säugetiere (2)
- TAS2R (2)
- TEM (2)
- TMS (2)
- TTR (2)
- Tailspike protein (2)
- Tanzania (2)
- Tas2r (2)
- Tas2rs (2)
- Temperate forest (2)
- Tenebrio molitor larvae (2)
- Tocopherol (2)
- Toll and Imd pathways (2)
- Tomate (2)
- Tomato (2)
- Transcription factors (2)
- Transcriptome assembly (2)
- Transporters (2)
- Tree allometry (2)
- Turkey (2)
- TusA (2)
- Type 2 Diabetes (2)
- UV radiation (2)
- Ulcerative colitis (2)
- Ursus arctos (2)
- V-ATPase (2)
- Venom proteins (2)
- Verhalten (2)
- Verkhoyansk mountains (2)
- Virus (2)
- Wachstum (2)
- Walker A motif (2)
- Weakly electric fish (2)
- Weizen (2)
- Weißstorch (2)
- Wildschwein (2)
- Wind (2)
- Wood specific gravity (2)
- Woody aboveground biomass (2)
- X-ray structure (2)
- XMRV (2)
- Xpr1 (2)
- Yap1/Wwtr1 (Taz) (2)
- Zebrafish (2)
- Zelladhäsion (2)
- Zellkern (2)
- Zellweger (2)
- Zellweger syndrome spectrum disorder (ZSSD) (2)
- Zinypr-1 (2)
- Zweizustandsmodell (2)
- Zytoskelett (2)
- aberrations (2)
- accelerometer (2)
- acclimation (2)
- acid mine drainage (2)
- acoustic communication (2)
- actin (2)
- actin polymerization (2)
- activated carbon (2)
- activator–inhibitor models (2)
- activity (2)
- adaptive introgression (2)
- adaptive processes (2)
- adhesion (2)
- adiponectin (2)
- age (2)
- ageing (2)
- agricultural landscape (2)
- agrin (2)
- agro-infiltration (2)
- aldehyde oxidoreductase (2)
- alignment (2)
- alignment sensitivity / specificity (2)
- alkylierte polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (2)
- alkylphospholipids (2)
- all-cause mortality (2)
- allocation (2)
- alphaherpesvirus (2)
- animal cognition (2)
- animal migration (2)
- anthropogenic environment (2)
- anthropogenic food subsidies (2)
- anthropometric measures (2)
- anthropometry (2)
- anti-oxidative response (2)
- antibody producing cell selection (2)
- antioxidant capacity (2)
- anxiety-like behavior (2)
- apis mellifera (2)
- apple (2)
- aquatic (2)
- aquatic ecosystems (2)
- aqueous dispersion (2)
- aqueous-solution (2)
- arable land (2)
- arable weeds (2)
- arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (2)
- area-based conservation (2)
- arsenic (2)
- arthropod (2)
- artificial light at night (ALAN) (2)
- ascorbate peroxidase (2)
- assembly (2)
- assembly processes (2)
- assembly rules (2)
- autocorrelation (2)
- automated radio telemetry (2)
- autophagy (2)
- axillary bud (2)
- baltic sea (2)
- basal body (2)
- base excision repair (incision activity) (2)
- bat fatalities (2)
- behavior (2)
- behavioral plasticity (2)
- behavioral type (2)
- behavioural syndrome (2)
- benzylic alcohol (2)
- benzylischer Alkohol (2)
- beta diversity (2)
- bias (2)
- bifurcation (2)
- bifurcation theory (2)
- biodiversity conservation (2)
- biodiversity decline (2)
- biodiversity exploratories (2)
- biodiversity facets (2)
- biofortification (2)
- biogene Amine (2)
- biological age (2)
- biological control (2)
- biological soil crusts (2)
- biomarker detection (2)
- biomimetic sensors (2)
- biosignatures (2)
- biostimulant (2)
- biosynthesis (2)
- biotic filtering (2)
- biotin sulfoxide reductase (2)
- bisphosphonates (2)
- bitter (2)
- bitter taste receptors (2)
- body composition (2)
- body proportions (2)
- bone mineral density (2)
- bone pathologies (2)
- brackish waters (2)
- brain insulin signaling (2)
- branched chain amino acids (2)
- branching (2)
- breeding (2)
- buffer zones (2)
- bush encroachment (2)
- cAMP (2)
- cTBS (2)
- cadmium-free (2)
- caffeine (2)
- calcination (2)
- calcite (2)
- calcium (2)
- calcium carbonate inclusions (2)
- calcium imaging (2)
- calcium influx (2)
- canalization (2)
- cancer epidemiology (2)
- cancer therapy (2)
- capture enrichment (2)
- carbon dots (2)
- carbon isotopes (2)
- carbon labeling (2)
- cardiac development (2)
- cardiomyocyte (2)
- cardiomyogenic differentiation (2)
- carotenoid biosynthesis (2)
- carrion ecology (2)
- cascading effects (2)
- cave fish (2)
- cell adhesion (2)
- cell division (2)
- cell shape (2)
- cell signaling (2)
- cells (2)
- cellular bioenergetics (2)
- cellular bioimaging (2)
- cellulose polymeric organic matter (2)
- cerami-des (2)
- ceramides (2)
- cereal leaf beetle (2)
- cereal meals (2)
- chemostat experiments (2)
- child growth (2)
- chimeric transcription factors (2)
- chlamydomonas (2)
- chlorophyll a (2)
- chloroplast (2)
- chloroplasts (2)
- cholesterol (2)
- chronic diseases (2)
- chytridiomycota (2)
- cis-regulatory evolution (2)
- click chemistry (2)
- climate adaptation (2)
- climate dynamics (2)
- climate extremes (2)
- climate warming (2)
- co-expression (2)
- co-limitation (2)
- coefficient (2)
- coffee by-products (2)
- cold stress (2)
- collagen (2)
- colon carcinogenesis (2)
- colony viability (2)
- common‐garden experiment (2)
- community model (2)
- community structure (2)
- community theory (2)
- competition–defense trade‐off (2)
- composition (2)
- comprehensive analysis (2)
- concepts (2)
- confocal microscopy (2)
- conformational change (2)
- conformational rearrangement (2)
- congeneric species (2)
- conscripts (2)
- constitutive activity (2)
- constraint-based modeling (2)
- converting factor (2)
- copper complex (2)
- copper(II) (2)
- copper-related disorders (2)
- cord blood (2)
- core shell UCNP (2)
- cori cycle (2)
- cortisol (2)
- counting (2)
- coviability analysis (2)
- crop (2)
- crop diversity (2)
- cropping system (2)
- cross-species capture (2)
- cryolithology (2)
- cryptomycota (2)
- cyanobacterial bloom (2)
- cyanobacterial sucrose-phosphatase (2)
- cytochrome c (2)
- cytoplasmic polyadenylation (2)
- cytosine methylation (2)
- cytosolic tRNA thiolation (2)
- cytotoxicity (2)
- dark virus (2)
- data integration (2)
- ddRAD (2)
- de novo genome assembly (2)
- dead Cas9 (2)
- decline (2)
- deep-sea (2)
- defense against predation (2)
- defensive symbiosis (2)
- degraded DNA (2)
- dehydration (2)
- demographic noise (2)
- depressive-like behavior (2)
- desiccation (2)
- design of experiment (2)
- developing brain (2)
- developmental canalization (2)
- developmental dyslexia (2)
- developmental plasticity (2)
- diacylglycerol (2)
- diet (2)
- dietary patterns (2)
- dietary restriction (2)
- differential expression analysis (2)
- digestive enzymes quantification (2)
- dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (2)
- dispersal filtering (2)
- diversity profiles (2)
- dominance effect (2)
- droughts (2)
- drug delivery (2)
- drug release (2)
- dynamic equilibrium (2)
- eastern continental Asia (2)
- eavesdropping (2)
- echolocation (2)
- ecophysiology (2)
- ecosystem services provisioning (2)
- ecosystems (2)
- education (2)
- egg ratio (2)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (2)
- electric fish (2)
- electroencephalography (EEG) (2)
- electron microscopy (2)
- electron paramagnetic resonance (2)
- electronic tool integration (2)
- emotional imagery (2)
- emotions (2)
- endocardium (2)
- endothelial cell (2)
- endotoxin (2)
- energy expenditure (2)
- enrichment experiments (2)
- environmental DNA (2)
- environmental genomics (2)
- environmental noise (2)
- enzymology (2)
- epigenetic variation (2)
- epiphytes (2)
- epithionitrile (2)
- epitope prediction (2)
- epizoochory (2)
- equalizing and stabilizing mechanisms (2)
- error reduction (2)
- establishment (2)
- event coincidence analysis (2)
- evolutionary ecology (2)
- evolutionary rescue (2)
- expansion microscopy (2)
- exploitation (2)
- expression profile (2)
- extinction (2)
- extinction drivers (2)
- extra-cytoplasmic pockets (2)
- extracellular enzymes (2)
- extracellular matrix (2)
- extracellular signaling (2)
- extremophiles (2)
- eye-tracking (2)
- facilitation (2)
- fatty acid changes (2)
- feeding (2)
- feeding behaviour (2)
- fence interaction (2)
- fertilization (2)
- fetal origins hypothesis (2)
- fire (2)
- fisheries (2)
- fitness gradient (2)
- fitness response (2)
- floating mat (2)
- flooded grasslands (2)
- floral scent (2)
- flow cytometry (2)
- fluorescent probe (2)
- food frequency questionnaire (2)
- food web dynamics (2)
- food webs (2)
- forage availability (2)
- forage gaps (2)
- foraging (2)
- foraging behaviour (2)
- forebrain (2)
- forest (2)
- forest management (2)
- forestREplot (2)
- formaldehyde assimilation (2)
- formate dehydrogenase (2)
- fractionation (2)
- fractionation factors (2)
- fragmentation (2)
- free zinc (2)
- freshwater algae (2)
- freshwater heterotrophic bacteria (2)
- functional complementation (2)
- functional inhibitors of acid sphin-gomyelinase (2)
- functional response (2)
- functional richness (2)
- fungal diversity (2)
- fungal pathogens (2)
- funktionelle Diversität (2)
- galactolipids (2)
- gamma diversity (2)
- gas-production (2)
- gene delivery (2)
- generalized dissimilarity modelling (2)
- genetic accommodation (2)
- genetic adaptation (2)
- genetic engineering (2)
- genetic rescue (2)
- genome (2)
- genome scan (2)
- geo-bio interaction (2)
- geographic distribution (2)
- glacial maximum (2)
- global and regional change (2)
- glucocorticoid receptor (2)
- glucose (2)
- glucosinolate hydrolysis (2)
- glutathione (2)
- glycine cleavage system (2)
- governance (2)
- grazing (2)
- gross primary production (2)
- groundwater (2)
- groundwater recharge (2)
- growth behavior (2)
- growth restriction (2)
- guard cell (2)
- gut microbiota (2)
- gwas (2)
- habitat (2)
- habitat selection (2)
- habitat use (2)
- habituation (2)
- hantavirus (2)
- heart regeneration (2)
- heat (2)
- heat shock protein (2)
- heliozoa (2)
- hepcidin-25 (2)
- heterocyclic aromatic amine (2)
- heterostyly (2)
- heterotrophic bacteria (2)
- hilly loes plateau (2)
- histone modification (2)
- holding capability (2)
- holding isometric muscle action (HIMA) (2)
- holocene (2)
- honey bee (2)
- honey bees (2)
- hoverflies (2)
- human aldehyde oxidase (2)
- human endotoxemia (2)
- human excised skin (2)
- human introduction (2)
- human-wildlife conflict (2)
- hydrogels (2)
- hyena (2)
- hyperoxia (2)
- hypertension (2)
- hyperthermia (2)
- identification (2)
- immunoassay (2)
- immunogenicity (2)
- importin (2)
- in silico (2)
- in vitro intestinal model (2)
- in-vitro-synthesis (2)
- inbreeding depression (2)
- indirect facilitation (2)
- individual based modeling (2)
- individual-based modeling (2)
- infancy (2)
- infiltration (2)
- inhibition (2)
- inner-mongolia (2)
- integrated assessments (2)
- inter-brain synchronization (2)
- inter-muscle-brain synchronization (2)
- interpersonal muscle action (2)
- interspecific interactions (2)
- intestinal mucins (2)
- intestinal zinc resorption (2)
- intra-organ-communication (2)
- intraguild predation (2)
- intraspecific variation (2)
- invasibility (2)
- invasion success (2)
- invasive species (2)
- ion channel (2)
- ion mobility spectrometry (2)
- ion transport (2)
- ion-exchange chromatography (2)
- ionic liquid (2)
- ionic strength (2)
- ionogel (2)
- iron-sulfur clusters (2)
- island biogeography (2)
- island disharmony (2)
- island syndromes (2)
- islands (2)
- isomerization (2)
- jasmonate (2)
- kelp (2)
- l-cysteine desulfurase (2)
- lake periphyton (2)
- land sharing vs. land sparing (2)
- land use (2)
- land use change (2)
- land-use change (2)
- landscape diversity (2)
- landscape generator (2)
- landscape homogenization (2)
- larch (2)
- late pleistocene (2)
- later health (2)
- leaf (2)
- lichens (2)
- life cycle (2)
- life‐history traits (2)
- ligand exchange (2)
- light adaptation (2)
- light variability (2)
- limits (2)
- lipid classes (2)
- lipid limitation thresholds (2)
- lipid membranes (2)
- lipidomics (2)
- lipid–lipid interactions (2)
- lipoplexes (2)
- loci (2)
- lokale Anpassung (2)
- longitudinal (2)
- low-energy electrons (2)
- luminescence (2)
- lysosomal hydrolases (2)
- lysosomal storage disorders (2)
- lysosome (2)
- mRNA degradation (2)
- magnitude estimation (2)
- maintenance (2)
- maintenance of functional diversity (2)
- maintenance of genomic integrity (2)
- major histocompatibility complex (2)
- male Daphnia (2)
- maltooligosaccharides (2)
- mammalian-cells (2)
- manganese (2)
- manual muscle test (2)
- many-to-one genotype–phenotype map (2)
- mapping (2)
- marine (2)
- mass conservation (2)
- mass index (2)
- mate-pairs (2)
- mathematical modelling (2)
- mathematical precursor (2)
- maturation (2)
- maximal isometric Adaptive Force (2)
- meal timing (2)
- mechanical (2)
- mechanical strength (2)
- mechanisms (2)
- mechanomyography (MMG) (2)
- mediated delivery (2)
- membrane biophysics (2)
- membrane fusion (2)
- membrane microdomains (2)
- membrane protein (2)
- membrane stabilization (2)
- memory (2)
- mercaptocarboxylic acids (2)
- mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- mesophyll cell (2)
- messenger-rna polyadenylation (2)
- meta-analysis (2)
- metabolic syndrome (2)
- metabolic-profiling (2)
- metabolische Netzwerke (2)
- metabolite (2)
- metacommunity (2)
- metagenome (2)
- metagenomic analysis (2)
- metagenomics (2)
- metagenomics 2.0 (2)
- metal complex (2)
- metal peptide (2)
- metallopeptide (2)
- metalloprotein (2)
- methane oxidation (2)
- methylotrophy (2)
- miRNAs (2)
- microarrays (2)
- microbial activity (2)
- microbial communities (2)
- microclimate (2)
- microcomputed tomography (2)
- microeukaryotes (2)
- microfluidics (2)
- microstructure (2)
- microtubule-organization (2)
- mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) (2)
- mitogenomes (2)
- mixed cultures (2)
- model (2)
- model integration (2)
- model limitations (2)
- modeling (2)
- models (2)
- modern coexistence theory (2)
- mojave desert (2)
- molecular evolution (2)
- molecular species identification (2)
- molybdoenzyme (2)
- molybdopterin synthase (2)
- monitoring (2)
- monoclonal antibody (2)
- morphology (2)
- motor control (2)
- movement speed (2)
- mucus layer (2)
- multiple sclerosis (2)
- multishell (2)
- multivalence (2)
- multi‐ year flooding cycle (2)
- musicality (2)
- mutation (2)
- mutual information (2)
- mycotoxins (2)
- myocardial infarction (2)
- myocardium (2)
- myoglobin (2)
- n-oxide reductase (2)
- nachhaltige Landnutzung (2)
- nanoelectrodes (2)
- nanogels (2)
- nanostructure (2)
- native American ancestry (2)
- necrobiome (2)
- neophilia (2)
- neophobia (2)
- net primary productivity (2)
- network analysis (2)
- network reconstruction (2)
- networks (2)
- neurodegeneration (2)
- neurodegenerative diseases (2)
- neuroendocrine (2)
- neuromuscular adaptation (2)
- niche and fitness differences (2)
- niche width (2)
- nickel (2)
- nitrile (2)
- nitrogen (2)
- nitrogen limitation (2)
- nitrous-oxide (2)
- noise color (2)
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (2)
- non-linear dynamics (2)
- nonlinear time series analysis (2)
- nonlinear waves (2)
- nuclear pore complex (2)
- nucleolus (2)
- nucleoporins (2)
- nucleus-associated body (2)
- number knowledge (2)
- nutrient (2)
- nutrient availability (2)
- nutrient spike (2)
- nutrient transport (2)
- odd chain fatty acids (2)
- oil palm (2)
- oligomerization (2)
- omics (2)
- ontogeny (2)
- ordinary differential equation (2)
- organ size (2)
- organic compounds adsorption (2)
- organic matter (2)
- organic–inorganic hybrid (2)
- organisches Material (2)
- osmotic-pressure (2)
- osteoporosis (2)
- other-race effect (2)
- outbreeding depression (2)
- overhunting (2)
- overweight (2)
- oxidative stress tolerance (2)
- pH (2)
- pace-of-life syndrome (2)
- paleoenvironmental records (2)
- parallel beta-helix (2)
- parameter estimation (2)
- parameters (2)
- paraquat (2)
- parasitoid (2)
- parchment (2)
- parentage (2)
- partial correlation (2)
- participatory research (2)
- pathogen (2)
- pathogens (2)
- pathway engineering (2)
- pattern formation (2)
- pectate lyase (2)
- perceived predation risk (2)
- performance (2)
- perialpine lakes (2)
- periphyton (2)
- periplasmic nitrate reductase (2)
- phagocytosis (2)
- phase transfer (2)
- phenotypic phase plane (2)
- phenotyping (2)
- phloem (2)
- phloem proteins (2)
- phonotaxis (2)
- phosphate (2)
- phosphatidylserine (2)
- phosphoglucan (2)
- photoresponse (2)
- physical and physiological dormancy (2)
- physiology (2)
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Institute
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- Fakultät für Gesundheitswissenschaften (9)
Actin is one of the most highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes and distinct actin-related proteins with filament-forming properties are even found in prokaryotes. Due to these commonalities, actin-modulating proteins of many species share similar structural properties and proposed functions. The polymerization and depolymerization of actin are critical processes for a cell as they can contribute to shape changes to adapt to its environment and to move and distribute nutrients and cellular components within the cell. However, to what extent functions of actin-binding proteins are conserved between distantly related species, has only been addressed in a few cases. In this work, functions of Coronin-A (CorA) and Actin-interacting protein 1 (Aip1), two proteins involved in actin dynamics, were characterized. In addition, the interchangeability and function of Aip1 were investigated in two phylogenetically distant model organisms. The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana (encoding two homologs, AIP1-1 and AIP1-2) and in the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum (encoding one homolog, DdAip1) were chosen because the functions of their actin cytoskeletons may differ in many aspects. Functional analyses between species were conducted for AIP1 homologs as flowering plants do not harbor a CorA gene.
In the first part of the study, the effect of four different mutation methods on the function of Coronin-A protein and the resulting phenotype in D. discoideum was revealed in two genetic knockouts, one RNAi knockdown and a sudden loss-of-function mutant created by chemical-induced dislocation (CID). The advantages and disadvantages of the different mutation methods on the motility, appearance and development of the amoebae were investigated, and the results showed that not all observed properties were affected with the same intensity. Remarkably, a new combination of Selection-Linked Integration and CID could be established.
In the second and third parts of the thesis, the exchange of Aip1 between plant and amoeba was carried out. For A. thaliana, the two homologs (AIP1-1 and AIP1-2) were analyzed for functionality as well as in D. discoideum. In the Aip1-deficient amoeba, rescue with AIP1-1 was more effective than with AIP1-2. The main results in the plant showed that in the aip1-2 mutant background, reintroduced AIP1-2 displayed the most efficient rescue and A. thaliana AIP1-1 rescued better than DdAip1. The choice of the tagging site was important for the function of Aip1 as steric hindrance is a problem. The DdAip1 was less effective when tagged at the C-terminus, while the plant AIP1s showed mixed results depending on the tag position. In conclusion, the foreign proteins partially rescued phenotypes of mutant plants and mutant amoebae, despite the organisms only being very distantly related in evolutionary terms.
Arachidonsäurelipoxygenasen (ALOX-Isoformen) sind Lipid-peroxidierenden Enzyme, die bei der Zelldifferenzierung und bei der Pathogenese verschiedener Erkrankungen bedeutsam sind. Im menschlichen Genom gibt es sechs funktionelle ALOX-Gene, die als Einzelkopiegene vorliegen. Für jedes humane ALOX-Gen gibt es ein orthologes Mausgen. Obwohl sich die sechs humanen ALOX-Isoformen strukturell sehr ähnlich sind, unterscheiden sich ihre funktionellen Eigenschaften deutlich voneinander. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden vier unterschiedliche Fragestellungen zum Vorkommen, zur biologischen Rolle und zur Evolutionsabhängigkeit der enzymatischen Eigenschaften von Säugetier-ALOX-Isoformen untersucht:
1) Spitzhörnchen (Tupaiidae) sind evolutionär näher mit dem Menschen verwandt als Nagetiere und wurden deshalb als Alternativmodelle für die Untersuchung menschlicher Erkrankungen vorgeschlagen. In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals der Arachidonsäurestoffwechsel von Spitzhörnchen untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass im Genom von Tupaia belangeri vier unterschiedliche ALOX15-Gene vorkommen und die Enzyme sich hinsichtlich ihrer katalytischen Eigenschaften ähneln. Diese genomische Vielfalt, die weder beim Menschen noch bei Mäusen vorhanden ist, erschwert die funktionellen Untersuchungen zur biologischen Rolle des ALOX15-Weges. Damit scheint Tupaia belangeri kein geeigneteres Tiermodel für die Untersuchung des ALOX15-Weges des Menschen zu sein.
2) Entsprechend der Evolutionshypothese können Säugetier-ALOX15-Orthologe in Arachidonsäure-12-lipoxygenierende- und Arachidonsäure-15-lipoxygenierende Enzyme eingeteilt werden. Dabei exprimieren Säugetierspezies, die einen höheren Evolutionsgrad als Gibbons aufweisen, Arachidonsäure-15-lipoxygenierende ALOX15-Orthologe, während evolutionär weniger weit entwickelte Säugetiere Arachidonsäure-12 lipoxygenierende Enzyme besitzen. In dieser Arbeit wurden elf neue ALOX15-Orthologe als rekombinante Proteine exprimiert und funktionell charakterisiert. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse fügen sich widerspruchsfrei in die Evolutionshypothese ein und verbreitern deren experimentelle Basis. Die experimentellen Daten bestätigen auch das Triadenkonzept.
3) Da humane und murine ALOX15B-Orthologe unterschiedliche funktionelle Eigenschaften aufweisen, können Ergebnisse aus murinen Krankheitsmodellen zur biologischen Rolle der ALOX15B nicht direkt auf den Menschen übertragen werden. Um die ALOX15B-Orthologen von Maus und Mensch funktionell einander anzugleichen, wurden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit Knock-in Mäuse durch die In vivo Mutagenese mittels CRISPR/Cas9-Technik hergestellt. Diese exprimieren eine humanisierte Mutante (Doppelmutation von Tyrosin603Asparaginsäure+Histidin604Valin) der murinen Alox15b. Diese Mäuse waren lebens- und fortpflanzungsfähig, zeigten aber geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede zu ausgekreuzten Wildtyp-Kontrolltieren im Rahmen ihre Individualentwicklung.
4) In vorhergehenden Untersuchungen zur Rolle der ALOX15B in Rahmen der Entzündungsreaktion wurde eine antiinflammatorische Wirkung des Enzyms postuliert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob eine Humanisierung der murinen Alox15b die Entzündungsreaktion in zwei verschiedenen murinen Entzündungsmodellen beeinflusst. Eine Humanisierung der murinen Alox15b führte zu einer verstärkten Ausbildung von Entzündungssymptomen im induzierten Dextran-Natrium-Sulfat-Kolitismodell. Im Gegensatz dazu bewirkte die Humanisierung der Alox15b eine Abschwächung der Entzündungssymptome im Freund‘schen Adjuvans Pfotenödemmodell. Diese Daten deuten darauf hin, dass sich die Rolle der ALOX15B in verschiedenen Entzündungsmodellen unterscheidet.
Microalgae have been recognized as a promising green production platform for recombinant proteins. The majority of studies on recombinant protein expression have been conducted in the green microalga C. reinhardtii. While promising improvement regarding nuclear transgene expression in this alga has been made, it is still inefficient due to epigenetic silencing, often resulting in low yields that are not competitive with other expressor organisms. Other microalgal species might be better suited for high-level protein expression, but are limited in their availability of molecular tools.
The red microalga Porphyridium purpureum recently emerged as candidate for the production of recombinant proteins. It is promising in that transformation vectors are episomally maintained as autonomously replicating plasmids in the nucleus at a high copy number, thus leading to high expression values in this red alga.
In this work, we expand the genetic tools for P. purpureum and investigate parameters that govern efficient transgene expression. We provide an improved transformation protocol to streamline the generation of transgenic lines in this organism. After being able to efficiently generate transgenic lines, we showed that codon usage is a main determinant of high-level transgene expression, not only at the protein level but also at the level of mRNA accumulation. The optimized expression constructs resulted in YFP accumulation up to an unprecedented 5% of the total soluble protein. Furthermore, we designed new constructs conferring efficient transgene expression into the culture medium, simplifying purification and harvests of recombinant proteins. To further improve transgene expression, we tested endogenous promoters driving the most highly transcribed genes in P. purpureum and found minor increase of YFP accumulation.
We employed the previous findings to express complex viral antigens from the hepatitis B virus and the hepatitis C virus in P. purpureum to demonstrate its feasibility as producer of biopharmaceuticals. The viral glycoproteins were successfully produced to high levels and could reach their native confirmation, indicating a functional glycosylation machinery and an appropriate folding environment in this red alga. We could successfully upscale the biomass production of transgenic lines and with that provide enough material for immunization trials in mice that were performed in collaboration. These trials showed no toxicity of neither the biomass nor the purified antigens, and, additionally, the algal-produced antigens were able to elicit a strong and specific immune response.
The results presented in this work pave the way for P. purpureum as a new promising producer organism for biopharmaceuticals in the microalgal field.
Moss-microbe associations are often characterised by syntrophic interactions between the microorganisms and their hosts, but the structure of the microbial consortia and their role in peatland development remain unknown.
In order to study microbial communities of dominant peatland mosses, Sphagnum and brown mosses, and the respective environmental drivers, four study sites representing different successional stages of natural northern peatlands were chosen on a large geographical scale: two brown moss-dominated, circumneutral peatlands from the Arctic and two Sphagnum-dominated, acidic peat bogs from subarctic and temperate zones.
The family Acetobacteraceae represented the dominant bacterial taxon of Sphagnum mosses from various geographical origins and displayed an integral part of the moss core community. This core community was shared among all investigated bryophytes and consisted of few but highly abundant prokaryotes, of which many appear as endophytes of Sphagnum mosses. Moreover, brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses represent habitats for archaea which were not studied in association with peatland mosses so far. Euryarchaeota that are capable of methane production (methanogens) displayed the majority of the moss-associated archaeal communities. Moss-associated methanogenesis was detected for the first time, but it was mostly negligible under laboratory conditions. Contrarily, substantial moss-associated methane oxidation was measured on both, brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses, supporting that methanotrophic bacteria as part of the moss microbiome may contribute to the reduction of methane emissions from pristine and rewetted peatlands of the northern hemisphere.
Among the investigated abiotic and biotic environmental parameters, the peatland type and the host moss taxon were identified to have a major impact on the structure of moss-associated bacterial communities, contrarily to archaeal communities whose structures were similar among the investigated bryophytes. For the first time it was shown that different bog development stages harbour distinct bacterial communities, while at the same time a small core community is shared among all investigated bryophytes independent of geography and peatland type.
The present thesis displays the first large-scale, systematic assessment of bacterial and archaeal communities associated both with brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses. It suggests that some host-specific moss taxa have the potential to play a key role in host moss establishment and peatland development.
The African weakly electric fishes (Mormyridae) exhibit a remarkable adaptive radiation possibly due to their species-specific electric organ discharges (EODs). It is produced by a muscle-derived electric organ that is located in the caudal peduncle. Divergence in EODs acts as a pre-zygotic isolation mechanism to drive species radiations. However, the mechanism behind the EOD diversification are only partially understood.
The aim of this study is to explore the genetic basis of EOD diversification from the gene expression level across Campylomormyrus species/hybrids and ontogeny. I firstly produced a high quality genome of the species C. compressirostris as a valuable resource to understand the electric fish evolution.
The next study compared the gene expression pattern between electric organs and skeletal muscles in Campylomormyrus species/hybrids with different types of EOD duration. I identified several candidate genes with an electric organ-specific expression, e.g. KCNA7a, KLF5, KCNJ2, SCN4aa, NDRG3, MEF2. The overall genes expression pattern exhibited a significant association with EOD duration in all analyzed species/hybrids. The expression of several candidate genes, e.g. KCNJ2, KLF5, KCNK6 and KCNQ5, possibly contribute to the regulation of EOD duration in Campylomormyrus due to their increasing or decreasing expression. Several potassium channel genes showed differential expression during ontogeny in species and hybrid with EOD alteration, e.g. KCNJ2.
I next explored allele specific expression of intragenus hybrids by crossing the duration EOD species C. compressirostris with the medium duration EOD species C. tshokwe and the elongated duration EOD species C. rhynchophorus. The hybrids exhibited global expression dominance of the C. compressirostris allele in the adult skeletal muscle and electric organ, as well as in the juvenile electric organ. Only the gene KCNJ2 showed dominant expression of the allele from C. rhynchophorus, and this was increasingly dominant during ontogeny. It hence supported our hypothesis that KCNJ2 is a key gene of regulating EOD duration. Our results help us to understand, from a genetic perspective, how gene expression effect the EOD diversification in the African weakly electric fish.
Development of a CRISPR/Cas gene editing technique for the coccolithophore Chrysotila carterae
(2024)
Sulfur is an important element that is incorporated into many biomolecules in humans. The incorporation and transfer of sulfur into biomolecules is, however, facilitated by a series of different sulfurtransferases. Among these sulfurtransferases is the human mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST) also designated as tRNA thiouridine modification protein (TUM1). The role of the human TUM1 protein has been suggested in a wide range of physiological processes in the cell among which are but not limited to involvement in Molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthesis, cytosolic tRNA thiolation and generation of H2S as signaling molecule both in mitochondria and the cytosol. Previous interaction studies showed that TUM1 interacts with the L-cysteine desulfurase NFS1 and the Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein 3 (MOCS3). Here, we show the roles of TUM1 in human cells using CRISPR/Cas9 genetically modified Human Embryonic Kidney cells. Here, we show that TUM1 is involved in the sulfur transfer for Molybdenum cofactor synthesis and tRNA thiomodification by spectrophotometric measurement of the activity of sulfite oxidase and liquid chromatography quantification of the level of sulfur-modified tRNA. Further, we show that TUM1 has a role in hydrogen sulfide production and cellular bioenergetics.
In late summer, migratory bats of the temperate zone face the challenge of accomplishing two energy-demanding tasks almost at the same time: migration and mating. Both require information and involve search efforts, such as localizing prey or finding potential mates. In non-migrating bat species, playback studies showed that listening to vocalizations of other bats, both con-and heterospecifics, may help a recipient bat to find foraging patches and mating sites. However, we are still unaware of the degree to which migrating bats depend on con-or heterospecific vocalizations for identifying potential feeding or mating opportunities during nightly transit flights. Here, we investigated the vocal responses of Nathusius’ pipistrelle bats, Pipistrellus nathusii, to simulated feeding and courtship aggregations at a coastal migration corridor. We presented migrating bats either feeding buzzes or courtship calls of their own or a heterospecific migratory species, the common noctule, Nyctalus noctula. We expected that during migratory transit flights, simulated feeding opportunities would be particularly attractive to bats, as well as simulated mating opportunities which may indicate suitable roosts for a stopover. However, we found that when compared to the natural silence of both pre-and post-playback phases, bats called indifferently during the playback of conspecific feeding sounds, whereas P. nathusii echolocation call activity increased during simulated feeding of N. noctula. In contrast, the call activity of P. nathusii decreased during the playback of conspecific courtship calls, while no response could be detected when heterospecific call types were broadcasted. Our results suggest that while on migratory transits, P. nathusii circumnavigate conspecific mating aggregations, possibly to save time or to reduce the risks associated with social interactions where aggression due to territoriality might be expected. This avoidance behavior could be a result of optimization strategies by P. nathusii when performing long-distance migratory flights, and it could also explain the lack of a response to simulated conspecific feeding. However, the observed increase of activity in response to simulated feeding of N. noctula, suggests that P. nathusii individuals may be eavesdropping on other aerial hawking insectivorous species during migration, especially if these occupy a slightly different foraging niche.
The African weakly electric fish genus Campylomormyrus includes 15 described species mostly native to the Congo River and its tributaries. They are considered sympatric species, because their distribution area overlaps. These species generate species-specific electric organ discharges (EODs) varying in waveform characteristics, including duration, polarity, and phase number. They exhibit also pronounced divergence in their snout, i.e. the length, thickness, and curvature. The diversifications in these two phenotypical traits (EOD and snout) have been proposed as key factors promoting adaptive radiation in Campylomormyrus. The role of EODs as a pre-zygotic isolation mechanism driving sympatric speciation by promoting assortative mating has been examined using behavioral, genetical, and histological approaches. However, the evolutionary effects of the snout morphology and its link to species divergence have not been closely examined. Hence, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of snout morphology diversification and its correlated EOD to better understand their sympatric speciation and evolutionary drivers. Moreover, I aim to utilize the intragenus and intergenus hybrids of Campylomormyrus to better understand trait divergence as well as underlying molecular/genetic mechanisms involved in the radiation scenario. To this end, I utilized three different approaches: feeding behavior analysis, diet assessment, and geometric morphometrics analysis. I performed feeding behavior experiments to evaluate the concept of the phenotype-environment correlation by testing whether Campylomormyrus species show substrate preferences. The behavioral experiments showed that the short snout species exhibits preference to sandy substrate, the long snout species prefers a stone substrate, and the species with intermediate snout size does not exhibit any substrate preference. The experiments suggest that the diverse feeding apparatus in the genus Campylomormyrus may have evolved in adaptation to their microhabitats. I also performed diet assessments of sympatric Campylomormyrus species and a sister genus species (Gnathonemus petersii) with markedly different snout morphologies and EOD using NGS-based DNA metabarcoding of their stomach contents. The diet of each species was documented showing that aquatic insects such as dipterans, coleopterans and trichopterans represent the major diet component. The results showed also that all species are able to exploit diverse food niches in their habitats. However, comparing the diet overlap indices showed that different snout morphologies and the associated divergence in the EOD translated into different prey spectra. These results further support the idea that the EOD could be a ‘magic trait’ triggering both adaptation and reproductive isolation. Geometric morphometrics method was also used to compare the phenotypical shape traits of the F1 intragenus (Campylomormyrus) and intergenus (Campylomormyrus species and Gnathonemus petersii) hybrids relative to their parents. The hybrids of these species were well separated based on the morphological traits, however the hybrid phenotypic traits were closer to the short-snouted species. In addition, the likelihood that the short snout expressed in the hybrids increases with increasing the genetic distance of the parental species. The results confirmed that additive effects produce intermediate phenotypes in F1-hybrids. It seems, therefore, that morphological shape traits in hybrids, unlike the physiological traits, were not expressed straightforward.
Ribosomes decode mRNA to synthesize proteins. Ribosomes, once considered static, executing machines, are now viewed as dynamic modulators of translation. Increasingly detailed analyses of structural ribosome heterogeneity led to a paradigm shift toward ribosome specialization for selective translation. As sessile organisms, plants cannot escape harmful environments and evolved strategies to withstand. Plant cytosolic ribosomes are in some respects more diverse than those of other metazoans. This diversity may contribute to plant stress acclimation. The goal of this thesis was to determine whether plants use ribosome heterogeneity to regulate protein synthesis through specialized translation. I focused on temperature acclimation, specifically on shifts to low temperatures. During cold acclimation, Arabidopsis ceases growth for seven days while establishing the responses required to resume growth. Earlier results indicate that ribosome biogenesis is essential for cold acclimation. REIL mutants (reil-dkos) lacking a 60S maturation factor do not acclimate successfully and do not resume growth. Using these genotypes, I ascribed cold-induced defects of ribosome biogenesis to the assembly of the polypeptide exit tunnel (PET) by performing spatial statistics of rProtein changes mapped onto the plant 80S structure. I discovered that growth cessation and PET remodeling also occurs in barley, suggesting a general cold response in plants. Cold triggered PET remodeling is consistent with the function of Rei-1, a REIL homolog of yeast, which performs PET quality control. Using seminal data of ribosome specialization, I show that yeast remodels the tRNA entry site of ribosomes upon change of carbon sources and demonstrate that spatially constrained remodeling of ribosomes in metazoans may modulate protein synthesis. I argue that regional remodeling may be a form of ribosome specialization and show that heterogeneous cytosolic polysomes accumulate after cold acclimation, leading to shifts in the translational output that differs between wild-type and reil-dkos. I found that heterogeneous complexes consist of newly synthesized and reused proteins. I propose that tailored ribosome complexes enable free 60S subunits to select specific 48S initiation complexes for translation. Cold acclimated ribosomes through ribosome remodeling synthesize a novel proteome consistent with known mechanisms of cold acclimation. The main hypothesis arising from my thesis is that heterogeneous/ specialized ribosomes alter translation preferences, adjust the proteome and thereby activate plant programs for successful cold acclimation.
Background: The role of fatty acid (FA) intake and metabolism in type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence is controversial. Some FAs are not synthesised endogenously and, therefore, these circulating FAs reflect dietary intake, for example, the trans fatty acids (TFAs), saturated odd chain fatty acids (OCFAs), and linoleic acid, an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). It remains unclear if intake of TFA influence T2D risk and whether industrial TFAs (iTFAs) and ruminant TFAs (rTFAs) exert the same effect. Unlike even chain saturated FAs, the OCFAs have been inversely associated with T2D risk, but this association is poorly understood. Furthermore, the associations of n-6 PUFAs intake with T2D risk are still debated, while delta-5 desaturase (D5D), a key enzyme in the metabolism of PUFAs, has been consistently related to T2D risk. To better understand these relationships, the FA composition in circulating lipid fractions can be used as biomarkers of dietary intake and metabolism. The exploration of TFAs subtypes in plasma phospholipids and OCFAs and n-6 PUFAs within a wide range of lipid classes may give insights into the pathophysiology of T2D.
Aim: This thesis aimed mainly to analyse the association of TFAs, OCFAs and n-6 PUFAs with self-reported dietary intake and prospective T2D risk, using seven types of TFAs in plasma phospholipids and deep lipidomics profiling data from fifteen lipid classes.
Methods: A prospective case-cohort study was designed within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study, including all the participants who developed T2D (median follow-up 6.5 years) and a random subsample of the full cohort (subcohort: n=1248; T2D cases: n=820). The main analyses included two lipid profiles. The first was an assessment of seven TFA in plasma phospholipids, with a modified method for analysis of FA with very low abundances. The second lipid profile was derived from a high-throughout lipid profiling technology, which identified 940 distinct molecular species and allowed to quantify OCFAs and PUFAs composition across 15 lipid classes. Delta-5 desaturase (D5D) activity was estimated as 20:4/20:3-ratio. Using multivariable Cox regression models, we examined the associations of TFA subtypes with incident T2D and class-specific associations of OCFA and n-6 PUFAs with T2D risk.
Results: 16:1n-7t, 18:1n-7t, and c9t11-CLA were positively correlated with the intake of fat-rich dairy foods. iTFA 18:1 isomers were positively correlated with margarine. After adjustment for confounders and other TFAs, higher plasma phospholipid concentrations of two rTFAs were associated with a lower incidence of T2D: 18:1n-7t and t10c12-CLA. In contrast, the rTFA c9t11-CLA was associated with a higher incidence of T2D. rTFA 16:1n-7t and iTFAs (18:1n-6t, 18:1n-9t, 18:2n-6,9t) were not statistically significantly associated with T2D risk.
We observed heterogeneous integration of OCFA in different lipid classes, and the contribution of 15:0 versus 17:0 to the total OCFA abundance differed across lipid classes. Consumption of fat-rich dairy and fiber-rich foods were positively and red meat inversely correlated to OCFA abundance in plasma phospholipid classes. In women only, higher abundances of 15:0 in phosphatidylcholines (PC) and diacylglycerols (DG), and 17:0 in PC, lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), and cholesterol esters (CE) were inversely associated with T2D risk. In men and women, a higher abundance of 15:0 in monoacylglycerols (MG) was also inversely associated with T2D. Conversely, a higher 15:0 concentration in LPC and triacylglycerols (TG) was associated with higher T2D risk in men. Women with a higher concentration of 17:0 as free fatty acids (FFA) also had higher T2D incidence.
The integration of n-6 PUFAs in lipid classes was also heterogeneous. 18:2 was highly abundant in phospholipids (particularly PC), CE, and TG; 20:3 represented a small fraction of FA in most lipid classes, and 20:4 accounted for a large proportion of circulating phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PE). Higher concentrations of 18:2 were inversely associated with T2D risk, especially within DG, TG, and LPC. However, 18:2 as part of MG was positively associated with T2D risk. Higher concentrations of 20:3 in phospholipids (PC, PE, PI), FFA, CE, and MG were linked to higher T2D incidence. 20:4 was unrelated to risk in most lipid classes, except positive associations were observed for 20:4 enriched in FFA and PE. The estimated D5D activities in PC, PE, PI, LPC, and CE were inversely associated with T2D and explained variance of estimated D5D activity by genomic variation in the FADS locus was only substantial in those lipid classes.
Conclusion: The TFAs' conformation is essential in their relationship to diabetes risk, as indicated by plasma rTFA subtypes concentrations having opposite directions of associations with diabetes risk. Plasma OCFA concentration is linked to T2D risk in a lipid class and sex-specific manner. Plasma n-6 PUFA concentrations are associated differently with T2D incidence depending on the specific FA and the lipid class. Overall, these results highlight the complexity of circulating FAs and their heterogeneous association with T2D risk depending on the specific FA structure, lipid class, and sex. My results extend the evidence of the relationship between diet, lipid metabolism, and subsequent T2D risk. In addition, my work generated several potential new biomarkers of dietary intake and prospective T2D risk.
Mitochondria and plastids are organelles with an endosymbiotic origin. During evolution, many genes are lost from the organellar genomes and get integrated in the nuclear genome, in what is known as intracellular/endosymbiotic gene transfer (IGT/EGT). IGT has been reproduced experimentally in Nicotiana tabacum at a gene transfer rate (GTR) of 1 event in 5 million cells, but, despite its centrality to eukaryotic evolution, there are no genetic factors known to influence the frequency of IGT in higher eukaryotes. The focus of this work was to determine the role of different DNA repair pathways of double strand break repair (DSBR) in the integration step of organellar DNA in the nuclear genome during IGT. Here, a CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis strategy was implemented in N. tabacum, with the aim of generating mutants in nuclear genes without expected visible phenotypes. This strategy led to the generation of a collection of independent mutants in the LIG4 (necessary for non-homologous end joining, NHEJ) and POLQ genes (necessary for microhomology mediated end joining, MMEJ). Targeting of other DSBR genes (KU70, KU80, RPA1C) generated mutants with unexpectedly strong developmental phenotypes.. These factors have telomeric roles, hinting towards a possible relationship between telomere length, and strength of developmental disruption upon loss of telomere structure in plants. The mutants were made in a genetic background encoding a plastid-encoded IGT reporter, that confers kanamycin resistance upon transfer to the nucleus. Through large scale independent experiments, increased IGT from the chloroplast to the nucleus was observed in lig4 mutants, as well as lines encoding a POLQ gene with a defective polymerase domain (polqΔPol). This shows that NHEJ or MMEJ have a double-sided relationship with IGT: while transferred genes may integrate using either pathway, the presence of both pathways suppresses IGT in wild-type somatic cells, thus demonstrating for the first time the extent on which nuclear genes control IGT frequency in plants. The IGT frequency increases in the mutants are likely mediated by increased availability of double strand breaks for integration. Additionally, kinetic analysis reveals that gene transfer (GT) events accumulate linearly as a function of time spent under antibiotic selection in the experiment, demonstrating that, contrary to what was previously thought, there is no such thing as a single GTR in somatic IGT experiments. Furthermore, IGT in tissue culture experiments appears to be the result of a "race against the clock" for integration in the nuclear genome, that starts when the organellar DNA arrives to the nucleus granting transient antibiotic resistance. GT events and escapes of kanamycin selection may be two possible outcomes from this race: those instances where the organellar DNA gets to integrate are recovered as GT events, and in those cases where timely integration fails, antibiotic resistance cannot be sustained, and end up considered as escapes. In the mutants, increased opportunities for integration in the nuclear genome change the overall ratio between IGT and escape events. The resources generated here are promising starting points for future research: (1) the mutant collection, for the further study of processes that depend on DNA repair in plants (2) the collection of GT lines obtained from these experiments, for the study of the effect of DSBR pathways over integration patterns and stability of transferred genes and (3) the developed CRISPR/Cas9 workflow for mutant generation, to make N. tabacum meet its potential as an attractive model for answering complex biological questions.
The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER1) is acknowledged as an important mediator of estrogen signaling. Given the ubiquitous expression of GPER1, it is likely that the receptor plays a role in a variety of malignancies, not only in the classic hormonally regulated tissues (e.g., breast, ovary, and prostate), but also in the colon. As colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in both men and women worldwide and environmental factors and dietary habits are important risk factors, it is increasingly recognized that natural and synthetic hormones and their associated receptors might play a role in CRC. Through oral consumption, environmental contaminants with endocrine activity are in contact with the gastrointestinal mucosa, where they might exert their toxic effects. Although GPER1 has been shown to be engaged in physiological and pathophysiological processes, its role in CRC remains poorly understood. Thus, pro- as well as anti-tumorigenic effects are described in the literature. This thesis has uncovered novel roles of GPER1 in mediating major CRC-associated phenotypes in transformed and non-transformed colon cell lines. Exposure to the estrogens 17β-estradiol (E2), bisphenol-A (BPA) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) but also the androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) resulted in GPER1-dependent induction of supernumerary centrosomes, whole chromosomal instability (w-CIN) and aneuploidy. Indeed, both knockdown and inhibition of GPER1 attenuated the generation of (xeno)hormone-driven supernumerary centrosomes and karyotype instability. Mechanistically, (xeno)hormone-induced centrosome amplification was associated with transient multipolar mitosis and the generation of so called anaphase “lagging” chromosomes. The results of this thesis propose a GPER1/PKA/AKAP9-pathway in regulating centrosome numbers in colorectal cancer cells and the involvement of the centriolar protein centrin. Remarkably, exposure to (xeno)hormones resulted in atypical enlargement and unexpected phosphorylation of the centriole marker centrin in interphase. These findings provide a novel role for GPER1 in key CRC-prone lesions and shed light on underlying mechanisms that involve GPER1 function in the colon. Elucidating to what extent centrosomal proteins are involved in the GPER1-mediated aneugenic effect will be an important task for future studies. The present study was intended to lay a first foundation to understand the molecular basis and potential risk factors of CRC which might help to reduce the use of laboratory animals. Since numerous animal experiments are conducted in biomedical research, the development of alternative methods is indispensable. The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) as the German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R) addresses this issue by uncovering underlying mechanisms leading to colorectal cancer as necessary prerequisite in order to develop alternative methods.
Photosynthesis converts light into metabolic energy which fuels plant growth. In nature, many factors influence light availability for photosynthesis on different time scales, from shading by leaves within seconds up to seasonal changes over months. Variability of light energy supply for photosynthesis can limit a plant´s biomass accumulation. Plants have evolved multiple strategies to cope with strongly fluctuation light (FL). These range from long-term optimization of leaf morphology and physiology and levels of pigments and proteins in a process called light acclimation, to rapid changes in protein activity within seconds. Therefore, uncovering how plants deal with FL on different time scales may provide key ideas for improving crop yield. Photosynthesis is not an isolated process but tightly integrates with metabolism through mutual regulatory interactions. We thus require mechanistic understanding of how long-term light acclimation shapes both, dynamic photosynthesis and its interactions with downstream metabolism. To approach this, we analyzed the influence of growth light on i) the function of known rapid photosynthesis regulators KEA3 and VCCN1 in dynamic photosynthesis (Chapter 2-3) and ii) the interconnection of photosynthesis with photorespiration (PR; Chapter 4).
We approached topic (i) by quantifying the effect of different growth light regimes on photosynthesis and photoprotection by using kea3 and vccn1 mutants. Firstly, we found that, besides photosynthetic capacity, the activities of VCCN1 and KEA3 during a sudden high light phase also correlated with growth light intensity. This finding suggests regulation of both proteins by the capacity of downstream metabolism. Secondly, we showed that KEA3 accelerated photoprotective non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) kinetics in two ways: Directly via downregulating the lumen proton concentration and thereby de-activating pH-dependent NPQ, and indirectly via suppressing accumulation of the photoprotective pigment zeaxanthin.
For topic (ii), we analyzed the role of PR, a process which recycles a toxic byproduct of the carbon fixation reactions, in metabolic flexibility in a dynamically changing light environment. For this we employed the mutants hpr1 and ggt1 with a partial block in PR. We characterized the function of PR during light acclimation by tracking molecular and physiological changes of the two mutants. Our data, in contrast to previous reports, disprove a generally stronger physiological relevance of PR under dynamic light conditions. Additionally, the two different mutants showed pronounced and distinct metabolic changes during acclimation to a condition inducing higher photosynthetic activity. This underlines that PR cannot be regarded purely as a cyclic detoxification pathway for 2PG. Instead, PR is highly interconnected with plant metabolism, with GGT1 and HPR1 representing distinct metabolic modulators.
In summary, the presented work provides further insight into how energetic and metabolic flexibility is ensured by short-term regulators and PR during long-term light acclimation.
The light reactions of photosynthesis are carried out by a series of multiprotein complexes embedded in thylakoid membranes. Among them, photosystem I (PSI), acting as plastocyanin-ferderoxin oxidoreductase, catalyzes the final reaction. Together with light-harvesting antenna I, PSI forms a high-molecular-weight supercomplex of ~600 kDa, consisting of eighteen subunits and nearly two hundred co-factors. Assembly of the various components into a functional thylakoid membrane complex requires precise coordination, which is provided by the assembly machinery. Although this includes a small number of proteins (PSI assembly factors) that have been shown to play a role in the formation of PSI, the process as a whole, as well as the intricacy of its members, remains largely unexplored.
In the present work, two approaches were used to find candidate PSI assembly factors. First, EnsembleNet was used to select proteins thought to be functionally related to known PSI assembly factors in Arabidopsis thaliana (approach I), and second, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) of tagged PSI assembly factors in Nicotiana tabacum was performed (approach II).
Here, the novel PSI assembly factors designated CO-EXPRESSED WITH PSI ASSEMBLY 1 (CEPA1) and Ycf4-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 (Y4IP1) were identified. A. thaliana null mutants for CEPA1 and Y4IP1 showed a growth phenotype and pale leaves compared with the wild type. Biophysical experiments using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) revealed insufficient electron transport on the PSII acceptor side. Biochemical analyses revealed that both CEPA1 and Y4IP1 are specifically involved in PSI accumulation in A. thaliana at the post-translational level but are not essential. Consistent with their roles as factors in the assembly of a thylakoid membrane protein complex, the two proteins localize to thylakoid membranes. Remarkably, cepa1 y4ip1 double mutants exhibited lethal phenotypes in early developmental stages under photoautotrophic growth. Finally, co-IP and native gel experiments supported a possible role for CEPA1 and Y4IP1 in mediating PSI assembly in conjunction with other PSI assembly factors (e.g., PPD1- and PSA3-CEPA1 and Ycf4-Y4IP1). The fact that CEPA1 and Y4IP1 are found exclusively in green algae and higher plants suggests eukaryote-specific functions. Although the specific mechanisms need further investigation, CEPA1 and Y4IP1 are two novel assembly factors that contribute to PSI formation.
Following the extinction of dinosaurs, the great adaptive radiation of mammals occurred, giving rise to an astonishing ecological and phenotypic diversity of mammalian species. Even closely related species often inhabit vastly different habitats, where they encounter diverse environmental challenges and are exposed to different evolutionary pressures. As a response, mammals evolved various adaptive phenotypes over time, such as morphological, physiological and behavioural ones. Mammalian genomes vary in their content and structure and this variation represents the molecular mechanism for the long-term evolution of phenotypic variation. However, understanding this molecular basis of adaptive phenotypic variation is usually not straightforward.
The recent development of sequencing technologies and bioinformatics tools has enabled a better insight into mammalian genomes. Through these advances, it was acknowledged that mammalian genomes differ more, both within and between species, as a consequence of structural variation compared to single-nucleotide differences. Structural variant types investigated in this thesis - such as deletion, duplication, inversion and insertion, represent a change in the structure of the genome, impacting the size, copy number, orientation and content of DNA sequences. Unlike short variants, structural variants can span multiple genes. They can alter gene dosage, and cause notable gene expression differences and subsequently phenotypic differences. Thus, they can lead to a more dramatic effect on the fitness (reproductive success) of individuals, local adaptation of populations and speciation.
In this thesis, I investigated and evaluated the potential functional effect of structural variations on the genomes of mustelid species. To detect the genomic regions associated with phenotypic variation I assembled the first reference genome of the tayra (Eira barbara) relying on linked-read sequencing technology to achieve a high level of genome completeness important for reliable structural variant discovery. I then set up a bioinformatics pipeline to conduct a comparative genomic analysis and explore variation between mustelid species living in different environments. I found numerous genes associated with species-specific phenotypes related to diet, body condition and reproduction among others, to be impacted by structural variants.
Furthermore, I investigated the effects of artificial selection on structural variants in mice selected for high fertility, increased body mass and high endurance. Through selective breeding of each mouse line, the desired phenotypes have spread within these populations, while maintaining structural variants specific to each line. In comparison to the control line, the litter size has doubled in the fertility lines, individuals in the high body mass lines have become considerably larger, and mice selected for treadmill performance covered substantially more distance. Structural variants were found in higher numbers in these trait-selected lines than in the control line when compared to the mouse reference genome. Moreover, we have found twice as many structural variants spanning protein-coding genes (specific to each line) in trait-selected lines. Several of these variants affect genes associated with selected phenotypic traits. These results imply that structural variation does indeed contribute to the evolution of the selected phenotypes and is heritable.
Finally, I suggest a set of critical metrics of genomic data that should be considered for a stringent structural variation analysis as comparative genomic studies strongly rely on the contiguity and completeness of genome assemblies. Because most of the available data used to represent reference genomes of mammalian species is generated using short-read sequencing technologies, we may have incomplete knowledge of genomic features. Therefore, a cautious structural variation analysis is required to minimize the effect of technical constraints.
The impact of structural variants on the adaptive evolution of mammalian genomes is slowly gaining more focus but it is still incorporated in only a small number of population studies. In my thesis, I advocate the inclusion of structural variants in studies of genomic diversity for a more comprehensive insight into genomic variation within and between species, and its effect on adaptive evolution.
The musculoskeletal system provides support and enables movement to the body, and its deterioration is a crucial aspect of age-related functional decline. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) play an important role in musculoskeletal homeostasis due to their broad differentiation potentials and their ability to support osteogenic and myogenic tissue maintenance and regeneration. In the bone, MSCs differentiate either into osteochondrogenic progenitors to form osteocytes and chondrocytes, or increasingly with age into adipogenic progenitors which give rise to bone-resident adipocytes. In skeletal muscle, during healthy regeneration MSCs provide regulatory signals that activate local, tissue-specific stem cells, known as satellite cells, which regenerate contractile myofibres. This process involves a significant cross-talk to immune cells stemming from both lymphoid and myeloid lineages. During ageing, muscle-resident MSCs undergo increased adipogenic lineage commitment, causing niche changes that contribute to fatty infiltration in muscles. These shifts in cell populations in bone lead to the loss of osteogenic cells and subsequently osteoporosis, or in muscle to impaired regeneration and to the development of sarcopenia. However, the signals that drive transition of MSCs into their respective cellular fates remain elusive.
This thesis aims to elucidate the transcriptional shifts modulating cell states and cell types in musculoskeletal MSC fate determination. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to characterise cell type-specific transcript regulation. State-of-the-art bioinformatics tools were combined with different analytical platforms that include both droplet-based scRNA-seq for large heterogeneous populations, and microfluidics-based scRNA-seq to assess small, rare subpopulations. For each platform, distinct computational pipelines were established including filtering steps to exclude low-quality cells, and data visualisation was performed by dimensionality reduction. Downstream analysis included clustering, cell type annotation, and differential gene expression to investigate transcriptional states in defined cell types during ageing and injury in the muscle and bone. Finally, a novel tool to assess publication activities in defined areas of research for the identified marker genes was developed.
The results in the bone indicate that ageing MSCs increasingly commit towards an adipogenic fate at the expense of osteogenic specialisation. The data also suggests that significant cell population shifts of MSC-type fibro-adipogenic progenitors during muscle ageing underlie the pathologies observed in homeostatic and post-injury regenerative conditions. High-throughput visualisation of publication activity for candidate genes enabled more effective biological evaluation of scRNA-seq data. These results expose critical age-related changes in the stem cell niches of skeletal muscle and bone, highlight their respective sensitivity to nutrition and pathology, and elucidate novel factors that modulate stem cell-based regeneration. Targeting these processes might improve musculoskeletal health in the context of ageing and prevent the negative effects of pathological lineage determination.