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This paper consists of two parts: In the first part, some of the challenges with which the Internationaal Criminal Court is currently confronted are being presented. First of all, the article will describe the current state of the International Criminal Court and the Rome Statue. Afterwards, the article analyses the Court’s efforts to deal with cases against third-country nationals and the challenges it is facing in that regard. In addition, the Court’s case law will be analyzed in order to determine an increasing ‘emancipation’ of the case law of the International Criminal Court from international humanitarian law. The second part of the paper will briefly discuss the role of domestic international criminal law and domestic courts in the further development and enforcement of international criminal law. As an example of the role that domestic courts may have in clarifying classic issues in international law, the judgment of the German Supreme Court of January 28, 2021 (3 StR 564/19), which deals with the status of costumary international law on functional immunity of State officials before domestic courts, shall be assessed.
As part of the current overall process of de-formalization in international law States increasingly chose informal, non-legally binding agreements or ‘Memoranda of Understanding’ (‘MOUs') to organize their international affairs. The increasing conclusion of such legally non-binding instruments in addition to their flexibility, however, also leads to uncertainties in international relations. Against this background, this article deals with possible indirect legal consequences produced by MOUs. It discusses the different legal mechanisms and avenues that may give rise to secondary legal effects of MOUs through a process of interaction with and interpretation in line with other (formal) sources of international law. The article further considers various strategies how to avoid such eventual possible unintended or unexpected indirect legal effects of MOUs when drafting such instruments and when dealing with them subsequent to their respective ‘adoption’.
Article 15ter Exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression (Security Council referral)
(2022)
Volle Souveränität?
(2021)
Nach Art. 7 Abs. 1 S. 1 des Vertrages zur abschließenden Regelung in Bezug aufDeutschland vom 12. September 1990 (Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag)1beendeten die Fran-zösische Republik, die Union der Sozialistischen Sowjetrepubliken, das VereinigteKönigreich Großbritannien und Nordirland und die Vereinigten Staaten von Ameri-ka„ihre Rechte und Verantwortlichkeiten in Bezug auf Berlin und Deutschland alsGanzes“. Dies hatte, wie in dessen Art. 7 Abs. 1 S. 2 ausdrücklich niedergelegt, zurFolge, dass„die entsprechenden, damit zusammenhängenden vierseitigen Verein-barungen, Beschlüsse und Praktiken beendet und alle entsprechenden Einrichtun-gen der vier Mächte aufgelöst“wurden.2Art. 7 Abs. 2 Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag stelltdemgemäß fest, dass das vereinte Deutschland volle Souveränität über seine inne-ren und äußeren Angelegenheiten erhalten habe. Nach dem Wortlaut des Vertrageshaben die Alliierten damit jegliche Rechte in Bezug auf Deutschland abgegeben,rechtliche Auswirkungen der Besatzungsgeschichte Deutschlands noch bis in dieheutige Zeit scheinen danach zunächst ausgeschlossen.In dem folgenden Beitrag soll diese aus heutiger Sicht selbstverständlich er-scheinende Hypothese kritisch hinterfragt und der Frage nachgegangen werden, obund inwieweit die Besatzungsgeschichte Deutschlands noch immer rechtliche Fol-gen zeitigt. Hierbei soll insbesondere auf Fragen der Fortgeltung alliierten Rechts,Eigentumsfragen sowie auf Fragen der Nachfolge in völkerrechtlichen Verträgeneingegangen werden.
Would the world be a better place if one were to adopt a European approach to state immunity?
(2021)
This chapter argues not only that there is no European Sonderweg (or ‘special way’) when it comes to the law of state immunity but that there ought not to be one. Debates within The Hague Conference on Private International Law in the late 1990s and those leading to the adoption of the 2002 UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States, as well as the development of the EU Brussels Regulation on Jurisdiction and Enforcement, as amended in 2015, all demonstrate that state immunity was not meant to be limited by such treaties but ‘safeguarded’. Likewise, there is no proof that regional European customary law limits state immunity when it comes to ius cogens violations, as Italy and (partly) Greece are the only European states denying state immunity in such cases while the European Court of Human Rights has, time and again, upheld a broad concept of state immunity. It therefore seems unlikely that in the foreseeable future a specific European customary law norm on state immunity will develop, especially given the lack of participation in such practice by those states most concerned by the matter, including Germany. This chapter considers the possible legal implications of the jurisprudence of the Italian Constitutional Court for European military operations (if such operations went beyond peacekeeping). These implications would mainly depend on the question of attribution: if one where to assume that acts undertaken within the framework of military operations led by the EU were to be, at least also, attributable to the troop-contributing member states, the respective troop-contributing state would be entitled to enjoy state immunity exactly to the same degree as in any kind of unilateral military operations. Additionally, some possible perspectives beyond Sentenza 238/2014 are examined, in particular concerning the redress awarded by domestic courts ‘as long as’ neither the German nor the international system grant equivalent protection to the victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law committed during World War II. In the author’s opinion, strengthening the jurisdiction of international courts and tribunals, bringing interstate cases for damages before the International Court of Justice, as well as providing for claims commissions where individual compensation might be sought for violations of international humanitarian law would be more useful and appropriate mechanisms than denying state immunity.
Article 15bis. Exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression (State referral, proprio motu)
(2022)
How do social changes, new technologies or new management trends affect communication work? A team of researchers at Leipzig University and the University of Potsdam (Germany) observed new developments in related disciplines. As a result, the five most important trends for corporate communications are identified annually and published in the Communications Trend Radar. Thus, Communications managers can identify challenges and opportunities at an early stage, take a position, address issues and make decisions. For 2023, the Communications Trend Radar identifies five key trends for corporate communications: State Revival, Scarcity Management, Unimagination, Parallel Worlds, Augemented Workflows.
Der Gründungszuschuss wurde 2011 umfassend reformiert. Insgesamt ist das Arbeitsmarktinstrument weiterhin ein Erfolg: Die meisten Geförderten sind auch knapp dreieinhalb Jahre nach der Gründung noch selbstständig. Die Förderung erhöht ihren Arbeitsmarkterfolg und ihre Jobzufriedenheit deutlich, aber bei ihrer sozialen Absicherung besteht Verbesserungsbedarf.
In this chapter, we conduct bibliometric performance analyses and a co-citation analysis on all articles relating to family firms indexed in Scopus and Web of Science and all articles published in the Family Business Review, Journal of Family Business Management, and the Journal of Family Business Strategy. Based on the literature sample of 4,056 articles published between 1960 and 2020 by 3,600 authors in 783 journals and their 175,163 references, we identify the most productive and most cited journals, the most cited authors, and the 25 most cited articles. Our science mapping reveals the agency theory, definitions, entrepreneurship, internationalization, ownership, resources, socioemotional wealth, and succession as the predominant research themes in family firm research. Whereas entrepreneurship explicitly appears in one of the clusters, innovation does not yet. Based on our findings, we propose a research framework and point to several research gaps to be addressed by future research.
Integrierte Immuno-Extraktions-Probenahme und tragbarer Biosensor-Prototyp für vor-Ort Messungen
(2000)
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, I. (Hrsg.), Two Hundred Years of Lindley Murray; Münster, Nodus, 1996
(1998)
Einleitung
(2017)
Geograpien des Fußballs
(2018)
In diesem Beitrag möchten wir einen Gedanken des amerikanischen Mathematikers Paul Halmos aufgreifen und konkretisieren. Wir möchten verdeutlichen, dass ökonomisches Denken nicht abstrakt gelehrt, sondern „erfahren“ werden muss, wenn es nachhaltig und in seiner ganzen Breite gefördert werden soll. Dazu dienen kognitiv aktivierende Aufgaben. Was man darunter versteht und welche Funktionen und Qualitätsmerkmale Aufgaben in der ökonomischen Bildung besitzen, verdeutlichen wir in den Abschnitten 1 und 2. Im Praxisteil (Abschnitte 3 bis 8) werden konkrete, unterrichtlich erprobte Beispielaufgaben vorgestellt, mit denen ökonomisches Denken erfolgreich gefördert werden kann. Unser Beitrag schließt mit einer kurzen Skizze wirtschaftsdidaktischer Implikationen (Abschnitt 9).
Wie sich eine Nation arm rechnet : einige statistische Bemerkungen zum Konzept der relativen Armut
(2004)
In the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in compensating thermally induced errors to improve the manufacturing accuracy of modular tool systems. These modular tool systems are interfaces between spindle and workpiece and consist of several complicatedly formed parts. Their thermal behavior is dominated by nonlinearities, delay and hysteresis effects even in tools with simpler geometry and it is difficult to describe it theoretically. Due to the dominant nonlinear nature of this behavior the so far used linear regression between the temperatures and the displacements is insufficient. Therefore, in this study we test the hypothesis whether we can reliably predict such thermal displacements via nonlinear temperature-displacement regression functions. These functions are estimated firstly from learning measurements using the alternating conditional expectation (ACE) algorithm and then tested on independent data sets. First, we analyze data that were generated by a finite element spindle model. We find that our approach is a powerful tool to describe the relation between temperatures and displacements for simulated data. Next, we analyze the temperature-displacement relationship in a silent real experimental setup, where the tool system is thermally forced. Again, the ACE-algorithm is powerful to estimate the deformation with high precision. The corresponding errors obtained by using the nonlinear regression approach are 10-fold lower in comparison to multiple linear regression analysis. Finally, we investigate the thermal behavior of a modular tool system in a working milling machine and get again promising results. The thermally induced errors can be estimated with 1-2${mu m}$ accuracy using this nonlinear regression analysis. Therefore, this approach seems to be very useful for the development of new modular tool systems.
Indium(III) chloride forms in water with potassium 1,2-dithiooxalate (dto) and potassium 1,2-dithiosquarate (dtsq) stable coordination compounds. Due to the higher bridging ability of the 1,2-dithiooxalate ligand in all cases only thiooxalate bridged binuclear complexes were found. From 1,2-dithioquadratate with an identical donor atom set mononuclear trischelates could be isolated. Five crystalline complexes, (BzlMe(3)N)(4)[(dto)(2)In(dto)In(dto)(2)] (1), (BzlPh(3)P)(4)[(dto)(2)In(dto)In(dto)(2)] (2), (BzlMe(3)N)(3)[In(dtsq)(3)] (3), (Bu4N)(3)[In(dtsq)(3)] (4) and (Ph4P)[In(dtsq)(2)(DMF)(2)] (5), have been isolated and characterized by X-ray analyses. Due to the type of the complex and the cations involved these compounds crystallize in different space groups with the following parameters: 1, monoclinic in P2(1)/c with a = 14.4035(5) Angstrom, b = 10.8141(5) Angstrom, c = 23.3698(9) Angstrom, beta = 124.664(2)degrees, and Z = 2; 2, triclinic in P (1) over bar with a = 11.3872(7) Angstrom, b = 13.6669(9) Angstrom, c = 17.4296(10) Angstrom, alpha = 88.883(5)degrees, beta = 96.763(1)degrees, gamma = 74.587(5)degrees, and Z = 1; 3, hexagonal in R3 with a = 20.6501(16) Angstrom, b = 20.6501(16) Angstrom, c = 19.0706(13) Angstrom and Z = 6; 4, monoclinic in P21/c with a = 22.7650(15) Angstrom, b = 20.4656(10) Angstrom, c = 14.4770(9) Angstrom, P
Editorial
(2018)
Editorial
(2017)
This chapter consists of three parts. In the first part, I will give a short overview about the integration of the protection of the environment into German constitutional law. This section will start with the presentation of the relevant provision, Art. 20a BL. Then, I will elaborate on its legal character. In the second part, I will make some brief remarks on the practical implications of Art. 20a BL. Finally, I will present some preliminary conclusions.
Kurz vor ihrem sechzigsten Geburtstag ist die europäische Union mit inneren und äußeren Herausforderungen konfrontiert und befindet sich in einer tiefen Krise. Am 1. März 2017 legte Kommissionspräsident Juncker das „Weißbuch über die Zukunft der Europäischen Union“ vor, in dem er verschiedene Szenarien darlegt und zur Diskussion über die anste-henden Entscheidungen einlädt. Diese Papier versteht sich als ein solcher Diskussionsbei-trag.
Sozialfragen und Menschenrechte : beratender Ausschuss des Menschenrechsrats ; 1. Tagung 2008
(2008)
Sozialfragen und Menschenrechte : beratender Ausschuss des Menschenrechsrats ; 2. und 3. Tagung 2009
(2010)
Vorlesungs-Pflege
(2018)
Ähnlich zu Alterungsprozessen bei Software degenerieren auch Vorlesungen, wenn sie nicht hinreichend gepflegt werden. Die Gründe hierfür werden ebenso beleuchtet wie mögliche Indikatoren und Maßnahmen – der Blick ist dabei immer der eines Informatikers. An drei Vorlesungen wird erläutert, wie der Degeneration von Lehrveranstaltungen
gegengewirkt werden kann. Mangels hinreichend großer empirischer Daten liefert das Paper keine unumstößlichen Wahrheiten. Ein Ziel ist es vielmehr Kollegen, die ähnliche Phänomene beobachten, einen ersten Anker für einen
inneren Diskurs zu bieten. Ein langfristiges Ziel ist die Sammlung eines Katalogs an Maßnahmen zur Pflege von Informatikvorlesungen.
Voided space-charge electrets : piezoelectric transducer materials for electro-acoustic applications
(2004)
The paper takes the plural markers of German as an example for discussing the question of unidirectionality in grammaticalization. Contrary to the general as-sumption that grammatical markers develop from lexical items with independent meaning into affixes with grammatical function, none of the German plural mar-kers has its origin in a separate lexeme. On the contrary, the suffixes -e, -en, and -er had highly grammatical functions as stem building suffixes without any semantic meaning. -s originates in the genitive case marker, a more grammatical relation than the semantically more concrete category of number. The umlaut is originally a pu-rely phonologically conditioned vowel alternation resulting from a vowel harmony rule. The schwa suffixes and the umlaut became functional 'junk' and were then reanalysed as plural markers, now leading a second life in this function. Thus, um-laut and affixes did not lose but obtained semantic substance and hence seem to contradict the theory. But taking into account that stem suffixes were derivative formants in Indo-European, the development can be shown to proceed in two steps involving first semantic bleaching, then semantic strengthening. Hence, the German plural markers turn out to be cases of secondary grammaticalization or re-grammaticalization.
Decubitus is one of the most relevant diseases in nursing and the most expensive to treat. It is caused by sustained pressure on tissue, so it particularly affects bed-bound patients. This work lays a foundation for pressure mattress-based decubitus prophylaxis by implementing a solution to the single-frame 2D Human Pose Estimation problem.
For this, methods of Deep Learning are employed. Two approaches are examined, a coarse-to-fine Convolutional Neural Network for direct regression of joint coordinates and a U-Net for the derivation of probability distribution heatmaps.
We conclude that training our models on a combined dataset of the publicly available Bodies at Rest and SLP data yields the best results. Furthermore, various preprocessing techniques are investigated, and a hyperparameter optimization is performed to discover an improved model architecture.
Another finding indicates that the heatmap-based approach outperforms direct regression.
This model achieves a mean per-joint position error of 9.11 cm for the Bodies at Rest data and 7.43 cm for the SLP data.
We find that it generalizes well on data from mattresses other than those seen during training but has difficulties detecting the arms correctly.
Additionally, we give a brief overview of the medical data annotation tool annoto we developed in the bachelor project and furthermore conclude that the Scrum framework and agile practices enhanced our development workflow.
Our aim was to assess the psychosocial well-being of asthmatic children and adolescents, the influencing factors, and to determine the effect of inpatient rehabilitation on their quality of life; 226 asthmatic children and adolescents participated in the inpatient rehabilitation (IG). The comparison group (CG) included 92 asthmatic children and adolescents receiving standard medical treatments. Patients were aged between 8 and 16 years and were predominantly male. The health-related quality of life was measured with the German version of the "Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire." Interviews were carried out for IG 2 weeks before the commencement of their inpatient stay and 1 year after their stay ended. The same time schedule was carried out for CG. All patients reported a mild to moderate impairment of their quality of life. Girls described a slightly lower quality of life than boys. With increasing asthma severity, quality of life decreased. Inpatients described a lower quality of life than CG at enrollment. Inpatient rehabilitation resulted in a greater improvement of quality of life over time for IG than for CG. Gender and severity status had no effect on this time course. The only modestly affected quality of life may reflect the good adaptation to the disease and medical treatment. Children and adolescents in the IG recorded improvements in their quality of life. Differences in quality of life based on gender and disease severity were not shown to influence the improvements. In summary, inpatient rehabilitation results in an improvement of health-related quality of life. Further research concerning the psychosocial situation of children and adolescents in this setting is needed
Settlement on suitable substrata under favourable environmental conditions is an important factor for a successful recruitment of adult populations of Dreissena polymorpha. Therefore, the pattern of settlement of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) larvae at different depths was studied in Lake Constance. Maximum densities of larvae and newly settled juvenile mussels were observed at 4m depth, while only single settlement episodes were recorded at greater depths (15 m and 30 m). Temperature fluctuation was used as a surrogate parameter for internal seiches. Biotic and abiotic parameters were subjected to a principal component analysis (PCA). The tight coupling of the internal seiches, larval abundance and settlement at 4-m depth vs. the lack of coupling of the latter two variables at greater depths indicated that water currents transported settling larvae to the substrata at greater depth. Our data suggest that physical factors, such as boundary mixing and internal seiches, should be considered as sources of variability in settlement.
Corona-Lage
(2020)
Ausgehend von der nötigen Implementierung und strukturellen Verankerung der Ergebnisse und Erkenntnisse der Modellversuche des Bundesinstituts für Berufsbildung (BIBB) in die Berufsbildungspraxis kommt dem Ausbildungspersonal eine Schlüsselfunktion zu. Nur eine ganzheitliche Qualifizierung des Berufsbildungspersonals ermöglicht eine Vorbereitung auf den digitalen Wandel sowie eine Verankerung von nachhaltiger Entwicklung in die berufliche Ausbildungspraxis und dadurch die Befähigung der Auszubildenden zur Mitgestaltung der Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft durch nachhaltiges Denken und Handeln. Hierfür bietet der Deutsche Qualifikationsrahmen (DQR) sowohl einen berufs- als auch bildungsbereichsübergreifenden Orientierungsrahmen, welcher für die Ordnungsarbeit und Berufsbildungspraxis nutzbar gemacht werden kann.
Social institutions
(2024)
Social institutions are a system of behavioral and relationship patterns that are densely interwoven and enduring and function across an entire society. They order and structure the behavior of individuals in core areas of society and thus have a strong impact on the quality of life of individuals. Institutions regulate the following: (a) family and relationship networks carry out social reproduction and socialization; (b) institutions in the realm of education and training ensure the transmission and cultivation of knowledge, abilities, and specialized skills; (c) institutions in the labor market and economy provide for the production and distribution of goods and services; (d) institutions in the realm of law, governance, and politics provide for the maintenance of the social order; (e) while cultural, media, and religious institutions further the development of contexts of meaning, value orientations, and symbolic codes.