530 Physik
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (883)
- Doctoral Thesis (371)
- Postprint (123)
- Preprint (50)
- Other (48)
- Habilitation Thesis (23)
- Master's Thesis (10)
- Review (10)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (4)
- Course Material (3)
Keywords
- diffusion (43)
- anomalous diffusion (33)
- gamma rays: general (20)
- synchronization (19)
- Synchronisation (16)
- organic solar cells (15)
- stochastic processes (15)
- cosmic rays (14)
- ISM: supernova remnants (13)
- data analysis (12)
- Datenanalyse (11)
- dynamics (11)
- perovskite solar cells (11)
- stars: massive (10)
- turbulence (10)
- Klimawandel (9)
- Nichtlineare Dynamik (9)
- stars: atmospheres (9)
- Chaos (8)
- astroparticle physics (8)
- climate change (8)
- fractional Brownian motion (8)
- Biophysik (7)
- acceleration of particles (7)
- azobenzene (7)
- biophysics (7)
- chaos (7)
- chemotaxis (7)
- methods: numerical (7)
- networks (7)
- nonlinear dynamics (7)
- numerical relativity (7)
- stars: early-type (7)
- transport (7)
- Kuramoto model (6)
- Magellanic Clouds (6)
- Magnetismus (6)
- Polymere (6)
- Synchronization (6)
- X-rays: binaries (6)
- additive manufacturing (6)
- charge transport (6)
- complex networks (6)
- complex systems (6)
- first passage time (6)
- galaxies: active (6)
- galaxies: evolution (6)
- galaxies: formation (6)
- galaxies: high-redshift (6)
- magnetism (6)
- model (6)
- molecular motors (6)
- noise (6)
- nonergodicity (6)
- radiation mechanisms: non-thermal (6)
- surface (6)
- thin films (6)
- Arktis (5)
- Diffusion (5)
- MHD (5)
- Phonons (5)
- Physikdidaktik (5)
- Residual stress (5)
- Stochastische Prozesse (5)
- X-ray (5)
- atmosphere (5)
- charge generation (5)
- fluorescence (5)
- gamma rays: ISM (5)
- gamma rays: galaxies (5)
- gravitational waves (5)
- hysteresis (5)
- intergalactic medium (5)
- microscopy (5)
- molekulare Motoren (5)
- nanoparticles (5)
- non-fullerene acceptors (5)
- photochemistry (5)
- photovoltaics (5)
- physics (5)
- polymers (5)
- random diffusivity (5)
- recombination (5)
- residual stress (5)
- stars: evolution (5)
- superstatistics (5)
- ultrafast (5)
- ultrafast dynamics (5)
- Atmosphäre (4)
- Ellipsometrie (4)
- FLASH (4)
- Ferroelektrete (4)
- Fluoreszenz (4)
- Galaxy: halo (4)
- ISM: abundances (4)
- Lasers (4)
- Nanostruktur (4)
- Oberfläche (4)
- Physik (4)
- Polyelektrolyt (4)
- Rauschen (4)
- Röntgenspektroskopie (4)
- Simulation (4)
- Thermal effects (4)
- Turbulenz (4)
- Ultrafast X-ray diffraction (4)
- X-ray refraction (4)
- Zeitreihenanalyse (4)
- bacteria (4)
- binaries: close (4)
- binaries: general (4)
- binaries: spectroscopic (4)
- catalogs (4)
- climate (4)
- control (4)
- density (4)
- dynamical systems (4)
- electronic structure (4)
- ferroelectrets (4)
- films (4)
- first-passage (4)
- first-passage time (4)
- galaxies: star formation (4)
- geometric Brownian motion (4)
- graphene (4)
- impact (4)
- instabilities (4)
- komplexe Netzwerke (4)
- machine learning (4)
- magnetic fields (4)
- methods: data analysis (4)
- microlensing (4)
- molecular dynamics (4)
- neutron diffraction (4)
- phase oscillators (4)
- phase transition (4)
- phase transitions (4)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (4)
- photoluminescence (4)
- physics education (4)
- polymer (4)
- prediction (4)
- quantum field theory (4)
- quantum gravity (4)
- quasars: absorption lines (4)
- radiation belts (4)
- recurrence plot (4)
- scattering (4)
- shock waves (4)
- silicon (4)
- simulation (4)
- star formation (4)
- stars: neutron (4)
- stars: winds, outflows (4)
- statistical physics (4)
- subdiffusion (4)
- subdwarfs (4)
- techniques: imaging spectroscopy (4)
- techniques: spectroscopic (4)
- thiouracil (4)
- 2D (3)
- 2D perovskites (3)
- ARPES (3)
- Adhäsion (3)
- Adsorption (3)
- Aluminum alloys (3)
- Antarktis (3)
- Arctic (3)
- Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (3)
- Bragg peak (3)
- Brownian motion (3)
- Climate Change (3)
- Crystal lattices (3)
- Curie transition (3)
- Galaxy: evolution (3)
- Gitterdynamik (3)
- Gravitationswellen (3)
- Heterostructures (3)
- Hilbert transform (3)
- Holocene (3)
- ISM: clouds (3)
- ISM: magnetic fields (3)
- Integrated Assessment (3)
- Klimatologie (3)
- Kosmologie (3)
- Ladungstransport (3)
- Langevin equation (3)
- Lattice dynamics (3)
- Levy walk (3)
- Levy walks (3)
- Lidar (3)
- Magnetisierungsdynamik (3)
- Magnetism (3)
- Molekulardynamik (3)
- Motilität (3)
- NEXAFS (3)
- Nanopartikel (3)
- Netzwerke (3)
- Neutron diffraction (3)
- Nicht-Fulleren-Akzeptoren (3)
- Oberflächengitter (3)
- Organische Solarzellen (3)
- Ozon (3)
- P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) terpolymer (3)
- Perovskites (3)
- Phase (3)
- Phasenübergang (3)
- Photoelektronenspektroskopie (3)
- Polyelektrolyte (3)
- Quantengravitation (3)
- Quantenoptik (3)
- RIXS (3)
- Radiation belts (3)
- Rashba effect (3)
- Rashba-Effekt (3)
- Reflexion (3)
- Rekurrenzanalyse (3)
- Resonanzenergietransfer (3)
- Röntgenbeugung (3)
- Saturn (3)
- Solar cells (3)
- Sternentstehung (3)
- Synchrotronstrahlung (3)
- Theorie (3)
- Thin films (3)
- Thiouracil (3)
- Ti-6Al-4V (3)
- Unsicherheitsanalyse (3)
- Wellenleiter (3)
- X-ray diffraction (3)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (3)
- X-ray spectroscopy (3)
- X-rays: stars (3)
- XPS (3)
- Zelladhäsion (3)
- adsorption (3)
- aerosol size distribution (3)
- astrophysical plasmas (3)
- behavior (3)
- biological physics (3)
- black holes (3)
- brushes (3)
- cell adhesion (3)
- charge storage (3)
- chimera state (3)
- chimera states (3)
- complexes (3)
- computed tomography (3)
- continuous time random walk (3)
- coupled rotators (3)
- creep (3)
- crystal structure (3)
- dark ages, reionization, first stars (3)
- data assimilation (3)
- diffusing diffusivity (3)
- dust (3)
- dynamo (3)
- dünne Schichten (3)
- efficiency (3)
- electrons (3)
- electrostatic interactions (3)
- ellipsometry (3)
- energy (3)
- entanglement (3)
- filaments (3)
- first passage (3)
- galaxies (3)
- galaxies: interactions (3)
- galaxies: jets (3)
- gamma rays: stars (3)
- gamma-ray burst: general (3)
- general relativity (3)
- genomic DNA conformation (3)
- global surface warming (3)
- gravity (3)
- group field theory (3)
- hypersound (3)
- instability (3)
- interfaces (3)
- iron (3)
- magnetosphere (3)
- magnetostriction (3)
- mathematical modeling (3)
- mathematische Modellierung (3)
- membrane (3)
- methods: observational (3)
- modeling (3)
- models (3)
- morphology (3)
- nanostructure (3)
- neural networks (3)
- neutrinos (3)
- noisy systems (3)
- nonfullerene acceptors (3)
- nonlinear (3)
- nucleobases (3)
- numerical simulations (3)
- ocean heat uptake (3)
- optical manipulation (3)
- organic photovoltaics (3)
- organic solar cell (3)
- organische Solarzellen (3)
- photocurrent generation (3)
- photosensitive surfactants (3)
- planets and satellites: rings (3)
- plasmonics (3)
- polyelectrolytes (3)
- polymer solar cells (3)
- polypropylene (3)
- power spectral analysis (3)
- power spectrum (3)
- projections (3)
- protein folding (3)
- pulsars: general (3)
- quasars: general (3)
- radiative transfer (3)
- random walk (3)
- recurrence (3)
- resonant energy transfer (3)
- solar wind (3)
- spectroscopy (3)
- stars (3)
- stars: Wolf-Rayet (3)
- stars: abundances (3)
- statistical models (3)
- statistics (3)
- statistische Modelle (3)
- stochastic resonance (3)
- stochastische Prozesse (3)
- sulfur (3)
- surface relief grating (3)
- synchronization transition (3)
- synchrotron radiation (3)
- thermodynamics (3)
- time series analysis (3)
- ultrafast molecular dynamics (3)
- ultrafast x-ray diffraction (3)
- ultraschnell (3)
- uncertainty analysis (3)
- waveguides (3)
- 1D (2)
- 3D (2)
- 4 (2)
- AG (2)
- Additive manufacturing (2)
- Aerosol (2)
- Akkretion (2)
- Amazon rainforest (2)
- Anfangsdaten (2)
- Anisotropie (2)
- Anisotropy (2)
- Antarctica (2)
- Anthropogene Klimaänderung (2)
- Astrophotonik (2)
- Astrophysik (2)
- Atmosphärendynamik (2)
- Auger electron spectroscopy (2)
- Auger–Meitner (2)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (2)
- Bakterien (2)
- Benetzung (2)
- Boltzmann distribution (2)
- Bose-Einstein condensation (2)
- Brillouin scattering (2)
- Brownian yet non-Gaussian diffusion (2)
- CU (2)
- Casimir-Polder interaction (2)
- Charge recombination (2)
- Chebyshev inequality (2)
- Chemotaxis (2)
- Chromosphere (2)
- Complementarity (2)
- Computed tomography (2)
- Computertomographie (2)
- Coster–Kronig (2)
- Crab Nebula (2)
- Debye screening (2)
- Dehnung (2)
- Dictyostelium (2)
- Displays (2)
- Donor-Acceptor (DA) interface (2)
- Donor-acceptor copolymers (2)
- Doping (2)
- Dynamical systems (2)
- Dynamik (2)
- Dynamische Systeme (2)
- Dynamo (2)
- Eigenspannung (2)
- Electrets (2)
- Elektret (2)
- Energy (2)
- Entscheidung bei Unsicherheit (2)
- Equilibrium-line altitudes (2)
- Erdbeben (2)
- Extremereignisse (2)
- Femtosecond lasers (2)
- Ferroelektret (2)
- Ferroelektrika (2)
- Filament (2)
- Filamente (2)
- Fokker-Planck equation (2)
- Freie-Elektronen-Laser (2)
- Frequenzkonversion (2)
- Gammastrahlung (2)
- Gammastrahlungsastronomie (2)
- Gaussian processes (2)
- Genetic programming (2)
- Genregulation (2)
- Graphen (2)
- Gravitation (2)
- Gravitationslinsen (2)
- Gravitationslinseneffekt (2)
- Greenland (2)
- Grenzflächen (2)
- H II regions (2)
- Hochdruck (2)
- Hong-Ou-Mandel effect (2)
- Hysteresis (2)
- ISM (2)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (2)
- ISM: structure (2)
- ISOS-L-1I protocol (2)
- In-situ Experimente (2)
- Indian Monsoon (2)
- Indischer Monsun (2)
- Integrierte Bewertung (2)
- Ionosphäre (2)
- Jets (2)
- Klima (2)
- Kolloides System (2)
- Kompensatoren (2)
- Komplexe Systeme (2)
- Kopplung (2)
- Krebsnebel (2)
- Kuramoto (2)
- Kuramoto-Modell (2)
- LDPE nanocomposites (2)
- Laserstrahlschmelzen (2)
- Lehrkräftebildung (2)
- Levy flights (2)
- Lokalisierung (2)
- Löschkurve (2)
- MO (2)
- Magnetohydrodynamik (2)
- Membran (2)
- Microlensing (2)
- Mikrolinsen (2)
- Mode function (2)
- Modellierung (2)
- Molecules (2)
- Molekularer Motor (2)
- Monsun (2)
- Monte Carlo (2)
- Morphogenese (2)
- Morphologie (2)
- NAP-XPS (2)
- NLO (2)
- Network reconstruction (2)
- Nichtgleichgewicht (2)
- Nitrogen (2)
- Noise-induced phenomena (2)
- Nonlinear Dynamics (2)
- OLED (2)
- Organic semiconductors (2)
- Organic solar cells (2)
- Orgelpfeife (2)
- Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process (2)
- Oszillatoren (2)
- P(VDF-TrFE) (2)
- PDLC (2)
- PEDOT (2)
- Paläoklima (2)
- Paläoklimatologie (2)
- Perowskit (2)
- Perowskit Solarzellen (2)
- Phasenübergänge (2)
- Phononen (2)
- Photoalignment (2)
- Photoexcitations (2)
- Photoorientierung (2)
- Photovoltaik (2)
- Piezoelektrizität (2)
- Plasmonics (2)
- Polyelectrolyte (2)
- Polymer (2)
- Polypropylen (2)
- Quantendraht (2)
- Quantenfeldtheorie (2)
- Quantum optics (2)
- Quasar (2)
- Radiation protection (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Rauschinduzierte Phänomene (2)
- Rekonstruktionsmethoden (2)
- Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength (2)
- SAXS (2)
- SEM (2)
- SHG (2)
- SIO₂ (2)
- STM (2)
- Schrodinger operators (2)
- Selbstorganisation (2)
- Shockley-Queisser model (2)
- Silizium (2)
- Simulationen (2)
- Sonnenkorona (2)
- Spektroskopie (2)
- Statistical and Nonlinear Physics (2)
- Sterne (2)
- Sternentwicklung (2)
- Sternwinde (2)
- Stochastische Resonanz (2)
- Stochastischer Prozess (2)
- Strahlungsgürtel (2)
- Strahlungstransport (2)
- Strain measurement (2)
- Substrat (2)
- Sun: activity (2)
- Sun: chromosphere (2)
- Supernovaüberrest (2)
- Supraleiter (2)
- Synchronisierung (2)
- Synchronization control (2)
- Systembiologie (2)
- Teilchenbeschleunigung (2)
- Theorie von Förster (2)
- Thermodynamic properties (2)
- Tikhonov regularization (2)
- Ultrafast X-rays (2)
- VERITAS (2)
- Vacuum fields (2)
- Vesikel (2)
- Wechselwirkungsabstand (2)
- Wiederkehrdiagramme (2)
- Wissenschaftstheorie (2)
- X-ray absorption (2)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (2)
- X-ray emission (2)
- X-rays (2)
- Zytoskelett (2)
- activity (2)
- additive Fertigung (2)
- adhesion (2)
- ageing (2)
- anisotropy (2)
- approximate methods (2)
- arctic (2)
- aspect ratio (2)
- astronomical databases (2)
- astronomy (2)
- astrophysics (2)
- atom chip (2)
- atomic force microscopy (AFM) (2)
- attosecond phenomena (2)
- autocorrelation (2)
- autoregressive models (2)
- azobenzene surfactant (2)
- bacterial swimming strategies (2)
- bandgap (2)
- bifurcation analysis (2)
- biological transport (2)
- bismuth (2)
- bulk heterojunction (2)
- bumps (2)
- cambridge cb4 0wf (2)
- cambs (2)
- cavity quantum electrodynamics (2)
- cesium lead halides (2)
- chains (2)
- channel (2)
- charge-transfer (2)
- chemical modification (2)
- chimera (2)
- climate impacts (2)
- codifference (2)
- coefficient (2)
- coefficients (2)
- collective dynamics (2)
- collective motion (2)
- comets: general (2)
- comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (2)
- compensation films (2)
- complementarity (2)
- complex (2)
- composites (2)
- conductivity (2)
- confinement (2)
- conjugated polymers (2)
- consequences (2)
- convection (2)
- cooperative phenomena (2)
- cosmology (2)
- costs (2)
- covariance (2)
- critical avalanche dynamics (2)
- critical phenomena (2)
- crystal orientation (2)
- crystalline (2)
- cylindrical geometry (2)
- cytoskeleton (2)
- dark matter (2)
- deep learning (2)
- dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (2)
- dielectrics (2)
- diffraction (2)
- dimension independent bound (2)
- diselenide (2)
- dispersion (2)
- displays (2)
- donor (2)
- droughts (2)
- dwarfs galaxies (2)
- dynamics simulation (2)
- economic network (2)
- electret (2)
- electrets (2)
- electromagnetic radiation (2)
- electron-transfer (2)
- elektronische Struktur (2)
- empirical modeling (2)
- england (2)
- ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacement (2)
- entropy production (2)
- equation approach (2)
- equatorial plasma depletions (2)
- exact results (2)
- excitonic materials (2)
- exoplanets (2)
- expanding medium (2)
- experiment (2)
- exploit (2)
- extremal values (2)
- extreme events (2)
- fastest first-passage time of N walkers (2)
- ferroelectret (2)
- ferroelectric polymers (2)
- ferroelectrics (2)
- fill factor losses (2)
- filter (2)
- financial time series (2)
- finite-size effects (2)
- first-hitting time (2)
- first-passage time distribution (2)
- first-reaction time (2)
- flagellum (2)
- flexibility (2)
- fluctuations (2)
- fluorescence microscopy (2)
- fluorinated organic spacer (2)
- fractional dynamics (2)
- free-electron laser (2)
- galaxies: ISM (2)
- galaxies: abundances (2)
- galaxies: haloes (2)
- galaxies: nuclei (2)
- galaxies: starburst (2)
- gamma-ray astronomy (2)
- gamma-rays: galaxies (2)
- gamma-rays: general (2)
- gas (2)
- geladene Systeme (2)
- gene regulatory networks (2)
- generalised langevin equation (2)
- geomagnetic observatory data (2)
- geomagnetic storm drivers (2)
- glass (2)
- globular clusters: general (2)
- gradient boosting (2)
- gradients (2)
- grafted polymers (2)
- graph theory (2)
- graphs (2)
- gravitational lensing (2)
- heteroatoms (2)
- heterojunction silicon solar cells (2)
- high dimensional (2)
- high-redshift (2)
- historical geomagnetic storms (2)
- holography (2)
- hydrodynamics (2)
- hydrogels (2)
- ill-posed problem (2)
- in-situ testing (2)
- infrared thermography (2)
- initial data (2)
- inorganic perovskites (2)
- interaction distance (2)
- interface engineering (2)
- inverse ill-posed problem (2)
- inversion (2)
- ionosphere (2)
- kinetics (2)
- komplexe Systeme (2)
- kooperative Phänomene (2)
- kosmische Strahlung (2)
- large-deviation statistic (2)
- laser powder bed fusion (2)
- laser pulses (2)
- lattice dynamics (2)
- linearized gravity (2)
- lipid bilayer membrane dynamics (2)
- living cells (2)
- localisation (2)
- magnetization dynamics (2)
- material (2)
- maximum and range (2)
- mean versus most probable reaction times (2)
- mechanobiology (2)
- membrane channel (2)
- memory and delay (2)
- memory effects (2)
- metal halide perovskites (2)
- metal species (2)
- milton rd (2)
- mixed boundary conditions (2)
- mobility (2)
- molecular bottle brushes (2)
- monte-carlo (2)
- motility (2)
- nanoscale heat transfer (2)
- narrow escape problem (2)
- negative thermal expansion (2)
- neuronal networks (2)
- neutron (2)
- neutron reflectometry (2)
- neutron stars (2)
- nichtlineare Datenanalyse (2)
- nichtlineare Dynamik (2)
- nichtlineare Optik (2)
- non-Gaussian diffusion (2)
- non-Gaussianity (2)
- non-Langevin recombination (2)
- non-destructive evaluation (2)
- nonlinear time series analysis (2)
- nonlocal coupling (2)
- nonradiative voltage losses (2)
- optical spectroscopy (2)
- organic semiconductor (2)
- organische Elektronik (2)
- organische Halbleiter (2)
- origins (2)
- oscillations (2)
- osmotic-pressure (2)
- outflows (2)
- oxygen (2)
- ozone (2)
- palaeoclimate (2)
- parameter inference (2)
- partial synchronization (2)
- particle acceleration (2)
- particles (2)
- perovskite (2)
- phase (2)
- phase purity (2)
- phase synchronization (2)
- photo-orientation (2)
- photoalignment (2)
- photocontrol (2)
- photoelectron (2)
- photofragmentation (2)
- photon recycling (2)
- photostability (2)
- physical chemistry (2)
- picosecond ultrasonics (2)
- piezoelectric sensors (2)
- piezoelectricity (2)
- plasma instabilities (2)
- plasmas (2)
- polyelectrolyte adsorption (2)
- porosity (2)
- porous carbon materials (2)
- posttranslational protein translocation (2)
- power spectral density (2)
- pp-wave solutions (2)
- pre-service teachers (2)
- pressures (2)
- probability density function (2)
- processing (2)
- protein search (2)
- proteins (2)
- pump-probe spectroscopy (2)
- quantum mechanics (2)
- quantum optics (2)
- quantum thermodynamics (2)
- quasar (2)
- quasi-Fermi level (2)
- quasi-Fermi level splitting (2)
- quasi-steady-state photoinduced absorptions (2)
- quenching curve (2)
- radiative limit (2)
- random-walk (2)
- random-walks (2)
- rare-earth metals (2)
- reaction cascade (2)
- reanalysis (2)
- recombinations (2)
- reconstruction methods (2)
- rectification (2)
- recurrence analysis (2)
- recurrence plots (2)
- recurrence quantification analysis (2)
- reduced dimensionality (2)
- reduzierte Dimensionalität (2)
- reflecting boundary conditions (2)
- relativistic processes (2)
- relaxor-ferroelectric polymer (2)
- relaxor-ferroelectric polymers (2)
- repertory grid (2)
- ring current (2)
- ring current electrons (2)
- rolling adhesion (2)
- royal soc chemistry (2)
- run and tumble (2)
- rutile-type (2)
- schwarze Löcher (2)
- science park (2)
- selective laser melting (SLM) (2)
- seperation (2)
- sequence-controlled polymers (2)
- shell-like geometries (2)
- single chain folding (2)
- single trajectories (2)
- single trajectory analysis (2)
- single-particle tracking (2)
- single-stranded-dna (2)
- single-trajectory analysis (2)
- soft X-ray beamline (2)
- soft X-ray spectroscopy (2)
- soil moisture (2)
- solar cells (2)
- solar coronal mass ejections (2)
- solar storm (2)
- solid-state nanopores (2)
- soliton (2)
- space charge (2)
- space-dependent diffusivity (2)
- splitting (2)
- spontaneous parametric down-conversion (2)
- spread F (2)
- stability and accuracy (2)
- stars: AGB and post-AGB (2)
- stars: activity (2)
- stars: black holes (2)
- stars: chemically peculiar (2)
- stars: emission-line, Be (2)
- stars: fundamental parameters (2)
- stars: kinematics and dynamics (2)
- stars: low-mass (2)
- stars: magnetic field (2)
- stars: mass-loss (2)
- stars: rotation (2)
- stars: solar-type (2)
- stars: winds (2)
- stationary stochastic process (2)
- statistische Physik (2)
- stellar content (2)
- stellar coronal mass ejections (2)
- stellar evolution (2)
- stellar winds (2)
- stochastic dynamics (2)
- stochastic models (2)
- stochastic process (2)
- stochastic resetting (2)
- stochastic time series (2)
- structured polynucleotides (2)
- submillimetre: ISM (2)
- substrate (2)
- supernova remnant (2)
- supernova remnants (2)
- supervised machine learning (2)
- surface states (2)
- surveys (2)
- synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (2)
- synthesis (2)
- systems (2)
- systems biology (2)
- table-top sources (2)
- tandem solar cells (2)
- techniques: image processing (2)
- temperature (2)
- temperature dependence (2)
- texture (2)
- theory (2)
- theory of Förster (2)
- thermally stimulated discharge (2)
- thick junctions (2)
- thomas graham house (2)
- time (2)
- time averaging (2)
- time-averaged mean squared displacement (2)
- time-series analysis (2)
- tissue growth (2)
- titanium dioxide (2)
- tomography (2)
- tracking (2)
- transfer dynamics (2)
- transient chaos (2)
- transmission (2)
- transversal instabilities (2)
- traveling waves (2)
- truncated power-law correlated noise (2)
- ultrafast photoacoustics (2)
- ultrafast spectroscopy (2)
- ultraschnelle Dynamik (2)
- ultraviolet: ISM (2)
- vacuum fields (2)
- vesicle (2)
- voltage losses (2)
- water (2)
- wave-particle interactions (2)
- waves (2)
- wetting (2)
- work function (2)
- x-ray diffraction (2)
- x-ray free-electron lasers (2)
- x-ray spectroscopies and phenomena (2)
- x-ray spectroscopy (2)
- Überschwemmungen (2)
- 'Reduced-Form' Modellierung (1)
- 'coupling sensitivity' (1)
- (TSNMRS) (1)
- (high-)voltage measurements (1)
- (sub-) tropical Africa (1)
- (sub-) tropisches Afrika (1)
- 1 (1)
- 1,3,4-oxadiazole (1)
- 15 (1)
- 16 (1)
- 2D Systeme (1)
- 2D Transport (1)
- 2D transport (1)
- 2d systems (1)
- 3 (1)
- 3 body recombination (1)
- 30S subunit (1)
- 3D Modellierung (1)
- 3D Systeme (1)
- 3D field calculations (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- 3D tomography (1)
- 3D-Feldsimulationen (1)
- 3D-modeling (1)
- 3d metals (1)
- 3d systems (1)
- 4-oxadiazol (1)
- 4-oxadiazole (1)
- 47A52 (1)
- 4T (1)
- 65R20 (1)
- 65R32 (1)
- 78A46 (1)
- 7924 (1)
- 7934 (1)
- 7959 (1)
- AFM (1)
- AI (1)
- AMALi (1)
- AMOC (1)
- APCI (1)
- ARTOF (1)
- ATP hydrolysis (1)
- ATP-Hydrolyse (1)
- Abbau von Boten-RNS (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Absorptionsspektroskopie (1)
- Abwärme (1)
- Accelerator mass spectrometry (1)
- Accretion (1)
- Acoustic probing of electric-field profiles (1)
- Actin cytoskeleton dynamics (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Adhesion (1)
- Adhäsionscluster (1)
- Adsorptionsschichten (1)
- Aerosol und Wolken Lidar (1)
- Agglomerate (1)
- Agglomeration (1)
- Aggregate states (1)
- Aggregates (1)
- Airborne Aerosol and Cloud Lidar (1)
- Airless bodies (1)
- Akkretionsscheiben (1)
- Aktinfilamente (1)
- Aktivität (1)
- Aktuation (1)
- Akustik (1)
- Alfv´en mode MHD turbulence (1)
- Alfv´en-Modus MHD-Turbulenz (1)
- Alignment (1)
- Alkane (1)
- All-polymer heterojunctions (1)
- Allgemeine Zirkulation (1)
- Allgemeine atmosphärische Zirkulation (1)
- Alpha-Effekt (1)
- Alternating copolymers (1)
- Alternative Akzeptorpolymere (1)
- Ambipolar charge transport (1)
- Ambipolar materials (1)
- Amphiphile Verbindungen (1)
- Anderson (1)
- Angle- and spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (1)
- Anharmonizität (1)
- Annealing (metallurgy) (1)
- Annealing treatment (1)
- Anomal (1)
- Anomalous (1)
- Anomalous diffusion (1)
- Anomalous diffusion exponent (1)
- Anomalous transport (1)
- Anrege-Abtast Spektroskopie (1)
- Anregungs-Abfrage-Experiment (1)
- Anregungs-Abfrage-Spektroskopie (1)
- Answer Set Programming (1)
- Antarctic (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Antibiotika-Toleranz (1)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (1)
- Antiferromagnetisch (1)
- Antiferromagnetismus (1)
- Antrieb (1)
- Approximation algorithms (1)
- Aqueous solution (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Arctic Haze (1)
- Arctic Oscillation (1)
- Arctic aerosol (1)
- Arctic atmosphere (1)
- Arctic boundary layer (1)
- Arctic haze (1)
- Arctic-midlatitude linkages (1)
- Arktische Nebel (1)
- Arktische Oszillation (1)
- Aromatic compounds (1)
- Aromaticity (1)
- Aromatizität (1)
- Array Seismology (1)
- Array design (1)
- Assemblierung (1)
- Astrobiologie (1)
- Astrometrie (1)
- Astronomical instrumentation (1)
- Astroparticle physics (1)
- Astrophotonics (1)
- Astrophysics (1)
- Asymmetric warming (1)
- Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (1)
- Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation (1)
- Atlantischer Ozean (1)
- Atmosphärenforschung (1)
- Atmosphärenmodellierung (1)
- Atom chip (1)
- Atom-Chips (1)
- Atom-Oberflächenwechselwirkung (1)
- Atomchip (1)
- Atomoptik (1)
- Attraktorrekonstruktion (1)
- Au(111) (1)
- Augenbewegungen (1)
- Auger decay (1)
- Auger electron spectroscop (1)
- Auger-Meitner electron spectroscopy (1)
- Ausbreitung (1)
- Ausbreitung der kosmischen Strahlung (1)
- Ausbreitung planetarer Wellen (1)
- Autokorrelation (1)
- Azobenenzen (1)
- Azobenzen (1)
- Azobenzene (1)
- Azobenzol-haltiges Tensid (1)
- Azobenzolhaltige Polymerfilme (1)
- BESSY II (1)
- BESSY II. (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (B2 1215+30, VER J1217+301) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (BL Lacertae = VER J2202+422) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (HESS J1943+213, VER J1943+213) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (Mrk 501) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (TXS 0506+056, VER J0509+057) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: Markarian 501 (1)
- Backbone modifications (1)
- Bandenenergien (1)
- Bandenprofil (1)
- Barokline Instabilität (1)
- Bayesian Model Averaging (1)
- Bayesian estimation (1)
- Bayesian inference (1)
- Bayessche Schätzer (1)
- Bayessche Statistik (1)
- Beam dynamics (1)
- Begleitgalaxien (1)
- Bemessungshochwasser (1)
- Bending energy (1)
- Benetzungsübergang (1)
- Bessel functions (1)
- Beta-eucryptite (1)
- Beugung niederenergetischer Elektronen (1)
- Bi2Se3 (1)
- Bi2Te3 (1)
- Biegeenergie (1)
- Bifurkationsanalyse (1)
- Big Data (1)
- Bilanz (1)
- Bilayer solar cells (1)
- Bildanalyse (1)
- Bilddatenanalyse (1)
- Bilirubin oxidase (1)
- Bindungsinteraktion (1)
- Bio-Hybrid (1)
- Bio-Hybridsystem (1)
- Biokompatibilität (1)
- Biological Physics (1)
- Biomechanik (1)
- Biomembranen (1)
- Biomimetic sensors (1)
- Biomoleküle (1)
- Biopolymere (1)
- Bistability (1)
- Bistabilität (1)
- Black– Scholes model (1)
- Bleihalogenid-Perowskite (BHP) (1)
- Bloch-Torrey equation (1)
- Blockcopolymere (1)
- Blocking (1)
- Bodenfeuchte (1)
- Bogoliubov theory (1)
- Bogoliubov-Theorie (1)
- Boolean model (1)
- Booster cavity (1)
- Bose-Einstein Kondensation (1)
- Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) (1)
- Bose-Einstein-Kondensation (1)
- Bosegas (1)
- Boundary value problem (1)
- Brain Code (1)
- Breathing chimera states (1)
- Brechungsindex von Azobenzol-haltigen Tensiden (1)
- Brillouin Streuung (1)
- Brillouin zone (BZ) (1)
- Brillouin-Zone (BZ) (1)
- Brownian diffusion (1)
- Brownian motors (1)
- Budgetstudie (1)
- Bulge (1)
- C-13 chemical shift (1)
- C-Fluss (1)
- C-Senke (1)
- C-asterisk-algebra (1)
- CALIPSO (1)
- CDA (1)
- CH3NH3SnI3 (1)
- CLSM (1)
- CMAS (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- CRNS (1)
- CT (1)
- CT Komplex (1)
- CT complex (1)
- CVD (1)
- Caccioppoli inequality (1)
- Capacitance spectroscopy (1)
- Capsule (1)
- Carbonfaser Herstellung (1)
- Carrier dynamics (1)
- Cascading (1)
- Casimir effect (1)
- Casimir-Effekt (1)
- Casimir-Polder Wechselwirkung (1)
- Casimir-Polder-Interaktion (1)
- Cassini (1)
- Cassini<Raumsonde> (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Cations (1)
- Cattaneo equation (1)
- Ce/Zr (1)
- Cellular polypropylene (PP) (1)
- Central asia (1)
- Cepstrum (1)
- Ceramics (1)
- Chalcopyrite (1)
- Chalkopyrit (1)
- Chaos synchronization (1)
- Chaostheorie (1)
- Chaotic dynamics (1)
- Chaotische Dynamik (1)
- Chaotische Oszillationen (1)
- Chaotische Sattel (1)
- Charge Transport (1)
- Charge extraction (1)
- Charge generation (1)
- Charge separation (1)
- Charge stability (1)
- Charge storage and transport (1)
- Charge transport (1)
- Charge-Storage (1)
- Charge-transfer state (1)
- Charged Systems (1)
- Charging or poling (1)
- Chemical Vapour Deposition (1)
- Chemie-Transport-Modell (1)
- Chemotaxsis (1)
- Cherenkov showers (1)
- Cherenkov-Schauern (1)
- Chimäre-Zustände (1)
- Chorus waves (1)
- Chromatin (1)
- Chromhexacarbonyl (1)
- Chromosphere, quiet (1)
- Chromosphäre (1)
- Circumplanetary dust (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Climate modeling (1)
- Climatology (1)
- Clock Tree Implementation (1)
- Clustering (1)
- Cobalt thin film (1)
- Coherence (1)
- Coherence-incoherence (1)
- Cohesive finite elements (1)
- Colorimetric analysis (1)
- Comb model (1)
- Comb-lattice model (1)
- Comets (1)
- Comets composition (1)
- Comets nucleus (1)
- Communications/decision making (1)
- Compacton (1)
- Complete asymptotics (1)
- Complex (1)
- Complex networks (1)
- Complexity theory (1)
- Computational chemistry (1)
- Computed Tomography (1)
- Computersimulation (1)
- Computertomography (1)
- Concentrating solar power (CSP) (1)
- Conducting polymers (1)
- Conformational disorder (1)
- Conic compartments (1)
- Continuous Wavelet Spectral Analysis (1)
- Continuum (1)
- Convection (1)
- Convolutional neural networks (1)
- Copper Phthalocyanine (1)
- Correlation Analysis (1)
- Cosmogenic isotopes (1)
- Cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- Coupled oscillators (1)
- Covalent interaction (1)
- Creep (1)
- Cross-Recurrence-Plot (1)
- Crystalline phases (1)
- Crystallization (1)
- CuI (1)
- CuInS2 (1)
- Curie-transition (1)
- Cw electron beam (1)
- Cylindrical comb (1)
- Cytochrome c (1)
- DFB laser (1)
- DFB-Laser (1)
- DFT (1)
- DIC (1)
- DLR equations (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA damage (1)
- DNA-PAINT (1)
- DNA-Schädigung (1)
- DNS (1)
- DNS-Bindungsproteine (1)
- Damage (1)
- Dark Matter (1)
- Data Analysis (1)
- Data analysis (1)
- Data assimilation (1)
- Data-driven modelling (1)
- Datenassimilation (1)
- Decision Making under Ambiguity (1)
- Deep Learning (1)
- Deep learning (1)
- Defects (1)
- Degradation of messenger RNA (1)
- Deimos (1)
- Depolymerisation (1)
- Detektion multipler Übergänge (1)
- Detergent (1)
- Deutsch als Zweitsprache (1)
- Dictyostelium discoideum (1)
- Dicytostelium (1)
- Dielectric hysteresis (1)
- Dielectric materials (1)
- Dielektrikum (1)
- Dielektrische Elastomeraktoren (1)
- Dielektrische Funktion (1)
- Dielektrische Nichtlinearitäten (1)
- Dielektrische Spektroskopie (1)
- Dielektrophorese (1)
- Differentielle Rotation (1)
- Diffraction (1)
- Diffraktion (1)
- Diffusion NMR (1)
- Diffusion coefficients (1)
- Diffusion kosmischer Strahlung (1)
- Diffusioosmose (1)
- Diffusioosmosis (1)
- Diodenlaser (1)
- Dislocation motion (1)
- Disorder (1)
- Disperse dyes (1)
- Dispersion (1)
- Dispersion force (1)
- Dispersionsrelationen (1)
- Dissertation (1)
- Distributed (1)
- DoS (1)
- Domänen (1)
- Domänenwandbewegung (1)
- Donator-Akzeptor-Copolymere (1)
- Doped semiconductors (1)
- Doppelsterne (1)
- Dosimetrie (1)
- Double-jet (1)
- Dronning Maud Land (1)
- Druck-Volumen-Änderung (1)
- Druckgradient (1)
- Drude model (1)
- Dunkle Materie (1)
- Dunkler Materie (1)
- Dust (1)
- Dust dynamics (1)
- Dust sources and sinks (1)
- Dye transfer (1)
- Dynamic loading (1)
- Dynamical invariants (1)
- Dynamik der Atmosphäre (1)
- Dynamik in rumpfangeregten Zuständen (1)
- Dynamische Modellierung (1)
- Dynamoeffekt (1)
- Dysprosium (1)
- Dünnschichten (1)
- Dünnung (1)
- E-ring (1)
- E. coli (1)
- E.coli (1)
- ECIS (1)
- EDXRD (1)
- EEG (1)
- EMIC (1)
- EOF (1)
- EULAG Model (1)
- Earth System trajectories (1)
- Echo-State Netzwerk (1)
- Econophysics (1)
- Edit-Distanz (1)
- Edwards-Anderson order parameter (1)
- Effekt (1)
- Effizienz (1)
- Einbettung (1)
- Eindimensionaler Festkörper (1)
- Einfluß des Sonnenwindes und des interplanetaren magnetischen Feldes (1)
- Einstein's field equations (1)
- Einsteins Feldgleichungen (1)
- Einzel-Objekt-Nachweis (1)
- Einzelmolekül-Biosensor (1)
- Einzelmolekül-Kraftspektroskopie (1)
- Einzelmolekülspektroskopie (1)
- Einzelzellanalyse (1)
- Eisbergkalbung (1)
- Eisbohrkern (1)
- Eisen (1)
- Eisenpentacarbonyl (1)
- Eisrinne (1)
- Eisschildmodellierung (1)
- El Niño (1)
- El Niño Phänomen (1)
- El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (1)
- El Niño-Südliche Oszillation (1)
- El-Niño-Phänomen (1)
- Elastizität (1)
- Elastizitätstheorie (1)
- Electric polarization (1)
- Electric potential (1)
- Electrical insulation (1)
- Electrical properties and parameters (1)
- Electro-active and electro-passive dielectrics (1)
- Electroactive material (1)
- Electromagnetic Theory (1)
- Electron acceleration (1)
- Electron back-scattered diffraction (1)
- Electron populations (1)
- Electron transfer (1)
- Electron traps (1)
- Electronic properties and materials (1)
- Electronics, photonics and device physics (1)
- Elektretfolie (1)
- Elektroaktive Materialien (1)
- Elektrolyte (1)
- Elektronen (1)
- Elektronenbeschleunigung (1)
- Elektronenrückstreubeugung (1)
- Elektronische Eigenschaft (1)
- Elektrostatische Wechselwirkung (1)
- Elementarteilchen (1)
- Embedding (1)
- Emergency (1)
- Emergency response (1)
- Energetic disorder (1)
- Energie (1)
- Energieausbreitung (1)
- Energiebilanzmodell (1)
- Energieschätzung (1)
- Energy science and technology (1)
- Energy-level alignment (1)
- Ensemble-Simulation (1)
- Ensemblesimulationen (1)
- Epidemic spreading models (1)
- Epidemien (1)
- Epoxy resin (1)
- Epoxy resins (1)
- Equatorial ionosphere (1)
- Equilibrium (1)
- Erdbebenvorhersage (1)
- Erdsystem Modellierung (1)
- Essential spectrum (1)
- European storm-time model (1)
- Evolutionen (1)
- Excited-state calculations; (1)
- Exoplaneten (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Experimental techniques (1)
- Experimente (1)
- Experimentierkompetenz (1)
- Experimentierzyklus (1)
- Explainable AI (1)
- External quantum efficiency (1)
- Extraktion (1)
- Extrasolare Planeten (1)
- Extreme events (1)
- Extreme precipitation (1)
- Extremniederschläge (1)
- Exziton-Dissoziation (1)
- FARIMA (1)
- FELS (1)
- False negative (1)
- False positive (1)
- Faltung von Proteinen (1)
- Faltungsdynamik (1)
- Fe2TiO5 (1)
- Feedback control (1)
- Feld (1)
- Feld-Effekt-Transistoren (1)
- Femtosekundenlaser-Bearbeitungsmethode (1)
- Fensteransatz (1)
- Fermi-level alignment (1)
- Fermi-level pinning (1)
- Fernerkundung (1)
- Ferroelectrets (1)
- Ferroelectrics (1)
- Ferroelektrik (1)
- Ferroelektrische Polymere (1)
- Ferroelektrizität (1)
- Ferromagnetismus (1)
- Festkörperlaser (1)
- Festkörperphysik (1)
- Feuchtesensor (1)
- Fibre-fed spectroscopy (1)
- Field emission (1)
- Field experiments (1)
- Filament-Bündel (1)
- Filaments (1)
- Finite Differenzen (1)
- Finsler geometry (1)
- Fixation (1)
- Flagellenbewegung (1)
- Flashing ratchets (1)
- Flims (1)
- Flooding probability (1)
- Flow (1)
- Flugzeug Lidar (1)
- Fluktuationen (1)
- Fluktuations-Dissipations-Theorem (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (1)
- Fluorpolymere (1)
- Flussfotolyse (1)
- Flüssigkristall (1)
- Flüssigkristalle (1)
- Fokalkontakt (1)
- Fokker– Planck equation (1)
- Forcemyography (1)
- Formgleichungen von Vesikeln (1)
- Forschend Entdeckendes Lernen (1)
- Fortuin-Kasteleyn representation (1)
- Fouriertransformation (1)
- Fox H-function (1)
- Fox H-functions (1)
- Fractal (1)
- Fractal dimension (1)
- Fractals (1)
- Fractional Brownian motion (1)
- Fraktale (1)
- Free Electron Laser (1)
- Free-electron-laser science (1)
- Freie Elektronen Laser (1)
- Frequenzstabilisierung (1)
- Fulleren (1)
- Functional dependencies (1)
- Functional scaffolds (1)
- GEANT4 modeling (1)
- GMR sensors (1)
- Gadolinium (1)
- Galaxie (1)
- Galaxie: allgemein (1)
- Galaxien (1)
- Galaxies: high-redshift (1)
- Galaxies: interactions (1)
- Galaxy: center (1)
- Galaxy: general (1)
- Galaxy: structure (1)
- Gammaastronomie (1)
- Gardner equation (1)
- Gas phase (1)
- Geige (1)
- Generalized Langevin equation (1)
- Generierung freier Ladungsträger (1)
- Generierung von Ladungsträgern (1)
- Genetik (1)
- Genetisches Programmieren (1)
- Geodynamo (1)
- Geomagnetic activity (1)
- Geomagnetic index (1)
- Geomagnetic observatory (1)
- Geomagnetic secular variation (1)
- Geomagnetische Aktivität (1)
- Geomagnetischer Index (1)
- Geomagnetisches Observatorium (1)
- Gewebewachstum (1)
- Gibbs point process (1)
- Gitter (1)
- Gittermodelle (1)
- Gitterstreuung (1)
- Glaciation (1)
- Glaciation Central Asia (1)
- Global coupling (1)
- Glykolipide (1)
- Gold (1)
- Gold-Nanopartikel (1)
- Gold@polydopamine (1)
- Goldsubstrat (1)
- Gradient Boosting (1)
- Grain-size distributions (1)
- Granite (1)
- Granular chain (1)
- Granulation (1)
- Graphene (1)
- Graphentheorie (1)
- Graphtheorie (1)
- Gratings (1)
- Gravitationskollaps (1)
- Green function (1)
- Green's function (1)
- Greenland Ice Sheet (1)
- Grenzflächenrekombination (1)
- Grenzschicht (1)
- Gruppenfeldtheorie (1)
- Grönländisches Eisschild (1)
- HALS (1)
- HRTEM (1)
- HTL (1)
- Haake-Lewenstein-Wilkens approach (1)
- Habitabilität (1)
- Halbleiter / Kristallgitter / Verzerrung / Röntgenbeugung / Synchrotronstrahlung (1)
- Halogenbindung (1)
- Hamilton (1)
- Hamiltonian (1)
- Heat Transfer (1)
- Helizität (1)
- Hermite polynomial expansion (1)
- Heterogeneous (1)
- Heterogenität (1)
- Heusler-Legierung (1)
- Heusler-alloy (1)
- Hexagonal grid (1)
- Hierarchical Design (1)
- High specific surface area (1)
- Hilbert Scales (1)
- Hilbert-Transformation (1)
- Histon-DNS-Komplex (1)
- Histone-DNA Complexes (1)
- Hitzewellen (1)
- Hochenergiephysik (1)
- Hochleistungscomputer (1)
- Hochvakuum (1)
- Hodge theory (1)
- Hofmeister (1)
- Hohlraum-Quantenelektrodynamik (1)
- Hohlraumeffekte (1)
- Holografie (1)
- Holographie (1)
- Holozän (1)
- Hurst exponent (1)
- Hurst-Exponent (1)
- Hybrid materials (1)
- Hydraulic models (1)
- Hydraulic networks (1)
- Hydrocarbons (1)
- Hydrodynamics (1)
- Hydrodynamik (1)
- Hydrodynamischer Fluss (1)
- Hydrodynamisches Modell (1)
- Hydrogels (1)
- Hydrogen activation (1)
- Hydrologie (1)
- Hydrolyse (1)
- Hypernetwork (1)
- Hyperschall (1)
- Hyperschall Propagation (1)
- Hysterese (1)
- IACT (1)
- ICLIPS (1)
- ICON (1)
- IMD (1)
- IMPTAM (1)
- IN718 (1)
- IR ellipsometry (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- ISM: general (1)
- ISM: individual objects (RX J1713.7-3946, G347.3-0.5) (1)
- ISM: jets and outflows (1)
- ISM: lines and bands (1)
- IZO (1)
- Identifikation (1)
- Imprecise Probability (1)
- Impurity segregation (1)
- In-situ (1)
- In-situ Rasterkraftmikroskopie (1)
- Inconel 718 (1)
- India (1)
- Indian summer monsoon (1)
- Indischer Sommer-Monsun (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Infrarot (1)
- Infrarot Spektroskopie (1)
- Inner magnetosphere (1)
- Instabilität (1)
- Instabiltät (1)
- Instrumentation (1)
- Instrumentation and data management (1)
- Insulators (1)
- Integral field spectroscopy (1)
- Integrated spectrograph (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Interaktion (1)
- Interdisciplinary Physics (1)
- Interface dipole (1)
- Interface-Engineering (1)
- Interfaces (1)
- Interfacial strength (1)
- Interlayer (1)
- Intermittency (1)
- Intermolecular deactivation (1)
- Intermolekulare Desaktivierung (1)
- Internal stress (1)
- Interplanetary dust (1)
- Interstellar medium (1)
- Interstellare Materie (1)
- Intervallwahrscheinlichkeit (1)
- Intrachain order (1)
- Intragap states (1)
- Invariance (1)
- Invarianz (1)
- Inversanalyse (1)
- Ionenspezifisch (1)
- Ionenverteilungen (1)
- Ionic Self-Assembly (1)
- Ionisches Tensid (1)
- Ionosphere (1)
- Ir(111) (1)
- Irradiation (1)
- Isotroper schneller Modus Turbulenzen (1)
- Iterative Airborne Lidar Inversion (1)
- Iterative reconstruction (1)
- Jahreszeitenvorhersage (1)
- Janus Partikel (1)
- Janus particle (1)
- Jetstream (1)
- Junction model (1)
- K-Kanten Weichröntgenspektroskopie (1)
- K-edge soft X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- Kalman filtering (1)
- Kaskade (1)
- Kaskadenrate (1)
- Kegelförmige Geometrien (1)
- Keimbildung (1)
- Keimbildung und Wachstum (1)
- Kelvin probe (1)
- Khalerchinskaya tundra (1)
- Kinetik (1)
- Kleinwinkelröntgenstreuung (1)
- Klima / Umweltschutz (1)
- Klimadaten (1)
- Klimafolgen (1)
- Klimafolgenforschung (1)
- Klimamodell (1)
- Klimamodell mittlerer Komplexität (1)
- Klimanetzwerke (1)
- Klimaphysik (1)
- Klimaprognose (1)
- Klimasensitivität (1)
- Klimavariabilität (1)
- Klimawirkungsfunktionen (1)
- Knickinstabilität (1)
- Knochen (1)
- Knospung (1)
- Kobalt (1)
- Kobalt-Dünnfilm (1)
- Kohlenstoffzyklus (1)
- Kohnen (1)
- Kohärenz (1)
- Kohärenz-Analyse (1)
- Kohärenztheorie (1)
- Kollisionsdynamik (1)
- Kolloid / Lösung (1)
- Kolloidphysik (1)
- Komplex (1)
- Komplexe Netzwerke (1)
- Konformationsselektion (1)
- Konjugierte Polymere (1)
- Konjugierten polyelektrolyt (1)
- Kontaktschichten (1)
- Kontrastwerte (1)
- Kontrolltheorie (1)
- Konvektion (1)
- Konzentration (1)
- Kopplung zwischen Magnetosphäre, Ionosphäre und Thermosphäre (1)
- Kopplungs-Analyse (1)
- Korngrößenverteilungen (1)
- Kp index (1)
- Kraftdipol (1)
- Kraftdipole (1)
- Kraftmikroskopie (1)
- Kristallstruktur (1)
- Kupferphthalocyanin (1)
- Kuramoto Modell (1)
- Kurzzeitspektroskopie mit optischer Anregung und Röntgendetektion (1)
- Körperschall (1)
- L-edge spectroscopy (1)
- LEED (1)
- LIBS (1)
- LLG equation (1)
- LLS (1)
- LSTM (1)
- Labialpfeife (1)
- Laboratory astrophysics (1)
- Labradorsee ; Thermohaline Konvektion ; Stochastisches Modell (1)
- Ladungsgenerierung (1)
- Ladungsrekombination (1)
- Ladungsspeicherung (1)
- Ladungsspeicherung und -transport (1)
- Ladungsträger (1)
- Ladungsträgerdynamik (1)
- Ladungsträgerrekombination (1)
- Lakes (1)
- Lakunen (1)
- Land-sea thermal contrast (1)
- Langmuir (1)
- Langmuir monolayer (1)
- Laplace-type operator (1)
- Large deviation statistics (1)
- Laser (1)
- Laser powder bed fusion (1)
- Last Glacial Maximum (1)
- Leerlaufspannung (1)
- Legierung (1)
- Lehrerfortbildung (1)
- Leistungsspektrum (1)
- Leitplankenansatz (1)
- Leitungsbandstruktur (1)
- Lernaufgaben (1)
- Lernumgebung (1)
- Letztes Glaziales Maximum (1)
- Levy flight (1)
- Ligand-field state (1)
- Ligands (1)
- Line Suche (1)
- Lipide (1)
- Lipidmembran (1)
- Liquid crystal (1)
- Localization (1)
- Localization regime (1)
- Loop-Quantengravitation (1)
- Low Energy Electron Diffraction (1)
- Low carbon steel (1)
- Luftmassentransport (1)
- Lyapunov exponents (1)
- Lyapunov-Exponenten (1)
- Lyman-Alpha-Emitter (1)
- Lyman-alpha emitters (1)
- Lysozyme (1)
- Lévy flights (1)
- Lévy walks (1)
- Lösung (1)
- Lösungsassemblierung (1)
- Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit (1)
- MATROSHKA-R (1)
- MBE (1)
- MD simulations (1)
- MD-Simulationen (1)
- MHD ; Röntgenstrahlung ; Jets ; AGN ; Mikro-Quasare (1)
- MHD ; X-rays ; Jets ; AGN ; Microquasars (1)
- MHD-Simulationen (1)
- MHD-Simulations (1)
- MHD-equations (1)
- MOPA (1)
- MRI (1)
- Machine learning control (1)
- Magellanic Cloud (1)
- Magnesiumoxid (1)
- Magnetfeld-Satellit (1)
- Magnetfelderzeugung (1)
- Magnetic field (1)
- Magnetic field measurements (1)
- Magnetic fields (1)
- Magnetic stray field (1)
- Magnetische Felder (1)
- Magnetische Feldmessungen (1)
- Magneto-Optik (1)
- Magnetoelastizität (1)
- Magnetokonvektion (1)
- Magnetometer-Kalibrierung (1)
- Magnetooptical effects (1)
- Magnetosomen-Ketten (1)
- Magnetospheric physics (1)
- Magnetostriktion (1)
- Major mergers (1)
- Makroökonomische Modellierung (1)
- Mannigfaltigkeiten (1)
- Markov additive processes (1)
- Markov process (1)
- Markov state models (1)
- Markov-Prozess (1)
- Markov-Prozesse (1)
- Markowketten (1)
- Mars (1)
- Massenaussterben (1)
- Master-Gleichungen (1)
- Mastergleichung (1)
- Material (1)
- Materialeinflüsse (1)
- Mathematikdidaktik (1)
- Maximum entropy method (1)
- Maximum likelihood estimation (1)
- Mean-field Theorie (1)
- Mechanische Eigenschaft (1)
- Mechanosensitive proteins (1)
- Mechanosensitiven Proteine (1)
- Mechanosensor (1)
- Mechanotransduktion (1)
- Meeresspiegel (1)
- Meeresspiegelanstieg (1)
- Mehrfachstreuung (1)
- Mehrschichtsystem (1)
- Mehrschichtsysteme (1)
- Mehrstoffsystem (1)
- Membran-Adhäsionskräfte (1)
- Membranadhäsion (1)
- Membrane Fusion (1)
- Membrane fusion (1)
- Membrane tension (1)
- Membranen (1)
- Membranröhrchen (1)
- Membranspannung (1)
- Memory effects (1)
- Metal (1)
- Metal Halide Perovskites (1)
- Metal Halogenid Perowskiten (1)
- Metal matrix composite (1)
- Metal oxides (1)
- Metall (1)
- Metall-Isolator-Halbleiter (1)
- Metall/Graphen/Polymer Grenzfläch (1)
- Metalle der seltenen Erden (1)
- Metals (1)
- Meteorologie (1)
- Meyer-Neldel-Regel (1)
- Meyer-Neldel-rule (1)
- MgO nanoparticles (1)
- Micelle (1)
- Microcracked ceramics (1)
- Micromechanical modeling (1)
- Micromechanical schemes (1)
- Micropipetten (1)
- Microschwimmer (1)
- Microscopic morphology (1)
- Microstructure (1)
- Microstructure and (1)
- Microstructure and texture (1)
- Mid-temperature transition (1)
- Mikrogravitationslinseneffekt (1)
- Mikrokanal (1)
- Mikrokapsel (1)
- Mikrolensing (1)
- Mikrometeorologie (1)
- Mikrosakkaden (1)
- Mikroschwimmer (1)
- Mikroskopie (1)
- Milchstrasse (1)
- Min-Proteine (1)
- Min-proteins (1)
- Mineralisierung (1)
- Minimax convergence rates (1)
- Mischphasenwolken (1)
- Mischung (1)
- Mittag-Leffler function (1)
- Mittag-Leffler functions (1)
- Mitteltemperaturübergang (1)
- Mixing (1)
- MoS₂ (1)
- Mobility imbalance (1)
- Mobility relaxation (1)
- Modal expansion method (1)
- Model structural error (1)
- Modelierung (1)
- Modell (1)
- Modellierung der internationalen Migration (1)
- Modellkopplung (1)
- Modenkopplung (1)
- Modenstabilität (1)
- Molar water content (1)
- Molecular Aging (1)
- Molecular Beam Epitaxy (1)
- Molecular crowding (1)
- Molecular motors (1)
- Molecular structure (1)
- Molecularly imprinted polymer (1)
- Molekulare Motoren (1)
- Molekulares Altern (1)
- Molekularstrahlepitaxie (1)
- Moleküldynamik (1)
- Molybdenum sulfide monolayer (1)
- Molybdänsulfid Monolagen (1)
- Monolage (1)
- Monomers (1)
- Monte Carlo simulation (1)
- Monte Carlo simulations (1)
- Monte-Carlo-Simulationen (1)
- Moonlight (1)
- Moran effect (1)
- Moran-Effekt (1)
- Morawetz estimate (1)
- Morawetz-Schätzung (1)
- Motility-Assay (1)
- Motivation (1)
- Motorgeschwindigkeit (1)
- Motorik (1)
- Motorzyklus (1)
- Multi-Spektrum-Regularisierung (1)
- Multi-dimensional Markovian embedding of non-Markovian dynamics (1)
- Multi-object spectroscopy (1)
- Multilayers (1)
- Multimode fibres (1)
- Multiphase composites (1)
- Multiple Scattering (1)
- Multiple trapping model (1)
- Multiproteinkomplexbildung (1)
- Multiskale (1)
- Multistability (1)
- Multistabilität (1)
- Multivariate Analyse (1)
- Multivariate Statistics (1)
- Multivariate Statistik (1)
- Multiwavelength LIDAR (1)
- Musikinstrumente (1)
- Musterbildung (1)
- Musterskalierung (1)
- N400 (1)
- NLP (1)
- NMR (1)
- NTCM (1)
- NTF (1)
- Nano-Elektroden (1)
- Nano-dielectrics (1)
- Nanofluid (1)
- Nanokomposite (1)
- Nanomaterialien (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Nanoreactor (1)
- Nanofluid (1)
- Near-Field Optics (1)
- Network inference (1)
- Netzwerk Inferenz (1)
- Netzwerk Rekonstruktion (1)
- Netzwerktheorie (1)
- Neumann problem (1)
- Neuronal synchrony (1)
- Neuronale Synchronisation (1)
- Neuronsreliabilität (1)
- Neurooscillators (1)
- Neutronen (1)
- Neutronen Diffraktion (1)
- Neutronen Reflektometrie (1)
- Neutronendiffraktion (1)
- Neutronensterne (1)
- Neutronreflektometrie (1)
- Nicht-Isochronizität (1)
- Nicht-Langevin-Systeme (1)
- Nichtexponentieller Zerfall von mRNA (1)
- Nichtgleichgewichts-Phasenübergang (1)
- Nichtlinear angeregte Fluoreszenz (1)
- Nichtlineare Mikroskopie (1)
- Nichtlineare Optik (1)
- Nichtlineare Systeme (1)
- Nichtlineare Wellen (1)
- Nichtlineare Zeitreihenanalyse ; Signalanalyse - Polbewegung ; Chandler-Periode ; Nichtlineares Phänomen (1)
- Nichtlineares dynamisches System / Harmonische Analyse / Fraktal (1)
- Nickel-based (1)
- Nickel-based superalloy (1)
- Node degree distribution (1)
- Noise (1)
- Noisy oscillators (1)
- Non-Langevin systems (1)
- Non-Markovian processes (1)
- Non-exponential mRNA decay (1)
- Non-fullerene acceptors (1)
- Non-linear dielectric spectroscopy (1)
- Non-perturbative analysis (1)
- Nonisochronicity (1)
- Nonlinear analysis (1)
- Nonlinear dynamics (1)
- Nonlinear waves (1)
- Nonlinearity (1)
- Nonradiative recombination (1)
- Nordatlantik (1)
- North Atlantic (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1)
- Nukleobasen (1)
- Numerische Relativitätstheorie (1)
- Numerisches Verfahren (1)
- OFET (1)
- OGLE (1)
- OLEDs (1)
- OSSS inequality (1)
- Oberflächen-Brillouin-Zone (OBZ) (1)
- Oberflächenassemblierung (1)
- Oberflächenemissivität (1)
- Oberflächenfluss (1)
- Oberflächenphysik (1)
- Oberflächenzustände (1)
- Oberfächen (1)
- Observations (1)
- Observing methods (1)
- Ocean Circulation (1)
- Oligomers (1)
- On-Sky-Tests (1)
- Open-circuit voltage (1)
- Optimierung (1)
- Opto-mechanische Spannungen (1)
- Optoelectronic devices and components (1)
- Optoelectronic properties (1)
- Optoelectronics (1)
- Organic LEDs (1)
- Organic Semiconductors (1)
- Organic Solar Cell (1)
- Organic electronics (1)
- Organic thermoelectrics (1)
- Organische Halbleiter (1)
- Orgelpfeifen (1)
- Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process (1)
- Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Prozess (1)
- Ortsauflösende Spektrofotometrie (1)
- Oscillation (1)
- Oscillators (1)
- Ott - Antonsen reduction (1)
- Ott-Antonsen equation (1)
- Ott-Antonsen reduction (1)
- Ott–Antonsen equation (1)
- Oxadiazolderivate ; Kristallstruktur ; Hochdruck ; UV-VIS-Spektroskopie ; Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- Ozeanmodell (1)
- Ozonzabbau (1)
- P (1)
- P hasensynchronisierung (1)
- P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) (1)
- P300 (1)
- PAN (1)
- PBH (1)
- PBLG (1)
- PBT7 (1)
- PBTTT (1)
- PCPDTBT (1)
- PEDOT:PSS (1)
- PEG brushes (1)
- PEG-Funktionalisierung (1)
- PLANET (1)
- PNIPAm (1)
- PPV (1)
- PVDF-based polymers (1)
- Palaeoclimatology (1)
- Paleoclimate modeling (1)
- Paleoclimatology (1)
- Paleoklimatologie (1)
- Parametric drift estimation (1)
- Parametrisierung (1)
- Pareto law (1)
- Partial synchrony (1)
- Partial wavelet coherence (1)
- Partially alternating copolymers (1)
- Particles precipitating (1)
- Particles trapped (1)
- Partikel (1)
- Partikeltransport (1)
- Percolation (1)
- Periodic solutions (1)
- Perkolation (1)
- Perovskite solar cell (1)
- Perovskite solar cells (1)
- Perowskit-Oxide (1)
- Persistenzlänge (1)
- Phase Diffusion (1)
- Phase dynamics (1)
- Phase modulation (1)
- Phase reconstruction (1)
- Phase transitions (1)
- Phase-Analysis (1)
- Phasen Oszillatoren (1)
- Phasen-Amplituden Trennung (1)
- Phasen-Analyse (1)
- Phasen-Gleichungen (1)
- Phasen-Oszillatoren (1)
- Phasendemodulation (1)
- Phasendiffusion (1)
- Phasendynamik (1)
- Phasengleichverteilung (1)
- Phasenkopplung (1)
- Phasenkopplungen höherer Ordnung (1)
- Phasenoszillatoren (1)
- Phasenregel (1)
- Phasenspektrum (1)
- Phasentrennung (1)
- Phenomenology (1)
- Philosophy of Science (1)
- Phonon-Polariton (1)
- Phononen Dynamik (1)
- Phononen Dämpfung (1)
- Phononen Rückfaltung (1)
- Phononenstreuung (1)
- Photo-CELIV (1)
- Photoconductivity (1)
- Photocurrent (1)
- Photodissoziation (1)
- Photoelektronen (1)
- Photoelektronenmikroskopie (1)
- Photoelektronenmikroskopie (PEEM) (1)
- Photogeneration (1)
- Photon density wave spectroscopy (1)
- Photonic Crystals (1)
- Photonic devices (1)
- Photonische Kristalle (1)
- Photonischer Kristall (1)
- Photophysik (1)
- Photorefractive polymers (1)
- Photorefraktive Polymere (1)
- Photosphere (1)
- Photothermal conversion (1)
- Photovoltaic gap (1)
- Photovoltaics (1)
- Physical Implementation (1)
- Physics Education (1)
- Physik Lehramt (1)
- Physik der Musikinstrumente (1)
- Physik der weichen Materie (1)
- Phänomenologie (1)
- Phänotypische Heterogenität (1)
- Piezo-, Pyro-und Ferroelektrizität (1)
- Piezo1 (1)
- Piezo2 (1)
- Piezoelectrically generated Pressure Steps (PPSs) (1)
- Piezoelektrische Sensoren (1)
- Pikosekundenakustik (1)
- Pipe networks (1)
- Planetare Ringe (1)
- Planetary Rings (1)
- Planetary rings and tori (1)
- Planeten (1)
- Plasma Physics (1)
- Plasmonik (1)
- Plastibodies (1)
- Plio-Pleistocene (1)
- Plio-Pleistozän (1)
- Point Process (1)
- Polar 5 (1)
- Polar ozone (1)
- Polar vortex (1)
- Polarforschung (1)
- Polarisationsverteilung (1)
- Polarization (1)
- Polarization distribution (1)
- Polaron (1)
- Polartief (1)
- Polarwirbel (1)
- Polbewegung (1)
- Poly(vinylidenfluorid) (1)
- Poly-DADMAC (1)
- Polycrystals (1)
- Polydispersität (1)
- Polyelectrolyte Complexes (1)
- Polyelektrolytkomplexe (1)
- Polyethylen-Nanokomposite (1)
- Polyetlioxysiloxane (1)
- Polymer Electronics (1)
- Polymer intermixing (1)
- Polymer solar cells (1)
- Polymer-Kristalle (1)
- Polymer-Plastik (1)
- Polymer-Solarzelle (1)
- Polymerbürsten (1)
- Polymere / Physik (1)
- Polymere auf PVDF-Basis (1)
- Polymerelektrete (1)
- Polymerelektronik (1)
- Polymerfilm (1)
- Polymerphysik (1)
- Polymers (1)
- Polymerschaum (1)
- Polypyrrol (1)
- Polyrhythmen (1)
- Polystyrol Nano-Sphären (1)
- Polysulfobetain (1)
- Polythiophen (1)
- Populationen (1)
- Populations (1)
- Populationsdynamik (1)
- Porositätsanalyse (1)
- Porphyrine (1)
- Porphyrins (1)
- Post-Newton (1)
- Post-transcriptional gene regulation (1)
- Posttranskriptionale Genregulation (1)
- Potsdam / Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung (1)
- Precursor (1)
- Primordiale Schwarzen Löchern (1)
- Probabilistic Seismic Hazard and Risk Assessment (1)
- Probabilistic projections (1)
- Probability (1)
- Process analytical technology (1)
- Prognose (1)
- Projektionen (1)
- Prominences (1)
- Prominences, magnetic field (1)
- Prominences, quiescent (1)
- Propeller (1)
- Protein Multilayer (1)
- Protein-Protein-Interaktion (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Proteinfaltung (1)
- Proteinkinetik (1)
- Proteins (1)
- Protonendynamik molekularer Systeme (1)
- Protonentransfer in angeregten Zuständen (1)
- Protophase (1)
- Proxyunsicherheit (1)
- Proxyverständnis (1)
- Präkonzepte (1)
- Präparation fester Komplexe (1)
- Prästabilisierung (1)
- Pseudo-Voigt fit function (1)
- Pseudomonas putida (1)
- Pulse induced transparency (1)
- Pulszugformung (1)
- Pulverpartikelanalyse (1)
- Pump-Probe Spektroskopie (1)
- Punktdefekt (1)
- Pupil Remapper (1)
- PyTorch (1)
- Pyridone (1)
- Pyridones (1)
- Python (1)
- QPM (1)
- Quanten Optomechanik (1)
- Quanten-Elektrodynamik (QED) (1)
- Quantencomputer (1)
- Quantendegeneriert BEK FDS ultrakalte Atome (1)
- Quantenelektrodynamik (1)
- Quantenfluktuationen (1)
- Quantenwell (1)
- Quantum (1)
- Quantum Optics (1)
- Quantum Optomechanics (1)
- Quartz (1)
- Quasare (1)
- Quasi-Kondensat (1)
- Quasimodes (1)
- Quiescent (1)
- Quiet (1)
- R-PE (1)
- RAMAN spectroscopy (1)
- RAMAN-Spektroskopie (1)
- REM (1)
- RF gun (1)
- RIXS at FELs (1)
- Radiation dose calculation (1)
- Radiation on the ISS (1)
- Radiation transfer model (1)
- Radiosensitization (1)
- Raman (1)
- Raman Streuung (1)
- Raman imaging (1)
- Raman scattering (1)
- Random Environments (1)
- Random Walk (1)
- Random Walks (1)
- Random cluster model (1)
- Random feature maps (1)
- Random-Walk-Theorie (1)
- Randomised tree algorithm (1)
- Rapid thinning (1)
- Rauheit (1)
- Raumladungsfeld (1)
- Raumzeitgeometrie (1)
- Rauschinduzierte Anregbarkeit (1)
- Rauschinduzierte Oszillatonsunte (1)
- Reaction mechanisms (1)
- Reactive adsorption (1)
- Recombination losses (1)
- Recurrence Plot (1)
- Recurrence Plots (1)
- Recurrence network (1)
- Recurrence plot (1)
- Recurrence plots (1)
- Recurrence quantification analysis (1)
- Recurrence-Plot (1)
- Reduced-Form Modeling (1)
- Reflective writing (1)
- Reflexionsmodell (1)
- Reflexionsqualität (1)
- Reflexionstiefe (1)
- Reflexivität (1)
- Regelung (1)
- Regge Kalkül (1)
- Regularisierung (1)
- Rekombination (1)
- Rekurrenz (1)
- Rekurrenzdarstellung (1)
- Rekurrenzen (1)
- Rekurrenzplot (1)
- Relativistische Astrophysik (1)
- Relaxor-ferroelectric (RF) fluoropolymers (1)
- Relaxor-ferroelectric polymer (1)
- Relaxor-ferroelektrische Polymere (1)
- Reliability of Neurons (1)
- Remagnetisierung (1)
- Renormierung (1)
- Reproducing kernel Hilbert space (1)
- Residual circulation (1)
- Residual stresses (1)
- Residue (1)
- Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- Resonanzfluoreszenz (1)
- Resonator (1)
- Resonator Quantenelektrodynamik (1)
- Responsive Polymere (1)
- Retrieval (1)
- Reversal (1)
- Rezeptor (1)
- Richardson Superdiffusion (1)
- Richardson-Superdiffusion (1)
- Ring (1)
- Ringe (1)
- Ringstrom (1)
- Ringstromelektronen (1)
- Risserkennung (1)
- Roberts flow (1)
- Roberts-Strömung (1)
- Robin boundary condition (1)
- Robotik (1)
- Roche (1)
- Roche Limit (1)
- Rock (1)
- Rocks (1)
- Rohr (1)
- Rohrresonator (1)
- Rollende Adhäsion (1)
- Rotationsbeschichtung (1)
- RsgA (1)
- Röntgen-Refraktions Bildgebung (1)
- Röntgenstrahlung (1)
- Rückkopplungskontrolle (1)
- SCAPS-1D (1)
- SFG (1)
- SHPB (1)
- SIR model (1)
- SLM (1)
- SPECT (1)
- SPMs (1)
- Saddle Point (1)
- Sakkadendetektion (1)
- Satellitenmission Swarm (1)
- Saturn<Planet> (1)
- Scaling exponents (1)
- Scan strategies (1)
- Scanning transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Scattering breakdown (1)
- Schallabstrahlung (1)
- Schaum (1)
- Schaumbildung (1)
- Schaumstabilität (1)
- Scheibe (1)
- Scher-Montroll Transport (1)
- Scher-Montroll transport (1)
- Schlecht gestelltes Problem (1)
- Schleifenschließung (1)
- Schottky junction (1)
- Schrödinger equation (1)
- Schwarze Löcher (1)
- Schwimmende Mikroorganismen (1)
- Schwingungsspektroskopie (1)
- Schwingungstilger (1)
- Schäume (1)
- Schülervorstellungen (1)
- Science Curriculum (1)
- Science education (1)
- Seasonal prediction (1)
- Seebeck coefficient (1)
- Seismicity modelling (1)
- Seismizität (1)
- Selbstorganisierte Kritizität (1)
- Selbstähnlichkeit (1)
- Semantics (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Shannon entropy (1)
- Shape equations of vesicles (1)
- Shnol theorem (1)
- Shock waves (1)
- Shockley-Read-Hall (1)
- Shocks (1)
- Signal transfer chain (1)
- Significance Testing (1)
- Signifikanztests (1)
- Silica source (1)
- Silicification (1)
- Silicon (1)
- Siliziumdioxid-auf-Silizium (1)
- Simulations (1)
- Sintern (1)
- Skalarprodukt von Kraft und Weg (1)
- Skalengesetze (1)
- Slums (1)
- Small (1)
- Smartphone (1)
- Societal impacts (1)
- Solar Cycle, observations (1)
- Solar Physics (1)
- Solar corona (1)
- Solar cycle (1)
- Solar energy (1)
- Solar energy and photovoltaic technology (1)
- Solarzellen (1)
- Soliton (1)
- Solvents (1)
- Sonnenphysik (1)
- South-America (1)
- Space charge (1)
- Space climate (1)
- Space plasmas (1)
- Space radiation (1)
- Space weather (1)
- Spectral diffusion (1)
- Spectral gap (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Speicheranwendungen (1)
- Spektralanalyse <Stochastik> (1)
- Spin Textur (1)
- Spin casting (1)
- Spin- und winkelaufgelöste Photoemission (1)
- Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung (SBW) (1)
- Spin-Schaum-Modelle (1)
- Spin-echo (1)
- Spin-orbi coupling (SOC) (1)
- Spinpolarisation (1)
- Spinstruktur (1)
- Spinwellen (1)
- Sprachbildung (1)
- Sprachverarbeitung (1)
- Spread F (1)
- Spreading (1)
- Stability (1)
- Stars: individual: 4U2206+54, BD+53 2790 (1)
- Statistical Physics (1)
- Statistical copolymers (1)
- Statistical inference (1)
- Statistical inverse problem (1)
- Statistik (1)
- Staus (1)
- Steppest Descend method (1)
- Stern-Gerlach effect (1)
- Sternaktivität (1)
- Sterne: Entfernungen (1)
- Sternflecken (1)
- Sternhaufen (1)
- Sternoberfläche (1)
- Stille-type cross-coupling (1)
- Stimulated scattering (1)
- Stimuli-responsive materials (1)
- Stimulierte Brillouin Streuung (1)
- Stochastic dynamical systems (1)
- Stochastic gene expression (1)
- Stochastic reaction– diffusion (1)
- Stochastische Differentialgleichung (1)
- Stochastische Genexpression (1)
- Stochastische Gross-Pitaevskii Gleichung (1)
- Stochastische Oszillationen (1)
- Stochastische dynamische Systeme (1)
- Stochastisches Bursting (1)
- Stochastisches dynamisches System (1)
- Stokesion Dynamics (1)
- Stokessche Dynamik (1)
- Stoßwellen (1)
- Strahlenarten (1)
- Strahlenbelastung (1)
- Strahlenbiologie (1)
- Strahlenschutz (1)
- Strahlungstransportmodell (1)
- Strain hardening (1)
- Stratosphere-troposphere coupling (1)
- Stratospheric polar vortex (1)
- Stratosphäre (1)
- Stratosphären-Troposphären-Kopplung (1)
- Stratosphärenchemie (1)
- Stratosphärendynamik (1)
- Stratosphärischer Polarwirbel (1)
- Stress-strain relations (1)
- Stressantwort (1)
- Streuresonanzen (1)
- Streuung von Schallwellen (1)
- Structural and energetic disorder (1)
- Structural health monitoring (1)
- Structure-performance relationship (1)
- Structure-property relationships (1)
- Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen (1)
- Strukturdynamik (1)
- Strukturelle und energetische Unordnung (1)
- Stäbchen (1)
- Städte (1)
- Stärkemetabolismus (1)
- Sub-gamma random variable (1)
- Subdiffusion (1)
- Summenfrequenzspektroskopie (1)
- Sun (1)
- Sun: Chromosphere (1)
- Sun: corona (1)
- Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs) (1)
- Sun: filaments, prominences (1)
- Sun: flares (1)
- Sun: heliosphere (1)
- Sun: magnetic fields (1)
- Sun: photosphere (1)
- Supernova remnants (1)
- Supernova-Überrest (1)
- Supernovaüberreste (1)
- Surface characterization (1)
- Surface properties (1)
- Surface treatment (1)
- Surfactant (1)
- Surfactants (1)
- Surrogate Data (1)
- Surrogates (1)
- Surrogatmethode (1)
- Svalbard (1)
- Symbolische Regression (1)
- Synchronisationsanalyse (1)
- Synchrony (1)
- Synthese (1)
- System (1)
- TCOs (1)
- TD-DFT (1)
- THz Spectroscopy (1)
- THz Spektroskopie (1)
- TIG-welding (1)
- TRMM (1)
- TSL (1)
- Tandem-Solarzelle (1)
- Tauziehen (1)
- Taylor-Couette (1)
- Techniken der optischen Spektroskopie: IR-Absorption (1)
- Teilchenphysik (1)
- Teleconnection patterns (1)
- Telekonnektionen (1)
- Telekonnexionsmuster (1)
- Teleskop (1)
- Temperaturproxy (1)
- Tensid (1)
- Tensidlösung (1)
- Tensidschaum (1)
- Tensile load (1)
- Tension (1)
- Tensor-Zerlegungen (1)
- Terrasse ... (1)
- Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (1)
- Testentwicklung (1)
- Teukolsky equations (1)
- Teukolsky-Gleichungen (1)
- Textur (1)
- Theiler surrogates (1)
- Theiler-Surrogate (1)
- Themisch-Stimulierte Lumineszenz (1)
- Theoretical ecology (1)
- Theoretische Ökologie (1)
- Thermal Radiation (1)
- Thermal conductivity (1)
- Thermal-Pulse Tomography (1)
- Thermalisierung (1)
- Thermally stimulated luminescence (1)
- Thermoakustik (1)
- Thermoclectrics (1)
- Thermodynamic efficiency (1)
- Thermoelektrizität (1)
- Thermohaline Atlantikzirkulation (1)
- Thermohaline Circulation (1)
- Thermohaline Zi (1)
- Thermohaline Zirkulation (1)
- Thermophon (1)
- Thermosphäre hoher Breiten (1)
- Thin Film (1)
- Thin film (1)
- Time Series Analysis (1)
- Time delay (1)
- Time series (1)
- Time-dependent mobility (1)
- Time-of-flight (TOF) (1)
- Titandioxid (1)
- Tomographie (1)
- Topological Crystalline Insulator (1)
- Topological Insulator (1)
- Topological matter (1)
- Topologischer Isolator (1)
- Topologischer kristalliner Isolator (1)
- Trajectory model (1)
- Trajektorien (1)
- Trajektorienmodell (1)
- Transient photocurrent (1)
- Transiente Absorption (1)
- Transition metals (1)
- Transition-metal ion (1)
- Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (1)
- Transport (1)
- Transport- und Wechselwirkungsphase (1)
- Trapping (1)
- Trypanosoma cruzi (1)
- Tunneling (1)
- Turbulenzmessung (1)
- Two-stream Lidar Inversion (1)
- UV (1)
- UV cross-linking (1)
- UV nanoimprint lithography (1)
- UV-VIS Spectroscopy (1)
- UV-Vis Spektroskopie (1)
- UV-Vis spectroscopy (1)
- Ultrafast (1)
- Ultraschnell (1)
- Ultraschnelle Dynamik (1)
- Ultraschnelle Röntgenbeugung (1)
- Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Umweltsysteme (1)
- Uncertainty (1)
- Understanding (1)
- University physics (1)
- Unordnung (1)
- Unruh effect (1)
- Unruh-Effekt (1)
- Unschärfe (1)
- Unsicherheit (1)
- Unstetiges Galerkin-Verfahren (1)
- Unterkühlung (1)
- Unterrichtsvorschläge (1)
- Upper Atmosphere Model (UAM) (1)
- Uracil (1)
- Urbanisierung (1)
- V*V884 Sco (1)
- V-OC loss (1)
- VERB (1)
- VERB code (1)
- VIRTIS (1)
- Vacuum interaction (1)
- Vacuum-level alignment (1)
- Vakuumschwankungen (1)
- Vakuumwechselwirkung (1)
- Valenzband (VB) (1)
- Valenzbandmaximum (VBM) (1)
- Van Allen Probes (1)
- Van der Waals Kräfte (1)
- Van der Waals forces (1)
- Vapour Deposition (1)
- Variabilität (1)
- Vector bundle (1)
- Vegetation (1)
- Venus Express (1)
- Verbindungspfade zwischen der Arktis und den mittleren Breiten (1)
- Verfeinerungslimes (1)
- Verhältnis der Struktur und Funktion (1)
- Vermischung (1)
- Verschränkung (1)
- Verstehen (1)
- Verständnisentwicklungsmodell (1)
- Verteilung (1)
- Verteilungen von lokalisierten Zustände (1)
- Vesikeln (1)
- Vesiklen (1)
- Vielteilchentheorie (1)
- Virus (1)
- Viscoelasticity (1)
- Vorhersagbarkeit (1)
- Vorhersage (1)
- Vorstellungen (1)
- WAAM (1)
- WAXS (1)
- WKB-expansion (1)
- Wachstum (1)
- Wartezeitverteilung (1)
- Washing fastness (1)
- Wasser-Monitoring (1)
- Wasserstoffionenkonzentration (1)
- Water Vapor (1)
- Water distribution systems (1)
- Water-assisted crystallization (1)
- Wavelet Coherence (1)
- Wavelet-Analyse (1)
- Wavelets (1)
- Wealth and income distribution (1)
- Wechselwirkung (1)
- Weichröntgenbeugung (1)
- Weißlichterzeugung (1)
- Wellen-Teilchen Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Wellenausbreitung (1)
- Wellengleichung (1)
- Wellenlängenverschiebung (1)
- Weltraumklima (1)
- Weltraumphysik (1)
- Weltraumwetter (1)
- Wetterextreme (1)
- Wiederkehr (1)
- Wiederkehrdarstellung (1)
- Wiederkehrverhalten (1)
- Wigner Funktion (1)
- Wigner negativity (1)
- William Herschel Teleskop (1)
- William Herschel telescope (1)
- Windblase (1)
- Wirtschaftsnetzwerk (1)
- Wismut (1)
- Wolf-Rayet (1)
- Wärmefluss (1)
- Wärmeinsel (1)
- Wärmekapazität (1)
- Wärmepuls-Tomographie (1)
- Wärmetransport (1)
- X-ray and (1)
- X-ray computed (1)
- X-ray emission spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) (1)
- X-ray refraction imaging (1)
- X-ray refraction; (1)
- X-ray scattering (1)
- X-ray synchrotron diffraction (1)
- X-rays : stars (1)
- X-rays Photoemission Spectroscopy (1)
- X-rays: individuals: Circinus X-1 (1)
- X-rays: individuals: GRS 1915+105 (1)
- X-rays: individuals: V4641 Sgr (1)
- XMCD (1)
- Yield strength (1)
- Zeitwahrnehmung (1)
- Zell Bewegung (1)
- Zell-Matrix-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Zell-substrat Adhäsion (1)
- Zellbiologie (1)
- Zellimmobilisierung (1)
- Zellorganisation (1)
- Zeolite synthesis (1)
- Zirkulardichroismus (1)
- Zirkulationsregime (1)
- Zufallsbewegung (1)
- Zufällige Stochastische Irrfahrt (1)
- Zufällige Umgebungen (1)
- Zustandsgleichung (1)
- Zustandsmodell (1)
- Zustandsraumrekonstruktion/Phasenraumrekonstruktion (1)
- Zwangsgleichungen (1)
- Zyklus (1)
- abrupte Übergänge (1)
- absorption (1)
- absorption lines (1)
- absorption measurements (1)
- acceleration (1)
- acceptance (1)
- accretion (1)
- accretion disks (1)
- acidic crosslinking (1)
- acoustic waveguide (1)
- acoustic waves (1)
- acoustics (1)
- actin (1)
- actin filaments (1)
- actin waves (1)
- active matter (1)
- active particles (1)
- active processes (1)
- active transport (1)
- actuation (1)
- actuators (1)
- adaptation and mitigation (1)
- addenda (1)
- additive (1)
- additive manufacturing (AM) (1)
- adhesion cluster (1)
- aerosol (1)
- aerosol: hygroscopic growth (1)
- aerosol: hygroskopisches Wachstum (1)
- aerosol: optical properties (1)
- aerosol: optische Eigenschaften (1)
- aggregation (1)
- air mass transport (1)
- aktive Prozesse (1)
- aktiven Transport (1)
- akustische Wellen (1)
- alignment (1)
- all-optical helicity dependent switching (1)
- allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (1)
- alloy (1)
- alpha (1)
- alpha-effect (1)
- alternative electron acceptors (1)
- aluminium alloys (1)
- amoeboid motion (1)
- amphiphiles (1)
- amphiphilic side chains (1)
- amöboide Bewegung (1)
- analysis (1)
- analytical model (1)
- analyzer-based imaging (1)
- anatomical connectivity (1)
- anchored polymer (1)
- and governance (1)
- angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- anionic polymerizations (1)
- anomalous (1)
- anomalous (or non-Fickian) diffusion (1)
- anomalous heat conduction (1)
- anthropogener Meeresspiegel (1)
- anthropogenic sea level (1)
- antibiotic resistance (1)
- antiferromagnetic (1)
- antiferromagnetism (1)
- antimicrobial peptides (1)
- antireflection (1)
- applications (1)
- approximate inertial manifolds (1)
- arktische Atmosphäre (1)
- arktische Grenzschicht (1)
- arktischer Dunst (1)
- arktisches Aerosol (1)
- arrayed waveguide grating (1)
- assembly (1)
- assembly factor (1)
- astrobiology (1)
- astrometry (1)
- astroparticle physic (1)
- astrophotonics (1)
- asymptotic analysis (1)
- asynchronous design (1)
- atmosphere dynamics (1)
- atmospheric boundary layer (1)
- atmospheric dynamics (1)
- atmospheric modelling (1)
- atmospheric science (1)
- atmosphärische Grenzschicht (1)
- atom chips (1)
- atom optics (1)
- atom-surface interaction (1)
- atomic force microscopy (1)
- atomic-force; nano-objects (1)
- attenuated Radon transform (1)
- attractive interaction (1)
- attraktive Wechselwirkung (1)
- authentication (1)
- authentication protocol (1)
- autocorrelation function (1)
- avidin (1)
- axial next nearest neighbour Ising chains (1)
- azobenzene containing polymers (1)
- azobenzene containing surfactants (1)
- azobenzene polymer (1)
- azobenzene polymer films (1)
- azobenzene refractive index (1)
- azobenzene-containing molecules (1)
- azobenzenhaltige Polymere (1)
- azobenzolhaltige Tenside (1)
- background (1)
- ball mill (1)
- balloon telescopes (1)
- band profile (1)
- baroclinic instability (1)
- barrier escape (1)
- basis-sets (1)
- battery (1)
- battery-depletion attack (1)
- beam splitter (1)
- bedeuten freie Bahn (1)
- bidirectional intracellular transport (1)
- bidirektionaler intrazellulärer Transport (1)
- binaries (1)
- binaries: eclipsing (1)
- binary black holes (1)
- binary neutron stars (1)
- binary stars (1)
- binding interactions (1)
- binäre schwarze Löcher (1)
- bio-hybrid (1)
- bio-hybrid system (1)
- biochemical oscillators (1)
- biocompatibility (1)
- biohybrid microsystems (1)
- bioindicators (1)
- biological membranes (1)
- biologische Membranen (1)
- biomechanics (1)
- biomolecule (1)
- bioreceptors (1)
- biosensing (1)
- biosphere feedbacks (1)
- bismuthene (1)
- blade (1)
- blended learning (1)
- block copolymer films (1)
- block copolymers (1)
- blue stragglers (1)
- bond (1)
- bone (1)
- boron-10 (1)
- bose gas (1)
- boundary layer (1)
- boundary local time (1)
- breitbandige Lichtquelle (1)
- bridges (1)
- broadband light source (1)
- brownian motion (1)
- bubbles (1)
- buckling (1)
- budding (1)
- budget study (1)
- built-in potential (1)
- bulge (1)
- bulk heterojunctions (1)
- bulk-heterojunction solar cells (1)
- cancer diagnosis (1)
- capacitance spectroscopy (1)
- carbene electron deficiency (1)
- carbenes (1)
- carbohydrate derivatives (1)
- carbon (1)
- carbon fiber manufacture (1)
- cardiomyopathy (1)
- carrier density (1)
- carrier dynamic (1)
- cascade (1)
- cascade rate (1)
- cataclysmic variables (1)
- catalysis (1)
- catalytic azobenzene isomerization (1)
- catanionic vesicles (1)
- cavity effects (1)
- celestial mechanics (1)
- cell immobilization (1)
- cell migration (1)
- cell motility (1)
- cell movement (1)
- cell nucleus (1)
- cell organization (1)
- cell polarity (1)
- cell tracking (1)
- cell-ECM interactions (1)
- cell-cell (1)
- cell-substrate adhesion (1)
- cellular forces (1)
- cellular signalling (1)
- cepstrum (1)
- chaotic (1)
- chaotic oscillations (1)
- chaotic saddle (1)
- chaotisch (1)
- characterization (1)
- charge (1)
- charge carrier density (1)
- charge carrier dynamics (1)
- charge carrier extraction (1)
- charge carrier recombination (1)
- charge collection (1)
- charge density (1)
- charge generation yield (1)
- charge localisation (1)
- charge profiling (1)
- charge recombination (1)
- charge recombination yield (1)
- charge repulsion (1)
- charge shielding (1)
- charge storage and transport (1)
- charge transfers (1)
- charge transport layers (1)
- charge trap (1)
- charge-carrier transport (1)
- charge-dipole interaction (1)
- charge-transfer excitations (1)
- charged systems (1)
- chemical (1)
- chemical oxidative polymerization (1)
- chemische Gasphasenabscheidung (1)
- chemische Oberflächen-Modifikationen (1)
- chemistry-transport-model (1)
- chemomechanical coupling (1)
- chemotaxsis (1)
- chimera Zustände (1)
- chirality (1)
- chloroplast ribosome (1)
- chorus waves (1)
- chromium hexacarbonyl (1)
- chromophore orientations (1)
- chromosphere (1)
- circular dichroism (1)
- circulation (1)
- circulation regimes (1)
- circumgalactic medium (1)
- circumstellar matter (1)
- cities (1)
- classification (1)
- climate data (1)
- climate impact research (1)
- climate impact response func (1)
- climate model (1)
- climate model of intermediate complexity (1)
- climate networks (1)
- climate physics (1)
- climate projection (1)
- climate sensitivity (1)
- climatology (1)
- cluster model (1)
- clustering (1)
- co-monomer content (1)
- co-translational (1)
- co-translationale Assemblierung (1)
- coarse-grained order parameter (1)
- coated and absorbing aerosols (1)
- cobalt (1)
- code (1)
- coherence (1)
- coherence theory (1)
- coherent phonons (1)
- cohomology (1)
- coiled coil (1)
- collapse (1)
- collimation (1)
- collision dynamics (1)
- colloidal particles (1)
- colloids (1)
- color change (1)
- coloured (1)
- coloured and quantum noise (1)
- coma (1)
- comets (1)
- command surfaces (1)
- commutator subgroup (1)
- compacton (1)
- complex brain networks (1)
- complex network (1)
- complexity (1)
- compression (1)
- concentration (1)
- conceptions (1)
- condensed matter (1)
- configuration (1)
- conformation (1)
- conformational and hydrodynamic characteristics (1)
- conformational changes (1)
- conformational selection (1)
- conical intersection (1)
- conjugated polyelectrolyte (1)
- conservation laws (1)
- conservative random walks (1)
- constraint equations (1)
- construct map (1)
- contact layers (1)
- contact resistance (1)
- content analysis (1)
- continuation (1)
- continuous distribution model (1)
- continuous symmetries (1)
- continuous time random (1)
- continuous time random walk (CTRW) (1)
- contraction (1)
- convolutional neural networks (1)
- cooperation (1)
- cooperative transport (1)
- coordinate measurement machine (1)
- copper iodide (1)
- copper minerals (1)
- core-excited state dynamics (1)
- correlated noise (1)
- correlation functions (1)
- correlations (1)
- cortical network (1)
- cortical networks (1)
- cosmic ray diffusion (1)
- cosmic ray propagation (1)
- cosmic-rays (1)
- cosmological simulations (1)
- coupled (1)
- coupled initial boundary value problem (1)
- coupled oscillators (1)
- coupling (1)
- coupling function (1)
- coupling sensitivity (1)
- crack detection (1)
- craters (1)
- critical adsorption (1)
- critical collapse (1)
- critical exponent (1)
- critical fluctuations (1)
- cross layer chip (1)
- cross recurrence plot (1)
- cross-over effect (1)
- crossover anomalous diffusion dynamics (1)
- crossover dynamics (1)
- cryolithology (1)
- cryptography (1)
- crystal (1)
- crystal growth (1)
- crystallinity (1)
- cycle (1)
- cycle decomposition (1)
- cyclic voltammetry (1)
- cyclic-olefin copolymer (1)
- damage (1)
- damage evolution (1)
- dark exciton (1)
- dark matter detectors (1)
- dark matter experiments (1)
- dark matter theory (1)
- data based NARMAX modeling (1)
- data behind figure (1)
- data cleansing (1)
- data profiling (1)
- databases (1)
- de Rham complex (1)
- decadal climate variability (1)
- decarbonization (1)
- decomposing anomalous diffusion (1)
- defect detection (1)
- dekadische Klimavariabilität (1)
- delay differential equation (1)
- delay faults (1)
- delayed feedback (1)
- delayed random walks (1)
- democratic form (1)
- denial-of-service attack (1)
- density functional calculations (1)
- density functional theory (1)
- dependent velocity (1)
- deployment (1)
- depolymerization (1)
- dermis (1)
- design concepts (1)
- design for Testability (1)
- detector (1)
- detectors (1)
- development of test instrument (1)
- diamagnetic currents (1)
- dicytostelium (1)
- dielectric (1)
- dielectric barrier discharges (1)
- dielectric elastomers (1)
- dielectric function (1)
- dielectric hysteresis (1)
- dielectric non-linearities (1)
- dielectric spectroskopie (1)
- dielectrophoresis (1)
- dielektrische Elastomere (1)
- differential rotation (1)
- differential scanning calorimetry (1)
- diffraction elastic constants (1)
- diffraction enhanced imaging (1)
- diffraction-elastic constants (1)
- diffraktionselastische Konstanten (1)
- diffuse radiation (1)
- diffusion coefficients (1)
- diffusion exponent (1)
- diffusion-influenced (1)
- diffusion-wave equation (1)
- dilute aqueous-solutions (1)
- diode-laser-arrays (1)
- diode-lasers (1)
- direct and indirect climate observations (1)
- direction of optomechanical stress (1)
- direkte und indirekte Klimaobservablen (1)
- disc (1)
- discontinuous Galerkin method (1)
- discontinuous Galerkin methods (1)
- discrete beam cominer (1)
- diskreter Strahlkombinierer (1)
- dislocations (1)
- disordered systems (1)
- dispatchable renewable electricity (1)
- dispersion force (1)
- dispersion relations (1)
- dissertation (1)
- dissociative electron attachment (1)
- dissoziative Elektronen Anlagerung (1)
- distribution (1)
- distributions of localised states (1)
- doctor-blade coating (1)
- domain purity (1)
- domain wall motion (1)
- domains (1)
- donor-acceptor interfaces (1)
- doping (1)
- dosis measurement (1)
- doubly transient chaos (1)
- driven (1)
- driving force (1)
- driving mechanism (1)
- drug tolerance (1)
- drug-delivery (1)
- dunkle Materie (1)
- dunkles Exziton (1)
- dyna (1)
- dynamic and static quenching (1)
- dynamic forc (1)
- dynamic force spectroscopy (1)
- dynamic light scattering (1)
- dynamic loading (1)
- dynamic of the atmosphere (1)
- dynamic vibration absorber (1)
- dynamical cluster (1)
- dynamical patterns (1)
- dynamische Klimatologie (1)
- dynamische Kraftspektroskopie (1)
- dynamische Muster (1)
- dynamische Systeme (1)
- dynamische und statische Löschung (1)
- dynamo effect (1)
- dysprosium (1)
- dünne Filme (1)
- dünne organische Schichten (1)
- dünne, flexible und formbare Schichten (1)
- earth system modeling (1)
- earthquake prediction (1)
- echo state network (1)
- ecology (1)
- ecology and biodiversity (1)
- econophysics (1)
- ecosystems (1)
- edit distance (1)
- efficient scattering (1)
- effiziente Streuung (1)
- eingefrorene Energielandschaft (1)
- ejecta (1)
- elastic coupling (1)
- elastic substrates (1)
- elasticity (1)
- elasticity theory (1)
- elastische Kopplung (1)
- elastische Substrate (1)
- elastomers (1)
- electret polymers (1)
- electric and magnetic fields (1)
- electric double layer (1)
- electrical breakdown (1)
- electrical chemotaxis assay (1)
- electrical insulation (1)
- electrical polarization hysteresis (1)
- electro-acoustic electric-charge and polarization profiling (1)
- electro-electrets (1)
- electro-fused zirconia (1)
- electro-modulation microscopy (1)
- electro-optical (1)
- electroacoustic probing (1)
- electroanalysis (1)
- electrochemistry (1)
- electrolytes (1)
- electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves (1)
- electromechanical response (1)
- electromechanical transducers (sensors and actuators) (1)
- electron backscatter diffraction (1)
- electron flux (1)
- electron flux forecasts (1)
- electron lifetimes (1)
- electron localization (1)
- electron microscopy (1)
- electron spectroscopy (1)
- electronic properties (1)
- electronic-structure (1)
- electrostatic (1)
- electrostatic energy density (1)
- electrostatic interaction (1)
- electrostatics (1)
- elektrische Doppelschicht (1)
- elektrische Isolierung (1)
- elektrische Raumladung (1)
- elektrische und magnetische Felder (1)
- elektrischer Chemotaxis Assy (1)
- elektro-optisch (1)
- elektroakustische Abtastung elektrischer Ladungen und Dipolpolarisationen (1)
- elektromechanische Reaktion (1)
- elektromechanische Wandler (Sensoren und Aktoren) (1)
- elektronische Eigenschaften (1)
- elektrostatische Energiedichte (1)
- elemental sulphur (1)
- elementarer Schwefel (1)
- elementary particles (1)
- elevated-temperature effects on the operation of dielectric-elastomer (1)
- elliptic partial differential equations (1)
- elliptic systems (1)
- elliptische partielle Differentialgleichungen (1)
- elliptisches Gleichungssystem (1)
- elongation (1)
- embedding (1)
- emic waves (1)
- emission factor (1)
- emissions (1)
- empirical prediction (1)
- empirische Modellierung (1)
- enacted PCK (1)
- endliche Ensembles (1)
- energetic disorder (1)
- energetic disorders (1)
- energetic offset (1)
- energetic particle (1)
- energetische Unordnung (1)
- energy balance model (1)
- energy decarbonization (1)
- energy estimate (1)
- energy gradients (1)
- energy levels (1)
- energy spreading (1)
- energy system modeling (1)
- energy-system (1)
- ensemble methods (1)
- ensemble simulation (1)
- ensemble simulations (1)
- entrance test (1)
- environmental systems (1)
- enzymatic activity (1)
- enzymatische Reaktionen (1)
- epidemics (1)
- epidermis (1)
- epitaktisch (1)
- epitaxial (1)
- equation (1)
- equation of state (1)
- equation of state; (1)
- errata (1)
- ether methacrylates (1)
- evolutions (1)
- excited state proton transfer (1)
- excited-state chemical shift (1)
- excited-state proton-transfer (1)
- exciton dissociation (1)
- exciton dynamics (1)
- exciton plasmon coupling (1)
- exclusion process (1)
- exclusion processes (1)
- expectation maximisation algorithm (1)
- experimental competencies (1)
- experimental model (1)
- experiments (1)
- external cavities (1)
- external generation efficiency (1)
- externe Resonatoren (1)
- extra-cellul (1)
- extracellular matrix (ECM) (1)
- extraction (1)
- extragalactic stellar astronomy (1)
- extragalaktische Stellarastronomie (1)
- extrasolar planets (1)
- extrazelluläre Matr (1)
- extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- extreme precipitation (1)
- extrusion (1)
- eye movements (1)
- far infrared (1)
- favela (1)
- feldlinengerichtete Ströme (1)
- femtosecond laser spectroscopy (1)
- ferro- and piezoelectrets (1)
- ferroelectric and paraelectric phases (1)
- ferroelectric polarization (1)
- ferroelectricity (1)
- ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity in polymers (1)
- ferroelektrische Polarisation (1)
- ferroelektrische Polymere (1)
- ferromagnetism (1)
- fest-flüssig Grenzfläche (1)
- fiber-electrophoresis chip (1)
- field (1)
- field aligned currents (1)
- field experience (1)
- field-effect transistor (1)
- figure of merit (1)
- filament bundles (1)
- fill factor (1)
- film sensor (1)
- finite differences (1)
- finite element method (1)
- finite size (1)
- firn (1)
- fixational eye movements (1)
- fixierte Augenbewegungen (1)
- flagellar filaments (1)
- flashover (1)
- flexible (1)
- floods (1)
- flow network (1)
- flow photolysis (1)
- fluctuation dissipation theorem (1)
- flue organ pipe (1)
- fluorination (1)
- fluoroethylenepropylene (FEP) copolymer (1)
- flussunterbrechende Analyse (1)
- flux (1)
- foam (1)
- foams (1)
- focal adhesion (1)
- folding dynamics (1)
- force dipole (1)
- force dipoles (1)
- force methods (1)
- forced symmetry breaking (1)
- forecast (1)
- formal specification (1)
- formal verification (1)
- formation (1)
- fourier transformation (1)
- fractal (1)
- fractal dimension (1)
- fractional Gaussian noise (1)
- fractional diffusion (1)
- fractional dynamic equations (1)
- fraktionale Brown'schen Bewegung (1)
- fraktionales Gauß'sches Rauschen (1)
- free charge generation (1)
- free charge recombination (1)
- free electron laser (1)
- free shear layers (1)
- freie Ladungsträger Rekombination (1)
- frequency conversion (1)
- frequency stabilisation (1)
- friction (1)
- fullerenes (1)
- functional connectivity (1)
- functional materials (1)
- functionalization (1)
- fundamental parameters (1)
- fundamentale Parameter (1)
- fungus (1)
- gadolinium (1)
- galactic centre (1)
- galactic magnetic fields (1)
- galactic population (1)
- galaktische Magnetfelder (1)
- galaktische Population (1)
- galaktisches Zentrum (1)
- galaxies: clusters: general (1)
- galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD (1)
- galaxies: individual (1)
- galaxies: individual: NGC 4038, NGC 4039 (1)
- galaxies: individual: Small Magellanic Cloud (1)
- galaxies: star clusters (1)
- galaxy evolution (1)
- galaxy: general (1)
- gamma astronomy (1)
- gamma ray detectors (1)
- gamma rays (1)
- gamma rays: (1)
- gamma rays: diffuse (1)
- gamma rays: diffuse background (1)
- gamma-ray (1)
- gamma-ray burst: individual (GRB 150323A) (1)
- gamma-ray bursts: general (1)
- gamma-rays (1)
- gas chromatography (1)
- gekoppelt (1)
- gene expression (1)
- gene regulation (1)
- general circulation (1)
- generalized diffusion equation (1)
- generalized eigenfunction (1)
- generalized eigenfunctions (1)
- generational comparison (1)
- genetic networks (1)
- genetic programming (1)
- genetics (1)
- geodynamo (1)
- geomagnetic activity (1)
- geomagnetic storms (1)
- geometrical deformations (1)
- geostationary orbit (1)
- gequetschte Zustände (1)
- gestufte Oberfläche (1)
- giant vesicle (1)
- global description (1)
- globale Kupplung (1)
- globular clusters: individual: NGC 2808 (1)
- globular clusters: individual: NGC 3201 (1)
- glycolipids (1)
- gold cluster (1)
- gold nanoflowers (1)
- gold substrate (1)
- granite (1)
- granulare Kette (1)
- grating (1)
- gravitation (1)
- gravitational lensing: strong (1)
- gravitational-wave astronomy (1)
- green solvents (1)
- greenhouse gas (1)
- ground based gamma ray astronomy (1)
- ground state (1)
- ground-motion variability (1)
- growth (1)
- großräumige Struktur des Universums (1)
- großräumige Strukturen (1)
- guardrail approach (1)
- guided self assembly (1)
- habitability (1)
- halogen bonding (1)
- harmonic traps (1)
- healing (1)
- heart failure (1)
- heat capacity (1)
- heat flux (1)
- heat island (1)
- heat transfer (1)
- heat transport (1)
- heatwaves (1)
- helicity (1)
- helium-3 alternative (1)
- heterogeneous diffusion process (1)
- heterogeneous ensemble of Brownian particles (1)
- heterogeneous media (1)
- hierarchical model (1)
- hierarchisches Model (1)
- high energy physics (1)
- high harmonic (1)
- high harmonic generation (1)
- high impact polystyrene (1)
- high permittivity (1)
- high pressure (1)
- high resolution (1)
- high resolution x-ray diffraction (1)
- high vacuum (1)
- high-frequency force (1)
- high-latitudinal thermosphere (1)
- high-order phase coupling (1)
- high-performance computing (1)
- high-school education (1)
- higher-order effects (1)
- history and philosophy of astronomy (1)
- hochauflösende Röntgenstreuung (1)
- hohe Auflösung (1)
- hohe Permittivität (1)
- hoher Rotverschiebung (1)
- hole (1)
- hole extraction (1)
- hole selective materials (1)
- human behaviour (1)
- human dynamics (1)
- humidity (1)
- humidity sensor (1)
- hybrid manufacturing (1)
- hybrid material (1)
- hybrid multi-junction solar cell (1)
- hybrid nanoparticles (1)
- hybrid synthesis (1)
- hybrid thin solar cells (1)
- hybride Mehrschichtsolarzellen (1)
- hybride Solarzellen (1)
- hydrochemistry (1)
- hydrodynamic flow (1)
- hydrodynamic model (1)
- hydrodynamical model (1)
- hydrogen bonds (1)
- hydrology (1)
- hydrolysis (1)
- hyperbolic attractor (1)
- hypersound propagation (1)
- ice core (1)
- ice harboring (1)
- ice sheet modelling (1)
- ice-flow modeling (1)
- iceberg calving (1)
- identification (1)
- image analysis (1)
- image data analysis (1)
- image registration (1)
- imaging (1)
- impedance spectroscopy (1)
- implantable medical device (1)
- implants (1)
- importance sampling (1)
- imprinted electrodes (1)
- impulsive stimulated Raman scattering (1)
- impulsive stimulierte Raman Streuung (1)
- in situ (1)
- in situ monitoring (1)
- in-situ atomic force microscopy (1)
- incoherent light (1)
- incoherent radiation (1)
- individual (1)
- individual molecules spectroscopy (1)
- individual: CU Vir (1)
- induced fit (1)
- induzierte Passform (1)
- influence of weak magnetic fields on living systems (1)
- information (1)
- information theory (1)
- infrared (1)
- infrared: galaxies (1)
- infrared: general (1)
- infrared: planetary systems (1)
- infrared: stars (1)
- inquiry based learning (1)
- instability control (1)
- instructional (1)
- instructional explanation (1)
- instrumentation: adaptive optics (1)
- integral equation (1)
- integrated assessment (1)
- integrated optics (1)
- integration (1)
- integrierte Optik (1)
- integrierter Spektrograph (1)
- interaction (1)
- interactions (1)
- interface recombination (1)
- interfacial recombination (1)
- intermittency (1)
- intermolecular force (1)
- intermolecular interaction (1)
- intermolekülare Wechselwirkung (1)
- internal variability (1)
- international migration (1)
- international migration modeling (1)
- internationale Migration (1)
- interstellar matter (1)
- interstellar medium (1)
- interstellare Materie (1)
- intersystem crossing (1)
- intracellular transport (1)
- intrazellulärer Transport (1)
- inverse analysis (1)
- inverse scattering (1)
- ion beam (1)
- ion channels (1)
- ion mobility spectrometry (1)
- ion optics (1)
- ionic crosslinking (1)
- ionischer Self-Assembly (1)
- ions (1)
- iron cyanides (1)
- iron pentacarbonyl (1)
- iron(II) (1)
- irreversible volume-change (1)
- irreversible work share (1)
- isotope variations (1)
- isotropic fast mode turbulence (1)
- iterative Methoden zur Lösung linearer Systeme (1)
- iterative Rekonstruktion (1)
- iterative methods for sparse linear systems (1)
- iterative regularization (1)
- jet stream (1)
- jets (1)
- katalytische Isomerisation von Azobenzolen (1)
- kernel-based Bayesian inference (1)
- kernel-basierte Bayes'sche Inferenz (1)
- kind of radiation (1)
- kinetic (1)
- kinetic of cis-trans isomerization (1)
- kinetic-theory (1)
- kognitive Prozesse (1)
- kohärente Phononen (1)
- kollimation (1)
- komplex (1)
- komplexe Hirnnetzwerke (1)
- komplexes Netzwerk (1)
- kompression (1)
- kondensierte Materie (1)
- konfokales Laser-Scanning-Mikroskop (1)
- konische Kreuzung (1)
- kooperativer Transport (1)
- kortikale Netzwerke (1)
- kosmologische Computersimulationen (1)
- kritische Fluktuationen (1)
- kritischer Exponent (1)
- kritischer Kollaps (1)
- kryptografie (1)
- l-edge xas (1)
- laboratory x-ray diffraction (1)
- lacunae (1)
- lacuno-canalicular network (1)
- lakuno-kanaliculäres Netzwerk (1)
- land conversion (1)
- land use (1)
- langreichweitig (1)
- langreichweitige Korrelationen (1)
- langsam rotierende Kerr-Raumzeiten (1)
- language processing (1)
- large area devices (1)
- large-scale structure (1)
- large-scale structure formation (1)
- large-scale structure of Universe (1)
- laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) (1)
- laser remote sensing (1)
- laser-based additive manufacturing (1)
- late-type (1)
- lattice distortion (1)
- lattice gas (1)
- lattice models (1)
- layer-by-layer deposition (1)
- lead (1)
- lead halide perovskite films (1)
- lead halide perovskites (LHP) (1)
- leakage scheme (1)
- learning environment (1)
- leitfähige Polymere (1)
- levelized cost (1)
- licht-getrieben (1)
- lidar (1)
- ligand (1)
- light emission (1)
- light management (1)
- light modulator (1)
- light photocontrol (1)
- light responsive DNA (1)
- light responsive microgels (1)
- light responsive polymer brushes (1)
- light-driven (1)
- light-induced deformation (1)
- line search (1)
- linear stability analysis (1)
- lipid membranes (1)
- lipid-anchored saccharide (1)
- lipid-verankerte Saccharide (1)
- lipids (1)
- local density approximation (1)
- local group (1)
- locality (1)
- localization (1)
- localization microscopy (1)
- lokale Dichte-Näherung (1)
- lokalen Gruppe (1)
- long range (1)
- long-chain alkane (1)
- long-memory (1)
- long-range dependence (1)
- loop closure (1)
- loop quantum gravity (1)
- low (1)
- low donor content (1)
- low-density polyethylene (1)
- low-dimensional models (1)
- low-frequency force (1)
- lunar exploration (1)
- macro-economic modelling (1)
- macroeconomic impacts (1)
- magnesium oxide (1)
- magnetic and phononic system (1)
- magnetic beads (1)
- magnetic field generation (1)
- magnetic field satellites (1)
- magnetic microstructures (1)
- magnetic nanoparticles (1)
- magnetic noise (1)
- magnetic pressure (1)
- magnetic proximity effect (1)
- magnetisation (1)
- magnetische resonante Beugung (1)
- magnetischem Röntgendichroismus (XMCD) (1)
- magnetischer Näherungseffekt (1)
- magnetischer Zirkulardichroismus (1)
- magnetisches Rauschen (1)
- magnetisches und phononisches System (1)
- magnetizationdynamic (1)
- magneto-optics (1)
- magnetoconvection (1)
- magnetoelasticity (1)
- magnetohydrodynamic (1)
- magnetometer calibration (1)
- magnetosome chains (1)
- magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling (1)
- magnetotactic bacteria (1)
- magnetotaktische Bakterien (1)
- major mergers (1)
- makroökonomische Folgen (1)
- manifold detection (1)
- manipulation (1)
- manufacturing (AM) (1)
- markov processes (1)
- maschinelles Lernen (1)
- mass (1)
- mass extinctions (1)
- massereiche Sterne (1)
- massive stars (1)
- master (1)
- master equation (1)
- master equations (1)
- mathematics education (1)
- matrix composites (1)
- maximum entropy analysis (1)
- mean first passage times (1)
- mean free path (1)
- mean residence time (1)
- mean-field model (1)
- mean-field theory (1)
- meanfield (1)
- mechanical behavior (1)
- mechanical properties (1)
- mechanisches Verhalten (1)
- mechanisms (1)
- mechanosensor (1)
- mechanotransduction (1)
- melt-quench-anneal (1)
- membrane adhesion (1)
- membrane adhesion forces (1)
- membrane curvature (1)
- membrane tube (1)
- memory applications (1)
- memory kernel (1)
- menschliche Dynamik (1)
- mesoporous (1)
- mesoporous silicon (1)
- mesoporös (1)
- metal (1)
- metal carbonyls (1)
- metal matrix composite (1)
- metal nanoparticles (1)
- metal optics (1)
- metal/polymer interfaces (1)
- meteorology (1)
- methane localization (1)
- methods (1)
- methods: Data analysis (1)
- methods: MHD (1)
- methods: Observational (1)
- mhd turbulence (1)
- micelles (1)
- micro computed tomography (XCT) (1)
- micro swimmer (1)
- micro- and nanotechnologies (1)
- microchannel (1)
- microcracking (1)
- microfluidic paper analytic device (mu PAD) (1)
- microgel (1)
- micrometeorology (1)
- micropipetten (1)
- microsaccades (1)
- microstructure-property relations (1)
- microstructured fiber (1)
- microstructured surface (1)
- microstrukturierte Oberfläche (1)
- microswimmers (1)
- microtransport and -assembly (1)
- mid-temperature transition (1)
- mid-temperature transition(s) (1)
- mikrostrukturierte Faser (1)
- mineralization (1)
- miscellaneous (1)
- mixed domains (1)
- mixed-effect analysis (1)
- mixed-phase clouds (1)
- mixing parameterization (1)
- mobile ions (1)
- mobile-immobile model (1)
- mode stability (1)
- mode-locking (1)
- model coupling (1)
- modelling (1)
- modellinterne Variabilitaet (1)
- modified dispersion relations (1)
- modified electrode (1)
- modified gravitational dynamics (1)
- modular logic programs (1)
- mold (1)
- molecular brushes (1)
- molecular conformation (1)
- molecular crowding (1)
- molecular crystals (1)
- molecular doping (1)
- molecular force sensors (1)
- molecular hydrodynamics and (1)
- molecular motor (1)
- molecular overcrowding (1)
- molecular proton dynamics (1)
- molecular weight (1)
- molecular-structure (1)
- molecules (1)
- molekulare Kraftsensoren (1)
- molekulares Dotieren (1)
- mollifier method (1)
- monitoring (1)
- monsoon (1)
- morphogenesis (1)
- motility assay (1)
- motion (1)
- motion registration (1)
- motivation (1)
- motor cycle (1)
- motor velocity (1)
- multi protein complex formation (1)
- multi-change point detection (1)
- multi-messenger astrophysics (1)
- multi-scale (1)
- multi-spectrum regularization (1)
- multichannel (1)
- multicomponent system (1)
- multidimensional fractional diffusion equation (1)
- multiferroic heterostructure (1)
- multiferroischen Heterostruktur (1)
- multilayered coated and absorbing aerosol (1)
- multiple (1)
- multivariate analysis (1)
- multiwavelength lidar (1)
- music instruments (1)
- musical acoustics (1)
- musikalische Akustik (1)
- myosin II (1)
- n-isopropylacrylamide (1)
- nano-electrodes (1)
- nanocomposite (1)
- nanocomposites (1)
- nanofiber (1)
- nanomaterials (1)
- nanoparticle (1)
- nanoscale modeling (1)
- natriuretic peptide system (1)
- natural resources (biological and non-biological) (1)
- near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- nebulae: general (1)
- nematic LC (1)
- nematic liquid crystals (1)
- network dynamics (1)
- network inference (1)
- network reconstruction (1)
- network theory (1)
- neural (1)
- neuronal connectivity (1)
- neuronale Netze (1)
- neutron powder diffraction (1)
- neutron resonance spin-echo spectroscopy (1)
- neutron spin-echo (1)
- neutrons (1)
- neutrophils (1)
- new recursive algorithm (1)
- next generation Cherenkov telescopes (1)
- nichlineare Phononik (1)
- nicht geminale Rekombination (1)
- nicht klassische Zustände (1)
- nicht-Markovsche Dynamik (1)
- nicht-thermische Emission (1)
- nicht-thermische Strahlung (1)
- nichtgenestete Modellselektion (1)
- nichtgleichgewichts Dynamik (1)
- nichtlinear (1)
- nichtlineare Oszillationen (1)
- nichtlineare Wellenmischung (1)
- nichtlineare Zeitreihenanalyse (1)
- nichtstrahlende Verluste (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- noise-induced excitability (1)
- noise-induced oscillation suppression (1)
- non geminate recombination (1)
- non-Gaussian (1)
- non-Gaussian distribution (1)
- non-Gaussian probability (1)
- non-Langevin reduction factors (1)
- non-Markovian dynamics (1)
- non-classicality (1)
- non-contact heat transfer (1)
- non-equilibrium (1)
- non-equilibrium dynamics (1)
- non-equilibrium steady state (1)
- non-exponential relaxation (1)
- non-exponential statistics (1)
- non-extensive statistics (1)
- non-gaussianity (1)
- non-integer dimension (1)
- non-linear microscopy (1)
- non-linear optics (1)
- non-linear oscillators (1)
- non-nested model selection (1)
- non-radiative recombination (1)
- non-repudiation (1)
- non-thermal emission (1)
- non-thermal radiation (1)
- non-volatile memory (1)
- nonequilibrium physics (1)
- nonlinear Dynamics (1)
- nonlinear acoustics (1)
- nonlinear data analysis (1)
- nonlinear dynamical systems (1)
- nonlinear excited fluorescence (1)
- nonlinear frequency conversion (1)
- nonlinear invers problem (1)
- nonlinear lattice (1)
- nonlinear optics (1)
- nonlinear optimization (1)
- nonlinear systems (1)
- nonlocal coupled oscillators (1)
- nonlocally coupled phase oscillators (1)
- nonradiative losses (1)
- nonstationary diffusivity (1)
- novae (1)
- nucleation (1)
- nucleation and growth (1)
- nucleobase (1)
- nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) (1)
- nudging (1)
- numeric device simulations (1)
- numerical simulation (1)
- numerische Bauteilsimulationen (1)
- numerische Relativität (1)
- numerische Relativitätstheorie (1)
- numerische Relativiät (1)
- numerischen Relativitätstheorie (1)
- o (1)
- observables (1)
- observatory (1)
- ocean model (1)
- off-specular scattering (1)
- offenes Quantensystem (1)
- oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (1)
- on-farm evaluation (1)
- on-sky tests (1)
- one-dimensional Bose gas (1)
- onshore wind (1)
- opacity (1)
- open circuit voltage (1)
- open quantum system (1)
- open quantum systems (1)
- optical near-field (1)
- optical pump - X-ray probe spectroscopy (1)
- optical simulations (1)
- optical tomography (1)
- optically induced dynamics (1)
- optically thin clouds (1)
- optics (1)
- option pricing (1)
- optisch dünne Wolken (1)
- optisch induzierte Dynamik (1)
- optische Anregung (1)
- optische Spektroskopie (1)
- opto-mechanical stresses (1)
- optoelectronic measurements (1)
- optoelektronische Messungen (1)
- optoplasmonic (1)
- organ pipe (1)
- organ pipes (1)
- organic (1)
- organic crystal (1)
- organic electronic (1)
- organic electronics (1)
- organic field-effect transistors (1)
- organic semiconductors (1)
- organic semiconductors; (1)
- organic-inorganic hybrids (1)
- organisch-anorganische Hybride (1)
- organische Kristalle (1)
- organische Solarzelle (1)
- organischer Halbleiter (1)
- organohalide lead perovskites (1)
- orientation approaches (1)
- oscillation (1)
- overheating (1)
- oxidation state (1)
- oxygen plasma (1)
- ozone loss (1)
- p-type (1)
- paleoclimatology (1)
- parallel immobilization of biomolecules (1)
- parallele Immobilisierung von Biomolekülen (1)
- parameter (1)
- parametrically excited oscillator (1)
- parametrisch erregter Oszillator (1)
- part I (1)
- particle morphology (1)
- particle physics (1)
- particle transport (1)
- particle-in-cell simulations (1)
- passivation (1)
- pattern formation (1)
- patterning glass microfiber (1)
- patterns (1)
- pedagogical content knowledge (1)
- peptides (1)
- percolation (1)
- percolation threshold (1)
- period doubling (1)
- periodically poled material (1)
- perovskite oxides (1)
- perovskite semiconductors (1)
- perovskite solar cell (1)
- persistence (1)
- persistence length (1)
- perturbation approach (1)
- ph-responsive microgels (1)
- phase approximation (1)
- phase behavior (1)
- phase coupling (1)
- phase demodulation (1)
- phase diffusion (1)
- phase dynamics (1)
- phase equations (1)
- phase field model (1)
- phase lag (1)
- phase oscillator (1)
- phase response curve (1)
- phase rule (1)
- phase separation (1)
- phase space reconstruction (1)
- phase spectrum (1)
- phase-amplitude mixing (1)
- phase-transition boundary (1)
- phase-transitions (1)
- phenotypic heterogeneity (1)
- philosophy of science (1)
- phonon backfolding (1)
- phonon damping (1)
- phonon dynamics (1)
- phonon modes (1)
- phonon polariton (1)
- phonons (1)
- phospholipid membranes (1)
- photo electron spectroscopy (1)
- photo physics (1)
- photo-chemical pathways (1)
- photo-emission electron microscopy (PEEM) (1)
- photo-isomerization (1)
- photo-stimulated discharge (1)
- photoacoustic effect (1)
- photoakustischer Effekt (1)
- photodissociation (1)
- photodissociation region (PDR) (1)
- photoelectron microscopy (1)
- photoexcitation (1)
- photoexcited hole transfer (1)
- photogeneration (1)
- photoinduced dynamics (1)
- photoisomerization (1)
- photoluminescence quenching (1)
- photon statistics (1)
- photonic crystal (1)
- photonic crystal fibers (1)
- photoresponsive surfactants (1)
- photosensitive polymers (1)
- photosensitive soft objects (1)
- photovoltaic (1)
- photovoltaic devices (1)
- physical hydrogels (1)
- physics of musical instruments (1)
- picosecond acoustics (1)
- piezo-, pyro- and ferroelectricity (1)
- piezo-optical (1)
- piezo-optisch (1)
- piezoelectret (1)
- piezoelectrets (1)
- piezoelektrische Sensoren (1)
- pitch angle (1)
- pitch angle scattering (1)
- planar lightwave circuit (1)
- planare Lichtwellenleiter (1)
- planet (1)
- planetary (1)
- planetary nebulae: individual: SwSt1 (1)
- planetary rings (1)
- planetary wave propagation (1)
- planets and satellites: atmospheres (1)
- planets and satellites: composition (1)
- planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability (1)
- planets and satellites: gaseous planets (1)
- planets and satellites: individual (Saturn) (1)
- planning constraints (1)
- plant science (1)
- plasma flows (1)
- plasma pressure (1)
- plasmaspheric hiss (1)
- plasmaspheric plume (1)
- plasmon nano-particles (1)
- plasmonic catalysis (1)
- plasmonische Katalyse (1)
- plasmonische Nanopartikeln (1)
- point defect (1)
- polar (1)
- polar motion (1)
- polar research (1)
- polar vortex (1)
- polarization (1)
- policies (1)
- politics (1)
- poly(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) (1)
- poly(vinylidene fluoride) (1)
- poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) (1)
- poly-DADMAC (1)
- polydispersity (1)
- polyelectrolyte (1)
- polyelectrolyte brushes (1)
- polyelectrolyte multilayer (1)
- polyethylene nanocomposites (1)
- polyethylene terephthalate (1)
- polymer crystal orientation (1)
- polymer electrets (1)
- polymer ferroelectrets (1)
- polymer film (1)
- polymer foam (1)
- polymer physics (1)
- polymer-electret (1)
- polymer-foam films (1)
- polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction (1)
- polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (1)
- polypyrrole (1)
- polystyrene nano-spheres (1)
- polysulfobetaine (1)
- polysulfobetaines (1)
- polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (1)
- polythiohene (1)
- polyurethanes (1)
- polyzwitterions (1)
- population (1)
- population dynamics (1)
- populations (1)
- pore orientation (1)
- porosity analysis (1)
- porphyrin (1)
- positioning (1)
- positive solutions (1)
- post-Newton (1)
- post-depositional (1)
- post-translational (1)
- post-translationale Assemblierung (1)
- potential ene rgy surface (1)
- powder particle analysis (1)
- power conversion efficiency (1)
- power-system (1)
- practicum (1)
- precipitation (1)
- preconceptions (1)
- precursor (1)
- predictive modeling (1)
- preferred orientation (1)
- preparedness (1)
- pressure gradient (1)
- pressure-volume change (1)
- prestabilization (1)
- primordial black holes (1)
- printed electroacoustic thin-film transducers (1)
- printing (1)
- probabilistic inference (1)
- probe (1)
- process (1)
- process inference (1)
- process monitoring (1)
- professional knowledge (1)
- propellers (1)
- proteasome (1)
- protein interactions (1)
- protein kinetics (1)
- protein translocation (1)
- protein-protein interaction (1)
- protocols (1)
- proxy uncertainty (1)
- proxy understanding (1)
- pseudomonas putida (1)
- pulsars: individual: PSR B0833-45 (1)
- pulsars: individual: SXP 1062 (1)
- pulse compression (1)
- pulse front matching (1)
- pump-probe (1)
- pump-probe experiment (1)
- pupil remappers (1)
- purification (1)
- quality (1)
- quanteninformation (1)
- quantenkanal (1)
- quantenkodierung (1)
- quantifizierende Rekurrenzanalyse (1)
- quantitative Inhaltsanalyse (1)
- quantization of field theories (1)
- quantum (1)
- quantum channel (1)
- quantum computer (1)
- quantum correlations (1)
- quantum degenerate BEC FDS ultacold atoms (1)
- quantum electrodynamics (QED) (1)
- quantum fluctuations (1)
- quantum information (1)
- quantum many-body theory (1)
- quantum wire (1)
- quartz crystal microbalance (1)
- quasar: absorption line (1)
- quasars: (1)
- quasars: emission lines (1)
- quasars: individual: 3C 279 (1)
- quasars: individual: LBQS 0302-0018 (1)
- quasi-condensate (1)
- quasi-geostrophic model (1)
- quasi-geostropisches Modell (1)
- quasi-particle interaction (1)
- quasi-particles (1)
- quasiparticle interactions (1)
- quasiperiodic dynamical systems (1)
- quasiperiodisches dynamisches System (1)
- quenched energy landscape (1)
- quenching (1)
- radiation belt (1)
- radiation belt electrons (1)
- radiation belt forecasts (1)
- radiation load (1)
- radiation pressure (1)
- radio continuum: stars (1)
- radiobiology (1)
- radiography (1)
- rainy-season (1)
- raman (1)
- random forest (1)
- random search processes (1)
- random walks (1)
- ratchets (1)
- rate equation (1)
- raumartige Unendliche (1)
- reaction-diffusion models (1)
- reactions (1)
- reactive annealing (1)
- readout electronics (1)
- reaktives Anlassen (1)
- receptor (1)
- recombination losses (1)
- recombination order (1)
- recrystallization (1)
- recurrence network (1)
- recurrences (1)
- refined consensus model (1)
- refined spacetime geometries (1)
- reflected Brownian motion (1)
- reflection (1)
- regge calculus (1)
- regime shifts (1)
- regional (1)
- regional climate model (1)
- regional climate modelling (1)
- regional climate simulations (1)
- regional equity (1)
- regional modeling (1)
- regionale Klimamodellierung (1)
- regionale Klimasimulationen (1)
- regionales Klimamodell (1)
- regionales Modell (1)
- regression (1)
- regularization (1)
- rein optisches helizitätsabhängiges Schalten (AO-HDS) (1)
- relationships (1)
- relative total electron content (1)
- relativistic electron precipitation (1)
- relativistic hydrodynamics (1)
- relativistische Hydrodynamik (1)
- remagnetization (1)
- remote monitoring (1)
- remote sensing (1)
- renormalization and refinement limit (1)
- research priorities (1)
- resetting (1)
- residual stress analysis (1)
- resolution matrix (1)
- resonance fluorescence (1)
- resonant X-ray scattering (1)
- resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- resonant inelastic X-ray scattering; (1)
- resonant soft x-ray diffraction (1)
- resonante inelastische Röntgenstreuung (1)
- resonante weiche Röntgenbeugung (1)
- resource assessments (1)
- responsive polymer (1)
- retrieval (1)
- return level estimation (1)
- reversal (1)
- reversible work share (1)
- reversible-share-theorem (1)
- ribosome assembly (1)
- right limits (1)
- ring (1)
- ring current model (1)
- river floods (1)
- robotic (1)
- rock (1)
- rods (1)
- rollende Adhäsion (1)
- rotation curves of galaxies (1)
- rotational diffusion (1)
- roughness (1)
- räumliche Wiederkehr (1)
- rückgekoppelte Zufallsprozesse (1)
- saccade detection (1)
- satellite galaxies (1)
- scalability (1)
- scalar product of force and displacement (1)
- scaled Brownian motion (1)
- scanning tunneling microscopy (1)
- scanning tunneling spectroscopy (1)
- scattering resonances (1)
- school internship (1)
- science education (1)
- screen (1)
- sea level (1)
- sea-level rise (1)
- search dynamics (1)
- seasonal cyclone activity forecasts (1)
- seasonality (1)
- second-harmonic generation (1)
- secure communication (1)
- segmentations (1)
- sehr hohe Energien (1)
- seismicity (1)
- selbst-getriebene Partikel (1)
- selbsterhaltende Oszillatoren (1)
- selective contact (1)
- selective laser melting (1)
- self-assembly (1)
- self-gravity (1)
- self-organisation (1)
- self-organization (1)
- self-propelled particle (1)
- self-similarity (1)
- self-steepening (1)
- self-sufficiency (1)
- self-sustained Oscillators (1)
- self-sustained oscillations (1)
- seltene Erden (1)
- semantic incongruity (1)
- semi-empirical models (1)
- semiclassical states (1)
- semiconductor gratings (1)
- semiempirische Modelle (1)
- semiklassische Zustände (1)
- sensor (1)
- sensors and actuators (1)
- shear layers (1)
- sichere Übertragung (1)
- silica-on-silicon (1)
- silver (1)
- simulation of reciprocal space maps (1)
- simulations (1)
- single cell analysis (1)
- single molecule force spectroscopy (1)
- single-file motion (1)
- single-molecule (1)
- single-molecule biosensor (1)
- single-object detection (1)
- sink (1)
- sintering (1)
- skutterudite (1)
- slowly rotating Kerr spacetimes (1)
- small molecules (1)
- smart card (1)
- social acceptance (1)
- soft X-ray (1)
- soft X-ray absorption (1)
- soft electro-active materials (1)
- soft matter (1)
- soft matter physics (1)
- soft x-ray diffraction (1)
- solar corona (1)
- solar eruption (1)
- solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field influence (1)
- solare Eruption (1)
- solid complex preparation (1)
- solid state Laser (1)
- solid state physics (1)
- solid-liquid interface (1)
- solitary wave (1)
- solvation (1)
- solvatochromic fluorophore (1)
- solvent dependence (1)
- solvent vapor annealing (1)
- sound radiation (1)
- space charge field (1)
- space physics (1)
- space-charge and polarization profiles (1)
- space-charge effects (1)
- space-charge stability (1)
- space-like infinity (1)
- space-time fractional diffusion equation (1)
- spacetime geometry (1)
- spacing (1)
- spark plasma (1)
- spatial (1)
- spatial poisson distribution (1)
- spatial recurrence (1)
- special holonomy (1)
- spectra (1)
- spectrometry (1)
- spectroscopic (1)
- spektrale Leistungsdichte (1)
- spin (1)
- spin foam models (1)
- spin foams (1)
- spin glass (1)
- spin resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- spin state (1)
- spin structure (1)
- spin texture (1)
- spin waves (1)
- spin- and angle-resolved photoemission (1)
- spin-crossover (1)
- spin-dependent forces (1)
- spin-orbit coupling (1)
- spin-orbit interaction (1)
- spin-related factors (1)
- spin-state (1)
- spinaufgelöste Photoelektronenspektroskopie (1)
- spiral galaxies (1)
- spiro-OMeTAD (1)
- split Hopkinson pressure bar (1)
- spots (1)
- sputtering (1)
- squeezing entanglement (1)
- stabile Isotope (1)
- stabile Schichtung (1)
- stability (1)
- stability analysis (1)
- stable isotopes (1)
- stable stratification (1)
- stable water isotopes (1)
- star clusters (1)
- starch metabolism (1)
- stars : Wolf-Rayet (1)
- stars : atmospheres (1)
- stars : early-type (1)
- stars : evolution (1)
- stars : individual : xi Per (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Oph (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Ori (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Pup (1)
- stars : mass-loss (1)
- stars : winds, outflows (1)
- stars: Wolft-Rayet (1)
- stars: circumstellar matter (1)
- stars: distances (1)
- stars: early-typeP (1)
- stars: flare (1)
- stars: formation (1)
- stars: horizontal branch (1)
- stars: horizontal-branch (1)
- stars: individual (PHL 457, EQ Psc) (1)
- stars: individual: 4U1700-37 (1)
- stars: individual: DGCVn-gamma rays: stars (1)
- stars: individual: HD 137366 (1)
- stars: individual: HD 93129A (1)
- stars: individual: HR 5907 (1)
- stars: individual: PG 1610+062 (1)
- stars: individual: R 145 (1)
- stars: individual: SMC AB 6 (1)
- stars: individual: WR 7 (1)
- stars: late-type (1)
- stars: magnetars (1)
- stars: oscillations (1)
- stars: oscillations (including pulsations) (1)
- stars: variables: general (1)
- state model (1)
- state space modelling (1)
- state space reconstruction (1)
- statistical methods (1)
- statistische Methoden (1)
- steel and concrete structures (1)
- stellar activity (1)
- stellar interferometry (1)
- stellar surface (1)
- stellare Interferometrie (1)
- stellarer Inhalt (1)
- stepped surface (1)
- stimulated Brillouin scattering (1)
- stimuli-responsive structured polymer films (1)
- stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equation (1)
- stochastic bursting (1)
- stochastic differential equation (1)
- stochastic network (1)
- stochastic oscillations (1)
- stochastic ratchet (1)
- stochastic systems (1)
- stochastics (1)
- stochastische Dynamik (1)
- stochastische Ratsche (1)
- stochastische Systeme (1)
- stochastisches Netzwerk (1)
- stopped-flow (1)
- storage (1)
- strain (1)
- strain fields (1)
- strain gauges (1)
- strain sensors (1)
- strain-free lattice (1)
- stratosphere (1)
- stratospheric chemistry (1)
- stratospheric circulation (1)
- stress exponent (1)
- stress recovery (1)
- stress response (1)
- stress-relaxation (1)
- strong coupling (1)
- structur-function relationship (1)
- structural dynamics (1)
- structural properties (1)
- structure (1)
- structure of water (1)
- structure-property (1)
- structure-property relationships (1)
- structured substrates (1)
- structures (1)
- strukturelle Eigenschaften (1)
- strukturierte Substrate (1)
- stuck-at faults (1)
- students' conceptions (1)
- subgrain structure (1)
- summer (1)
- sunspots (1)
- superalloys (1)
- superconductor (1)
- superconductors (1)
- superdiffusion and (1)
- superlattice dispersion (1)
- superluminescent diodes (1)
- supernovae: general (1)
- support vector machines (1)
- surf (1)
- surface Brillouin zone (SBZ) (1)
- surface band bending (1)
- surface charge (1)
- surface charge stability (1)
- surface chemical treatment (1)
- surface cracks (1)
- surface emissivity (1)
- surface flow (1)
- surface functionalization (1)
- surface modification (1)
- surface morphology (1)
- surface photovoltage (1)
- surface reactivity (1)
- surface recombination (1)
- surface reconstruction (1)
- surface tension (1)
- surface treatment (1)
- surface wetting (1)
- surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (1)
- surface-relief gratings (1)
- surface-roughened (1)
- surfaces and interfaces (1)
- surfactant (1)
- surrogate method (1)
- surrogates (1)
- susceptibility (1)
- swarm mission (1)
- swelling (1)
- swelling behavior (1)
- switchSENSE (1)
- switchSENSE Technologie (1)
- symbolic regression (1)
- synchronisation (1)
- synchrotron X-ray diffraction (1)
- synchrotron X-ray refraction (1)
- synchrotron x-ray refraction radiography (SXRR) (1)
- synoptic cyclones (1)
- synoptische Zyklone (1)
- synthetic eumelanin (1)
- synthetisches Eumelanin (1)
- system (1)
- system-immanent forces (1)
- systemimmanente Kräfte (1)
- systems subjected to parameter drift (1)
- tailored pulse trains (1)
- tandem solar cell (1)
- task-based parallelism (1)
- tau proteins (1)
- teacher education (1)
- teacher professional development (1)
- techniques (1)
- techniques of optical spectroscopy: IR absorption (1)
- techniques: Image processing (1)
- techniques: radial velocities (1)
- teleconnection patterns (1)
- teleconnections (1)
- telegrapher's equation (1)
- telescope (1)
- telluride (1)
- tellurium (1)
- temperature proxy (1)
- temperature variability (1)
- tensor decompositions (1)
- terrace ... (1)
- terrigener Staub (1)
- terrigenous dust (1)
- thermal (1)
- thermal barrier coatings (1)
- thermal conductivity (1)
- thermal energy storage (1)
- thermal evolution (1)
- thermal expansion (1)
- thermal noise in mirror coatings (1)
- thermal stimulation of (1)
- thermal treatment (1)
- thermal wind equation (1)
- thermalization (1)
- thermally activated dynamics (1)
- thermally enhanced actuators (1)
- thermally stimulated depolarization current (1)
- thermisch aktivierte Dynamik (1)
- thermische Evolution (1)
- thermische Windgleichung (1)
- thermisches Rauschen in Spiegelbeschichtungen (1)
- thermo-luminescence (1)
- thermo-stimulated discharge (1)
- thermoacoustic effect (1)
- thermoacoustics (1)
- thermoactivational spectroscopy (1)
- thermoakustischer Effekt (1)
- thermodynamic structure (1)
- thermodynamische Struktur (1)
- thermoelectric materials (1)
- thermoelectric properties (1)
- thermoelectricity (1)
- thermoelectrics (1)
- thermophone (1)
- thermoresponsive polymers (1)
- theta (1)
- theta neurons (1)
- thickness insensitive active layers (1)
- thin flexible and conformable films (1)
- thin organic layers (1)
- thin-film solar cells (1)
- threshold voltages (1)
- through space NMR shieldings (1)
- time perception (1)
- time resolved (1)
- time resolved pump probe spectroscopy (1)
- time resolved spectroskopy (1)
- time reversal symmetry (1)
- time-resolved X-ray probing (1)
- time-resolved x-ray diffraction (1)
- timing resilient design (1)
- tipping elements (1)
- tissue engineering (1)
- to-coil transition (1)
- tolerable windows approach (1)
- tomography (XCT) (1)
- tomogrphy (1)
- topological community (1)
- topological insulators (1)
- topologische Isolatoren (1)
- total work (1)
- trade (1)
- traffic jams (1)
- trajectories (1)
- tranfer excited-state (1)
- transcrystalline polypropylene (1)
- transient absorption (1)
- transient absorption spectroscopy (1)
- transient grating (1)
- transient grating spectroscopy (1)
- transient methods (1)
- transient spectroscopy (1)
- transiente Messmethoden (1)
- transientes Gitter (1)
- transition (1)
- transition metal complexes (1)
- transition metal systems (1)
- transition metals (1)
- transition moment (1)
- transition state (1)
- transitive action (1)
- transkristallines Polypropylen (1)
- transparent conductors (1)
- transport and interaction phase (1)
- transport layer (1)
- transport layers (1)
- trap-depth (1)
- trapping (1)
- travelling waves (1)
- triple-axis spectroscopy (1)
- triple-cation perovskite (1)
- tug-of-war (1)
- turbulence control (1)
- turbulence measurement (1)
- twisted state (1)
- two-dimensional (1)
- ultra-fast laser inscription technology (1)
- ultra-high energy cosmic rays (1)
- ultrafast X-ray diffraction (1)
- ultrafast optics (1)
- ultrafast phenomena (1)
- ultrahochenergetische kosmische Strahlung (1)
- ultrarelativistic electrons (1)
- ultraschnelle Moleküldynamik (1)
- ultraschnelle Phänomene (1)
- ultraschnelle Röntgenbeugung (1)
- ultraschnelle Röntgendiffraktion (1)
- ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- ultraviolet: galaxies (1)
- ultraviolet: stars (1)
- undercooling (1)
- ungeordnete Systeme (1)
- upconversion nanoparticles (1)
- upper atmosphere model (1)
- urban (1)
- urbanisation (1)
- utility-scale batteries (1)
- vacuum fluctuations (1)
- valence band (VB) (1)
- valence band maximum (VBM) (1)
- valence band structure (1)
- van allen probes (RBSP) (1)
- van allen probes; (1)
- van der Waals forces (1)
- van der Waals-Kräfte (1)
- vapour deposition (1)
- variability (1)
- vegetation (1)
- verb (1)
- verb simulations; (1)
- verrauschte Oszillatoren (1)
- very-high energy (1)
- vesicles (1)
- vibrational resonance (1)
- vibrational spectroscopy (1)
- violin (1)
- virus (1)
- viscoelastic effects and anomalous diffusion (1)
- viscoplastic theory (1)
- viscosity (1)
- visibility (1)
- viskoplastische Theorie (1)
- visual fixation (1)
- wafers (1)
- walks (1)
- waste heat (1)
- water diffusion in the brain (1)
- water ice (1)
- water monitoring (1)
- water-interface (1)
- water-methane films (1)
- wave equation (1)
- wave particle interaction (1)
- wave scattering (1)
- wavelength shift (1)
- weak ergodicity breaking (1)
- wearable (1)
- weather (1)
- weather extremes (1)
- weighted (1)
- wetting transition (1)
- whispering gallery modes (1)
- white-light generation (1)
- wind (1)
- wind bubble (1)
- winkelaufgelöste Photoelektronenspektroskopie (1)
- wässrige Filme (1)
- x-ray (1)
- x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) (1)
- x-ray magnetic resonant diffraction (XMRD) (1)
- x-ray photoemission (1)
- x-ray-absorption (1)
- zebrafish (1)
- zeitaufgelöst (1)
- zeitaufgelöste Röntgenbeugung (1)
- zeitaufgelöste Spektroskopie (1)
- zeitverzögerte Selbstkopplung (1)
- zelluläre Kräfte (1)
- zero-power defense (1)
- zerstörungfreie Prüfung (1)
- zirkumgalaktischen Medium (1)
- zufälligen Diffusivität (1)
- zweite Harmonische (1)
- zwitterions (1)
- µCT (1)
- Ökologie (1)
- Ökonomisches Netzwerk (1)
- Überflutung (1)
- Übergang (1)
- Übergangsmetall - Komplexe (1)
- Übergangsmetalle (1)
- Übergangsmoment (1)
- Übergangszustand (1)
- Übergitter Dispersion (1)
- Überhitzung (1)
- äquatorialen Plasma-Verarmungen (1)
- азобензолсодержащие ПАВ (1)
- иперболический аттрактор (1)
- каталитическая изомеризация азобензолов (1)
- когомологии (1)
- комплекс де Рама (1)
- оллективная динамика (1)
- плазмонные наночастицы (1)
- показатель преломления азобензолов (1)
- проблема Неймана (1)
- синхронизация (1)
- теория Ходжа (1)
Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (1397)
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Dynamik komplexer Systeme (52)
- Extern (41)
- Institut für Chemie (38)
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät (25)
- Institut für Mathematik (21)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (14)
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (7)
- Institut für Umweltwissenschaften und Geographie (7)
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) e. V. (6)
Predicting the electron population of Earth's ring current during geomagnetic storms still remains a challenging task.
In this work, we investigate the sensitivity of 10 keV ring current electrons to different driving processes, parameterised by the Kp index, during several moderate and intense storms.
Results are validated against measurements from the Van Allen Probes satellites. Perturbing the Kp index allows us to identify the most dominant processes for moderate and intense storms respectively.
We find that during moderate storms (Kp < 6) the drift velocities mostly control the behaviour of low energy electrons, while loss from wave-particle interactions is the most critical parameter for quantifying the evolution of intense storms (Kp > 6). Perturbations of the Kp index used to drive the boundary conditions at GEO and set the plasmapause location only show a minimal effect on simulation results over a limited L range.
It is further shown that the flux at L & SIM; 3 is more sensitive to changes in the Kp index compared to higher L shells, making it a good proxy for validating the source-loss balance of a ring current model.
Motivated by recent epidemic outbreaks, including those of COVID-19, we solve the canonical problem of calculating the dynamics and likelihood of extensive outbreaks in a population within a large class of stochastic epidemic models with demographic noise, including the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model and its general extensions.
In the limit of large populations, we compute the probability distribution for all extensive outbreaks, including those that entail unusually large or small (extreme) proportions of the population infected.
Our approach reveals that, unlike other well-known examples of rare events occurring in discrete-state stochastic systems, the statistics of extreme outbreaks emanate from a full continuum of Hamiltonian paths, each satisfying unique boundary conditions with a conserved probability flux.
The first detections of black hole-neutron star mergers (GW200105 and GW200115) by the LIGO-Virgo-Kagra Collaboration mark a significant scientific breakthrough. The physical interpretation of pre- and postmerger signals requires careful cross-examination between observational and theoretical modelling results. Here we present the first set of black hole-neutron star simulations that were obtained with the numerical-relativity code BAM. Our initial data are constructed using the public LORENE spectral library, which employs an excision of the black hole interior. BAM, in contrast, uses the moving-puncture gauge for the evolution. Therefore, we need to "stuff" the black hole interior with smooth initial data to evolve the binary system in time. This procedure introduces constraint violations such that the constraint damping properties of the evolution system are essential to increase the accuracy of the simulation and in particular to reduce spurious center-of-mass drifts. Within BAM we evolve the Z4c equations and we compare our gravitational-wave results with those of the SXS collaboration and results obtained with the SACRA code. While we find generally good agreement with the reference solutions and phase differences less than or similar to 0.5 rad at the moment of merger, the absence of a clean convergence order in our simulations does not allow for a proper error quantification. We finally present a set of different initial conditions to explore how the merger of black hole neutron star systems depends on the involved masses, spins, and equations of state.
The nature of the sources powering nebular He II emission in star-forming galaxies remains debated, and various types of objects have been considered, including Wolf-Rayet stars, X-ray binaries, and Population III stars.
Modern X-ray observations show the ubiquitous presence of hot gas filling star-forming galaxies. We use a collisional ionization plasma code to compute the specific He II ionizing flux produced by hot gas and show that if its temperature is not too high (less than or similar to 2.5 MK), then the observed levels of soft diffuse X-ray radiation could explain He II ionization in galaxies.
To gain a physical understanding of this result, we propose a model that combines the hydrodynamics of cluster winds and hot superbubbles with observed populations of young massive clusters in galaxies. We find that in low-metallicity galaxies, the temperature of hot gas is lower and the production rate of He II ionizing photons is higher compared to high-metallicity galaxies. The reason is that the slower stellar winds of massive stars in lower-metallicity galaxies input less mechanical energy in the ambient medium.
Furthermore, we show that ensembles of star clusters up to similar to 10-20 Myr old in galaxies can produce enough soft X-rays to induce nebular He II emission. We discuss observations of the template low-metallicity galaxy I Zw 18 and suggest that the He II nebula in this galaxy is powered by a hot superbubble.
Finally, appreciating the complex nature of stellar feedback, we suggest that soft X-rays from hot superbubbles are among the dominant sources of He II ionizing flux in low-metallicity star-forming galaxies.
The addition of nano-Al2O3 has been shown to enhance the breakdown voltage of epoxy resin, but its flashover results appeared with disputation. This work concentrates on the surface charge variation and dc flashover performance of epoxy resin with nano-Al2O3 doping. The dispersion of nano-Al2O3 in epoxy is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The dc flashover voltages of samples under either positive or negative polarity are measured with a finger-electrode system, and the surface charge variations before and after flashovers were identified from the surface potential mapping. The results evidence that nano-Al2O3 would lead to a 16.9% voltage drop for the negative flashovers and a 6.8% drop for positive cases. It is found that one-time flashover clears most of the accumulated surface charges, regardless of positive or negative. As a result, the ground electrode is neighbored by an equipotential zone enclosed with low-density heterocharges. The equipotential zone tends to be broadened after 20 flashovers. The nano-Al2O3 is noticed as beneficial to downsize the equipotential zone due to its capability on charge migration, which is reasonable to maintain flashover voltage at a high level after multiple flashovers. Hence, nano-Al2O3 plays a significant role in improving epoxy with high resistance to multiple flashovers.
R-Group stabilization in methylated formamides observed by resonant inelastic X-ray scattering
(2022)
The inherent stability of methylated formamides is traced to a stabilization of the deep-lying sigma-framework by resonant inelastic X-ray scattering at the nitrogen K-edge. Charge transfer from the amide nitrogen to the methyl groups underlie this stabilization mechanism that leaves the aldehyde group essentially unaltered and explains the stability of secondary and tertiary amides.
Simple and robust
(2021)
A spectrum of 7562 publications on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) has been presented in literature within the last ten years (Scopus, September 7, 2020). Around 10 % of the papers published on MIPs describe the recognition of proteins. The straightforward synthesis of MIPs is a significant advantage as compared with the preparation of enzymes or antibodies. MIPs have been synthesized from only one up to six functional monomers while proteins are made up of 20 natural amino acids. Furthermore, they can be synthesized against structures of low immunogenicity and allow multi-analyte measurements via multi-target synthesis. Electrochemical methods allow simple polymer synthesis, removal of the template and readout. Among the different sensor configurations electrochemical MIP-sensors provide the broadest spectrum of protein analytes. The sensitivity of MIP-sensors is sufficiently high for biomarkers in the sub-nanomolar region, nevertheless the cross-reactivity of highly abundant proteins in human serum is still a challenge. MIPs for proteins offer innovative tools not only for clinical and environmental analysis, but also for bioimaging, therapy and protein engineering.
Destabilization of super-rotating Taylor-Couette flows by current-free helical magnetic fields
(2021)
In an earlier paper we showed that the combination of azimuthal magnetic fields and super-rotation in Taylor-Couette flows of conducting fluids can be unstable against non-axisymmetric perturbations if the magnetic Prandtl number of the fluid is Pm not equal 1. Here we demonstrate that the addition of a weak axial field component allows axisymmetric perturbation patterns for Pm of order unity depending on the boundary conditions. The axisymmetric modes only occur for magnetic Mach numbers (of the azimuthal field) of order unity, while higher values are necessary for the non-axisymmetric modes. The typical growth time of the instability and the characteristic time scale of the axial migration of the axisymmetric mode are long compared with the rotation period, but short compared with the magnetic diffusion time. The modes travel in the positive or negative z direction along the rotation axis depending on the sign of B phi Bz. We also demonstrate that the azimuthal components of flow and field perturbations travel in phase if vertical bar B phi vertical bar >> vertical bar B-z vertical bar, independent of the form of the rotation law. Within a short-wave approximation for thin gaps it is also shown (in an appendix) that for ideal fluids the considered helical magnetorotational instability only exists for rotation laws with negative shear.
Basal ice-shelf melting is the key driver of Antarctica's increasing sea-level contribution. In diminishing the buttressing force of the ice shelves that fringe the ice sheet, the melting increases the ice discharge into the ocean.
Here we contrast the influence of basal melting in two different ice-shelf regions on the time-dependent response of an isothermal, inherently buttressed ice-sheet-shelf system. In the idealized numerical simulations, the basal-melt perturbations are applied close to the grounding line in the ice-shelf's (1) ice-stream region, where the ice shelf is fed by the fastest ice masses that stream through the upstream bed trough and (2) shear margins, where the ice flow is slower.
The results show that melting below one or both of the shear margins can cause a decadal to centennial increase in ice discharge that is more than twice as large compared to a similar perturbation in the ice-stream region. We attribute this to the fact that melt-induced ice-shelf thinning in the central grounding-line region is attenuated very effectively by the fast flow of the central ice stream. In contrast, the much slower ice dynamics in the lateral shear margins of the ice shelf facilitate sustained ice-shelf thinning and thereby foster buttressing reduction.
Regardless of the melt location, a higher melt concentration toward the grounding line generally goes along with a stronger response. Our results highlight the vulnerability of outlet glaciers to basal melting in stagnant, buttressing-relevant ice-shelf regions, a mechanism that may gain importance under future global warming.
The application of the fractional calculus in the mathematical modelling of relaxation processes in complex heterogeneous media has attracted a considerable amount of interest lately.
The reason for this is the successful implementation of fractional stochastic and kinetic equations in the studies of non-Debye relaxation.
In this work, we consider the rotational diffusion equation with a generalised memory kernel in the context of dielectric relaxation processes in a medium composed of polar molecules. We give an overview of existing models on non-exponential relaxation and introduce an exponential resetting dynamic in the corresponding process.
The autocorrelation function and complex susceptibility are analysed in detail.
We show that stochastic resetting leads to a saturation of the autocorrelation function to a constant value, in contrast to the case without resetting, for which it decays to zero. The behaviour of the autocorrelation function, as well as the complex susceptibility in the presence of resetting, confirms that the dielectric relaxation dynamics can be tuned by an appropriate choice of the resetting rate.
The presented results are general and flexible, and they will be of interest for the theoretical description of non-trivial relaxation dynamics in heterogeneous systems composed of polar molecules.
Ion-mobility spectrometry shows great promise to tackle analytically challenging research questions by adding another separation dimension to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
The understanding of how analyte properties influence ion mobility has increased through recent studies, but no clear rationale for the design of customized experimental settings has emerged.
Here, we leverage machine learning to deepen our understanding of field asymmetric waveform ion-mobility spectrometry for the analysis of cross-linked peptides.
Knowing that predominantly m/z and then the size and charge state of an analyte influence the separation, we found ideal compensation voltages correlating with the size exclusion chromatography fraction number.
The effect of this relationship on the analytical depth can be substantial as exploiting it allowed us to almost double unique residue pair detections in a proteome-wide cross-linking experiment.
Other applications involving liquid- and gas-phase separation may also benefit from considering such parameter dependencies.
In this paper, we present a study comparing the depth to diameter (d/D) ratio of small simple craters (200-1000 m) of an area between -88.5 degrees to -90 degrees latitude at the lunar south pole containing Permanent Shadowed Regions (PSRs) versus craters without PSRs. As PSRs can reach temperatures of 110 K and are capable of harboring volatiles, especially water ice, we analyzed the relationship of depth versus diameter ratios and its possible implications for harboring water ice. Variations in the d/D ratios can also be caused by other processes such as degradation, isostatic adjustment, or differences in surface properties. The conducted d/D ratio analysis suggests that a differentiation between craters containing PSRs versus craters without PSRs occurs. Thus, a possible direct relation between d/D ratio, PSRs, and water ice harboring might exist. Our results suggest that differences in the target's surface properties may explain the obtained results. The resulting d/D ratios of craters with PSRs can help to select target areas for future In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) missions.
We show that, although the equilibrium band dispersion of the Shockley-type surface state of two-dimensional Au(111) quantum films grown on W(110) does not deviate from the expected free-electron-like behavior, its nonequilibrium energy-momentum dispersion probed by time- and angle-resolved photoemission exhibits a remarkable kink above the Fermi level due to a significant enhancement of the effective mass. The kink is pronounced for certain thicknesses of the Au quantum well and vanishes in the very thin limit. We identify the kink as induced by the coupling between the Au(111) surface state and emergent quantum-well states which probe directly the buried gold-tungsten interface. The signatures of the coupling are further revealed by our time-resolved measurements which show that surface state and quantum-well states thermalize together behaving as dynamically locked electron populations. In particular, relaxation of hot carriers following laser excitation is similar for both surface state and quantum-well states and much slower than expected for a bulk metallic system. The influence of quantum confinement on the interplay between elementary scattering processes of the electrons at the surface and ultrafast carrier transport in the direction perpendicular to the surface is shown to be the reason for the slow electron dynamics.
We show that, although the equilibrium band dispersion of the Shockley-type surface state of two-dimensional Au(111) quantum films grown on W(110) does not deviate from the expected free-electron-like behavior, its nonequilibrium energy-momentum dispersion probed by time- and angle-resolved photoemission exhibits a remarkable kink above the Fermi level due to a significant enhancement of the effective mass. The kink is pronounced for certain thicknesses of the Au quantum well and vanishes in the very thin limit. We identify the kink as induced by the coupling between the Au(111) surface state and emergent quantum-well states which probe directly the buried gold-tungsten interface. The signatures of the coupling are further revealed by our time-resolved measurements which show that surface state and quantum-well states thermalize together behaving as dynamically locked electron populations. In particular, relaxation of hot carriers following laser excitation is similar for both surface state and quantum-well states and much slower than expected for a bulk metallic system. The influence of quantum confinement on the interplay between elementary scattering processes of the electrons at the surface and ultrafast carrier transport in the direction perpendicular to the surface is shown to be the reason for the slow electron dynamics.
The performance of the recently commissioned spectrometer PEAXIS for resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering (RIXS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and its hosting beamline U41-PEAXIS at the BESSY II synchrotron are characterized. The beamline provides linearly polarized light from 180 eV to 1600 eV allowing for RIXS measurements in the range 200-1200 eV. The monochromator optics can be operated in different configurations to provide either high flux with up to 10(12) photons s(-1) within the focal spot at the sample or high energy resolution with a full width at half maximum of <40 meV at an incident photon energy of similar to 400 eV. The measured total energy resolution of the RIXS spectrometer is in very good agreement with theoretically predicted values obtained by ray-tracing simulations. PEAXIS features a 5 m-long RIXS spectrometer arm that can be continuously rotated about the sample position by 106 degrees within the horizontal photon scattering plane, thus enabling the study of momentum-transfer-dependent excitations. Selected scientific examples are presented to demonstrate the instrument capabilities, including measurements of excitations in single-crystalline NiO and in liquid acetone employing a fluid cell sample manipulator. Planned upgrades of the beamline and the RIXS spectrometer to further increase the energy resolution to similar to 100 meV at 1000 eV incident photon energy are discussed.
In the data analysis of oscillatory systems, methods based on phase reconstruction are widely used to characterize phase-locking properties and inferring the phase dynamics. The main component in these studies is an extraction of the phase from a time series of an oscillating scalar observable. We discuss a practical procedure of phase reconstruction by virtue of a recently proposed method termed iterated Hilbert transform embeddings. We exemplify the potential benefits and limitations of the approach by applying it to a generic observable of a forced Stuart-Landau oscillator. Although in many cases, unavoidable amplitude modulation of the observed signal does not allow for perfect phase reconstruction, in cases of strong stability of oscillations and a high frequency of the forcing, iterated Hilbert transform embeddings significantly improve the quality of the reconstructed phase. We also demonstrate that for significant amplitude modulation, iterated embeddings do not provide any improvement.
The quantification of spatial propagation of extreme precipitation events is vital in water resources planning and disaster mitigation. However, quantifying these extreme events has always been challenging as many traditional methods are insufficient to capture the nonlinear interrelationships between extreme event time series. Therefore, it is crucial to develop suitable methods for analyzing the dynamics of extreme events over a river basin with a diverse climate and complicated topography. Over the last decade, complex network analysis emerged as a powerful tool to study the intricate spatiotemporal relationship between many variables in a compact way. In this study, we employ two nonlinear concepts of event synchronization and edit distance to investigate the extreme precipitation pattern in the Ganga river basin. We use the network degree to understand the spatial synchronization pattern of extreme rainfall and identify essential sites in the river basin with respect to potential prediction skills. The study also attempts to quantify the influence of precipitation seasonality and topography on extreme events. The findings of the study reveal that (1) the network degree is decreased in the southwest to northwest direction, (2) the timing of 50th percentile precipitation within a year influences the spatial distribution of degree, (3) the timing is inversely related to elevation, and (4) the lower elevation greatly influences connectivity of the sites. The study highlights that edit distance could be a promising alternative to analyze event-like data by incorporating event time and amplitude and constructing complex networks of climate extremes.
We present a comparative study of the gas-phase UV spectra of uracil and its thionated counterparts (2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil and 2,4-dithiouracil), closely supported by time-dependent density functional theory calculations to assign the transitions observed. We systematically discuss pure gas-phase spectra for the (thio)uracils in the range of 200-400 nm (similar to 3.2-6.4 eV), and examine the spectra of all four species with a single theoretical approach. We note that specific vibrational modelling is needed to accurately determine the spectra across the examined wavelength range, and systematically model the transitions that appear at wavelengths shorter than 250 nm. Additionally, we find in the cases of 2-thiouracil and 2,4-dithiouracil, that the gas-phase spectra deviate significantly from some previously published solution-phase spectra, especially those collected in basic environments.
The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of state-of-the-art organic solar cells is still limited by significant open-circuit voltage (V-OC) losses, partly due to the excitonic nature of organic materials and partly due to ill-designed architectures. Thus, quantifying different contributions of the V-OC losses is of importance to enable further improvements in the performance of organic solar cells. Herein, the spectroscopic and semiconductor device physics approaches are combined to identify and quantify losses from surface recombination and bulk recombination. Several state-of-the-art systems that demonstrate different V-OC losses in their performance are presented. By evaluating the quasi-Fermi level splitting (QFLS) and the V-OC as a function of the excitation fluence in nonfullerene-based PM6:Y6, PM6:Y11, and fullerene-based PPDT2FBT:PCBM devices with different architectures, the voltage losses due to different recombination processes occurring in the active layers, the transport layers, and at the interfaces are assessed. It is found that surface recombination at interfaces in the studied solar cells is negligible, and thus, suppressing the non-radiative recombination in the active layers is the key factor to enhance the PCE of these devices. This study provides a universal tool to explain and further improve the performance of recently demonstrated high-open-circuit-voltage organic solar cells.
Macro-economic assessments of climate impacts lack an analysis of the distribution of daily rainfall, which can resolve both complex societal impact channels and anthropogenically forced changes(1-6). Here, using a global panel of subnational economic output for 1,554 regions worldwide over the past 40 years, we show that economic growth rates are reduced by increases in the number of wet days and in extreme daily rainfall, in addition to responding nonlinearly to the total annual and to the standardized monthly deviations of rainfall. Furthermore, high-income nations and the services and manufacturing sectors are most strongly hindered by both measures of daily rainfall, complementing previous work that emphasized the beneficial effects of additional total annual rainfall in low-income, agriculturally dependent economies(4,7). By assessing the distribution of rainfall at multiple timescales and the effects on different sectors, we uncover channels through which climatic conditions can affect the economy. These results suggest that anthropogenic intensification of daily rainfall extremes(8-10) will have negative global economic consequences that require further assessment by those who wish to evaluate the costs of anthropogenic climate change.
Pre-service physics teachers often do not recognise the relevance for their future career in their university content knowledge courses. A lower perceived relevance can, however, have a negative effect on their motivation and on their academic success. Several intervention studies have been undertaken with the goal to increase this perceived relevance. A previous study shows that conceptual physics problems used in university physics courses are perceived by pre-service physics teachers as more relevant for their future career than regular, quantitative problems. It is however not clear, what the students' meaning of the construct 'relevance' is: what makes a problem more relevant to them than another problem? To answer this question, N = 7 pre-service teachers were interviewed using the repertory grid technique, based on the personal construct theory. Nine physics problems were discussed with regards to their perceived relevance and with regards to problem properties that distinguish these problems from each other. We are able to identify six problem properties that have a positive influence on the perceived relevance. Physics problems that are based on these properties should therefore potentially have a higher perceived relevance, which can have a positive effect on the motivation of the pre-service teachers who solve these problems.
A synthesis route to controlled and dynamic single polymer chain folding is reported. Sequence-controlled macromolecules containing precisely located selenol moieties within a polymer chain are synthesized. Oxidation of selenol functionalities lead to diselenide bridges and induces controlled intramolecular crosslinking to generate single chain collapse. The cyclization process is successfully characterized by SEC as well as by H-1 NMR and 2D HSQC NMR spectroscopies. In order to gain insight on the molecular level to reveal the degree of structural control, the folded polymers are transformed into folded molecular brushes that are known to be visualizable as single molecule structures by AFM. The "grafting onto" approach is performed by using triazolinedione-diene reaction to graft the side chain polymers. A series of folded molecular brushes as well as the corresponding linear controls are synthesized. AFM visualization is proving the cyclization of the folded backbone by showing globular objects, where non-folded brushes show typical worm-like structures. (C) 2019 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A synthesis route to controlled and dynamic single polymer chain folding is reported. Sequence-controlled macromolecules containing precisely located selenol moieties within a polymer chain are synthesized. Oxidation of selenol functionalities lead to diselenide bridges and induces controlled intramolecular crosslinking to generate single chain collapse. The cyclization process is successfully characterized by SEC as well as by H-1 NMR and 2D HSQC NMR spectroscopies. In order to gain insight on the molecular level to reveal the degree of structural control, the folded polymers are transformed into folded molecular brushes that are known to be visualizable as single molecule structures by AFM. The "grafting onto" approach is performed by using triazolinedione-diene reaction to graft the side chain polymers. A series of folded molecular brushes as well as the corresponding linear controls are synthesized. AFM visualization is proving the cyclization of the folded backbone by showing globular objects, where non-folded brushes show typical worm-like structures. (C) 2019 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bacterial chemotaxis-a fundamental example of directional navigation in the living world-is key to many biological processes, including the spreading of bacterial infections. Many bacterial species were recently reported to exhibit several distinct swimming modes-the flagella may, for example, push the cell body or wrap around it. How do the different run modes shape the chemotaxis strategy of a multimode swimmer? Here, we investigate chemotactic motion of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida as a model organism. By simultaneously tracking the position of the cell body and the configuration of its flagella, we demonstrate that individual run modes show different chemotactic responses in nutrition gradients and, thus, constitute distinct behavioral states. On the basis of an active particle model, we demonstrate that switching between multiple run states that differ in their speed and responsiveness provides the basis for robust and efficient chemotaxis in complex natural habitats.
Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a widely applied characterization technique for semiconductor materials in general and halide perovskite solar cell materials in particular. It can give direct information on the recombination kinetics and processes as well as the internal electrochemical potential of free charge carriers in single semiconductor layers, layer stacks with transport layers, and complete solar cells. The correct evaluation and interpretation of photoluminescence requires the consideration of proper excitation conditions, calibration and application of the appropriate approximations to the rather complex theory, which includes radiative recombination, non-radiative recombination, interface recombination, charge transfer, and photon recycling. In this article, an overview is given of the theory and application to specific halide perovskite compositions, illustrating the variables that should be considered when applying photoluminescence analysis in these materials.
Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a widely applied characterization technique for semiconductor materials in general and halide perovskite solar cell materials in particular. It can give direct information on the recombination kinetics and processes as well as the internal electrochemical potential of free charge carriers in single semiconductor layers, layer stacks with transport layers, and complete solar cells. The correct evaluation and interpretation of photoluminescence requires the consideration of proper excitation conditions, calibration and application of the appropriate approximations to the rather complex theory, which includes radiative recombination, non-radiative recombination, interface recombination, charge transfer, and photon recycling. In this article, an overview is given of the theory and application to specific halide perovskite compositions, illustrating the variables that should be considered when applying photoluminescence analysis in these materials.
Transparent conductive materials based on indium oxide remain yet irreplaceable in various optoelectronic applications. Amorphous oxides appear especially attractive for technology as they are isotropic, demonstrate relatively high electron mobility and can be processed at low temperatures. Among them is indium zinc oxide (IZO) with a large zinc content that is crucial for keeping the amorphous state but redundant for the doping. In this work we investigated water-free and water containing IZO films obtained by radio frequency sputtering. The correlation between temperature driven changes of the chemical state, the optical and electrical properties as well as the progression of crystallization was in focus. Such characterization methods as: scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, temperature dependent Hall-effect measurements and others were applied. Temperature dependent electrical properties of amorphous IZO and IZO:H2O films were found to evolve similarly. Based on our experience in In2O3:H2O (In2O3:H or IOH) we proposed an explanation for the changes observed. Water admixture was found to decrease crystallization temperature of IZO significantly from similar to 550 degrees C to similar to 280 degrees C. Herewith, the presence and concentration of water and/or hydroxyls was found to determine Zn distribution in the film. In particular, Zn enrichment was detected at the film's surface respective to the high water and/or hydroxyl amount. Raman spectra revealed a two-dimensional crystallization of w-ZnO which precedes regardless water presence an extensive In2O3 crystallization. An abrupt loss of electron mobility as a result of crystallization was attributed to the formation of ZnO interlayer on grain boundaries.
We investigate the initiation and early evolution of 12 solar eruptions, including six active-region hot channel and six quiescent filament eruptions, which were well observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory, as well as by the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory for the latter. The sample includes one failed eruption and 11 coronal mass ejections, with velocities ranging from 493 to 2140 km s(-1). A detailed analysis of the eruption kinematics yields the following main results. (1) The early evolution of all events consists of a slow-rise phase followed by a main-acceleration phase, the height-time profiles of which differ markedly and can be best fit, respectively, by a linear and an exponential function. This indicates that different physical processes dominate in these phases, which is at variance with models that involve a single process. (2) The kinematic evolution of the eruptions tends to be synchronized with the flare light curve in both phases. The synchronization is often but not always close. A delayed onset of the impulsive flare phase is found in the majority of the filament eruptions (five out of six). This delay and its trend to be larger for slower eruptions favor ideal MHD instability models. (3) The average decay index at the onset heights of the main acceleration is close to the threshold of the torus instability for both groups of events (although, it is based on a tentative coronal field model for the hot channels), suggesting that this instability initiates and possibly drives the main acceleration.
We investigate the initiation and early evolution of 12 solar eruptions, including six active-region hot channel and six quiescent filament eruptions, which were well observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory, as well as by the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory for the latter. The sample includes one failed eruption and 11 coronal mass ejections, with velocities ranging from 493 to 2140 km s(-1). A detailed analysis of the eruption kinematics yields the following main results. (1) The early evolution of all events consists of a slow-rise phase followed by a main-acceleration phase, the height-time profiles of which differ markedly and can be best fit, respectively, by a linear and an exponential function. This indicates that different physical processes dominate in these phases, which is at variance with models that involve a single process. (2) The kinematic evolution of the eruptions tends to be synchronized with the flare light curve in both phases. The synchronization is often but not always close. A delayed onset of the impulsive flare phase is found in the majority of the filament eruptions (five out of six). This delay and its trend to be larger for slower eruptions favor ideal MHD instability models. (3) The average decay index at the onset heights of the main acceleration is close to the threshold of the torus instability for both groups of events (although, it is based on a tentative coronal field model for the hot channels), suggesting that this instability initiates and possibly drives the main acceleration.
Fluorination of organic spacer impacts on the structural and optical response of 2D perovskites
(2020)
Low-dimensional hybrid perovskites have triggered significant research interest due to their intrinsically tunable optoelectronic properties and technologically relevant material stability. In particular, the role of the organic spacer on the inherent structural and optical features in two-dimensional (2D) perovskites is paramount for material optimization. To obtain a deeper understanding of the relationship between spacers and the corresponding 2D perovskite film properties, we explore the influence of the partial substitution of hydrogen atoms by fluorine in an alkylammonium organic cation, resulting in (Lc)(2)PbI4 and (Lf)(2)PbI4 2D perovskites, respectively. Consequently, optical analysis reveals a clear 0.2 eV blue-shift in the excitonic position at room temperature. This result can be mainly attributed to a band gap opening, with negligible effects on the exciton binding energy. According to Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, the band gap increases due to a larger distortion of the structure that decreases the atomic overlap of the wavefunctions and correspondingly bandwidth of the valence and conduction bands. In addition, fluorination impacts the structural rigidity of the 2D perovskite, resulting in a stable structure at room temperature and the absence of phase transitions at a low temperature, in contrast to the widely reported polymorphism in some non-fluorinated materials that exhibit such a phase transition. This indicates that a small perturbation in the material structure can strongly influence the overall structural stability and related phase transition of 2D perovskites, making them more robust to any phase change. This work provides key information on how the fluorine content in organic spacer influence the structural distortion of 2D perovskites and their optical properties which possess remarkable importance for future optoelectronic applications, for instance in the field of light-emitting devices or sensors.
Fluorination of organic spacer impacts on the structural and optical response of 2D perovskites
(2020)
Low-dimensional hybrid perovskites have triggered significant research interest due to their intrinsically tunable optoelectronic properties and technologically relevant material stability. In particular, the role of the organic spacer on the inherent structural and optical features in two-dimensional (2D) perovskites is paramount for material optimization. To obtain a deeper understanding of the relationship between spacers and the corresponding 2D perovskite film properties, we explore the influence of the partial substitution of hydrogen atoms by fluorine in an alkylammonium organic cation, resulting in (Lc)(2)PbI4 and (Lf)(2)PbI4 2D perovskites, respectively. Consequently, optical analysis reveals a clear 0.2 eV blue-shift in the excitonic position at room temperature. This result can be mainly attributed to a band gap opening, with negligible effects on the exciton binding energy. According to Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, the band gap increases due to a larger distortion of the structure that decreases the atomic overlap of the wavefunctions and correspondingly bandwidth of the valence and conduction bands. In addition, fluorination impacts the structural rigidity of the 2D perovskite, resulting in a stable structure at room temperature and the absence of phase transitions at a low temperature, in contrast to the widely reported polymorphism in some non-fluorinated materials that exhibit such a phase transition. This indicates that a small perturbation in the material structure can strongly influence the overall structural stability and related phase transition of 2D perovskites, making them more robust to any phase change. This work provides key information on how the fluorine content in organic spacer influence the structural distortion of 2D perovskites and their optical properties which possess remarkable importance for future optoelectronic applications, for instance in the field of light-emitting devices or sensors.
Organic photovoltaics based on non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) show record efficiency of 16 to 17% and increased photovoltage owing to the low driving force for interfacial charge-transfer. However, the low driving force potentially slows down charge generation, leading to a tradeoff between voltage and current. Here, we disentangle the intrinsic charge-transfer rates from morphology-dependent exciton diffusion for a series of polymer:NFA systems. Moreover, we establish the influence of the interfacial energetics on the electron and hole transfer rates separately. We demonstrate that charge-transfer timescales remain at a few hundred femtoseconds even at near-zero driving force, which is consistent with the rates predicted by Marcus theory in the normal region, at moderate electronic coupling and at low re-organization energy. Thus, in the design of highly efficient devices, the energy offset at the donor:acceptor interface can be minimized without jeopardizing the charge-transfer rate and without concerns about a current-voltage tradeoff.
Organic photovoltaics based on non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) show record efficiency of 16 to 17% and increased photovoltage owing to the low driving force for interfacial charge-transfer. However, the low driving force potentially slows down charge generation, leading to a tradeoff between voltage and current. Here, we disentangle the intrinsic charge-transfer rates from morphology-dependent exciton diffusion for a series of polymer:NFA systems. Moreover, we establish the influence of the interfacial energetics on the electron and hole transfer rates separately. We demonstrate that charge-transfer timescales remain at a few hundred femtoseconds even at near-zero driving force, which is consistent with the rates predicted by Marcus theory in the normal region, at moderate electronic coupling and at low re-organization energy. Thus, in the design of highly efficient devices, the energy offset at the donor:acceptor interface can be minimized without jeopardizing the charge-transfer rate and without concerns about a current-voltage tradeoff.
According to established understanding, deep-water formation in the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean keeps the deep ocean cold, counter-acting the downward mixing of heat from the warmer surface waters in the bulk of the world ocean. Therefore, periods of strong Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) are expected to coincide with cooling of the deep ocean and warming of the surface waters. It has recently been proposed that this relation may have reversed due to global warming, and that during the past decades a strong AMOC coincides with warming of the deep ocean and relative cooling of the surface, by transporting increasingly warmer waters downward. Here we present multiple lines of evidence, including a statistical evaluation of the observed global mean temperature, ocean heat content, and different AMOC proxies, that lead to the opposite conclusion: even during the current ongoing global temperature rise a strong AMOC warms the surface. The observed weakening of the AMOC has therefore delayed global surface warming rather than enhancing it.
Social Media Abstract:
The overturning circulation in the Atlantic Ocean has weakened in response to global warming, as predicted by climate models. Since it plays an important role in transporting heat, nutrients and carbon, a slowdown will affect global climate processes and the global mean temperature. Scientists have questioned whether this slowdown has worked to cool or warm global surface temperatures. This study analyses the overturning strength and global mean temperature evolution of the past decades and shows that a slowdown acts to reduce the global mean temperature. This is because a slower overturning means less water sinks into the deep ocean in the subpolar North Atlantic. As the surface waters are cold there, the sinking normally cools the deep ocean and thereby indirectly warms the surface, thus less sinking implies less surface warming and has a cooling effect. For the foreseeable future, this means that the slowing of the overturning will likely continue to slightly reduce the effect of the general warming due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations.
Non-linear dielectric spectroscopy (NLDS) is employed as an effective tool to study relaxation processes and phase transitions of a poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)) relaxor-ferroelectric (R-F) terpolymer in detail. Measurements of the non-linear dielectric permittivity epsilon 2 ' reveal peaks at 30 and 80 degrees C that cannot be identified in conventional dielectric spectroscopy. By combining the results from NLDS experiments with those from other techniques such as thermally stimulated depolarization and dielectric-hysteresis studies, it is possible to explain the processes behind the additional peaks. The former peak, which is associated with the mid-temperature transition, is found in all other vinylidene fluoride-based polymers and may help to understand the non-zero epsilon 2 ' values that are detected on the paraelectric phase of the terpolymer. The latter peak can also be observed during cooling of P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer samples at 100 degrees C and is due to conduction and space-charge polarization as a result of the accumulation of real charges at the electrode-sample interface.
In classical thermodynamic processes the unavoidable presence of irreversibility, quantified by the entropy production, carries two energetic footprints: the reduction of extractable work from the optimal, reversible case, and the generation of a surplus of heat that is irreversibly dissipated to the environment. Recently it has been shown that in the quantum regime an additional quantum irreversibility occurs that is linked to decoherence into the energy basis. Here we employ quantum trajectories to construct distributions for classical heat and quantum heat exchanges, and show that the heat footprint of quantum irreversibility differs markedly from the classical case. We also quantify how quantum irreversibility reduces the amount of work that can be extracted from a state with coherences. Our results show that decoherence leads to both entropic and energetic footprints which both play an important role in the optimization of controlled quantum operations at low temperature.
In classical thermodynamics irreversibility occurs whenever a non-thermal system is brought into contact with a thermal environment. Using quantum trajectories the authors here establish two energetic footprints of quantum irreversible processes, and find that while quantum irreversibility leads to the occurrence of a quantum heat and a reduction of work production, the two are not linked in the same manner as the classical laws of thermodynamics would dictate.
In classical thermodynamic processes the unavoidable presence of irreversibility, quantified by the entropy production, carries two energetic footprints: the reduction of extractable work from the optimal, reversible case, and the generation of a surplus of heat that is irreversibly dissipated to the environment. Recently it has been shown that in the quantum regime an additional quantum irreversibility occurs that is linked to decoherence into the energy basis. Here we employ quantum trajectories to construct distributions for classical heat and quantum heat exchanges, and show that the heat footprint of quantum irreversibility differs markedly from the classical case. We also quantify how quantum irreversibility reduces the amount of work that can be extracted from a state with coherences. Our results show that decoherence leads to both entropic and energetic footprints which both play an important role in the optimization of controlled quantum operations at low temperature.
In classical thermodynamics irreversibility occurs whenever a non-thermal system is brought into contact with a thermal environment. Using quantum trajectories the authors here establish two energetic footprints of quantum irreversible processes, and find that while quantum irreversibility leads to the occurrence of a quantum heat and a reduction of work production, the two are not linked in the same manner as the classical laws of thermodynamics would dictate.
Estimating global mean sea-level rise and its uncertainties by 2100 and 2300 from an expert survey
(2020)
Sea-level rise projections and knowledge of their uncertainties are vital to make informed mitigation and adaptation decisions. To elicit projections from members of the scientific community regarding future global mean sea-level (GMSL) rise, we repeated a survey originally conducted five years ago. Under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6, 106 experts projected a likely (central 66% probability) GMSL rise of 0.30-0.65 m by 2100, and 0.54-2.15 m by 2300, relative to 1986-2005. Under RCP 8.5, the same experts projected a likely GMSL rise of 0.63-1.32 m by 2100, and 1.67-5.61 m by 2300. Expert projections for 2100 are similar to those from the original survey, although the projection for 2300 has extended tails and is higher than the original survey. Experts give a likelihood of 42% (original survey) and 45% (current survey) that under the high-emissions scenario GMSL rise will exceed the upper bound (0.98 m) of the likely range estimated by the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is considered to have an exceedance likelihood of 17%. Responses to open-ended questions suggest that the increases in upper-end estimates and uncertainties arose from recent influential studies about the impact of marine ice cliff instability on the meltwater contribution to GMSL rise from the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Estimating global mean sea-level rise and its uncertainties by 2100 and 2300 from an expert survey
(2020)
Sea-level rise projections and knowledge of their uncertainties are vital to make informed mitigation and adaptation decisions. To elicit projections from members of the scientific community regarding future global mean sea-level (GMSL) rise, we repeated a survey originally conducted five years ago. Under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6, 106 experts projected a likely (central 66% probability) GMSL rise of 0.30-0.65 m by 2100, and 0.54-2.15 m by 2300, relative to 1986-2005. Under RCP 8.5, the same experts projected a likely GMSL rise of 0.63-1.32 m by 2100, and 1.67-5.61 m by 2300. Expert projections for 2100 are similar to those from the original survey, although the projection for 2300 has extended tails and is higher than the original survey. Experts give a likelihood of 42% (original survey) and 45% (current survey) that under the high-emissions scenario GMSL rise will exceed the upper bound (0.98 m) of the likely range estimated by the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is considered to have an exceedance likelihood of 17%. Responses to open-ended questions suggest that the increases in upper-end estimates and uncertainties arose from recent influential studies about the impact of marine ice cliff instability on the meltwater contribution to GMSL rise from the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
We investigate a diffusion process with a time-dependent diffusion coefficient, both exponentially increasing and decreasing in time, D(t)=D-0(e +/- 2 alpha t). For this (hypothetical) nonstationary diffusion process we compute-both analytically and from extensive stochastic simulations-the behavior of the ensemble- and time-averaged mean-squared displacements (MSDs) of the particles, both in the over- and underdamped limits. Simple asymptotic relations derived for the short- and long-time behaviors are shown to be in excellent agreement with the results of simulations. The diffusive characteristics in the presence of ageing are also considered, with dramatic differences of the over- versus underdamped regime. Our results for D(t)=D-0(e +/- 2 alpha t) extend and generalize the class of diffusive systems obeying scaled Brownian motion featuring a power-law-like variation of the diffusivity with time, D(t) similar to t(alpha-1). We also examine the logarithmically increasing diffusivity, D(t)=D(0)log[t/tau(0)], as another fundamental functional dependence (in addition to the power-law and exponential) and as an example of diffusivity slowly varying in time. One of the main conclusions is that the behavior of the massive particles is predominantly ergodic, while weak ergodicity breaking is repeatedly found for the time-dependent diffusion of the massless particles at short times. The latter manifests itself in the nonequivalence of the (both nonaged and aged) MSD and the mean time-averaged MSD. The current findings are potentially applicable to a class of physical systems out of thermal equilibrium where a rapid increase or decrease of the particles' diffusivity is inherently realized. One biological system potentially featuring all three types of time-dependent diffusion (power-law-like, exponential, and logarithmic) is water diffusion in the brain tissues, as we thoroughly discuss in the end.
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) offers flexible and decarbonized power generation and is one of the few dispatchable renewable technologies able to generate renewable electricity on demand. Today (2018) CSP contributes only 5TWh to the European power generation, but it has the potential to become one of the key pillars for European decarbonization pathways. In this paper we investigate how factors and pivotal policy decisions leading to different futures and associated CSP deployment in Europe in the years up to 2050. In a second step we characterize the scenarios with their associated system cost and the costs of support policies. We show that the role of CSP in Europe critically depends on political developments and the success or failure of policies outside renewable power. In particular, the uptake of CSP depends on the overall decarbonization ambition, the degree of cross border trade of renewable electricity and is enabled by the presence of strong grid interconnection between Southern and Norther European Member States as well as by future electricity demand growth. The presence of other baseload technologies, prominently nuclear power in France, reduce the role and need for CSP. Assuming favorable technological development, we find a strong role for CSP in Europe in all modeled scenarios: contributing between 100TWh to 300TWh of electricity to a future European power system. This would require increasing the current European CSP fleet by a factor of 20 to 60 in the next 30 years. To achieve this financial support between € 0.4-2 billion per year into CSP would be needed, representing only a small share of overall support needs for power-system transformation. Cooperation of Member States could further help to reduce this cost.
To study binary neutron star systems and to interpret observational data such as gravitational-wave and kilonova signals, one needs an accurate description of the processes that take place during the final stages of the coalescence, for example, through numerical-relativity simulations. In this work, we present an updated version of the numerical-relativity code BAM in order to incorporate nuclear-theory-based equations of state and a simple description of neutrino interactions through a neutrino leakage scheme. Different test simulations, for stars undergoing a neutrino-induced gravitational collapse and for binary neutron stars systems, validate our new implementation. For the binary neutron stars systems, we show that we can evolve stably and accurately distinct microphysical models employing the different equations of state: SFHo, DD2, and the hyperonic BHB Lambda phi. Overall, our test simulations have good agreement with those reported in the literature.
Writing a history of a scientific theory is always difficult because it requires to focus on some key contributors and to "reconstruct" some supposed influences. In the 1970s, a new way of performing science under the name "chaos" emerged, combining the mathematics from the nonlinear dynamical systems theory and numerical simulations. To provide a direct testimony of how contributors can be influenced by other scientists or works, we here collected some writings about the early times of a few contributors to chaos theory. The purpose is to exhibit the diversity in the paths and to bring some elements-which were never published-illustrating the atmosphere of this period. Some peculiarities of chaos theory are also discussed.
Diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) is an advanced digital radiographic imaging technique employing the refraction of X-rays to contrast internal interfaces. This study aims to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate images acquired using this technique and to assess how different fitting functions to the typical rocking curves (RCs) influence the quality of the images. RCs are obtained for every image pixel. This allows the separate determination of the absorption and the refraction properties of the material in a position-sensitive manner. Comparison of various types of fitting functions reveals that the Pseudo-Voigt (PsdV) function is best suited to fit typical RCs. A robust algorithm was developed in the Python programming language, which reliably extracts the physically meaningful information from each pixel of the image. We demonstrate the potential of the algorithm with two specimens: a silicone gel specimen that has well-defined interfaces, and an additively manufactured polycarbonate specimen.
Core-collapse supernova remnants are the gaseous nebulae of galactic interstellar media (ISM) formed after the explosive death of massive stars. Their morphology and emission properties depend both on the surrounding circumstellar structure shaped by the stellar wind-ISM interaction of the progenitor star and on the local conditions of the ambient medium. In the warm phase of the Galactic plane (n approximate to 1 cm(-3), T approximate to 8000 K), an organized magnetic field of strength 7 mu G has profound consequences on the morphology of the wind bubble of massive stars at rest. In this paper, we show through 2.5D magnetohydrodynamical simulations, in the context of a Wolf-Rayet-evolving 35 M 0 star, that it affects the development of its supernova remnant. When the supernova remnant reaches its middle age (15-20 kyr), it adopts a tubular shape that results from the interaction between the isotropic supernova ejecta and the anisotropic, magnetized, shocked stellar progenitor bubble into which the supernova blast wave expands. Our calculations for non-thermal emission, i.e. radio synchrotron and inverse-Compton radiation, reveal that such supernova remnants can, due to projection effects, appear as rectangular objects in certain cases. This mechanism for shaping a supernova remnant is similar to the bipolar and elliptical planetary nebula production by wind-wind interaction in the low-mass regime of stellar evolution. If such a rectangular core-collapse supernova remnant is created, the progenitor star must not have been a runaway star. We propose that such a mechanism is at work in the shaping of the asymmetric core-collapse supernova remnant Puppis A.
Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy enables access to vibrational information from mid over far infrared to even terahertz domains. This information may prove critical for the elucidation of fundamental bio-molecular phenomena including folding-mediated innate host defence mechanisms. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent one of such phenomena. These are major effector molecules of the innate immune system, which favour attack on microbial membranes. AMPs recognise and bind to the membranes whereupon they assemble into pores or channels destabilising the membranes leading to cell death. However, specific molecular interactions responsible for antimicrobial activities have yet to be fully understood. Herein we probe such interactions by assessing molecular specific variations in the near-THz 400-40 cm(-1) range for defined helical AMP templates in reconstituted phospholipid membranes. In particular, we show that a temperature-dependent spectroscopic analysis, supported by 2D correlative tools, provides direct evidence for the membrane-induced and folding-mediated activity of AMPs. The far-FTIR study offers a direct and information-rich probe of membrane-related antimicrobial interactions.
We present the analysis of the optical variability of the early, nitrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet (WR) star WR 7. The analysis of multisector Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) light curves and high-resolution spectroscopic observations confirm multiperiodic variability that is modulated on time-scales of years. We detect a dominant period of 2.6433 +/- 0.0005 d in the TESS sectors 33 and 34 light curves in addition to the previously reported high-frequency features from sector 7. We discuss the plausible mechanisms that may be responsible for such variability in WR 7, including pulsations, binarity, co-rotating interaction regions (CIRs), and clumpy winds. Given the lack of strong evidence for the presence of a stellar or compact companion, we suggest that WR 7 may pulsate in quasi-coherent modes in addition to wind variability likely caused by CIRs on top of stochastic low-frequency variability. WR 7 is certainly a worthy target for future monitoring in both spectroscopy and photometry to sample both the short (less than or similar to 1 d) and long (greater than or similar to 1000 d) variability time-scales.
We here present the results from a detailed analysis of nebular abundances of commonly observed ions in the collisional ring galaxy Cartwheel using the Very Large Telescope (VLT) Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) data set. The analysis includes 221 H II regions in the star-forming ring, in addition to 40 relatively fainter H a-emitting regions in the spokes, disc, and the inner ring. The ionic abundances of He, N, O, and Fe are obtained using the direct method (DM) for 9, 20, 20, and 17 ring H II regions, respectively, where the S++ temperature-sensitive line is detected. For the rest of the regions, including all the nebulae between the inner and the outer ring, we obtained O abundances using the strong-line method (SLM). The ring regions have a median 12 + log O/H = 8.19 +/- 0.15, log N/O = -1.57 +/- 0.09 and log Fe/O = -2.24 +/- 0.09 using the DM. Within the range of O abundances seen in the Cartwheel, the N/O and Fe/O values decrease proportionately with increasing O, suggesting local enrichment of O without corresponding enrichment of primary N and Fe. The O abundances of the disc H II regions obtained using the SLM show a well-defined radial gradient. The mean O abundance of the ring H II regions is lower by similar to 0.1 dex as compared to the extrapolation of the radial gradient. The observed trends suggest the preservation of the pre-collisional abundance gradient, displacement of most of the processed elements to the ring, as predicted by the recent simulation by Renaud et al., and post-collisional infall of metal-poor gas in the ring.
Recently, a large number of research teams from around the world collaborated in the so-called 'anomalous diffusion challenge'. Its aim: to develop and compare new techniques for inferring stochastic models from given unknown time series, and estimate the anomalous diffusion exponent in data. We use various numerical methods to directly obtain this exponent using the path increments, and develop a questionnaire for model selection based on feature analysis of a set of known stochastic processes given as candidates. Here, we present the theoretical background of the automated algorithm which we put for these tasks in the diffusion challenge, as a counter to other pure data-driven approaches.
Synchronization regimes in an ensemble of phase oscillators coupled through a diffusion field
(2022)
We consider an ensemble of identical phase oscillators coupled through a common diffusion field. Using the Ott-Antonsen reduction, we develop dynamical equations for the complex local order parameter and the mean field. The regions of the existence and stability are determined for the totally synchronous, partially synchronous, and asynchronous spatially homogeneous states. A procedure of searching for inhomogeneous states as periodic trajectories of an auxiliary system of the ordinary differential equations is demonstrated. A scenario of emergence of chimera structures from homogeneous synchronous solutions is described.
Subdwarf B stars are core-helium-burning stars located on the extreme horizontal branch (EHB). Extensive mass loss on the red giant branch is necessary to form them. It has been proposed that substellar companions could lead to the required mass loss when they are engulfed in the envelope of the red giant star. J08205+0008 was the first example of a hot subdwarf star with a close, substellar companion candidate to be found. Here, we perform an in-depth re-analysis of this important system with much higher quality data allowing additional analysis methods. From the higher resolution spectra obtained with ESO-VLT/XSHOOTER, we derive the chemical abundances of the hot subdwarf as well as its rotational velocity. Using the Gaia parallax and a fit to the spectral energy distribution in the secondary eclipse, tight constraints to the radius of the hot subdwarf are derived. From a long-term photometric campaign, we detected a significant period decrease of -3.2(8) x 10(-12) dd(-1). This can be explained by the non-synchronized hot subdwarf star being spun up by tidal interactions forcing it to become synchronized. From the rate of period decrease we could derive the synchronization time-scale to be 4 Myr, much smaller than the lifetime on EHB. By combining all different methods, we could constrain the hot subdwarf to a mass of 0.39-0.50 M-circle dot and a radius of R-sdB = 0.194 +/- 0.008 R-circle dot, and the companion to 0.061-0.071 M-circle dot with a radius of R-comp = 0.092 +/- 0.005 R-circle dot, below the hydrogen-burning limit. We therefore confirm that the companion is most likely a massive brown dwarf.
Fires are a fundamental part of the Earth System. In the last decades, they have been altering ecosystem structure, biogeochemical cycles and atmospheric composition with unprecedented rapidity. In this study, we implement a complex networks-based methodology to track individual fires over space and time. We focus on extreme fires-the 5% most intense fires-in the tropical forests of the Brazilian Legal Amazon over the period 2002-2019. We analyse the interannual variability in the number and spatial patterns of extreme forest fires in years with diverse climatic conditions and anthropogenic pressure to examine potential synergies between climate and anthropogenic drivers. We observe that major droughts, that increase forest flammability, co-occur with high extreme fire years but also that it is fundamental to consider anthropogenic activities to understand the distribution of extreme fires. Deforestation fires, fires escaping from managed lands, and other types of forest degradation and fragmentation provide the ignition sources for fires to ignite in the forests. We find that all extreme forest fires identified are located within a 0.5-km distance from forest edges, and up to 56% of them are within a 1-km distance from roads (which increases to 73% within 5 km), showing a strong correlation that defines spatial patterns of extreme fires.
Topic and aim. Synchronization in populations of coupled oscillators can be characterized with order parameters that describe collective order in ensembles. A dependence of the order parameter on the coupling constants is well-known for coupled periodic oscillators. The goal of the study is to extend this analysis to ensembles of oscillators with chaotic phases, moreover with phases possessing hyperbolic chaos. Models and methods. Two models are studied in the paper. One is an abstract discrete-time map, composed with a hyperbolic Bernoulli transformation and with Kuramoto dynamics. Another model is a system of coupled continuous-time chaotic oscillators, where each individual oscillator has a hyperbolic attractor of Smale-Williams type. Results. The discrete-time model is studied with the Ott-Antonsen ansatz, which is shown to be invariant under the application of the Bernoulli map. The analysis of the resulting map for the order parameter shows, that the asynchronouis state is always stable, but the synchronous one becomes stable above a certain coupling strength. Numerical analysis of the continuous-time model reveals a complex sequence of transitions from an asynchronous state to a completely synchronous hyperbolic chaos, with intermediate stages that include regimes with periodic in time mean field, as well as with weakly and strongly irregular mean field variations. Discussion. Results demonstrate that synchronization of systems with hyperbolic chaos of phases is possible, although a rather strong coupling is required. The approach can be applied to other systems of interacting units with hyperbolic chaotic dynamics.
We introduce and study a family of lattice equations which may be viewed either as a strongly nonlinear discrete extension of the Gardner equation, or a non-convex variant of the Lotka-Volterra chain. Their deceptively simple form supports a very rich family of complex solitary patterns. Some of these patterns are also found in the quasi-continuum rendition, but the more intriguing ones, like interlaced pairs of solitary waves, or waves which may reverse their direction either spontaneously or due a collision, are an intrinsic feature of the discrete realm.
Chinese CSP for the world?
(2022)
For three consecutive five-year plans since 2006, China has worked on building up an internationally competitive CSP industry and value chain. One big milestone in commercializing proprietary Chinese CSP technology was the 2016 demonstration program of 20 commercial-scale projects. China sought to increase and demonstrate capacities for domestic CSP technology development and deployment. At the end of the 13th five-year period, we take stock of the demonstrated progress of the Chinese CSP industry towards delivering internationally competitive CSP projects. We find that in January 2021, eight commercial-scale projects, in total 500 MW, have been completed and three others were under construction in China. In addition, Chinese EPC’s have participated in three international CSP projects, although proprietary Chinese CSP designs have not been applied outside China. The largest progress has been made in molten-salt tower technology, with several projects by different companies completed and operating successfully: here, the aims were met, and Chinese companies are now at the global forefront of this segment. Further efforts for large-scale demonstration are needed, however, for other CSP technologies, including parabolic trough - with additional demonstration hindered by a lack of further deployment policies. In the near future, Chinese companies seek to employ the demonstrated capabilities in the tower segment abroad and are developing projects using Chinese technology, financing, and components in several overseas markets. If successful, this will likely lead to increasing competition and further cost reductions for the global CSP sector.
We report on the multiple response of microgels triggered by a single optical stimulus. Under irradiation, the volume of the microgels is reversibly switched by more than 20 times. The irradiation initiates two different processes: photo-isomerization of the photo-sensitive surfactant, which forms a complex with the anionic microgel, rendering it photo-responsive; and local heating due to a thermo-plasmonic effect within the structured gold layer on which the microgel is deposited. The photo-responsivity is related to the reversible accommodation/release of the photo-sensitive surfactant depending on its photo-isomerization state, while the thermo-sensitivity is intrinsically built in. We show that under exposure to green light, the thermo-plasmonic effect generates a local hot spot in the gold layer, resulting in the shrinkage of the microgel. This process competes with the simultaneous photo-induced swelling. Depending on the position of the laser spot, the spatiotemporal control of reversible particle shrinking/swelling with a predefined extent on a per-second base can be implemented.
To undergo diffusive shock acceleration, electrons need to be preaccelerated to increase their energies by several orders of magnitude, else their gyroradii will be smaller than the finite width of the shock. In oblique shocks, where the upstream magnetic field orientation is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the shock normal, electrons can escape to the shock upstream, modifying the shock foot to a region called the electron foreshock. To determine the preacceleration in this region, we undertake particle-in-cell simulations of oblique shocks while varying the obliquity and in-plane angles. We show that while the proportion of reflected electrons is negligible for theta (Bn) = 74.degrees 3, it increases to R similar to 5% for theta (Bn) = 30 degrees, and that, via the electron acoustic instability, these electrons power electrostatic waves upstream with energy density proportional to R (0.6) and a wavelength approximate to 2 lambda (se), where lambda (se) is the electron skin length. While the initial reflection mechanism is typically a combination of shock-surfing acceleration and magnetic mirroring, we show that once the electrostatic waves have been generated upstream, they themselves can increase the momenta of upstream electrons parallel to the magnetic field. In less than or similar to 1% of cases, upstream electrons are prematurely turned away from the shock and never injected downstream. In contrast, a similar fraction is rescattered back toward the shock after reflection, reinteracts with the shock with energies much greater than thermal, and crosses into the downstream.
The strong chromospheric absorption lines Ca ii H & K are tightly connected to stellar surface magnetic fields. Only for the Sun, spectral activity indices can be related to evolving magnetic features on the solar disk. The Solar Disk-Integrated (SDI) telescope feeds the Potsdam Echelle Polarimetric and Spectroscopic Instrument (PEPSI) of the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) at Mt. Graham International Observatory, Arizona, U.S.A. We present high-resolution, high-fidelity spectra that were recorded on 184 & 82 days in 2018 & 2019 and derive the Ca ii H & K emission ratio, that is, the S-index. In addition, we compile excess brightness and area indices based on full-disk Ca ii K-line-core filtergrams of the Chromospheric Telescope (ChroTel) at Observatorio del Teide, Tenerife, Spain and full-disk ultraviolet (UV) 1600 angstrom images of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Thus, Sun-as-a-star spectral indices are related to their counterparts derived from resolved images of the solar chromosphere. All indices display signatures of rotational modulation, even during the very low magnetic activity in the minimum of Solar Cycle 24. Bringing together different types of activity indices has the potential to join disparate chromospheric datasets yielding a comprehensive description of chromospheric activity across many solar cycles.
A theory for diffusivity estimation for spatially extended activator-inhibitor dynamics modeling the evolution of intracellular signaling networks is developed in the mathematical framework of stochastic reaction-diffusion systems. In order to account for model uncertainties, we extend the results for parameter estimation for semilinear stochastic partial differential equations, as developed in Pasemann and Stannat (Electron J Stat 14(1):547-579, 2020), to the problem of joint estimation of diffusivity and parametrized reaction terms. Our theoretical findings are applied to the estimation of effective diffusivity of signaling components contributing to intracellular dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton in the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum.
Understanding the damping is an important fundamental problem with widespread implications in magnetic technology. Ferrimagnetic materials offer a rich platform to explore not only the damping of the ferromagnetic mode, but also the damping of the high-frequency exchange mode very promising for ultrafast devices. Here we use time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect to investigate the ferromagnetic and exchange resonance modes and their damping in the bismuth-doped gadolinium iron garnet over a broad range of magnetic fields (0-10 T) and temperatures (50-300 K) including the magnetization and angular compensation points. These two resonance modes are excited via the inverse Faraday effect and unambiguously identified by their distinct frequency dependence on temperature and magnetic field. The temperature-dependent measurements in the external magnetic field H-ext = 2 T revealed that the intrinsic damping of the ferromagnetic mode is always smaller than the one of the exchange modes and both have a maximum near the angular compensation point. These results are fully consistent with recent predictions of atomistic simulations and a theory based on two-sublattice Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch equation. We also demonstrate that the damping of these modes varies differently as a function of H-ext. We explain the observed behaviors by considering the different features of the effective fields defining the precession frequencies of the ferromagnetic and exchange modes.
Laser-based additive manufacturing methods allow the production of complex metal structures within a single manufacturing step. However, the localized heat input and the layer-wise manufacturing manner give rise to large thermal gradients. Therefore, large internal stress (IS) during the process (and consequently residual stress (RS) at the end of production) is generated within the parts. This IS or RS can either lead to distortion or cracking during fabrication or in-service part failure, respectively. With this in view, the knowledge on the magnitude and spatial distribution of RS is important to develop strategies for its mitigation. Specifically, diffraction-based methods allow the spatial resolved determination of RS in a non-destructive fashion. In this review, common diffraction-based methods to determine RS in laser-based additive manufactured parts are presented. In fact, the unique microstructures and textures associated to laser-based additive manufacturing processes pose metrological challenges. Based on the literature review, it is recommended to (a) use mechanically relaxed samples measured in several orientations as appropriate strain-free lattice spacing, instead of powder, (b) consider that an appropriate grain-interaction model to calculate diffraction-elastic constants is both material- and texture-dependent and may differ from the conventionally manufactured variant. Further metrological challenges are critically reviewed and future demands in this research field are discussed.
We investigate whether the dust content of the circum-galactic medium (CGM) depends on the location of the quasar sightline with respect to the galaxy major-axis using 13 galaxy-Mg II absorber pairs (9-81 kpc distance) from the MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) survey at 0.4 < z < 1.4. The dust content of the CGM is obtained from [Zn/Fe] using ultraviolet and visual echelle spectrograph data. When a direct measurement of [Zn/Fe] is unavailable, we estimate the dust depletion from a method that consists in solving for the depletion from multiple singly ionized ions (e.g. Mn II, Cr II, and Zn II) since each ion depletes on dust grains at different rates. We find a positive correlation between the azimuthal angle and [Zn/Fe] with a Pearson's gamma = 0.70 +/- 0.14. The sightlines along the major axis show [Zn/Fe] < 0.5, whereas the [Zn/Fe] is > 0.8 along the minor axis. These results suggest that the CGM along the minor axis is on average more metal enriched (by approximate to 1 dex) than the gas located along the major axis of galaxies provided that dust depletion is a proxy for metallicity. This anisotropic distribution is consistent with recent results on outflow and accretion in hydro-dynamical simulations.
Levy walks are continuous-time random-walk processes with a spatiotemporal coupling of jump lengths and waiting times. We here apply the Hermite polynomial method to study the behavior of LWs with power-law walking time density for four different cases. First we show that the known result for the infinite density of an unconfined, unbiased LW is consistently recovered. We then derive the asymptotic behavior of the probability density function (PDF) for LWs in a constant force field, and we obtain the corresponding qth-order moments. In a harmonic external potential we derive the relaxation dynamic of the LW. For the case of a Poissonian walking time an exponential relaxation behavior is shown to emerge. Conversely, a power-law decay is obtained when the mean walking time diverges. Finally, we consider the case of an unconfined, unbiased LW with decaying speed v(r ) = v0/./r. When the mean walking time is finite, a universal Gaussian law for the position-PDF of the walker is obtained explicitly.
Various mathematical Black-Scholes-Merton-like models of option pricing employ the paradigmatic stochastic process of geometric Brownian motion (GBM). The innate property of such models and of real stock-market prices is the roughly exponential growth of prices with time [on average, in crisis-free times]. We here explore the ensemble- and time averages of a multiplicative-noise stochastic process with power-law-like time-dependent volatility, sigma(t) similar to t(alpha), named scaled GBM (SGBM). For SGBM, the mean-squared displacement (MSD) computed for an ensemble of statistically equivalent trajectories can grow faster than exponentially in time, while the time-averaged MSD (TAMSD)-based on a sliding-window averaging along a single trajectory-is always linear at short lag times Delta. The proportionality factor between these the two averages of the time series is Delta/T at short lag times, where T is the trajectory length, similarly to GBM. This discrepancy of the scaling relations and pronounced nonequivalence of the MSD and TAMSD at Delta/T << 1 is a manifestation of weak ergodicity breaking for standard GBM and for SGBM with s (t)-modulation, the main focus of our analysis. The analytical predictions for the MSD and mean TAMSD for SGBM are in quantitative agreement with the results of stochastic computer simulations.
Self-organized coherence-incoherence patterns, called chimera states, have first been reported in systems of Kuramoto oscillators. For coupled excitable units, similar patterns where coherent units are at rest are called bump states. Here, we study bumps in an array of active rotators coupled by nonlocal attraction and global repulsion. We demonstrate how they can emerge in a supercritical scenario from completely coherent Turing patterns: a single incoherent unit appears in a homoclinic bifurcation, undergoing subsequent transitions to quasiperiodic and chaotic behavior, which eventually transforms into extensive chaos with many incoherent units. We present different types of transitions and explain the formation of coherence-incoherence patterns according to the classical paradigm of short-range activation and long-range inhibition.
We derive. the ensemble-and time-averaged mean-squared displacements (MSD, TAMSD) for Poisson-reset geometric Brownian motion (GBM), in agreement with simulations. We find MSD and TAMSD saturation for frequent resetting, quantify the spread of TAMSDs via the ergodicity-breaking parameter and compute distributions of prices. General MSD-TAMSD nonequivalence proves reset GBM nonergodic.
Hydrogels with a hierarchical structure were prepared from a new highly water-soluble crosslinker N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-N,N'-bis(2-ethylmethacrylate)-propyl-1,3-diammonium dibromide and from the sulfobetaine monomer 2-(N-3-sulfopropyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium)ethyl methacrylate. The free radical polymerization of the two compounds is rapid and yields near-transparent hydrogels with sizes up to 5 cm in diameter. Rheology shows a clear correlation between the monomer-to-crosslinker ratio and the storage and loss moduli of the hydrogels. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering show that the gels have a hierarchical structure with features spanning the nanometer to the sub-millimeter scale. The NMR study is challenged by the marked inhomogeneity of the gels and the complex chemical structure of the sulfobetaine monomer. NMR spectroscopy shows how these complications can be addressed via a novel fitting approach that considers the mobility gradient along the side chain of methacrylate-based monomers.
Using magneto-optical Faraday and Kerr measurements, we investigate the magnetic and magnetooptical properties of a thick Bi-substituted gadolinium iron garnet film over a broad range of wavelengths (250-850 nm) and temperatures (150-300 K), including the magnetization compensation point, TM. We observe an exchange-bias-like effect in the vicinity of TM. By slightly changing the sample temperature, we can precisely tune the bias field, which reaches a magnitude 6 times higher than the coercive field. We explain this phenomenon by considering the short-range superexchange interaction and a change in the magnetic behavior when moving from the surface to the bulk of the film. This finding may lead to the development of single-film magneto-optical devices based on the exchange-bias effect.
This paper is concerned with correlation functions of stochastic systems with memory, a prominent example being a molecule or colloid moving through a complex (e.g. viscoelastic) fluid environment. Analytical investigations of such systems based on non-Markovian stochastic equations are notoriously difficult. A common approximation is that of a single-exponential memory, corresponding to the introduction of one auxiliary variable coupled to the Markovian dynamics of the main variable. As a generalization, we here investigate a class of 'toy' models with altogether three degrees of freedom, giving rise to more complex forms of memory. Specifically, we consider, mainly on an analytical basis, the under- and overdamped motion of a colloidal particle coupled linearly to two auxiliary variables, where the coupling between variables can be either reciprocal or non-reciprocal. Projecting out the auxiliary variables, we obtain non-Markovian Langevin equations with friction kernels and colored noise, whose structure is similar to that of a generalized Langevin equation. For the present systems, however, the non-Markovian equations may violate the fluctuation-dissipation relation as well as detailed balance, indicating that the systems are out of equilibrium. We then study systematically the connection between the coupling topology of the underlying Markovian system and various autocorrelation functions. We demonstrate that already two auxiliary variables can generate surprisingly complex (e.g. non-monotonic or oscillatory) memory and correlation functions. Finally, we show that a minimal overdamped model with two auxiliary variables and suitable non-reciprocal coupling yields correlation functions resembling those describing hydrodynamic backflow in an optical trap.
The icosahedral non-hydrostatic large eddy model (ICON-LEM) was applied around the drift track of the Multidisciplinary Observatory Study of the Arctic (MOSAiC) in 2019 and 2020. The model was set up with horizontal grid-scales between 100m and 800m on areas with radii of 17.5km and 140 km. At its lateral boundaries, the model was driven by analysis data from the German Weather Service (DWD), downscaled by ICON in limited area mode (ICON-LAM) with horizontal grid-scale of 3 km.
The aim of this thesis was the investigation of the atmospheric boundary layer near the surface in the central Arctic during polar winter with a high-resolution mesoscale model. The default settings in ICON-LEM prevent the model from representing the exchange processes in the Arctic boundary layer in accordance to the MOSAiC observations. The implemented sea-ice scheme in ICON does not include a snow layer on sea-ice, which causes a too slow response of the sea-ice surface temperature to atmospheric changes. To allow the sea-ice surface to respond faster to changes in the atmosphere, the implemented sea-ice parameterization in ICON was extended with an adapted heat capacity term.
The adapted sea-ice parameterization resulted in better agreement with the MOSAiC observations. However, the sea-ice surface temperature in the model is generally lower than observed due to biases in the downwelling long-wave radiation and the lack of complex surface structures, like leads. The large eddy resolving turbulence closure yielded a better representation of the lower boundary layer under strongly stable stratification than the non-eddy-resolving turbulence closure. Furthermore, the integration of leads into the sea-ice surface reduced the overestimation of the sensible heat flux for different weather conditions.
The results of this work help to better understand boundary layer processes in the central Arctic during the polar night. High-resolving mesoscale simulations are able to represent temporally and spatially small interactions and help to further develop parameterizations also for the application in regional and global models.
Owing to global warming and particularly high regional ocean warming, both Thwaites and Pine Island Glaciers in the Amundsen region of the Antarctic Ice Sheet could lose their buttressing ice shelves over time. We analyse the possible consequences using the parallel ice sheet model (PISM), applying a simple cliff-calving parameterization and an ice melange-buttressing model. We find that the instantaneous loss of ice-shelf buttressing, due to enforced ice-shelf melting, initiates grounding-line retreat and triggers marine ice sheet instability (MISI). As a consequence, the grounding line progresses into the interior of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and leads to a sea level contribution of 0.6 m within 100 a. By subjecting the exposed ice cliffs to cliff calving using our simplified parameterization, we also analyse marine ice cliff instability (MICI). In our simulations it can double or even triple the sea level contribution depending on the only loosely constrained parameter that determines the maximum cliff-calving rate. The speed of MICI depends on this upper bound of the calving rate, which is given by the ice melange buttressing the glacier. However, stabilization of MICI may occur for geometric reasons. Because the embayment geometry changes as MICI advances into the interior of the ice sheet, the upper bound on calving rates is reduced and the progress of MICI is slowed down. Although we cannot claim that our simulations bear relevant quantitative estimates of the effect of ice-melange buttressing on MICI, the mechanism has the potential to stop the instability. Further research is needed to evaluate its role for the past and future evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Thanks to the combined effort s of scientist s in several research fields, the preceding decade has witnessed considerable progress in the use of conjugated polymers as emerging thermoelectric materials leading to significant improvements in performance and demonstration of a number of diverse applications. Despite these recent advances, systematic assessments of the impact of molecular design on thermoelectric properties are scarce. Although several reviews marginally highlight the role of chemical structure, the understanding of structure-performance relationships is still fragmented. An in-depth understanding of the relationship between molecular structure and thermoelectric properties will enable the rational design of next-generation thermoelectric polymers. To this end, this review showcases the state-of-the-art thermoelectric polymers, discusses structure-performance relationships, suggests strategies for improving thermoelectric performance that go beyond molecular design, and highlights some of the most impressive applications of thermoelectric polymers.
Organic-inorganic hybrids based on P3HT and mesoporous silicon for thermoelectric applications
(2024)
This thesis presents a comprehensive study on synthesis, structure and thermoelectric transport properties of organic-inorganic hybrids based on P3HT and porous silicon. The effect of embedding polymer in silicon pores on the electrical and thermal transport is studied. Morphological studies confirm successful polymer infiltration and diffusion doping with roughly 50% of the pore space occupied by conjugated polymer. Synchrotron diffraction experiments reveal no specific ordering of the polymer inside the pores. P3HT-pSi hybrids show improved electrical transport by five orders of magnitude compared to porous silicon and power factor values comparable or exceeding other P3HT-inorganic hybrids. The analysis suggests different transport mechanisms in both materials. In pSi, the transport mechanism relates to a Meyer-Neldel compansation rule. The analysis of hybrids' data using the power law in Kang-Snyder model suggests that a doped polymer mainly provides charge carriers to the pSi matrix, similar to the behavior of a doped semiconductor. Heavily suppressed thermal transport in porous silicon is treated with a modified Landauer/Lundstrom model and effective medium theories, which reveal that pSi agrees well with the Kirkpatrick model with a 68% percolation threshold. Thermal conductivities of hybrids show an increase compared to the empty pSi but the overall thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of P3HT-pSi hybrid exceeds both pSi and P3HT as well as bulk Si.
Additive manufacturing (AM) of metals and in particular laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) enables a degree of freedom in design unparalleled by conventional subtractive methods. To ensure that the designed precision is matched by the produced LPBF parts, a full understanding of the interaction between the laser and the feedstock powder is needed. It has been shown that the laser also melts subjacent layers of material underneath. This effect plays a key role when designing small cavities or overhanging structures, because, in these cases, the material underneath is feed-stock powder. In this study, we quantify the extension of the melt pool during laser illumination of powder layers and the defect spatial distribution in a cylindrical specimen. During the LPBF process, several layers were intentionally not exposed to the laser beam at various locations, while the build process was monitored by thermography and optical tomography. The cylinder was finally scanned by X-ray computed tomography (XCT). To correlate the positions of the unmolten layers in the part, a staircase was manufactured around the cylinder for easier registration. The results show that healing among layers occurs if a scan strategy is applied, where the orientation of the hatches is changed for each subsequent layer. They also show that small pores and surface roughness of solidified material below a thick layer of unmolten material (>200 mu m) serve as seeding points for larger voids. The orientation of the first two layers fully exposed after a thick layer of unmolten powder shapes the orientation of these voids, created by a lack of fusion.
Additive manufacturing (AM) processes enable the production of metal structures with exceptional design freedom, of which laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) is one of the most common. In this process, a laser melts a bed of loose feedstock powder particles layer-by-layer to build a structure with the desired geometry. During fabrication, the repeated melting and rapid, directional solidification create large temperature gradients that generate large thermal stress. This thermal stress can itself lead to cracking or delamination during fabrication. More often, large residual stresses remain in the final part as a footprint of the thermal stress. This residual stress can cause premature distortion or even failure of the part in service. Hence, knowledge of the residual stress field is critical for both process optimization and structural integrity.
Diffraction-based techniques allow the non-destructive characterization of the residual stress fields. However, such methods require a good knowledge of the material of interest, as certain assumptions must be made to accurately determine residual stress. First, the measured lattice plane spacings must be converted to lattice strains with the knowledge of a strain-free material state. Second, the measured lattice strains must be related to the macroscopic stress using Hooke's law, which requires knowledge of the stiffness of the material. Since most crystal structures exhibit anisotropic material behavior, the elastic behavior is specific to each lattice plane of the single crystal. Thus, the use of individual lattice planes in monochromatic diffraction residual stress analysis requires knowledge of the lattice plane-specific elastic properties. In addition, knowledge of the microstructure of the material is required for a reliable assessment of residual stress.
This work presents a toolbox for reliable diffraction-based residual stress analysis. This is presented for a nickel-based superalloy produced by PBF-LB. First, this work reviews the existing literature in the field of residual stress analysis of laser-based AM using diffraction-based techniques. Second, the elastic and plastic anisotropy of the nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 produced by PBF-LB is studied using in situ energy dispersive synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques. These experiments are complemented by ex situ material characterization techniques. These methods establish the relationship between the microstructure and texture of the material and its elastic and plastic anisotropy. Finally, surface, sub-surface, and bulk residual stress are determined using a texture-based approach. Uncertainties of different methods for obtaining stress-free reference values are discussed.
The tensile behavior in the as-built condition is shown to be controlled by texture and cellular sub-grain structure, while in the heat-treated condition the precipitation of strengthening phases and grain morphology dictate the behavior. In fact, the results of this thesis show that the diffraction elastic constants depend on the underlying microstructure, including texture and grain morphology. For columnar microstructures in both as-built and heat-treated conditions, the diffraction elastic constants are best described by the Reuss iso-stress model. Furthermore, the low accumulation of intergranular strains during deformation demonstrates the robustness of using the 311 reflection for the diffraction-based residual stress analysis with columnar textured microstructures. The differences between texture-based and quasi-isotropic approaches for the residual stress analysis are shown to be insignificant in the observed case. However, the analysis of the sub-surface residual stress distributions show, that different scanning strategies result in a change in the orientation of the residual stress tensor. Furthermore, the location of the critical sub-surface tensile residual stress is related to the surface roughness and the microstructure. Finally, recommendations are given for the diffraction-based determination and evaluation of residual stress in textured additively manufactured alloys.
The rapid uptake of renewable energy technologies in recent decades has increased the demand of energy researchers, policymakers and energy planners for reliable data on the spatial distribution of their costs and potentials. For onshore wind energy this has resulted in an active research field devoted to analysing these resources for regions, countries or globally. A particular thread of this research attempts to go beyond purely technical or spatial restrictions and determine the realistic, feasible or actual potential for wind energy. Motivated by these developments, this paper reviews methods and assumptions for analysing geographical, technical, economic and, finally, feasible onshore wind potentials. We address each of these potentials in turn, including aspects related to land eligibility criteria, energy meteorology, and technical developments of wind turbine characteristics such as power density, specific rotor power and spacing aspects. Economic aspects of potential assessments are central to future deployment and are discussed on a turbine and system level covering levelized costs depending on locations, and the system integration costs which are often overlooked in such analyses. Non-technical approaches include scenicness assessments of the landscape, constraints due to regulation or public opposition, expert and stakeholder workshops, willingness to pay/accept elicitations and socioeconomic cost-benefit studies. For each of these different potential estimations, the state of the art is critically discussed, with an attempt to derive best practice recommendations and highlight avenues for future research.
We study a non-Markovian and nonstationary model of animal mobility incorporating both exploration and memory in the form of preferential returns. Exact results for the probability of visiting a given number of sites are derived and a practical WKB approximation to treat the nonstationary problem is developed. A mean-field version of this model, first suggested by Song et al., [Modelling the scaling properties of human mobility, Nat. Phys. 6, 818 (2010)] was shown to well describe human movement data. We show that our generalized model adequately describes empirical movement data of Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) when accounting for interindividual variation in the population. We also study the probability of visiting any site a given number of times and derive a mean-field equation. Our analysis yields a remarkable phase transition occurring at preferential returns which scale linearly with past visits. Following empirical evidence, we suggest that this phase transition reflects a trade-off between extensive and intensive foraging modes.
We study the ultrafast electronic transport of energy in a photoexcited nanoscale Au/Fe hetero-structure by modeling the spatiotemporal profile of energy densities that drives transient strain, which we quantify by femtosecond x-ray diffraction. This flow of energy is relevant for intrinsic demagnetization and ultrafast spin transport. We measured lattice strain for different Fe layer thicknesses ranging from few atomic layers to several nanometers and modeled the spatiotemporal flow of energy densities. The combination of a high electron-phonon coupling coefficient and a large Sommerfeld constant in Fe is found to yield electronic transfer of nearly all energy from Au to Fe within the first hundreds of femtoseconds.
Scaling up CSP
(2023)
Concentrating solar power (CSP) is one of the few scalable technologies capable of delivering dispatchable renewable power. Therefore, many expect it to shoulder a significant share of system balancing in a renewable electricity future powered by cheap, intermittent PV and wind power: the IEA, for example, projects 73 GW CSP by 2030 and several hundred GW by 2050 in its Net-Zero by 2050 pathway. In this paper, we assess how fast CSP can be expected to scale up and how long time it would take to get new, high-efficiency CSP technologies to market, based on observed trends and historical patterns. We find that to meaningfully contribute to net-zero pathways the CSP sector needs to reach and exceed the maximum historical annual growth rate of 30%/year last seen between 2010-2014 and maintain it for at least two decades. Any CSP deployment in the 2020s will rely mostly on mature existing technologies, namely parabolic trough and molten-salt towers, but likely with adapted business models such as hybrid CSP-PV stations, combining the advantages of higher-cost dispatchable and low-cost intermittent power. New third-generation CSP designs are unlikely to play a role in markets during the 2020s, as they are still at or before the pilot stage and, judging from past pilot-to-market cycles for CSP, they will likely not be ready for market deployment before 2030. CSP can contribute to low-cost zero-emission energy systems by 2050, but to make that happen, at the scale foreseen in current energy models, ambitious technology-specific policy support is necessary, as soon as possible and in several countries.
Thermal energy from concentrating solar thermal technologies (CST) may contribute to decarbonizing applications from heating and cooling, desalination, and power generation to commodities such as aluminium, hydrogen, ammonia or sustainable aviation fuels (SAF). So far, successful commercial-scale CST projects are restricted to solar industrial process heat (SIPH) and concentrating solar power (CSP) generation and, at least for the latter, depend on support from public policies that have been stagnating for years. As they are technologically similar, spillovers between SIPH or CSP and other emerging CST could accelerate commercialization across use cases while maximizing the impact of scarce support. Here, we review the technical potential for cross-fertilization between different CST applications and the ability of the current policy regime to enable this potential. Using working temperature as the key variable, we identify different clusters of current and emerging CST technologies. Low-temperature CST (<400℃) applications for heating, cooling and desalination already profit from the significant progress made in line-focussing CSP over the last 15 years. A newly emerging cluster of high temperature CST (>600℃) for solar chemistry and high-grade process heat has significant leverage for spillovers with point-focussing solar tower third-generation CSP currently under development. For these spillovers to happen, however, CSP policy designs would need to prioritize innovation for high working temperature and encourage modular plant design, by adequately remunerating hybridized plants with heat and power in and outputs that include energy sources beyond CST solar fields. This would enable synergies across applications and scales by incentivizing compatibility of modular CST components in multiple sectors and use cases.
In this study, we model a sequence of a confined and a full eruption, employing the relaxed end state of the confined eruption of a kink-unstable flux rope as the initial condition for the ejective one. The full eruption, a model of a coronal mass ejection, develops as a result of converging motions imposed at the photospheric boundary, which drive flux cancellation. In this process, parts of the positive and negative external flux converge toward the polarity inversion line, reconnect, and cancel each other. Flux of the same amount as the canceled flux transfers to a flux rope, increasing the free magnetic energy of the coronal field. With sustained flux cancellation and the associated progressive weakening of the magnetic tension of the overlying flux, we find that a flux reduction of approximate to 11% initiates the torus instability of the flux rope, which leads to a full eruption. These results demonstrate that a homologous full eruption, following a confined one, can be driven by flux cancellation.
We propose a simple and eco-friendly method for the formation of composite protein-mineral-microcapsules induced by ultrasound treatment. Protein- and nanoparticle-stabilized oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions loaded with different oils are prepared using high-intensity ultrasound. The formation of thin composite mineral proteinaceous shells is realized with various types of nanoparticles, which are pre-modified with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and subsequently characterized by EDX, TGA, zeta potential measurements and Raman spectroscopy. Cryo-SEM and EDX mapping visualizations show the homogeneous distribution of the densely packed nanoparticles in the capsule shell. In contrast to the results reported in our previous paper,(1) the shell of those nanostructured composite microcapsules is not cross-linked by the intermolecular disulfide bonds between BSA molecules. Instead, a Pickering-Emulsion formation takes place because of the amphiphilicity-driven spontaneous attachment of the BSA-modified nanoparticles at the oil/water interface. Using colloidal particles for the formation of the shell of the microcapsules, in our case silica, hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate nanoparticles, is promising for the creation of new functional materials. The nanoparticulate building blocks of the composite shell with different chemical, physical or morphological properties can contribute to additional, sometimes even multiple, features of the resulting capsules. Microcapsules with shells of densely packed nanoparticles could find interesting applications in pharmaceutical science, cosmetics or in food technology.
The scientific career and the research activities of Paul Boening, especially during his tenures at Tongji University in Shanghai (Woosung Campus, 1922-1936) and the Technical University of Wroclaw (TH Breslau, 1936-1945), are briefly reviewed. In particular, Boening's pioneering investigations in the area of electrets and space charge in dielectrics are emphasized. We attempt to shed some light on the significant achievements of a virtually unknown contributor to the early history of electrets and of space-charge research and high-voltage engineering, during the 1920s and 1930s. It should be noted that dielectrics research was a truly international endeavor already at that time.
We develop an encounter-based approach for describing restricted diffusion with a gradient drift toward a partially reactive boundary. For this purpose, we introduce an extension of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator and use its eigenbasis to derive a spectral decomposition for the full propagator, i.e. the joint probability density function for the particle position and its boundary local time. This is the central quantity that determines various characteristics of diffusion-influenced reactions such as conventional propagators, survival probability, first-passage time distribution, boundary local time distribution, and reaction rate. As an illustration, we investigate the impact of a constant drift onto the boundary local time for restricted diffusion on an interval. More generally, this approach accesses how external forces may influence the statistics of encounters of a diffusing particle with the reactive boundary.
The stable operation of a turbulent combustor is not completely silent; instead, there is a background of small amplitude aperiodic acoustic fluctuations known as combustion noise. Pressure fluctuations during this state of combustion noise are multifractal due to the presence of multiple temporal scales that contribute to its dynamics. However, existing models are unable to capture the multifractality in the pressure fluctuations. We conjecture an underlying fractional dynamics for the thermoacoustic system and obtain a fractional-order model for pressure fluctuations. The data from this model has remarkable visual similarity to the experimental data and also has a wide multifractal spectrum during the state of combustion noise. Quantitative similarity with the experimental data in terms of the Hurst exponent and the multifractal spectrum is observed during the state of combustion noise. This model is also able to produce pressure fluctuations that are qualitatively similar to the experimental data acquired during intermittency and thermoacoustic instability. Furthermore, we argue that the fractional dynamics vanish as we approach the state of thermoacoustic instability.
The origin and structure of magnetic fields in the Galaxy are largely unknown. What is known is that they are essential for several astrophysical processes, in particular the propagation of cosmic rays. Our ability to describe the propagation of cosmic rays through the Galaxy is severely limited by the lack of observational data needed to probe the structure of the Galactic magnetic field on many different length scales. This is particularly true for modelling the propagation of cosmic rays into the Galactic halo, where our knowledge of the magnetic field is particularly poor.
In the last decade, observations of the Galactic halo in different frequency regimes have revealed the existence of out-of-plane bubble emission in the Galactic halo. In gamma rays these bubbles have been termed Fermi bubbles with a radial extent of ≈ 3 kpc and an azimuthal height of ≈ 6 kpc. The radio counterparts of the Fermi bubbles were seen by both the S-PASS telescopes and the Planck satellite, and showed a clear spatial overlap. The X-ray counterparts of the Fermi bubbles were named eROSITA bubbles after the eROSITA satellite, with a radial width of ≈ 7 kpc and an azimuthal height of ≈ 14 kpc. Taken together, these observations suggest the presence of large extended Galactic Halo Bubbles (GHB) and have stimulated interest in exploring the less explored Galactic halo.
In this thesis, a new toy model (GHB model) for the magnetic field and non-thermal electron distribution in the Galactic halo has been proposed. The new toy model has been used to produce polarised synchrotron emission sky maps. Chi-square analysis was used to compare the synthetic skymaps with the Planck 30 GHz polarised skymaps. The obtained constraints on the strength and azimuthal height were found to be in agreement with the S-PASS radio observations.
The upper, lower and best-fit values obtained from the above chi-squared analysis were used to generate three separate toy models. These three models were used to propagate ultra-high energy cosmic rays. This study was carried out for two potential sources, Centaurus A and NGC 253, to produce magnification maps and arrival direction skymaps. The simulated arrival direction skymaps were found to be consistent with the hotspots of Centaurus A and NGC 253 as seen in the observed arrival direction skymaps provided by the Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO).
The turbulent magnetic field component of the GHB model was also used to investigate the extragalactic dipole suppression seen by PAO. UHECRs with an extragalactic dipole were forward-tracked through the turbulent GHB model at different field strengths. The suppression in the dipole due to the varying diffusion coefficient from the simulations was noted. The results could also be compared with an analytical analogy of electrostatics. The simulations of the extragalactic dipole suppression were in agreement with similar studies carried out for galactic cosmic rays.
Organic solar cells (OSCs) represent a new generation of solar cells with a range of captivating attributes including low-cost, light-weight, aesthetically pleasing appearance, and flexibility. Different from traditional silicon solar cells, the photon-electron conversion in OSCs is usually accomplished in an active layer formed by blending two kinds of organic molecules (donor and acceptor) with different energy levels together.
The first part of this thesis focuses on a better understanding of the role of the energetic offset and each recombination channel on the performance of these low-offset OSCs. By combining advanced experimental techniques with optical and electrical simulation, the energetic offsets between CT and excitons, several important insights were achieved: 1. The short circuit current density and fill-factor of low-offset systems are largely determined by field-dependent charge generation in such low-offset OSCs. Interestingly, it is strongly evident that such field-dependent charge generation originates from a field-dependent exciton dissociation yield. 2. The reduced energetic offset was found to be accompanied by strongly enhanced bimolecular recombination coefficient, which cannot be explained solely by exciton repopulation from CT states. This implies the existence of another dark decay channel apart from CT.
The second focus of the thesis was on the technical perspective. In this thesis, the influence of optical artifacts in differential absorption spectroscopy upon the change of sample configuration and active layer thickness was studied. It is exemplified and discussed thoroughly and systematically in terms of optical simulations and experiments, how optical artifacts originated from non-uniform carrier profile and interference can manipulate not only the measured spectra, but also the decay dynamics in various measurement conditions. In the end of this study, a generalized methodology based on an inverse optical transfer matrix formalism was provided to correct the spectra and decay dynamics manipulated by optical artifacts.
Overall, this thesis paves the way for a deeper understanding of the keys toward higher PCEs in low-offset OSC devices, from the perspectives of both device physics and characterization techniques.
Hot subdwarf B stars are core-helium-burning objects that have undergone envelope stripping, likely by a binary companion. Using high-speed photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, we have discovered the hot subdwarf BPM 36430 is a hybrid sdBV(rs) pulsator exhibiting several low-amplitude g-modes and a strong p-mode pulsation. The latter shows a clear, periodic variation in its pulse arrival times. Fits to this phase oscillation imply BPM 36430 orbits a barycenter approximately 10 light-seconds away once every 3.1 days. Using the CHIRON echelle spectrograph on the CTIO 1.5 m telescope, we confirm the reflex motion by detecting a radial-velocity variation with semiamplitude, period, and phase in agreement with the pulse timings. We conclude that a white dwarf companion with minimum mass of approximate to 0.42 M (circle dot) orbits BPM 36430. Our study represents only the second time a companion orbiting a pulsating hot subdwarf or white dwarf has been detected from pulse timings and confirmed with radial velocities.
We report the detection of electron spin resonance (ESR) in individual dimers of the stable free radical 2,2,6,6tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO). ESR is measured by the current fluctuations in a scanning tunneling microscope (ESR-STM method). The multipeak power spectra, distinct from macroscopic data, are assigned to dimers having exchange and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions in the presence of spin-orbit coupling. These interactions are generated in our model by interfering electronic tunneling pathways from tip to sample via the dimer???s two molecules. This is the first demonstration that tunneling via two spins is a valid mechanism of the ESR-STM method.
The optical signatures of molecular-doping induced polarons in poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)
(2020)
Optical absorption spectroscopy is a key method to investigate doped conjugated polymers and to characterize the doping-induced charge carriers, i.e., polarons. For prototypical poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), the absorption intensity of molecular dopant induced polarons is widely used to estimate the carrier density and the doping efficiency, i.e., the number of polarons formed per dopant molecule. However, the dependence of the polaron-related absorption features on the structure of doped P3HT, being either aggregates or separated individual chains, is not comprehensively understood in contrast to the optical absorption features of neutral P3HT. In this work, we unambiguously differentiate the optical signatures of polarons on individual P3HT chains and aggregates in solution, notably the latter exhibiting the same shape as aggregates in solid thin films. This is enabled by employing tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) as dopant, as this dopant forms only ion pairs with P3HT and no charge transfer complexes, and BCF and its anion have no absorption in the spectral region of P3HT polarons. Polarons on individual chains exhibit absorption peaks at 1.5 eV and 0.6 eV, whereas in aggregates the high-energy peak is split into a doublet 1.3 eV and 1.65 eV, and the low-energy peak is shifted below 0.5 eV. The dependence of the fraction of solvated individual chains versus aggregates on absolute solution concentration, dopant concentration, and temperature is elucidated, and we find that aggregates predominate in solution under commonly used processing conditions. Aggregates in BCF-doped P3HT solution can be effectively removed upon simple filtering. From varying the filter pore size (down to 200 nm) and thin film morphology characterization with scanning force microscopy we reveal the aggregates' size dependence on solution absolute concentration and dopant concentration. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the dopant loading in aggregates is higher than for individual P3HT chains. The results of this study help understanding the impact of solution pre-aggregation on thin film properties of molecularly doped P3HT, and highlight the importance of considering such aggregation for other doped conjugated polymers in general.
In their comment on our paper (Caesar et al 2020 Environ. Res. Lett. 15 024003), Chen and Tung (hereafter C&T) argue that our analysis, showing that over the last decades Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) strength and global mean surface temperature (GMST) were positively correlated, is incorrect. Their claim is mainly based on two arguments, neither of which is justified: first, C&T claim that our analysis is based on 'established evidence' that was only true for preindustrial conditions-this is not the case. Using data from the modern period (1947-2012), we show that the established understanding (i.e. deep-water formation in the North Atlantic cools the deep ocean and warms the surface) is correct, but our analysis is not based on this fact. Secondly, C&T claim that our results are based on a statistical analysis of only one cycle of data which was furthermore incorrectly detrended. This, too, is not true. Our conclusion that a weaker AMOC delays the current surface warming rather than enhances it, is based on several independent lines of evidence. The data we show to support this covers more than one cycle and the detrending (which was performed to avoid spurious correlations due to a common trend) does not affect our conclusion: the correlation between AMOC strength and GMST is positive. We do not claim that this is strong evidence that the two time series are in phase, but rather that this means that the two time series are not anti-correlated.
Based on micromagnetic simulations and experimental observations of the magnetization and lattice dynamics after the direct optical excitation of the magnetic insulator Bi : YIG or indirect excitation via an optically opaque Pt/Cu double layer, we disentangle the dynamical effects of magnetic anisotropy and magneto-elastic coupling. The strain and temperature of the lattice are quantified via modeling ultrafast x-ray diffraction data. Measurements of the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect agree well with the magnetization dynamics simulated according to the excitation via two mechanisms: the magneto-elastic coupling to the experimentally verified strain dynamics and the ultrafast temperature-induced transient change in the magnetic anisotropy. The numerical modeling proves that, for direct excitation, both mechanisms drive the fundamental mode with opposite phase. The relative ratio of standing spin wave amplitudes of higher-order modes indicates that both mechanisms are substantially active.
The remarkable progress of metal halide perovskites in photovoltaics has led to the power conversion efficiency approaching 26%. However, practical applications of perovskite-based solar cells are challenged by the stability issues, of which the most critical one is photo-induced degradation. Bare CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films are known to decompose rapidly, with methylammonium and iodine as volatile species and residual solid PbI2 and metallic Pb, under vacuum under white light illumination, on the timescale of minutes. We find, in agreement with previous work, that the degradation is non-uniform and proceeds predominantly from the surface, and that illumination under N-2 and ambient air (relative humidity 20%) does not induce substantial degradation even after several hours. Yet, in all cases the release of iodine from the perovskite surface is directly identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This goes in hand with a loss of organic cations and the formation of metallic Pb. When CH3NH3PbI3 films are covered with a few nm thick organic capping layer, either charge selective or non-selective, the rapid photodecomposition process under ultrahigh vacuum is reduced by more than one order of magnitude, and becomes similar in timescale to that under N-2 or air. We conclude that the light-induced decomposition reaction of CH3NH3PbI3, leading to volatile methylammonium and iodine, is largely reversible as long as these products are restrained from leaving the surface. This is readily achieved by ambient atmospheric pressure, as well as a thin organic capping layer even under ultrahigh vacuum. In addition to explaining the impact of gas pressure on the stability of this perovskite, our results indicate that covalently "locking" the position of perovskite components at the surface or an interface should enhance the overall photostability.
Organic solar cells with large insensitivity to donor polymer molar mass across all acceptor classes
(2020)
Donor polymer number-average molar mass (M-n) has long been known to influence organic photovoltaic (OPV) performance via changes in both the polymer properties and the resulting bulk heterojunction morphology. The exact nature of these M-n effects varies from system to system, although there is generally some intermediate M-n that results in optimal performance. Interestingly, our earlier work with the difluorobenzotriazole (FTAZ)-based donor polymer, paired with either N2200 (polymer acceptor) or PC61BM (fullerene acceptor), PcBm demonstrated <10% variation in power conversion efficiency and a consistent morphology over a large span of M-n (30 kg/mol to over 100 kg/mol). Would such insensitivity to polymer M-n still hold true when prevailing small molecular acceptors were used with FTAZ? To answer this question, we explored the impact of FTAZ on OPVs with ITIC, a high-performance small-molecule fused-ring electron acceptor (FREA). By probing the photovoltaic characteristics of the resulting OPVs, we show that a similar FTAZ mn insensitivity is also found in the FTAZ:ITIC system. This study highlights a single-donor polymer which, when paired with an archetypal fullerene, polymer, and FREA, results in systems that are largely insensitive to donor M. Our results may have implications in polymer batch-to-batch reproducibility, in particular, relaxing the need for tight M-n control during synthesis.
Recent experiments on laser-dissociation of aligned homonuclear diatomic molecules show an asymmetric forward-backward (spatial) electron-localization along the laser polarization axis. Most theoretical models attribute this asymmetry to interference effects between gerade and ungerade vibronic states. Presumably due to alignment, these models neglect molecular rotations and hence infer an asymmetric (post-dissociation) charge distribution over the two identical nuclei. In this paper, we question the equivalence that is made between spatial electron-localization, observed in experiments, and atomic electron-localization, alluded by these theoretical models. We show that (seeming) agreement between these models and experiments is due to an unfortunate omission of nuclear permutation symmetry, i.e., quantum statistics. Enforcement of the latter requires mandatory inclusion of the molecular rotational degree of freedom, even for perfectly aligned molecules. Unlike previous interpretations, we ascribe spatial electron-localization to the laser creation of a rovibronic wavepacket that involves field-free molecular eigenstates with opposite space-inversion symmetry i.e., even and odd parity. Space-inversion symmetry breaking would then lead to an asymmetric distribution of the (space-fixed) electronic density over the forward and backward hemisphere. However, owing to the simultaneous coexistence of two indistinguishable molecular orientational isomers, our analytical and computational results show that the post-dissociation electronic density along a specified space-fixed axis is equally shared between the two identical nuclei-a result that is in perfect accordance with the principle of the indistinguishability of identical particles. Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
Context.
The supergiant ionized shell SMC-SGS 1 (DEM 167), which is located in the outer Wing of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), resembles structures that originate from an energetic star-formation event and later stimulate star formation as they expand into the ambient medium. However, stellar populations within and surrounding SMC-SGS 1 tell a different story. Aims. We present a photometric study of the stellar population encompassed by SMC-SGS 1 in order to trace the history of such a large structure and its potential influence on star formation within the low-density, low-metallicity environment of the SMC.
Methods.
For a stellar population that is physically associated with SMC-SGS 1, we combined near-ultraviolet (NUV) photometry from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer with archival optical (V-band) photometry from the ESO Danish 1.54 m Telescope. Given their colors and luminosities, we estimated stellar ages and masses by matching observed photometry to theoretical stellar isochrone models. Results. We find that the investigated region supports an active, extended star-formation event spanning similar to 25-40 Myr ago, as well as continued star formation into the present. Using a standard initial mass function, we infer a lower bound on the stellar mass from this period of similar to 3 x 10(4) M-circle dot, corresponding to a star-formation intensity of similar to 6 x 10(-3) M-circle dot kpc(-2) yr(-1).
Conclusions.
The spatial and temporal distributions of young stars encompassed by SMC-SGS 1 imply a slow, consistent progression of star formation over millions of years. Ongoing star formation, both along the edge and interior to SMC-SGS 1, suggests a combined stimulated and stochastic mode of star formation within the SMC Wing. We note that a slow expansion of the shell within this low-density environment may preserve molecular clouds within the volume of the shell, leaving them to form stars even after nearby stellar feedback expels local gas and dust.
The DNA interaction with cis-isomers of photosensitive azobenzene-containing surfactants was studied by both experimental methods and computer simulation. It was shown that before the organization of micelles, such surfactants in the cis-conformation form associates of only a single type with a disordered orientation of molecules. In contrast, for trans-isomers, there exist two types of associates with head-to-head or head-to-tail orientations of molecules in dependence on salt concentration in a solution. The comparison of cis- and trans-isomer binding to DNA and the influence of salt concentration on the formation of their complexes with DNA were studied. It was shown that cis-isomers interact with phosphate groups of DNA and that their molecules were also located along the minor groove of DNA.
It is demonstrated for the case of photo-excited ferrocyanide how time-resolved soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy in transmission geometry at the ligand K-edge and metal L-3-edge provides quantitatively equivalent valence electronic structure information, where signatures of photo-oxidation are assessed locally at the metal as well as the ligand. This allows for a direct and independent quantification of the number of photo-oxidized molecules at two soft X-ray absorption edges highlighting the sensitivity of X-ray absorption spectroscopy to the valence orbital occupation of 3d transition metal complexes throughout the soft X-ray range.
Seasonal forecasts are of great interest in many areas. Knowing the amount of precipitation for the upcoming season in regions of water scarcity would facilitate a better water management. If farmers knew the weather conditions of the upcoming summer at sowing time, they could select those cereal species that are best adapted to these conditions. This would allow farmers to improve the harvest and potentially even reduce the amount of pesticides used. However, the undoubted advantages of seasonal forecasts are often opposed by their high degree of uncertainty. The great challenge of generating seasonal forecasts with lead times of several months mainly originates from the chaotic nature of the earth system. In a chaotic system, even tiny differences in the initial conditions can lead to strong deviations in the system’s state in the long run.
In this dissertation we propose an emergent machine learning approach for seasonal forecasting, called the AnlgModel. The AnlgModel combines the analogue method with myopic feature selection and bootstrapping. To benchmark the abilities of the AnlgModel we apply it to seasonal cyclone activity forecasts in the North Atlantic and Northwest Pacific. The AnlgModel demonstrates competitive hindcast skills with two operational forecasts and even outperforms these for long lead times.
In the second chapter we comprehend the forecasting strategy of the Anlg-Model. We thereby analyse the analogue selection process for the 2017 North Atlantic and the 2018 Northwest Pacific seasonal cyclone activity. The analysis shows that those climate indices which are known to influence the seasonal cyclone activity, such as the Niño 3.4 SST, are correctly represented among the selected analogues. Furthermore the selected analogues reflect large-scale climate patterns that were identified by expert reports as being determinative for these particular seasons.
In the third chapter we analyse the features that are used by the AnlgModel for its predictions. We therefore inspect the feature relevance (FR). The FR patterns learned by the AnlgModel show a high congruence with the predictor regions used by the operational forecasts. However, the AnlgModel also discovered new features, such as the SST anomaly in the Gulf of Guinea during November. This SST pattern exhibits a remarkably high predictive potential for the upcoming Atlantic hurricane activity.
In the final chapter we investigate potential mechanisms, that link two of these regions with high feature relevance to the Atlantic hurricane activity. We mainly focus on ocean surface transport. The ocean surface flow paths are calculated using Lagrangian particle analysis. We demonstrate that the FR patterns in the region of the Canary islands do not correspond with ocean surface transport. It is instead likely that these FR patterns fingerprint a wind transport of latent heat. The second region to be studied is situated in the Gulf of Guinea. Our analysis shows that the FR patterns seen there do fingerprint ocean surface transport. However, our simulations also show that at least one other mechanism is involved in linking the Gulf of Guinea SST anomaly in November to the hurricane activity of the upcoming season.
In this work the AnlgModel does not only demonstrate its outstanding forecast skills but also shows its capabilities as research tool for detecting oceanic and atmospheric mechanisms.