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- Ludwig Leichhardt (7)
- Management (7)
- Mexiko (7)
- Microtus arvalis (7)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers (7)
- Molybdenum cofactor (7)
- Morphology (7)
- Movement (7)
- Muscle strength (7)
- Narcissism (7)
- Naturphilosophie (7)
- Nutrition (7)
- Overweight (7)
- Palaeoclimate (7)
- Paris Agreement (7)
- Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (7)
- Permafrost (7)
- Phylogeography (7)
- Polymer (7)
- Quaternary (7)
- Reading motivation (7)
- Resistance training (7)
- Ring current effect (7)
- Sentence comprehension (7)
- Sentinel-1 (7)
- Soil (7)
- Solanaceae (7)
- South America (7)
- Survey (7)
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- Synchronization (7)
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- Time series (7)
- Tolkien (7)
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- Visualization (7)
- Water quality (7)
- World Bank (7)
- X-ray refraction (7)
- X-rays: ISM (7)
- Youth (7)
- academic achievement (7)
- acceleration (7)
- acculturation (7)
- additive manufacturing (7)
- adipose tissue (7)
- admixture (7)
- antioxidants (7)
- arithmetic (7)
- atomic force microscopy (7)
- bicameralism (7)
- binaries: eclipsing (7)
- bioinformatics (7)
- biomineralization (7)
- bystander (7)
- calcium (7)
- carbon cycle (7)
- catalogs (7)
- cellulose (7)
- charge transport (7)
- chemotaxis (7)
- chromatin (7)
- circulation (7)
- circumstellar matter (7)
- classical reception (7)
- clustering (7)
- community (7)
- community ecology (7)
- competence (7)
- creativity (7)
- cyber aggression (7)
- data analysis (7)
- design thinking (7)
- diet (7)
- discrepancy principle (7)
- dust (7)
- electrospinning (7)
- energy policy (7)
- ensemble Kalman filter (7)
- enzyme catalysis (7)
- executive function (7)
- extinction (7)
- extraction (7)
- flow (7)
- fractional Brownian motion (7)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (7)
- galaxies: abundances (7)
- gene flow (7)
- genetics (7)
- genomics (7)
- geochronology (7)
- grain size (7)
- heart (7)
- hydrogel (7)
- image processing (7)
- imaging (7)
- immigration (7)
- immobilization (7)
- index (7)
- infants (7)
- information structure (7)
- infrared: stars (7)
- insula (7)
- interaction (7)
- interoceptive awareness (7)
- ion mobility spectrometry (7)
- knowledge (7)
- knowledge management (7)
- lake sediments (7)
- language production (7)
- last glacial maximum (7)
- lidar (7)
- lipid metabolism (7)
- mapping (7)
- measurement (7)
- media violence (7)
- membranes (7)
- memory retrieval (7)
- mental disorders (7)
- metaanalysis (7)
- methods (7)
- microplastics (7)
- mixed methods (7)
- modern Jewish history (7)
- muscle (7)
- nitrogen deposition (7)
- nonergodicity (7)
- nuclear lamina (7)
- numerical simulations (7)
- organic photovoltaics (7)
- phonological awareness (7)
- phosphorylation (7)
- planetary nebulae: general (7)
- plyometric training (7)
- polarization (7)
- polystyrene (7)
- population (7)
- presidential government (7)
- protection (7)
- proteomics (7)
- psychotherapy training (7)
- pulsars: general (7)
- quality management (7)
- quantum dots (7)
- race (7)
- radiative transfer (7)
- recombination (7)
- religion (7)
- representation (7)
- reproducibility (7)
- rotation (7)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (7)
- selection (7)
- self-concept (7)
- self-regulation (7)
- semantics (7)
- sensors (7)
- size (7)
- social inclusion (7)
- soil (7)
- solar wind (7)
- speed (7)
- stars: late-type (7)
- strength (7)
- sunspots (7)
- surface chemistry (7)
- tectonics (7)
- thin films (7)
- tracking (7)
- traits (7)
- treeline (7)
- trust (7)
- violence (7)
- wh-in-situ (7)
- wh-questions (7)
- word order (7)
- yellow flags (7)
- youth sports (7)
- 1800 (6)
- Adsorption (6)
- Alaska (6)
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- Aristoteles (6)
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- BPMN (6)
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- Brief (6)
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- Chytridiomycota (6)
- Computational modelling (6)
- Connectivity (6)
- Coping (6)
- Copper (6)
- Daniel Kehlmann (6)
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- Dynamic NMR (6)
- EEG/ERP (6)
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- Ellenberg indicator values (6)
- Energy (6)
- FGF21 (6)
- FRET (6)
- Flood risk (6)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (6)
- Georg Foster (6)
- Global change (6)
- Gold (6)
- Groundwater (6)
- H II regions (6)
- HIREC (6)
- Humboldt als Vorbild (6)
- Humboldt, Alexander von (6)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- ISM: magnetic fields (6)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (6)
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- Innovation (6)
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- Klimawandel (6)
- Kommune (6)
- Lakes (6)
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- Levy flights (6)
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- Lysiphlebus fabarum (6)
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- Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie (6)
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- Modeling (6)
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- Oxygen heterocycles (6)
- PHREEQC (6)
- Paleolimnology (6)
- Patterns (6)
- Perceptual span (6)
- Phenotypic plasticity (6)
- Phonons (6)
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- Politik (6)
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- Predictors (6)
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- Prosody (6)
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- Reisetagebücher (6)
- Reliability (6)
- Return to work (6)
- Russian (6)
- SDS-PAGE (6)
- Seasonality (6)
- Security (6)
- Seismic tomography (6)
- Self-efficacy (6)
- Self-paced reading (6)
- Sexual selection (6)
- Soil erosion (6)
- Solanum lycopersicum (6)
- South Africa (6)
- Speech perception (6)
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- Translation (6)
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- Vitamin A (6)
- Water (6)
- Weltbürger (6)
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- X-ray diffraction (6)
- abstract concepts (6)
- accumulation (6)
- acid ceramidase (6)
- acquisition (6)
- agreement (6)
- alexithymia (6)
- algorithms (6)
- allostatic load (6)
- amygdala (6)
- anger (6)
- animacy (6)
- arenes (6)
- articulation (6)
- athletes (6)
- attitude (6)
- attitudes (6)
- auxin (6)
- bias (6)
- biodegradable polymers (6)
- biomimetic sensors (6)
- birth weight (6)
- cAMP (6)
- calibration (6)
- cardiovascular disease (6)
- cell-free protein synthesis (6)
- characteristics (6)
- chemical modification (6)
- chemistry (6)
- child (6)
- child development (6)
- co-limitation (6)
- cognitive development (6)
- community effect (6)
- complexes (6)
- composition (6)
- computer games (6)
- control (6)
- costs (6)
- crisis management (6)
- crown compounds (6)
- crystal-structure (6)
- crystallization (6)
- cue-based retrieval (6)
- cyber victimization (6)
- cyberhate (6)
- database (6)
- databases (6)
- defense (6)
- depressive symptoms (6)
- developmental dyscalculia (6)
- diabetic nephropathy (6)
- diffuse radiation (6)
- dissociative electron attachment (6)
- droughts (6)
- dust, extinction (6)
- dysphagia (6)
- economics (6)
- efficient (6)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (6)
- electrons (6)
- electrostatic interactions (6)
- english (6)
- entropy (6)
- environmental change (6)
- enzymes (6)
- exercise therapy (6)
- exhaustivity (6)
- extension (6)
- extreme rainfall (6)
- eye tracking (6)
- fNIRS (6)
- first passage (6)
- first passage time (6)
- first-passage time (6)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (6)
- fluorescence microscopy (6)
- force (6)
- forest management (6)
- gamma-rays: general (6)
- gender differences (6)
- genes (6)
- geometric Brownian motion (6)
- giving-up density (6)
- gravitational waves (6)
- habitat (6)
- habituation (6)
- heterocycles (6)
- holding capacity (6)
- home range (6)
- human impact (6)
- hydrogels (6)
- imaging spectroscopy (6)
- impacts (6)
- inclusive education (6)
- indianische Kunst (6)
- instability (6)
- institutions (6)
- introgression (6)
- invasive species (6)
- jumping (6)
- kinematics (6)
- land-use change (6)
- landscape of fear (6)
- light (6)
- linagliptin (6)
- low-energy electrons (6)
- malnutrition (6)
- maturation (6)
- mechanism (6)
- melt inclusions (6)
- membrane (6)
- mental simulation (6)
- methodology (6)
- microtubules (6)
- middle childhood (6)
- mitochondria (6)
- molecular modeling (6)
- morphological processing (6)
- muscle power (6)
- nanocomposite (6)
- nuclear envelope (6)
- numerical development (6)
- organization (6)
- overweight (6)
- pain (6)
- palaeoecology (6)
- pandemic (6)
- parameters (6)
- participation (6)
- pattern formation (6)
- perceptual span (6)
- perpetrator (6)
- perturbation (6)
- planets and satellites: rings (6)
- plankton (6)
- plant diversity (6)
- plasma membrane (6)
- policy (6)
- political equality (6)
- pollution (6)
- polyzwitterion (6)
- polyzwitterions (6)
- postural stability (6)
- predator-prey dynamics (6)
- preview benefit (6)
- privacy (6)
- professional development (6)
- pronoun resolution (6)
- pronouns (6)
- propensity score matching (6)
- prosocial behavior (6)
- radical polymerization (6)
- rainfall (6)
- reactive transport (6)
- refugees (6)
- regularization (6)
- restoration (6)
- retinol (6)
- retinol-binding protein 4 (6)
- risk factor (6)
- risk perception (6)
- running (6)
- saccades (6)
- salinity gradient (6)
- scale development (6)
- security (6)
- seed dispersal (6)
- seismicity (6)
- shape-memory effect (6)
- sharing economy (6)
- silver nanoparticles (6)
- snow (6)
- social comparison (6)
- social rejection (6)
- sodium (6)
- solar cells (6)
- sorption (6)
- speciation (6)
- spectra (6)
- speech/language therapy (6)
- spelling (6)
- standardization (6)
- stars (6)
- stars: horizontal-branch (6)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (6)
- structure (6)
- structure elucidation (6)
- support vector machine (6)
- surveillance (6)
- tVNS (6)
- technology (6)
- thaliana (6)
- time series (6)
- training adaptation (6)
- transcriptional memory (6)
- transcriptome (6)
- trends (6)
- tundra (6)
- validation study (6)
- ventral striatum (6)
- visions of democracy (6)
- water management (6)
- weather (6)
- wetlands (6)
- women (6)
- words (6)
- working memory capacity (6)
- 19th century (5)
- ACT-R (5)
- AFM (5)
- ALAN (5)
- Absorption (5)
- Acceleration (5)
- Adolescent (5)
- African Humid Period (5)
- Aftercare (5)
- Age of acquisition (5)
- Ageing (5)
- Algeria (5)
- Algorithms (5)
- Ancient DNA (5)
- Animal personality (5)
- Archiv (5)
- Arctic lakes (5)
- Asteraceae (5)
- Astronomie (5)
- Aufklärung (5)
- Balance (5)
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- Bildwissenschaft (5)
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- Bioelectrocatalysis (5)
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- Blood (5)
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- Body size (5)
- Brassicaceae (5)
- COVID-19 pandemic (5)
- Cattle (5)
- Cauchy problem (5)
- Cell polarity (5)
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- Click chemistry (5)
- Columbus (5)
- Community assembly (5)
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- Cosmogenic nuclides (5)
- Cost-effectiveness (5)
- Coupled oscillators (5)
- Cystic fibrosis (5)
- DNA damage (5)
- DRD4 (5)
- Decision making (5)
- Decision-making (5)
- Decomposition (5)
- Die Vermessung der Welt (5)
- Digital Humanities (5)
- EPR (5)
- ERA5 (5)
- Electropolymerization (5)
- Embodiment (5)
- Environmental sciences (5)
- Essai politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle-Espagne (5)
- Eutrophication (5)
- Examen critique (5)
- Extraction (5)
- Extreme events (5)
- Fatigue (5)
- Feature selection (5)
- Fetal programming (5)
- Fire-bellied toad (5)
- Flood (5)
- Flow cytometry (5)
- Fluorescence imaging (5)
- Fokker-Planck equation (5)
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- Forschungsdaten (5)
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- Functional ankle instability (5)
- Galaxy: center (5)
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- Heterocycles (5)
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- Holding isometric muscle action (5)
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- Hypertension (5)
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- ISM: jets and outflows (5)
- ISM: lines and bands (5)
- Imaging (5)
- Inclusion (5)
- Individual-based models (5)
- Industry 4.0 (5)
- Inflammation (5)
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- Instructional quality (5)
- Integration (5)
- Janus emulsions (5)
- Jaspers (5)
- Kalman filter (5)
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- Lake Van (5)
- Land-use intensity (5)
- Landslide (5)
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- Language acquisition (5)
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- Neo-Tethys (5)
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- Plant functional types (5)
- Population dynamics (5)
- Postural control (5)
- Prevalence (5)
- Prunus avium L. (5)
- Pushing isometric muscle action (5)
- Pyrenees (5)
- Quantum chemical calculations (5)
- RIXS (5)
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- Radiation belts (5)
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- Russland-Tagebuch (5)
- Ruthenium (5)
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- SEM (5)
- SRTM (5)
- SWAT (5)
- Scattering (5)
- School (5)
- Schwerpunktthema „À propos Kehlmann“ (5)
- Sediment (5)
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- Sensitivity analysis (5)
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- Sentence reading (5)
- Sexual aggression (5)
- Sexual scripts (5)
- Simulation (5)
- Soil moisture (5)
- Strontium isotope stratigraphy (5)
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- Systematic review (5)
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- TerraceM (5)
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- Transfer function (5)
- Trust (5)
- Type 2 diabetes (5)
- Universität Potsdam (5)
- Validation (5)
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- Walking (5)
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- Zinc (5)
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- academic self-concept (5)
- action observation (5)
- acute coronary syndrome (5)
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- age of acquisition (5)
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- alignment (5)
- alternatives (5)
- amino acids (5)
- anthracenes (5)
- anthropometry (5)
- antibody (5)
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- association (5)
- associations (5)
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- change detection (5)
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- coherence (5)
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- cosmology: theory (5)
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- expectation (5)
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- facilitation (5)
- fertilization (5)
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- function (5)
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- inversion (5)
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- phase transition (5)
- phenomenology (5)
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- photosynthesis (5)
- photovoltaics (5)
- phylogenetic diversity (5)
- picture naming (5)
- planet-star interactions (5)
- plant functional trait (5)
- plant functional traits (5)
- plasmonics (5)
- plyometric exercise (5)
- politeness (5)
- poly(lactic acid) (5)
- polymer degradation (5)
- polyphenols (5)
- population genomics (5)
- porous carbon (5)
- positive selection (5)
- preferential flow (5)
- problem solving (5)
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- professional knowledge (5)
- projections (5)
- prosodic boundary cues (5)
- protein-protein interaction (5)
- psychotherapy process (5)
- purification (5)
- quantum chemical calculations (5)
- questionnaire (5)
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- rat (5)
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- 4 (4)
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- coefficient (4)
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- data (4)
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- definition (4)
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- elevated CO2 (4)
- ellipsis processing (4)
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- evaluative study (4)
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- event coincidence analysis (4)
- extremophiles (4)
- eye movement (4)
- eye-movement monitoring (4)
- face perception (4)
- family (4)
- fatty-acids (4)
- fault (4)
- feature selection (4)
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- flood (4)
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- flooding (4)
- fractional dynamics (4)
- fracture (4)
- frequency (4)
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- frustration (4)
- fsQCA (4)
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- future (4)
- galaxies: fundamental parameters (4)
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- gas (4)
- gaze-contingent displays (4)
- gene regulatory networks (4)
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- historiography (4)
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- inverse problem (4)
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- joint Simon effect (4)
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- karst (4)
- kidney transplantation (4)
- knickpoint (4)
- lactate (4)
- land use change (4)
- landscape (4)
- language contact (4)
- lanthanides (4)
- large-scale structure of Universe (4)
- laterality (4)
- lexical access (4)
- lexical development (4)
- lichens (4)
- life satisfaction (4)
- ligand (4)
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- metaphor (4)
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- methods: statistical (4)
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- methylmercury (4)
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- multiplicative noise (4)
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- myocardial infarction (4)
- n-alkanes (4)
- nanotriangles (4)
- narrative (4)
- naturalism (4)
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- network analysis (4)
- neurodegenerative diseases (4)
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- neutrinos (4)
- noise (4)
- nominalization (4)
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (4)
- non-fullerene acceptors (4)
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- optimism (4)
- optimization (4)
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- osmotic-pressure (4)
- other-race effect (4)
- oxidation (4)
- pH (4)
- paleogenomics (4)
- palladium (4)
- parafoveal processing (4)
- parental mediation (4)
- part 1 (4)
- partial clone (4)
- particle-in-cell simulations (4)
- pathway (4)
- people (4)
- perceptual reorganization (4)
- periodization (4)
- permeability (4)
- persulfide (4)
- phase separation (4)
- phenology (4)
- phonetics (4)
- photoelectron (4)
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- photoisomerization (4)
- photooxygenation (4)
- phototaxis (4)
- photovoltaic devices (4)
- physical performance (4)
- physiological consequences (4)
- picture-word interference (4)
- piezoelectricity (4)
- planets and satellites: atmospheres (4)
- planning (4)
- plant development (4)
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- proteinuria (4)
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- runners (4)
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- salt pan (4)
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- Stumbling (3)
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- Trochaic Law (3)
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- Tupaia (3)
- Two forms of isometric muscle action (3)
- Type 1 diabetes (3)
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- Weather (3)
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- athlete (3)
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- attentional demand (3)
- attraction (3)
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- automatic processing (3)
- autophagy (3)
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- clay (3)
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- cluster (3)
- coagulation (3)
- coatings (3)
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- code generation (3)
- coercion (3)
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- college students (3)
- collusion (3)
- colonialism (3)
- comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (3)
- community assembly (3)
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- composites (3)
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- content areas (3)
- content-addressable memory (3)
- context (3)
- continental lithosphere (3)
- contracts (3)
- conversation analysis (3)
- convolutional neural network (3)
- copolymers (3)
- coronal mass ejections (CMEs) (3)
- coronary bypass grafting (3)
- corpus analysis (3)
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- coupled oscillators (3)
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- course design (3)
- creep (3)
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- critical phenomena (3)
- crop (3)
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- crowding (3)
- crowdsourcing (3)
- crust (3)
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- crystalline (3)
- cue validity (3)
- cultural pluralism (3)
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- cytoskeleton (3)
- dark ages (3)
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- data profiling (3)
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- decision tree (3)
- decompositon (3)
- deep neural networks (3)
- defense against predation (3)
- definite pseudoclefts (3)
- deforestation (3)
- degraded DNA (3)
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- democratic theory (3)
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- desiccation (3)
- detection (3)
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- effect (3)
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- elastic properties (3)
- elastomers (3)
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- electron microscopy (3)
- electrophysiological evidence (3)
- elemental composition (3)
- elevated plus-maze (3)
- ellipsometry (3)
- emergency management (3)
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- emotional valence (3)
- employment (3)
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- encoding (3)
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- estimation (3)
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- forecast (3)
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- galaxies: individual: LMC (3)
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- gallbladder cancer (3)
- games (3)
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- globular clusters: individual: NGC 6397 (3)
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- hostile attribution bias (3)
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- implicit association test (IAT) (3)
- implicit learning (3)
- in-service teacher training (3)
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- incision (3)
- indirect facilitation (3)
- indirect tests (3)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (3)
- industry 4.0 (3)
- infant (3)
- infiltration (3)
- influenza (3)
- information integration (3)
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- input frequency (3)
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- insects (3)
- insulin signaling (3)
- intensification (3)
- interactional linguistics (3)
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- intervention locality (3)
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- intonation units (3)
- intracellular-transport (3)
- intrinsic motivation (3)
- intrinsically disordered proteins (3)
- inverse analysis (3)
- inverse micelles (3)
- ionogels (3)
- ionosphere (3)
- islands (3)
- isotopic tiling theory (3)
- iterative regularization (3)
- job demands-resources model (3)
- justice (3)
- kana (3)
- kanji (3)
- kernel density estimation (3)
- kettle hole (3)
- kidney (3)
- kinetic instabilities (3)
- knowledge transfer (3)
- l-cysteine desulfurase (3)
- lactate threshold (3)
- land cover change (3)
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- land-use intensity (3)
- landscape diversity (3)
- landscape homogenization (3)
- langevin equation (3)
- language proficiency (3)
- languages (3)
- large-scale (3)
- large-scale assessment (3)
- laser powder bed fusion (3)
- laser pulses (3)
- last glacial period (3)
- late Holocene (3)
- late childhood (3)
- latent transition analysis (3)
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- latitudinal gradient (3)
- leaf development (3)
- leaf senescence (3)
- leaking (3)
- learning and memory (3)
- learning styles (3)
- legumes (3)
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- linear mixed models (3)
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- literacy acquisition (3)
- lithium-sulfur batteries (3)
- local governance (3)
- locomotion (3)
- locus of control (3)
- logarithmic source condition (3)
- logistic regression (3)
- long-distance dispersal (3)
- long-term effects (3)
- longevity (3)
- losses (3)
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- lower (3)
- lower thermosphere (3)
- lupin (3)
- lysosomal storage disorders (3)
- macrocycles (3)
- magmatic-hydrothermal systems (3)
- magnetic reconnection (3)
- magnetostriction (3)
- magnitude estimation (3)
- maintenance of functional diversity (3)
- major depression (3)
- majority rule (3)
- manufacturing (3)
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- maschinelles Lernen (3)
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- meadow (3)
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- mediation (3)
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- memory and delay (3)
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- missing-VP effect (3)
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- mobile health (3)
- mobile phone (3)
- modal verbs (3)
- modernity (3)
- modular production (3)
- modularity (3)
- molecular dynamics simulations (3)
- monetary incentive delay task (3)
- monomer (3)
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- mood (3)
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- morpho-orthography (3)
- morphological decomposition (3)
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- morphosyntax (3)
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- mouse (3)
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- muscle metabolism (3)
- muscle oxygen saturation (3)
- muscle weakness (3)
- music cognition (3)
- music information retrieval (3)
- music perception (3)
- mutation (3)
- myth (3)
- nanoclusters (3)
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- narration (3)
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- natal dispersal (3)
- natural climate solutions (3)
- natural habitats (3)
- natural hazard (3)
- nature conservation (3)
- need satisfaction (3)
- negation (3)
- negativity (3)
- net ecosystem exchange (3)
- network reconstruction (3)
- neural (3)
- neurodegeneration (3)
- neuronal networks (3)
- neutron (3)
- new technology (3)
- next generation sequencing (NGS) (3)
- niche and fitness differences (3)
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- nineteenth century (3)
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- non-athletes (3)
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- noun (3)
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- oligomerization (3)
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- online (3)
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- overweight children (3)
- p53 (3)
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- paleomagnetism (3)
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- parameter estimation (3)
- parameterization (3)
- parameterized complexity (3)
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- parasitoid (3)
- parchment (3)
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- particles (3)
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- patient education (3)
- pea (3)
- peace (3)
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- perceived predation risk (3)
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- possessives (3)
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- practice (3)
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- pragmatics (3)
- pre-activity (3)
- pre-natal (3)
- pre-service teachers (3)
- precaution (3)
- predation risk (3)
- predator-prey model (3)
- preference (3)
- preference assessment (3)
- preferences (3)
- prefixes (3)
- pressure (3)
- pressures (3)
- prevalence information (3)
- primary metabolism (3)
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- probabilistic (3)
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- protein folding (3)
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- protonation (3)
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- prozessorientierte Didaktik (3)
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- puberty (3)
- pulling isometric muscle action (PIMA) (3)
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- reservoir (3)
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- stars: (3)
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- ) (2)
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- Heterogeneous catalysis (2)
- HiN 19 (2)
- Hidden Markov models (2)
- High Asia (2)
- High-pressure metamorphism (2)
- Hilbert Scales (2)
- Hilbert transform (2)
- Hill numbers (2)
- Himmelblau (2)
- Hinweisreize (2)
- Hip (2)
- Hippo signaling (2)
- Hispano-Amerika (2)
- Historia Natural y Moral (2)
- Historial intelectual (2)
- Historiengemälde (2)
- Historiografie (2)
- Historische Bildungsforschung (2)
- Historismus (2)
- Hochbegabung (2)
- Holocene environmental history (2)
- Homeostasis (2)
- Homogeneous catalysis (2)
- Honduras (2)
- Honeybee (2)
- Hong-Ou-Mandel effect (2)
- Horse (2)
- Horst Fiedler (2)
- Host-plant quality (2)
- Human behaviour (2)
- Human physical conditioning (2)
- Human sulfite oxidase (2)
- Human values (2)
- Human-immunodeficiency-virus (2)
- Human-robot interaction (2)
- Humanismus (2)
- Humboldt Center for Transdisciplinary Studies (2)
- Humboldt brothers (2)
- Humboldt in English (HiE) (2)
- Humboldt in Sibirien (2)
- Humboldt in der spanischen Presse (2)
- Humboldt und Lateinamerika (2)
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- Humboldt über sich selbst (2)
- Humboldt-Kult (2)
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- Humboldtian science (2)
- Humboldts Leibnizbild (2)
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- Humboldts Schriften (2)
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- Hybrid speciation (2)
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- Hydraulic models (2)
- Hydraulic networks (2)
- Hydrocarbons (2)
- Hydrogels (2)
- Hydrogen peroxide (2)
- Hydrological drought (2)
- Hydrological modelling (2)
- Hydrolytic degradation (2)
- Hydrothermal carbonization (2)
- Hydrus-2D (2)
- Hypermethylation (2)
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- Hypopomus-Occidentalis (2)
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- I. A. Schmakow (2)
- IACT (2)
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- ICESat-2 (2)
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- ICP-MS (2)
- ICT (2)
- IDP (2)
- IIoT (2)
- IL-6 (2)
- IMPRESSIONS (2)
- INOPEX (2)
- ISM: individual objects: G338.3-0.0 (2)
- ISOS-L-1I protocol (2)
- IT-Infrastruktur (2)
- ITC (2)
- Iambic/Trochaic Law (2)
- Iceland (2)
- Ideen zu einer Geographie der Pflanzen (2)
- Ideen zur Physiognomik der Gewächse (2)
- Ideengeschichte (2)
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- Illumina amplicon sequencing (2)
- Illuminance (2)
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- InP (2)
- InPZnS (2)
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- Indicators of socioeconomic status, Health inequality (2)
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- North Pacific (2)
- North Tabriz Fault (2)
- Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (2)
- Northern Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Northwestern Anatolia (2)
- Nostoc (2)
- Novemberaufstand (2)
- Nueva España (2)
- Number-space association (2)
- Numerical experiment (2)
- Numerical modelling (2)
- Nursing home (2)
- Nutrient (2)
- Nutritional counseling (2)
- Ny-Alesund (2)
- Nyctereutes procyonoides (2)
- O-antigen specific phage (2)
- OBIA (2)
- OCD (2)
- OCP-Place (2)
- OMICs tools (2)
- ORCiD (2)
- OSL dating (2)
- OTDR (2)
- OV–VO (2)
- Oberflächen- und Bergwerkswasser (2)
- Observatorium (2)
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (2)
- Ocean acidification (2)
- Ocean color remote sensing (2)
- Ocean sciences (2)
- Offending (2)
- Office chair (2)
- Offspring weight (2)
- Ohrid-Prespa region (2)
- Older adults (2)
- Oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- Oligopoly competition (2)
- Omicron (2)
- Onlinelehre (2)
- Onsager-Machlup functional (2)
- Open Educational Practices (2)
- OpenForecast (2)
- OpenStreetMap (2)
- Ophrys (2)
- Optics and photonics (2)
- Optionality (2)
- OptoGait (2)
- Optoelectronics (2)
- Orbital forcing (2)
- Orden Pour le Mérite (2)
- Order-preserving transformations (2)
- Ordnung (2)
- Organ Discharge Patterns (2)
- Organic carbon (2)
- Organic electronics (2)
- Organic geochemistry (2)
- Organic matter degradation (2)
- Organic semiconductors (2)
- Organisation (2)
- Organisationsethik (2)
- Organization theory (2)
- Organizational ethics (2)
- Organon (2)
- Orientalistik (2)
- Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process (2)
- Orogenic wedge (2)
- Orthologous Matrix (OMA) Project (2)
- Orthopedics (2)
- Orthoptera (2)
- Oryctolagus cuniculus (2)
- Oscar M. Lieber (2)
- Oscillator ensembles (2)
- Ostasienexpedition (2)
- Ostracods (2)
- Otfried Höffe (2)
- Outcome measures (2)
- Outcrossing rate (2)
- Outdoor enclosure (2)
- Outflows (2)
- Overhead athletes (2)
- Ovid (2)
- Oxygen (2)
- Oxygen saturation (2)
- Oyster Crassostrea-gigas (2)
- Ozeanologie (2)
- Ozone (2)
- P ligands (2)
- P-waves (2)
- P. Kropotkin (2)
- P. Semenov (2)
- PAS domain (2)
- PC-3 cells (2)
- PCK (2)
- PCLake (2)
- PCPDTBT (2)
- PEI coating (2)
- PLA (2)
- PLS regression (2)
- PLSR (2)
- PLV (2)
- POL (2)
- PROGRESS/TRIPOD (2)
- PTEN (2)
- PTSD (2)
- Pacific studies (2)
- Paginierung (2)
- Pain occurrence (2)
- Pain screening (2)
- Pak choi (2)
- Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- Palaeogenetics (2)
- Palaeotropics (2)
- Palenque (2)
- Paleoceanography (2)
- Paleoecology (2)
- Paleoenvironment (2)
- Paleogenetics (2)
- Paleomagnetism (2)
- Palestine (2)
- Palmitate (2)
- Panama (2)
- Panamá (2)
- Panasqueira (2)
- Panthera pardus (2)
- Paraguay (2)
- Parameterized complexity (2)
- Parasitoid wasp (2)
- Paratethys (2)
- Paratexte (2)
- Paraíba (2)
- Paris agreement (2)
- Paris-Edinburgh press (2)
- Parkinson' s disease (2)
- Parkinson's disease (2)
- Partial Little Square (2)
- Participant Orientation (2)
- Participation (2)
- Partnership (2)
- Passive Microwave (2)
- Pastoralism (2)
- Pasture (2)
- Paternity analysis (2)
- Pathological Narcissism Inventory (2)
- Pathologies (2)
- Pathway design (2)
- Patterning (2)
- Pavlovian‐to‐instrumental transfer (2)
- Peat (2)
- Pedagogical issues (2)
- Pediastrum (2)
- Peer-to-Peer ridesharing (2)
- Peeter, Hagar (2)
- Periphyton (2)
- Peronosporaceae (2)
- Perovskite solar cell (2)
- Persian (2)
- Persisch (2)
- Personality traits (2)
- Personalization (2)
- Personenstandsgesetz (2)
- Peru (2)
- Perylene (2)
- Peter- und Paulshafen in Kamtschatka (2)
- Petra Werner (2)
- Petroglyphen (2)
- Petrography (2)
- Pex1 (2)
- Pex6 (2)
- Phantoms (2)
- Pharmacokinetics (2)
- Phase Locking Value (2)
- Phase morphology (2)
- Phenylpropanoids (2)
- Philatelie (2)
- Philip Sidney (2)
- Philolaos aus Kroton (2)
- Philosophical anthropology (2)
- Phonology (2)
- Phosphate (2)
- Phospholipid binding proteins (2)
- Phospholipids (2)
- Phosphorus limitation (2)
- Photodynamics (2)
- Photoelectron spectroscopy (2)
- Photoexcitations (2)
- Photosensitive polymer brushes (2)
- Photosphere (2)
- Phylogenetic analysis (2)
- Phylogenetic-Relationships (2)
- Phylogenomics (2)
- Physical exercise (2)
- Physical training (2)
- Physics (2)
- Physiologie (2)
- Phytoliths (2)
- Picard-Fuchs equations (2)
- Pickelhäring (2)
- Picture-word interference (2)
- Pietro Pomponazzi (2)
- Pigments (2)
- Pinus pinaster (2)
- Pioniere (2)
- Pipe networks (2)
- Pipistrellus nathusii (2)
- Pistor & Schiek (2)
- Plackett–Burman design (2)
- Planar polarity (2)
- PlanetScope (2)
- Plant functional groups (2)
- Plant functional trait (2)
- Plant height (2)
- Plant performance (2)
- Plant sciences (2)
- Plant-based diet (2)
- Plantes Équinoxiales (2)
- Plants (2)
- Plate tectonics (2)
- Platelets (2)
- Platin (2)
- Plattformtypen (2)
- Plinius der Ältere (2)
- Podanthus mitiqui (2)
- Poecili-Mexicana (2)
- Poecilia formosa (2)
- Poecilia latipinna (2)
- Poeciliidae (2)
- Poincare inequality (2)
- Point-based rendering (2)
- Point-light action (2)
- Pointing (2)
- Polarization (2)
- Policy (2)
- Policy change (2)
- Politics of childhood (2)
- Politikberatung (2)
- Pollen trap (2)
- Pollimyrus-Isidori (2)
- Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- Polyampholytes (2)
- Polyelectrolytes (2)
- Polyethyleneimine (2)
- Polymerization (2)
- Polynomial regression (2)
- Polyunsaturated Fatty-Acids (2)
- Pond (2)
- Ponds (2)
- Pontides (2)
- Popkultur (2)
- Popmusik (2)
- Population density (2)
- Population structure (2)
- Population viability analysis (2)
- Population-Growth (2)
- Porosity (2)
- Porous silicon (2)
- Porphyrins (2)
- Porzellan (2)
- Poschmann, Marion (2)
- Poshtuk metapelites (2)
- Positive selection (2)
- Postbürokratie (2)
- Posthomerica (2)
- Postmasburg manganese field (2)
- Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (2)
- Prag und Wien (2)
- Pragmatik (2)
- Praktikum im In- und Ausland (2)
- Praxiteles (2)
- Precipitation gradient (2)
- Predator-prey interactions (2)
- Prediabetes (2)
- Predictability (2)
- Prediction of disability/intensity (2)
- Predictive processing (2)
- Preference (2)
- Presse (2)
- Pressure distribution (2)
- Preußen und Frankreich (2)
- Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (2)
- Preußische Legation am Römischen Hof (2)
- Primary care (2)
- Primates (2)
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- Prisoner's Dilemma (2)
- ProDisc Vivo (2)
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- Probability (2)
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- Process (2)
- Process model (2)
- Process modeling (2)
- Procrustes rotation (2)
- Professional knowledge (2)
- Progesterone (2)
- Programming (2)
- Projection (2)
- Projektevaluation (2)
- Proliferation (2)
- Prominences, active (2)
- Promiscuous enzymes (2)
- Pronoun resolution (2)
- Prosodic boundaries (2)
- Prosody-syntax interface (2)
- Prospective (2)
- Proteasome (2)
- Protective factors (2)
- Protein oxidation (2)
- Protein secondary structure (2)
- Protein–protein interaction (2)
- Proteomics (2)
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- Prototyping (2)
- Proxy (2)
- Proyecto Humboldt (2)
- Prussia (2)
- Präexistente Musik (2)
- Pseudomonas syringae (2)
- Psychodiagnostics (2)
- Psycholinguistics (2)
- Psychological functioning (2)
- Psychologiestudierende (2)
- Psychometric evaluation (2)
- Psychopathology (2)
- Psychophysiology (2)
- Psychosocial stress (2)
- Psychotherapeutic competencies (2)
- Psychotherapeutische Ausbildung (2)
- Psychotherapierichtlinie (2)
- Public Management (2)
- Public Service Motivation (2)
- Public sector (2)
- Public-private partnerships (2)
- Publikationsfonds (2)
- Publizistik Le Costitutionnel (2)
- Pull-Apart (2)
- Pulling isometric muscle action (2)
- Pump-probe (2)
- Punch (2)
- Push-pull character (2)
- Push-pull effect (2)
- Puumala virus seroprevalence (2)
- Pythagoreer (2)
- Pál Rosti (2)
- QDs (2)
- QTL (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
- Qilian mountains (2)
- Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse (2)
- Quality assurance (2)
- Quantum dots (2)
- Quantum dynamics (2)
- Quantum optics (2)
- Quartz (2)
- Quasilinear equations (2)
- Quellenstudien (2)
- Quercus ilex (2)
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- Query optimization (2)
- Questionnaire (2)
- Questionnaires (2)
- Quintus Smyrnaeus (2)
- Quito (2)
- R (2)
- R Shiny (2)
- RAFT (2)
- RCP scenarios (2)
- RCT (2)
- RDoC (2)
- REE (2)
- REMPI (2)
- RFID (2)
- RGB-D cameras (2)
- RIXS (resonant inelastic X-ray scattering) (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RNA virus (2)
- RNA-seq (2)
- ROF1 (2)
- RP-HPLC (2)
- RP2 (2)
- RRR (2)
- RSI (2)
- RT models (2)
- RUNX2 (2)
- Radiative transfer (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
- Rainfall (2)
- Rainfall gradient (2)
- Raman imaging (2)
- Raman microspectroscopy (2)
- Ramón de la Sagra (2)
- Randomized controlled-trails (2)
- Ranking (2)
- Rapeseed oil (2)
- Raphidiopsis (2)
- Rasa (2)
- Rassendiskriminierung (2)
- Rationality (2)
- Rats (2)
- Rattus rattus (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Raynal (2)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (2)
- Reactive oxygen species (2)
- Real time (2)
- Realistic Accuracy (2)
- Reanalysis (2)
- Rearing experiment (2)
- Rearrangement (2)
- Reasoning (2)
- Receiver functions (2)
- Recherches philosophiques sur les Américains (2)
- Rechtschreibkompetenz (2)
- Recognition Memory (2)
- Recollection (2)
- Recombinase polymerase amplification (2)
- Recombination (2)
- Recurrence plots (2)
- Redox marker (2)
- Redox polymer (2)
- Redundancy (2)
- Refabrikation (2)
- Reflection (2)
- Reflectivity (2)
- Reflexionsförderung (2)
- Reflexives (2)
- Reform Judaism (2)
- Reformbereitschaft (2)
- Reformjudentum (2)
- Reformpädagogik (2)
- Reformschule (2)
- Regime shifts (2)
- Region (2)
- Regionale Ansätze (2)
- Regionalization (2)
- Regression (2)
- Regulation (2)
- Regulatory focus (2)
- Rehearsal (2)
- Reise (2)
- Reise in die Äquinoktial-Gegenden des Neuen Kontinents (2)
- Reise um die Welt (2)
- Reisebilder Italien (2)
- Reiseliteratur (2)
- Reiseliteraur (2)
- Reisemanuskripte (2)
- Reisepass (2)
- Reiserouten auf Humboldts Spuren (2)
- Relapse (2)
- Relational sociology (2)
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- Release (2)
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- Religiöses Leben (2)
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- Removable sets (2)
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- Renewable resources (2)
- Reparaturen (2)
- Repeated sprint (2)
- Replication (2)
- Reproducibility (2)
- Reproducible benchmarking (2)
- Reproducing kernel Hilbert space (2)
- ResNet (2)
- Research Domain Criteria (2)
- Reservoir Networks (2)
- Residual stresses (2)
- Resiliency (2)
- Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength (2)
- Resource Competition (2)
- Resurvey (2)
- Retention (2)
- Reticulocytes (2)
- Retina (2)
- Retinol (2)
- Retrieval (2)
- Rezension (2)
- Rezeption (2)
- Rheic Ocean (2)
- Rhetorik und Philosophie (2)
- Rhodos (2)
- RiPPs (2)
- Ribosome (2)
- Rice (2)
- Richard Wagner (2)
- Richtigkeit der Ideen Alexanders Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts bewiesen (2)
- Riesz continuity (2)
- Ring tensiometry (2)
- Ring-opening polymerization (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
- Risiko (2)
- Risikoanalyse (2)
- Risk factor (2)
- River Incision Model (2)
- River restoration (2)
- River-Basin (2)
- Robustness (2)
- Rodent (2)
- Rodungen (2)
- Rohstoffverarbeitung (2)
- Role-playing (2)
- Romantik (2)
- Roridula gorgonias (2)
- Rossby-normal modes (2)
- Rotifier (2)
- Rovdo (2)
- Royal Society (2)
- Royden boundary (2)
- RubisCO (2)
- Rudolf Agricola (2)
- Rumelian Turkic (2)
- Rundofen (2)
- Running (2)
- Runtime analysis (2)
- Rural health (2)
- Russian Arctic (2)
- Russian Empire (2)
- Russisches Kaiserreich (2)
- Ruta de Humboldt (2)
- République des Lettres (2)
- Río de la Plata (2)
- Römische Frage (2)
- Römische Kurie (2)
- S-XRF (2)
- SAMT (2)
- SAUR (2)
- SCED (2)
- SCFA (2)
- SD3 (2)
- SDG interactions (2)
- SEIRA spectroelectrochemistry (2)
- SERS enhancement factor (2)
- SFON (2)
- SIMS techniques (2)
- SIO₂ (2)
- SLI (2)
- SMARC (2)
- SMEs (2)
- SOA (2)
- SOEP (2)
- SOPARSE (2)
- SOV language (2)
- SPB (2)
- SPDEs (2)
- SPM (2)
- SQL (2)
- SRT (2)
- SSW (2)
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- Sachunterricht (2)
- Sahel (2)
- Sailfin molly (2)
- Salt Range (2)
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- Samara (2)
- Samarium (2)
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- Sampling rate (2)
- Sanssouci (2)
- Santa-Barbara system (2)
- Saprolegnia (2)
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- Sarcopenia (2)
- Satellite magnetics (2)
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- Saturn (2)
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- Scaling (2)
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- Scattering theory (2)
- Scenario (2)
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- Schrift (2)
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- Schrodinger equation (2)
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- Schule (2)
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- Schulpraktikum (2)
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- Schulreform (2)
- Schulreformprozesse (2)
- Schultheater (2)
- Schutz (2)
- Schutzfaktoren (2)
- Scientific discovery learning (2)
- Sclerochronology (2)
- Scotland (2)
- Se (2)
- Sea of Marmara (2)
- Seawater intrusion (2)
- Sebastian Brant (2)
- Second Life (2)
- Second World War (2)
- Secularism (2)
- Secure Configuration (2)
- Sediment Flux (2)
- Sediment fingerprinting (2)
- Sediment geochemistry (2)
- Sediment magnetism (2)
- Sediment reuse (2)
- Sediment transport (2)
- Sedimentology (2)
- Sediments (2)
- Seed mass (2)
- Seismic anisotropy (2)
- Seismic gap (2)
- Seismic interferometry (2)
- Seismic monitoring and test-ban treaty verification (2)
- Seismotectonic segmentation (2)
- Seismotectonics (2)
- Selection (2)
- Selection vs. age-class forests (2)
- Self-assembly (2)
- Self-concept (2)
- Self-harm (2)
- Semantic Web (2)
- Semantic classification task (2)
- Semantic preview benefit (2)
- Semantic priming (2)
- Semantics (2)
- Semantik (2)
- Semi-arid (2)
- Seminarkonzept (2)
- Semitic (2)
- Sensor fusion (2)
- Sensors (2)
- Sensory perception (2)
- Sentence-picture matching (2)
- Sentinel-1 InSAR (2)
- Sequence alignment (2)
- Sequence analysis (2)
- Sequential instruction (2)
- Serine cycle (2)
- Sesia Zone (2)
- Sexual Selection (2)
- Sexual conflict (2)
- Sexual dimorphism (2)
- Sexualität (2)
- Sexualization (2)
- Shallow processing (2)
- Shame (2)
- Shannon diversity (2)
- Shannon entropy (2)
- Shape memory (2)
- Shape-memory effect (2)
- Shape-memory polymer (2)
- Shear Zone (2)
- Shigella flexneri (2)
- Shockley-Queisser model (2)
- Shocks (2)
- Shona (2)
- Short‐term effect (2)
- Shotgun sequencing (2)
- Shoulder (2)
- Shrews (2)
- Si fractions (2)
- Siberian tree line (2)
- Sibirien (2)
- Sierra de Piura (2)
- Siglo XIX (2)
- Siglo XX (2)
- Signal detection theory (2)
- Signal processing (2)
- Signaling (2)
- Signalling (2)
- Silber (2)
- Silene vulgaris (2)
- Silicon isotopes (2)
- Simon effect (2)
- Simulation model (2)
- Simón Bolívar (2)
- Sinai diffusion (2)
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms (2)
- Single/dual tasking (2)
- Site characterization (2)
- Site response (2)
- Situated cognition (2)
- Skeletal joints (2)
- Skeletal muscle cells (2)
- Skin (2)
- Skin penetration (2)
- Skizzen (2)
- Slab break-off (2)
- Slip Distribution (2)
- Slope exposure (2)
- Small (2)
- Small Aral Sea (2)
- Small for gestational age (2)
- Small mammals (2)
- Smart micro-grids (2)
- Smpd1 (2)
- Social (2)
- Social Media Analysis (2)
- Social Networking Sites (2)
- Social Sciences (2)
- Social cognition (2)
- Social cues (2)
- Social functioning (2)
- Social inequality (2)
- Social learning (2)
- Social relationships (2)
- Societas meteorologica Palatina (2)
- Socioeconomic scenarios (2)
- Socioeconomic status (2)
- Sociology of Literature (2)
- Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou (2)
- Sodium bicarbonate (2)
- Software (2)
- Soil fertility (2)
- Soil function (2)
- Soil heterogeneity (2)
- Solanum tuberosum (2)
- Solid Earth sciences (2)
- Solidago canadensis (2)
- Solvent effects (2)
- Solvothermal synthesis (2)
- Somatic (2)
- Somatoform disorder (2)
- Sonderabgabe (2)
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- Sotomayor (2)
- South American Monsoon System (2)
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- South China Sea (2)
- South-Eastern Africa (2)
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- Soziale Bewegungen (2)
- Soziale Medien (2)
- Space geodetic surveys (2)
- Spanish modal adverbs (2)
- Spanish verbs of cognitive attitude (2)
- Spatial analysis (2)
- Spatial autocorrelation (2)
- Spatial bias (2)
- Spatial distribution (2)
- Spatial-numerical associations (2)
- Species complex (2)
- Species distribution models (2)
- Species loss (2)
- Species-Diversity (2)
- Specific entropy (2)
- Specific wood density (2)
- Spectral analysis (2)
- Spectrophotometry (2)
- Speech Motor Control (2)
- Speech Rhythm and Rhythmic Analysis (2)
- Speech production (2)
- Speisegebot (2)
- Speleothems (2)
- Spin probes (2)
- Spiralcurriculum (2)
- Splicing (2)
- Sport medicine (2)
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- Sports injury (2)
- Sprachbildung (2)
- Spracherwerb (2)
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- Spurengase (2)
- Sputum (2)
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- Staatsgrenzen (2)
- Stabilität (2)
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- Stadt (2)
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- Starch (2)
- State and trait measurement (2)
- Statistical Physics (2)
- Statistical inverse problem (2)
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- Steady-state balance (2)
- Steingut (2)
- Stellenanzeigen (2)
- Stemflow (2)
- Stephen Bell (2)
- Stereochemistry (2)
- Steric effect (2)
- Sternschnuppen (2)
- Sterols (2)
- Steven Jan van Geuns (2)
- Stiftung Preußische Seehandlung (2)
- Stoa (2)
- Stoffkreisläufe (2)
- Strain (2)
- Strain measurement (2)
- Strategic growth adjustment (2)
- Stress levels (2)
- Stress pattern (2)
- Stroke (2)
- Strong-motion (2)
- Stroop effect (2)
- Structural equation modeling (2)
- Structure-from-motion (2)
- Student motivation (2)
- Studienabbruch (2)
- Studienerfolg (2)
- Sturmhochwasser (2)
- Style modification (2)
- Subarctic North Pacific (2)
- Subject-verb agreement (2)
- Subjective well-being (2)
- Subsampling (2)
- Subsurface biosphere (2)
- Suguta Valley (2)
- Sulfate (2)
- Sulphoxide (2)
- Sumatra (2)
- Sun: UV radiation (2)
- Sun: heliosphere (2)
- Sun: magnetic topology (2)
- Sun: sunspots (2)
- Sundaland (2)
- Supernatural (2)
- Supernova remnants (2)
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- Superoxide (2)
- Support (2)
- Supramolecular chemistry (2)
- Surface (2)
- Surface composition (2)
- Surface exudates (2)
- Surface functionalization (2)
- Surface relief grating (2)
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- Surfactant (2)
- Surfactants (2)
- Surgical and invasive medical procedures (2)
- Survival (2)
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- child language acquisition (2)
- child second language acquisition (2)
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- chimera (2)
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- chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) (2)
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- chytridiomycota (2)
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- climate trends (2)
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- climbing (2)
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- coastal wetland (2)
- coating (2)
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- coefficients (2)
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- confocal Raman microscopy (2)
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- confusion (2)
- congeneric species (2)
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- conversion (2)
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- convivence of languages (2)
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- coping styles (2)
- copolymerization (2)
- copper complex (2)
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- copy number analyses (2)
- cord blood (2)
- core PG1351 (2)
- core shell UCNP (2)
- core strength (2)
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- cori cycle (2)
- corona (2)
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- corporeality (2)
- corpus dataset (2)
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- cosmopolitismo (2)
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- cost-utility analysis (2)
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- cross-modal generalisation (2)
- cross-modal priming (2)
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- crustacean zooplankton (2)
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- crustal thickness (2)
- cryogel (2)
- cryolithology (2)
- cryptic species complex (2)
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- cues (2)
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- cultural minority youth (2)
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- customization (2)
- cyanobacterial bloom (2)
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- cyberaggression (2)
- cyclooxygenase (2)
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- cytochrome P450 17A1 (Cyp17A1) (2)
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- cytoplasm (2)
- cytoplasmic polyadenylation (2)
- cytosolic tRNA thiolation (2)
- cytotype (2)
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- data matching (2)
- data mining (2)
- data pipeline (2)
- data processing (2)
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- data science (2)
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- data wrangling (2)
- ddRAD (2)
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- de-concentration (2)
- dead Cas9 (2)
- death (2)
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- debt (2)
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- decision-theory (2)
- decline (2)
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- degradable polymers (2)
- dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (2)
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- density dependence (2)
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- denudation (2)
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- derivational affixes (2)
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- design (2)
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- deutsche Geschichte (2)
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- dielectric (2)
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- differential expression analysis (2)
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- diffraction (2)
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- digging-in effects (2)
- digital bathymetric model (2)
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- digitale Geisteswissenschaften (2)
- diimine-complexes (2)
- dimension independent bound (2)
- dimensional (2)
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- dimerization (2)
- dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (2)
- dip-coating (2)
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- discounting (2)
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- eastern continental Asia (2)
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- engineering (2)
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- ensemble (2)
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- entropy production (2)
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- enzymatic MIP synthesis (2)
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- epidermis (2)
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- epilepsy (2)
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- epistemic modality (2)
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- evaporation (2)
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- exposition (2)
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- extensional tectonics (2)
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- externalization (2)
- extinction drivers (2)
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- extremal values (2)
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- fastest first-passage time of N walkers (2)
- fat-free mass (2)
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- fatty acid (2)
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- fault bend fold (2)
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- feet (2)
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- fence interaction (2)
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- fiber Bragg gratings (2)
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- fibrinogen (2)
- field (2)
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- filosofía de la naturaleza (2)
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- flexible (2)
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- florfenicol (2)
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- fluorescence photobleaching recovery (2)
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- fluorinated organic spacer (2)
- fluoroethylenepropylene (FEP) copolymer (2)
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- flux (2)
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- focal adhesion (2)
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- force production (2)
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- forgetfulness (2)
- formal (2)
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- formula (2)
- forschendes Lernen (2)
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- fractal (2)
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- fractionation (2)
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- frailty (2)
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- free association (2)
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- free will (2)
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- frequent flood (2)
- freshwater algae (2)
- freshwater heterotrophic bacteria (2)
- friction (2)
- frictional properties (2)
- frontal accretion (2)
- fronts (2)
- frühe Eltern-Kind-Beziehung (2)
- frühes russländisches Kino (2)
- functional (2)
- functional calculus (2)
- functional complementation (2)
- functional inhibitors of acid sphin-gomyelinase (2)
- functional performance (2)
- functional richness (2)
- functioning (2)
- functions (2)
- fungal pathogens (2)
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- further education (2)
- g-quadruplex (2)
- gabbros (2)
- gait analysis algorithm (2)
- gait speed (2)
- galaxies (2)
- galaxies: clusters: general (2)
- galaxies: general (2)
- galaxies: individual: SMC (2)
- galaxies: individual: Small Magellanic Cloud (2)
- galaxies: star clusters: general (2)
- galaxies: stellar content (2)
- galaxies: structure (2)
- game-based learning (2)
- gamma diversity (2)
- gamma rays: diffuse background (2)
- garden-paths (2)
- gas chromatography (2)
- gas hydrate (2)
- gas phase electron spectroscopy (2)
- gas sensing (2)
- gas-phase (2)
- gas-production (2)
- gastrointestinal cancer (2)
- gate effect (2)
- gaussian processes (2)
- gelehrte Tugenden (2)
- gels (2)
- gender diversity (2)
- gender gap (2)
- gender inequality (2)
- gender stereotype trait (2)
- gendered motivational beliefs (2)
- gene delivery (2)
- gene family (2)
- gene regulation (2)
- gene selection (2)
- gene-environment interaction (2)
- gene-regulation kinetics (2)
- general (2)
- general learning model (2)
- general practitioners (2)
- generalised langevin equation (2)
- generalization (2)
- generalized dissimilarity modelling (2)
- generators (2)
- genetic accommodation (2)
- genetic adaptation (2)
- genetic differentiation (2)
- genetic programming (2)
- genetic rescue (2)
- genetically modified BoNT (2)
- genome scan (2)
- genome-wide association study (2)
- genomic dna methylation (2)
- genomic prediction (2)
- genotypes (2)
- geo-bio interaction (2)
- geodynamic modeling (2)
- geographic distribution (2)
- geographical album (2)
- geography (2)
- geography education (2)
- geomagnetic observatories (2)
- geomagnetic observatory data (2)
- geomagnetic storm drivers (2)
- geothermal (2)
- geothermal energy (2)
- geovisualization (2)
- germacrane sesquiterpene lactone (2)
- german-learning infants (2)
- germination (2)
- gestural organization (2)
- gestures (2)
- geyser (2)
- gibberellic acid (2)
- girls (2)
- giro espacial (2)
- givenness (2)
- glacial hazards (2)
- glacial lake outburst floods (2)
- glacial maximum (2)
- glacial refugia (2)
- glaciers (2)
- global and regional change (2)
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- global commons (2)
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- global surface warming (2)
- global vegetation model (2)
- global warming levels (2)
- glucose intolerance (2)
- glucose oxidation (2)
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- gold nanoparticle assembly (2)
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- gradient boosting (2)
- gradients (2)
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- grafted polymers (2)
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- grammaticalization (2)
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- granularity (2)
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- gravitational lensing: strong (2)
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- habitat connectivity (2)
- habitat fragmentation (2)
- habituation-switch paradigm (2)
- habitus (2)
- hair cortisol (2)
- hallervorden-spatz-syndrome (2)
- hamstring injuries (2)
- hamstring muscles (2)
- handheld device (2)
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- hazards (2)
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- head parameter (2)
- head-to-tail surfactant associates (2)
- health and well-being (2)
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Institute
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (3371)
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (3221)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (2702)
- Institut für Chemie (2092)
- Department Psychologie (1150)
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (796)
- Department Linguistik (675)
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Foreign Accent Syndrome
(2015)
Children’s poor performance on object relative clauses has been explained in terms of intervention locality. This approach predicts that object relatives with a full DP head and an embedded pronominal subject are easier than object relatives in which both the head noun and the embedded subject are full DPs. This prediction is shared by other accounts formulated to explain processing mechanisms. We conducted a visual-world study designed to test the off-line comprehension and on-line processing of object relatives in German-speaking 5-year-olds. Children were tested on three types of object relatives, all having a full DP head noun and differing with respect to the type of nominal phrase that appeared in the embedded subject position: another full DP, a 1st- or a 3rd-person pronoun. Grammatical skills and memory capacity were also assessed in order to see whether and how they affect children’s performance. Most accurately processed were object relatives with 1st-person pronoun, independently of children’s language and memory skills. Performance on object relatives with two full DPs was overall more accurate than on object relatives with 3rd-person pronoun. In the former condition, children with stronger grammatical skills accurately processed the structure and their memory abilities determined how fast they were; in the latter condition, children only processed accurately the structure if they were strong both in their grammatical skills and in their memory capacity. The results are discussed in the light of accounts that predict different pronoun effects like the ones we find, which depend on the referential properties of the pronouns. We then discuss which role language and memory abilities might have in processing object relatives with various embedded nominal phrases.
Sentences with doubly center-embedded relative clauses in which a verb phrase (VP) is missing are sometimes perceived as grammatical, thus giving rise to an illusion of grammaticality. In this paper, we provide a new account of why missing-VP sentences, which are both complex and ungrammatical, lead to an illusion of grammaticality, the so-called missing-VP effect. We propose that the missing-VP effect in particular, and processing difficulties with multiply center-embedded clauses more generally, are best understood as resulting from interference during cue-based retrieval. When processing a sentence with double center-embedding, a retrieval error due to interference can cause the verb of an embedded clause to be erroneously attached into a higher clause. This can lead to an illusion of grammaticality in the case of missing-VP sentences and to processing complexity in the case of complete sentences with double center-embedding. Evidence for an interference account of the missing-VP effect comes from experiments that have investigated the missing-VP effect in German using a speeded grammaticality judgments procedure. We review this evidence and then present two new experiments that show that the missing-VP effect can be found in German also with less restricting procedures. One experiment was a questionnaire study which required grammaticality judgments from participants without imposing any time constraints. The second experiment used a self-paced reading procedure and did not require any judgments. Both experiments confirm the prior findings of missing-VP effects in German and also show that the missing-VP effect is subject to a primacy effect as known from the memory literature. Based on this evidence, we argue that an account of missing-VP effects in terms of interference during cue-based retrieval is superior to accounts in terms of limited memory resources or in terms of experience with embedded structures.
A number of recent studies have investigated how syntactic and non-syntactic constraints combine to cue memory retrieval during anaphora resolution. In this paper we investigate how syntactic constraints and gender congruence interact to guide memory retrieval during the resolution of subject pronouns. Subject pronouns are always technically ambiguous, and the application of syntactic constraints on their interpretation depends on properties of the antecedent that is to be retrieved. While pronouns can freely corefer with non-quantified referential antecedents, linking a pronoun to a quantified antecedent is only possible in certain syntactic configurations via variable binding. We report the results from a judgment task and three online reading comprehension experiments investigating pronoun resolution with quantified and non-quantified antecedents. Results from both the judgment task and participants' eye movements during reading indicate that comprehenders freely allow pronouns to corefer with non-quantified antecedents, but that retrieval of quantified antecedents is restricted to specific syntactic environments. We interpret our findings as indicating that syntactic constraints constitute highly weighted cues to memory retrieval during anaphora resolution.
We conducted two eye-tracking experiments investigating the processing of the Mandarin reflexive ziji in order to tease apart structurally constrained accounts from standard cue-based accounts of memory retrieval. In both experiments, we tested whether structurally inaccessible distractors that fulfill the animacy requirement of ziji influence processing times at the reflexive. In Experiment 1, we manipulated animacy of the antecedent and a structurally inaccessible distractor intervening between the antecedent and the reflexive. In conditions where the accessible antecedent mismatched the animacy cue, we found inhibitory interference whereas in antecedent-match conditions, no effect of the distractor was observed. In Experiment 2, we tested only antecedent-match configurations and manipulated locality of the reflexive-antecedent binding (Mandarin allows non-local binding). Participants were asked to hold three distractors (animate vs. inanimate nouns) in memory while reading the target sentence. We found slower reading times when animate distractors were held in memory (inhibitory interference). Moreover, we replicated the locality effect reported in previous studies. These results are incompatible with structure-based accounts. However, the cue-based ACT-R model of Lewis and Vasishth (2005) cannot explain the observed pattern either. We therefore extend the original ACT-R model and show how this model not only explains the data presented in this article, but is also able to account for previously unexplained patterns in the literature on reflexive processing.
Two classes of account have been proposed to explain the memory processes subserving the processing of reflexive-antecedent dependencies. Structure-based accounts assume that the retrieval of the antecedent is guided by syntactic tree-configurational information without considering other kinds of information such as gender marking in the case of English reflexives. By contrast, unconstrained cue-based retrieval assumes that all available information is used for retrieving the antecedent. Similarity-based interference effects from structurally illicit distractors which match a non-structural retrieval cue have been interpreted as evidence favoring the unconstrained cue-based retrieval account since cue-based retrieval interference from structurally illicit distractors is incompatible with the structure-based account. However, it has been argued that the observed effects do not necessarily reflect interference occurring at the moment of retrieval but might equally well be accounted for by interference occurring already at the stage of encoding or maintaining the antecedent in memory, in which case they cannot be taken as evidence against the structure-based account. We present three experiments (self-paced reading and eye-tracking) on German reflexives and Swedish reflexive and pronominal possessives in which we pit the predictions of encoding interference and cue-based retrieval interference against each other. We could not find any indication that encoding interference affects the processing ease of the reflexive-antecedent dependency formation. Thus, there is no evidence that encoding interference might be the explanation for the interference effects observed in previous work. We therefore conclude that invoking encoding interference may not be a plausible way to reconcile interference effects with a structure-based account of reflexive processing.
Objective: Alexithymia relates to difficulties recognizing and describing emotions. It has been linked to subjectively increased interoceptive awareness (IA) and to psychiatric illnesses such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and somatization. MDD in turn is characterized by aberrant emotion processing and IA on the subjective as well as on the neural level. However, a link between neural activity in response to IA and alexithymic traits in health and depression remains unclear.
Methods: A well-established fMRI task was used to investigate neural activity during IA (heartbeat counting) and exteroceptive awareness (tone counting) in non-psychiatric controls (NC) and MDD. Firstly, comparing MDD and NC, a linear relationship between IA-related activity and scores of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) was investigated through whole-brain regression. Secondly, NC were divided by median-split of TAS scores into groups showing low (NC-low) or high (NC-high) alexithymia. MDD and NC-high showed equally high TAS scores. Subsequently, IA-related neural activity was compared on a whole-brain level between the three independent samples (MDD, NC-low, NC-high).
Results: Whole-brain regressions between MDD and NC revealed neural differences during IA as a function of TAS-DD (subscale difficulty describing feelings) in the supragenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC; BA 24/32), which were due to negative associations between TAS-DD and IA-related activity in NC. Contrasting NC subgroups after median-split on a whole-brain level, high TAS scores were associated with decreased neural activity during IA in the sACC and increased insula activity. Though having equally high alexithymia scores, NC-high showed increased insula activity during IA compared to MDD, whilst both groups showed decreased activity in the sACC.
Conclusions: Within the context of decreased sACC activity during IA in alexithymia (NC-high and MDD), increased insula activity might mirror a compensatory mechanism in NC-high, which is disrupted in MDD.
Recent experiments show that transcription factors (TFs) indeed use the facilitated diffusion mechanism to locate their target sequences on DNA in living bacteria cells: TFs alternate between sliding motion along DNA and relocation events through the cytoplasm. From simulations and theoretical analysis we study the TF-sliding motion for a large section of the DNA-sequence of a common E. coli strain, based on the two-state TF-model with a fast-sliding search state and a recognition state enabling target detection. For the probability to detect the target before dissociating from DNA the TF-search times self-consistently depend heavily on whether or not an auxiliary operator (an accessible sequence similar to the main operator) is present in the genome section. Importantly, within our model the extent to which the interconversion rates between search and recognition states depend on the underlying nucleotide sequence is varied. A moderate dependence maximises the capability to distinguish between the main operator and similar sequences. Moreover, these auxiliary operators serve as starting points for DNA looping with the main operator, yielding a spectrum of target detection times spanning several orders of magnitude. Auxiliary operators are shown to act as funnels facilitating target detection by TFs.
Stochastic Wilson
(2015)
We consider a simple Markovian class of the stochastic Wilson–Cowan type models of neuronal network dynamics, which incorporates stochastic delay caused by the existence of a refractory period of neurons. From the point of view of the dynamics of the individual elements, we are dealing with a network of non-Markovian stochastic two-state oscillators with memory, which are coupled globally in a mean-field fashion. This interrelation of a higher-dimensional Markovian and lower-dimensional non-Markovian dynamics is discussed in its relevance to the general problem of the network dynamics of complex elements possessing memory. The simplest model of this class is provided by a three-state Markovian neuron with one refractory state, which causes firing delay with an exponentially decaying memory within the two-state reduced model. This basic model is used to study critical avalanche dynamics (the noise sustained criticality) in a balanced feedforward network consisting of the excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Such avalanches emerge due to the network size dependent noise (mesoscopic noise). Numerical simulations reveal an intermediate power law in the distribution of avalanche sizes with the critical exponent around −1.16. We show that this power law is robust upon a variation of the refractory time over several orders of magnitude. However, the avalanche time distribution is biexponential. It does not reflect any genuine power law dependence.
We define and study in detail utraslow scaled Brownian motion (USBM) characterized by a time dependent diffusion coefficient of the form . For unconfined motion the mean squared displacement (MSD) of USBM exhibits an ultraslow, logarithmic growth as function of time, in contrast to the conventional scaled Brownian motion. In a harmonic potential the MSD of USBM does not saturate but asymptotically decays inverse-proportionally to time, reflecting the highly non-stationary character of the process. We show that the process is weakly non-ergodic in the sense that the time averaged MSD does not converge to the regular MSD even at long times, and for unconfined motion combines a linear lag time dependence with a logarithmic term. The weakly non-ergodic behaviour is quantified in terms of the ergodicity breaking parameter. The USBM process is also shown to be ageing: observables of the system depend on the time gap between initiation of the test particle and start of the measurement of its motion. Our analytical results are shown to agree excellently with extensive computer simulations.
Das 8. Herbsttreffen Patholinguistik mit dem Schwerpunktthema "Besonders behandeln? Sprachtherapie im Rahmen primärer Störungsbilder" fand am 15.11.2014 in Potsdam statt. Das Herbsttreffen wird seit 2007 jährlich vom Verband für Patholinguistik e.V. (vpl) durchgeführt.
Der vorliegende Tagungsband beinhaltet die vier Hauptvorträge zum Schwerpunktthema, die vier Kurzvorträge aus dem Spektrum Patholinguisitk sowie die Beiträge der Posterpräsentationen zu weiteren Themen aus der sprachtherapeutischen Forschung und Praxis.
Patterned differentiation of distinct cell types is essential for the development of multicellular organisms. The root epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana is composed of alternating files of root hair and non-hair cells and represents a model system for studying the control of cell-fate acquisition. Epidermal cell fate is regulated by a network of genes that translate positional information from the underlying cortical cell layer into a specific pattern of differentiated cells. While much is known about the genes of this network, new players continue to be discovered. Here we show that the SABRE (SAB) gene, known to mediate microtubule organization, anisotropic cell growth and planar polarity, has an effect on root epidermal hair cell patterning. Loss of SAB function results in ectopic root hair formation and destabilizes the expression of cell fate and differentiation markers in the root epidermis, including expression of the WEREWOLF (WER) and GLABRA2 (GL2) genes. Double mutant analysis reveal that wer and caprice (cpc) mutants, defective in core components of the epidermal patterning pathway, genetically interact with sab. This suggests that SAB may act on epidermal patterning upstream of WER and CPC. Hence, we provide evidence for a role of SAB in root epidermal patterning by affecting cell-fate stabilization. Our work opens the door for future studies addressing SAB-dependent functions of the cytoskeleton during root epidermal patterning.
The coordination of cell polarity within the plane of the tissue layer (planar polarity) is crucial for the development of diverse multicellular organisms. Small Rac/Rho-family GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton contribute to planar polarity formation at sites of polarity establishment in animals and plants. Yet, upstream pathways coordinating planar polarity differ strikingly between kingdoms. In the root of Arabidopsis thaliana, a concentration gradient of the phytohormone auxin coordinates polar recruitment of Rho-of-plant (ROP) to sites of polar epidermal hair initiation. However, little is known about cytoskeletal components and interactions that contribute to this planar polarity or about their relation to the patterning machinery. Here, we show that ACTIN7 (ACT7) represents a main actin isoform required for planar polarity of root hair positioning, interacting with the negative modulator ACTIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN1-2 (AIP1-2). ACT7, AIP1-2 and their genetic interaction are required for coordinated planar polarity of ROP downstream of ethylene signalling. Strikingly, AIP1-2 displays hair cell file-enriched expression, restricted by WEREWOLF (WER)-dependent patterning and modified by ethylene and auxin action. Hence, our findings reveal AIP1-2, expressed under control of the WER-dependent patterning machinery and the ethylene signalling pathway, as a modulator of actin-mediated planar polarity.
Recent experiments show that transcription factors (TFs) indeed use the facilitated diffusion mechanism to locate their target sequences on DNA in living bacteria cells: TFs alternate between sliding motion along DNA and relocation events through the cytoplasm. From simulations and theoretical analysis we study the TF-sliding motion for a large section of the DNA-sequence of a common E. coli strain, based on the two-state TF-model with a fast-sliding search state and a recognition state enabling target detection. For the probability to detect the target before dissociating from DNA the TF-search times self-consistently depend heavily on whether or not an auxiliary operator (an accessible sequence similar to the main operator) is present in the genome section. Importantly, within our model the extent to which the interconversion rates between search and recognition states depend on the underlying nucleotide sequence is varied. A moderate dependence maximises the capability to distinguish between the main operator and similar sequences. Moreover, these auxiliary operators serve as starting points for DNA looping with the main operator, yielding a spectrum of target detection times spanning several orders of magnitude. Auxiliary operators are shown to act as funnels facilitating target detection by TFs.
Children’s poor performance on object relative clauses has been explained in terms of intervention locality. This approach predicts that object relatives with a full DP head and an embedded pronominal subject are easier than object relatives in which both the head noun and the embedded subject are full DPs. This prediction is shared by other accounts formulated to explain processing mechanisms. We conducted a visual-world study designed to test the off-line comprehension and on-line processing of object relatives in German-speaking 5-year-olds. Children were tested on three types of object relatives, all having a full DP head noun and differing with respect to the type of nominal phrase that appeared in the embedded subject position: another full DP, a 1st- or a 3rd-person pronoun. Grammatical skills and memory capacity were also assessed in order to see whether and how they affect children’s performance. Most accurately processed were object relatives with 1st-person pronoun, independently of children’s language and memory skills. Performance on object relatives with two full DPs was overall more accurate than on object relatives with 3rd-person pronoun. In the former condition, children with stronger grammatical skills accurately processed the structure and their memory abilities determined how fast they were; in the latter condition, children only processed accurately the structure if they were strong both in their grammatical skills and in their memory capacity. The results are discussed in the light of accounts that predict different pronoun effects like the ones we find, which depend on the referential properties of the pronouns. We then discuss which role language and memory abilities might have in processing object relatives with various embedded nominal phrases.
Sentences with doubly center-embedded relative clauses in which a verb phrase (VP) is missing are sometimes perceived as grammatical, thus giving rise to an illusion of grammaticality. In this paper, we provide a new account of why missing-VP sentences, which are both complex and ungrammatical, lead to an illusion of grammaticality, the so-called missing-VP effect. We propose that the missing-VP effect in particular, and processing difficulties with multiply center-embedded clauses more generally, are best understood as resulting from interference during cue-based retrieval. When processing a sentence with double center-embedding, a retrieval error due to interference can cause the verb of an embedded clause to be erroneously attached into a higher clause. This can lead to an illusion of grammaticality in the case of missing-VP sentences and to processing complexity in the case of complete sentences with double center-embedding. Evidence for an interference account of the missing-VP effect comes from experiments that have investigated the missing-VP effect in German using a speeded grammaticality judgments procedure. We review this evidence and then present two new experiments that show that the missing-VP effect can be found in German also with less restricting procedures. One experiment was a questionnaire study which required grammaticality judgments from participants without imposing any time constraints. The second experiment used a self-paced reading procedure and did not require any judgments. Both experiments confirm the prior findings of missing-VP effects in German and also show that the missing-VP effect is subject to a primacy effect as known from the memory literature. Based on this evidence, we argue that an account of missing-VP effects in terms of interference during cue-based retrieval is superior to accounts in terms of limited memory resources or in terms of experience with embedded structures.
A number of recent studies have investigated how syntactic and non-syntactic constraints combine to cue memory retrieval during anaphora resolution. In this paper we investigate how syntactic constraints and gender congruence interact to guide memory retrieval during the resolution of subject pronouns. Subject pronouns are always technically ambiguous, and the application of syntactic constraints on their interpretation depends on properties of the antecedent that is to be retrieved. While pronouns can freely corefer with non-quantified referential antecedents, linking a pronoun to a quantified antecedent is only possible in certain syntactic configurations via variable binding. We report the results from a judgment task and three online reading comprehension experiments investigating pronoun resolution with quantified and non-quantified antecedents. Results from both the judgment task and participants' eye movements during reading indicate that comprehenders freely allow pronouns to corefer with non-quantified antecedents, but that retrieval of quantified antecedents is restricted to specific syntactic environments. We interpret our findings as indicating that syntactic constraints constitute highly weighted cues to memory retrieval during anaphora resolution.
We define and study in detail utraslow scaled Brownian motion (USBM) characterized by a time dependent diffusion coefficient of the form . For unconfined motion the mean squared displacement (MSD) of USBM exhibits an ultraslow, logarithmic growth as function of time, in contrast to the conventional scaled Brownian motion. In a harmonic potential the MSD of USBM does not saturate but asymptotically decays inverse-proportionally to time, reflecting the highly non-stationary character of the process. We show that the process is weakly non-ergodic in the sense that the time averaged MSD does not converge to the regular MSD even at long times, and for unconfined motion combines a linear lag time dependence with a logarithmic term. The weakly non-ergodic behaviour is quantified in terms of the ergodicity breaking parameter. The USBM process is also shown to be ageing: observables of the system depend on the time gap between initiation of the test particle and start of the measurement of its motion. Our analytical results are shown to agree excellently with extensive computer simulations.
We conducted two eye-tracking experiments investigating the processing of the Mandarin reflexive ziji in order to tease apart structurally constrained accounts from standard cue-based accounts of memory retrieval. In both experiments, we tested whether structurally inaccessible distractors that fulfill the animacy requirement of ziji influence processing times at the reflexive. In Experiment 1, we manipulated animacy of the antecedent and a structurally inaccessible distractor intervening between the antecedent and the reflexive. In conditions where the accessible antecedent mismatched the animacy cue, we found inhibitory interference whereas in antecedent-match conditions, no effect of the distractor was observed. In Experiment 2, we tested only antecedent-match configurations and manipulated locality of the reflexive-antecedent binding (Mandarin allows non-local binding). Participants were asked to hold three distractors (animate vs. inanimate nouns) in memory while reading the target sentence. We found slower reading times when animate distractors were held in memory (inhibitory interference). Moreover, we replicated the locality effect reported in previous studies. These results are incompatible with structure-based accounts. However, the cue-based ACT-R model of Lewis and Vasishth (2005) cannot explain the observed pattern either. We therefore extend the original ACT-R model and show how this model not only explains the data presented in this article, but is also able to account for previously unexplained patterns in the literature on reflexive processing.
Two classes of account have been proposed to explain the memory processes subserving the processing of reflexive-antecedent dependencies. Structure-based accounts assume that the retrieval of the antecedent is guided by syntactic tree-configurational information without considering other kinds of information such as gender marking in the case of English reflexives. By contrast, unconstrained cue-based retrieval assumes that all available information is used for retrieving the antecedent. Similarity-based interference effects from structurally illicit distractors which match a non-structural retrieval cue have been interpreted as evidence favoring the unconstrained cue-based retrieval account since cue-based retrieval interference from structurally illicit distractors is incompatible with the structure-based account. However, it has been argued that the observed effects do not necessarily reflect interference occurring at the moment of retrieval but might equally well be accounted for by interference occurring already at the stage of encoding or maintaining the antecedent in memory, in which case they cannot be taken as evidence against the structure-based account. We present three experiments (self-paced reading and eye-tracking) on German reflexives and Swedish reflexive and pronominal possessives in which we pit the predictions of encoding interference and cue-based retrieval interference against each other. We could not find any indication that encoding interference affects the processing ease of the reflexive-antecedent dependency formation. Thus, there is no evidence that encoding interference might be the explanation for the interference effects observed in previous work. We therefore conclude that invoking encoding interference may not be a plausible way to reconcile interference effects with a structure-based account of reflexive processing.
Stochastic Wilson
(2015)
We consider a simple Markovian class of the stochastic Wilson–Cowan type models of neuronal network dynamics, which incorporates stochastic delay caused by the existence of a refractory period of neurons. From the point of view of the dynamics of the individual elements, we are dealing with a network of non-Markovian stochastic two-state oscillators with memory, which are coupled globally in a mean-field fashion. This interrelation of a higher-dimensional Markovian and lower-dimensional non-Markovian dynamics is discussed in its relevance to the general problem of the network dynamics of complex elements possessing memory. The simplest model of this class is provided by a three-state Markovian neuron with one refractory state, which causes firing delay with an exponentially decaying memory within the two-state reduced model. This basic model is used to study critical avalanche dynamics (the noise sustained criticality) in a balanced feedforward network consisting of the excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Such avalanches emerge due to the network size dependent noise (mesoscopic noise). Numerical simulations reveal an intermediate power law in the distribution of avalanche sizes with the critical exponent around −1.16. We show that this power law is robust upon a variation of the refractory time over several orders of magnitude. However, the avalanche time distribution is biexponential. It does not reflect any genuine power law dependence.
Objective: Alexithymia relates to difficulties recognizing and describing emotions. It has been linked to subjectively increased interoceptive awareness (IA) and to psychiatric illnesses such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and somatization. MDD in turn is characterized by aberrant emotion processing and IA on the subjective as well as on the neural level. However, a link between neural activity in response to IA and alexithymic traits in health and depression remains unclear.
Methods: A well-established fMRI task was used to investigate neural activity during IA (heartbeat counting) and exteroceptive awareness (tone counting) in non-psychiatric controls (NC) and MDD. Firstly, comparing MDD and NC, a linear relationship between IA-related activity and scores of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) was investigated through whole-brain regression. Secondly, NC were divided by median-split of TAS scores into groups showing low (NC-low) or high (NC-high) alexithymia. MDD and NC-high showed equally high TAS scores. Subsequently, IA-related neural activity was compared on a whole-brain level between the three independent samples (MDD, NC-low, NC-high).
Results: Whole-brain regressions between MDD and NC revealed neural differences during IA as a function of TAS-DD (subscale difficulty describing feelings) in the supragenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC; BA 24/32), which were due to negative associations between TAS-DD and IA-related activity in NC. Contrasting NC subgroups after median-split on a whole-brain level, high TAS scores were associated with decreased neural activity during IA in the sACC and increased insula activity. Though having equally high alexithymia scores, NC-high showed increased insula activity during IA compared to MDD, whilst both groups showed decreased activity in the sACC.
Conclusions: Within the context of decreased sACC activity during IA in alexithymia (NC-high and MDD), increased insula activity might mirror a compensatory mechanism in NC-high, which is disrupted in MDD.
We study the diffusion of a tracer particle, which moves in continuum space between a lattice of excluded volume, immobile non-inert obstacles. In particular, we analyse how the strength of the tracer–obstacle interactions and the volume occupancy of the crowders alter the diffusive motion of the tracer. From the details of partitioning of the tracer diffusion modes between trapping states when bound to obstacles and bulk diffusion, we examine the degree of localisation of the tracer in the lattice of crowders. We study the properties of the tracer diffusion in terms of the ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacements, the trapping time distributions, the amplitude variation of the time averaged mean squared displacements, and the non-Gaussianity parameter of the diffusing tracer. We conclude that tracer–obstacle adsorption and binding triggers a transient anomalous diffusion. From a very narrow spread of recorded individual time averaged trajectories we exclude continuous type random walk processes as the underlying physical model of the tracer diffusion in our system. For moderate tracer–crowder attraction the motion is found to be fully ergodic, while at stronger attraction strength a transient disparity between ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacements occurs. We also put our results into perspective with findings from experimental single-particle tracking and simulations of the diffusion of tagged tracers in dense crowded suspensions. Our results have implications for the diffusion, transport, and spreading of chemical components in highly crowded environments inside living cells and other structured liquids.
We study the diffusion of a tracer particle, which moves in continuum space between a lattice of excluded volume, immobile non-inert obstacles. In particular, we analyse how the strength of the tracer–obstacle interactions and the volume occupancy of the crowders alter the diffusive motion of the tracer. From the details of partitioning of the tracer diffusion modes between trapping states when bound to obstacles and bulk diffusion, we examine the degree of localisation of the tracer in the lattice of crowders. We study the properties of the tracer diffusion in terms of the ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacements, the trapping time distributions, the amplitude variation of the time averaged mean squared displacements, and the non-Gaussianity parameter of the diffusing tracer. We conclude that tracer–obstacle adsorption and binding triggers a transient anomalous diffusion. From a very narrow spread of recorded individual time averaged trajectories we exclude continuous type random walk processes as the underlying physical model of the tracer diffusion in our system. For moderate tracer–crowder attraction the motion is found to be fully ergodic, while at stronger attraction strength a transient disparity between ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacements occurs. We also put our results into perspective with findings from experimental single-particle tracking and simulations of the diffusion of tagged tracers in dense crowded suspensions. Our results have implications for the diffusion, transport, and spreading of chemical components in highly crowded environments inside living cells and other structured liquids.
The looping of polymers such as DNA is a fundamental process in the molecular biology of living cells, whose interior is characterised by a high degree of molecular crowding. We here investigate in detail the looping dynamics of flexible polymer chains in the presence of different degrees of crowding. From the analysis of the looping–unlooping rates and the looping probabilities of the chain ends we show that the presence of small crowders typically slows down the chain dynamics but larger crowders may in fact facilitate the looping. We rationalise these non-trivial and often counterintuitive effects of the crowder size on the looping kinetics in terms of an effective solution viscosity and standard excluded volume. It is shown that for small crowders the effect of an increased viscosity dominates, while for big crowders we argue that confinement effects (caging) prevail. The tradeoff between both trends can thus result in the impediment or facilitation of polymer looping, depending on the crowder size. We also examine how the crowding volume fraction, chain length, and the attraction strength of the contact groups of the polymer chain affect the looping kinetics and hairpin formation dynamics. Our results are relevant for DNA looping in the absence and presence of protein mediation, DNA hairpin formation, RNA folding, and the folding of polypeptide chains under biologically relevant high-crowding conditions.
The looping of polymers such as DNA is a fundamental process in the molecular biology of living cells, whose interior is characterised by a high degree of molecular crowding. We here investigate in detail the looping dynamics of flexible polymer chains in the presence of different degrees of crowding. From the analysis of the looping–unlooping rates and the looping probabilities of the chain ends we show that the presence of small crowders typically slows down the chain dynamics but larger crowders may in fact facilitate the looping. We rationalise these non-trivial and often counterintuitive effects of the crowder size on the looping kinetics in terms of an effective solution viscosity and standard excluded volume. It is shown that for small crowders the effect of an increased viscosity dominates, while for big crowders we argue that confinement effects (caging) prevail. The tradeoff between both trends can thus result in the impediment or facilitation of polymer looping, depending on the crowder size. We also examine how the crowding volume fraction, chain length, and the attraction strength of the contact groups of the polymer chain affect the looping kinetics and hairpin formation dynamics. Our results are relevant for DNA looping in the absence and presence of protein mediation, DNA hairpin formation, RNA folding, and the folding of polypeptide chains under biologically relevant high-crowding conditions.
ANG-2 for quantitative Na+ determination in living cells by time-resolved fluorescence microscopy
(2014)
Sodium ions (Na+) play an important role in a plethora of cellular processes, which are complex and partly still unexplored. For the investigation of these processes and quantification of intracellular Na+ concentrations ([Na+]i), two-photon coupled fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (2P-FLIM) was performed in the salivary glands of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. For this, the novel Na+-sensitive fluorescent dye Asante NaTRIUM Green-2 (ANG-2) was evaluated, both in vitro and in situ. In this context, absorption coefficients, fluorescence quantum yields and 2P action cross-sections were determined for the first time. ANG-2 was 2P-excitable over a broad spectral range and displayed fluorescence in the visible spectral range. Although the fluorescence decay behaviour of ANG-2 was triexponential in vitro, its analysis indicates a Na+-sensitivity appropriate for recordings in living cells. The Na+-sensitivity was reduced in situ, but the biexponential fluorescence decay behaviour could be successfully analysed in terms of quantitative [Na+]i recordings. Thus, physiological 2P-FLIM measurements revealed a dopamine-induced [Na+]i rise in cockroach salivary gland cells, which was dependent on a Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC) activity. It was concluded that ANG-2 is a promising new sodium indicator applicable for diverse biological systems.
ANG-2 for quantitative Na+ determination in living cells by time-resolved fluorescence microscopy
(2014)
Sodium ions (Na+) play an important role in a plethora of cellular processes, which are complex and partly still unexplored. For the investigation of these processes and quantification of intracellular Na+ concentrations ([Na+]i), two-photon coupled fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (2P-FLIM) was performed in the salivary glands of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. For this, the novel Na+-sensitive fluorescent dye Asante NaTRIUM Green-2 (ANG-2) was evaluated, both in vitro and in situ. In this context, absorption coefficients, fluorescence quantum yields and 2P action cross-sections were determined for the first time. ANG-2 was 2P-excitable over a broad spectral range and displayed fluorescence in the visible spectral range. Although the fluorescence decay behaviour of ANG-2 was triexponential in vitro, its analysis indicates a Na+-sensitivity appropriate for recordings in living cells. The Na+-sensitivity was reduced in situ, but the biexponential fluorescence decay behaviour could be successfully analysed in terms of quantitative [Na+]i recordings. Thus, physiological 2P-FLIM measurements revealed a dopamine-induced [Na+]i rise in cockroach salivary gland cells, which was dependent on a Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC) activity. It was concluded that ANG-2 is a promising new sodium indicator applicable for diverse biological systems.
Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (AsHC) constitute one group of arsenolipids that have been identified in seafood. In this first in vivo toxicity study for AsHCs, we show that AsHCs exert toxic effects in Drosophila melanogaster in a concentration range similar to that of arsenite. In contrast to arsenite, however, AsHCs cause developmental toxicity in the late developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster. This work illustrates the need for a full characterisation of the toxicity of AsHCs in experimental animals to finally assess the risk to human health related to the presence of arsenolipids in seafood.
Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (AsHC) constitute one group of arsenolipids that have been identified in seafood. In this first in vivo toxicity study for AsHCs, we show that AsHCs exert toxic effects in Drosophila melanogaster in a concentration range similar to that of arsenite. In contrast to arsenite, however, AsHCs cause developmental toxicity in the late developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster. This work illustrates the need for a full characterisation of the toxicity of AsHCs in experimental animals to finally assess the risk to human health related to the presence of arsenolipids in seafood.
We report a 1,2,3-triazol fluoroionophore for detecting Na+ that shows in vitro enhancement in the Na+-induced fluorescence intensity and decay time. The Na+-selective molecule 1 was incorporated into a hydrogel as a part of a fiber optical sensor. This sensor allows the direct determination of Na+ in the range of 1–10 mM by measuring reversible fluorescence decay time changes.
We report a 1,2,3-triazol fluoroionophore for detecting Na+ that shows in vitro enhancement in the Na+-induced fluorescence intensity and decay time. The Na+-selective molecule 1 was incorporated into a hydrogel as a part of a fiber optical sensor. This sensor allows the direct determination of Na+ in the range of 1–10 mM by measuring reversible fluorescence decay time changes.
Molecular motors pulling cargos in the viscoelastic cytosol: how power strokes beat subdiffusion
(2014)
The discovery of anomalous diffusion of larger biopolymers and submicron tracers such as endogenous granules, organelles, or virus capsids in living cells, attributed to the viscoelastic nature of the cytoplasm, provokes the question whether this complex environment equally impacts the active intracellular transport of submicron cargos by molecular motors such as kinesins: does the passive anomalous diffusion of free cargo always imply its anomalously slow active transport by motors, the mean transport distance along microtubule growing sublinearly rather than linearly in time? Here we analyze this question within the widely used two-state Brownian ratchet model of kinesin motors based on the continuous-state diffusion along microtubules driven by a flashing binding potential, where the cargo particle is elastically attached to the motor. Depending on the cargo size, the loading force, the amplitude of the binding potential, the turnover frequency of the molecular motor enzyme, and the linker stiffness we demonstrate that the motor transport may turn out either normal or anomalous, as indeed measured experimentally. We show how a highly efficient normal active transport mediated by motors may emerge despite the passive anomalous diffusion of the cargo, and study the intricate effects of the elastic linker. Under different, well specified conditions the microtubule-based motor transport becomes anomalously slow and thus significantly less efficient.
Molecular motors pulling cargos in the viscoelastic cytosol: how power strokes beat subdiffusion
(2014)
The discovery of anomalous diffusion of larger biopolymers and submicron tracers such as endogenous granules, organelles, or virus capsids in living cells, attributed to the viscoelastic nature of the cytoplasm, provokes the question whether this complex environment equally impacts the active intracellular transport of submicron cargos by molecular motors such as kinesins: does the passive anomalous diffusion of free cargo always imply its anomalously slow active transport by motors, the mean transport distance along microtubule growing sublinearly rather than linearly in time? Here we analyze this question within the widely used two-state Brownian ratchet model of kinesin motors based on the continuous-state diffusion along microtubules driven by a flashing binding potential, where the cargo particle is elastically attached to the motor. Depending on the cargo size, the loading force, the amplitude of the binding potential, the turnover frequency of the molecular motor enzyme, and the linker stiffness we demonstrate that the motor transport may turn out either normal or anomalous, as indeed measured experimentally. We show how a highly efficient normal active transport mediated by motors may emerge despite the passive anomalous diffusion of the cargo, and study the intricate effects of the elastic linker. Under different, well specified conditions the microtubule-based motor transport becomes anomalously slow and thus significantly less efficient.
Anomalous diffusion is frequently described by scaled Brownian motion (SBM){,} a Gaussian process with a power-law time dependent diffusion coefficient. Its mean squared displacement is ?x2(t)? [similar{,} equals] 2K(t)t with K(t) [similar{,} equals] t[small alpha]-1 for 0 < [small alpha] < 2. SBM may provide a seemingly adequate description in the case of unbounded diffusion{,} for which its probability density function coincides with that of fractional Brownian motion. Here we show that free SBM is weakly non-ergodic but does not exhibit a significant amplitude scatter of the time averaged mean squared displacement. More severely{,} we demonstrate that under confinement{,} the dynamics encoded by SBM is fundamentally different from both fractional Brownian motion and continuous time random walks. SBM is highly non-stationary and cannot provide a physical description for particles in a thermalised stationary system. Our findings have direct impact on the modelling of single particle tracking experiments{,} in particular{,} under confinement inside cellular compartments or when optical tweezers tracking methods are used.
Anomalous diffusion is frequently described by scaled Brownian motion (SBM){,} a Gaussian process with a power-law time dependent diffusion coefficient. Its mean squared displacement is ?x2(t)? [similar{,} equals] 2K(t)t with K(t) [similar{,} equals] t[small alpha]-1 for 0 < [small alpha] < 2. SBM may provide a seemingly adequate description in the case of unbounded diffusion{,} for which its probability density function coincides with that of fractional Brownian motion. Here we show that free SBM is weakly non-ergodic but does not exhibit a significant amplitude scatter of the time averaged mean squared displacement. More severely{,} we demonstrate that under confinement{,} the dynamics encoded by SBM is fundamentally different from both fractional Brownian motion and continuous time random walks. SBM is highly non-stationary and cannot provide a physical description for particles in a thermalised stationary system. Our findings have direct impact on the modelling of single particle tracking experiments{,} in particular{,} under confinement inside cellular compartments or when optical tweezers tracking methods are used.
Probably no other field of statistical physics at the borderline of soft matter and biological physics has caused such a flurry of papers as polymer translocation since the 1994 landmark paper by Bezrukov, Vodyanoy, and Parsegian and the study of Kasianowicz in 1996. Experiments, simulations, and theoretical approaches are still contributing novel insights to date, while no universal consensus on the statistical understanding of polymer translocation has been reached. We here collect the published results, in particular, the famous–infamous debate on the scaling exponents governing the translocation process. We put these results into perspective and discuss where the field is going. In particular, we argue that the phenomenon of polymer translocation is non-universal and highly sensitive to the exact specifications of the models and experiments used towards its analysis.
Probably no other field of statistical physics at the borderline of soft matter and biological physics has caused such a flurry of papers as polymer translocation since the 1994 landmark paper by Bezrukov, Vodyanoy, and Parsegian and the study of Kasianowicz in 1996. Experiments, simulations, and theoretical approaches are still contributing novel insights to date, while no universal consensus on the statistical understanding of polymer translocation has been reached. We here collect the published results, in particular, the famous–infamous debate on the scaling exponents governing the translocation process. We put these results into perspective and discuss where the field is going. In particular, we argue that the phenomenon of polymer translocation is non-universal and highly sensitive to the exact specifications of the models and experiments used towards its analysis.
This study aims to further mechanistically understand toxic modes of action after chronic inorganic arsenic exposure. Therefore long-term incubation studies in cultured cells were carried out, to display chronically attained changes, which cannot be observed in the generally applied in vitro short-term incubation studies. Particularly, the cytotoxic, genotoxic and epigenetic effects of an up to 21 days incubation of human urothelial (UROtsa) cells with pico- to nanomolar concentrations of iAsIII and its metabolite thio-DMAV were compared. After 21 days of incubation, cytotoxic effects were strongly enhanced in the case of iAsIII and might partly be due to glutathione depletion and genotoxic effects on the chromosomal level. These results are in strong contrast to cells exposed to thio-DMAV. Thus, cells seemed to be able to adapt to this arsenical, as indicated among others by an increase in the cellular glutathione level. Most interestingly, picomolar concentrations of both iAsIII and thio-DMAV caused global DNA hypomethylation in UROtsa cells, which was quantified in parallel by 5-medC immunostaining and a newly established, reliable, high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based test system. This is the first time that epigenetic effects are reported for thio-DMAV; iAsIII induced epigenetic effects occur in at least 8000 fold lower concentrations as reported in vitro before. The fact that both arsenicals cause DNA hypomethylation at really low, exposure-relevant concentrations in human urothelial cells suggests that this epigenetic effect might contribute to inorganic arsenic induced carcinogenicity, which for sure has to be further investigated in future studies.
This study aims to further mechanistically understand toxic modes of action after chronic inorganic arsenic exposure. Therefore long-term incubation studies in cultured cells were carried out, to display chronically attained changes, which cannot be observed in the generally applied in vitro short-term incubation studies. Particularly, the cytotoxic, genotoxic and epigenetic effects of an up to 21 days incubation of human urothelial (UROtsa) cells with pico- to nanomolar concentrations of iAsIII and its metabolite thio-DMAV were compared. After 21 days of incubation, cytotoxic effects were strongly enhanced in the case of iAsIII and might partly be due to glutathione depletion and genotoxic effects on the chromosomal level. These results are in strong contrast to cells exposed to thio-DMAV. Thus, cells seemed to be able to adapt to this arsenical, as indicated among others by an increase in the cellular glutathione level. Most interestingly, picomolar concentrations of both iAsIII and thio-DMAV caused global DNA hypomethylation in UROtsa cells, which was quantified in parallel by 5-medC immunostaining and a newly established, reliable, high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based test system. This is the first time that epigenetic effects are reported for thio-DMAV; iAsIII induced epigenetic effects occur in at least 8000 fold lower concentrations as reported in vitro before. The fact that both arsenicals cause DNA hypomethylation at really low, exposure-relevant concentrations in human urothelial cells suggests that this epigenetic effect might contribute to inorganic arsenic induced carcinogenicity, which for sure has to be further investigated in future studies.
Diffusion of finite-size particles in two-dimensional channels with random wall configurations
(2014)
Diffusion of chemicals or tracer molecules through complex systems containing irregularly shaped channels is important in many applications. Most theoretical studies based on the famed Fick–Jacobs equation focus on the idealised case of infinitely small particles and reflecting boundaries. In this study we use numerical simulations to consider the transport of finite-size particles through asymmetrical two-dimensional channels. Additionally, we examine transient binding of the molecules to the channel walls by applying sticky boundary conditions. We consider an ensemble of particles diffusing in independent channels, which are characterised by common structural parameters. We compare our results for the long-time effective diffusion coefficient with a recent theoretical formula obtained by Dagdug and Pineda [J. Chem. Phys., 2012, 137, 024107].
Diffusion of finite-size particles in two-dimensional channels with random wall configurations
(2014)
Diffusion of chemicals or tracer molecules through complex systems containing irregularly shaped channels is important in many applications. Most theoretical studies based on the famed Fick–Jacobs equation focus on the idealised case of infinitely small particles and reflecting boundaries. In this study we use numerical simulations to consider the transport of finite-size particles through asymmetrical two-dimensional channels. Additionally, we examine transient binding of the molecules to the channel walls by applying sticky boundary conditions. We consider an ensemble of particles diffusing in independent channels, which are characterised by common structural parameters. We compare our results for the long-time effective diffusion coefficient with a recent theoretical formula obtained by Dagdug and Pineda [J. Chem. Phys., 2012, 137, 024107].
Graphitic carbon nitride, g-C₃N₄, is a promising organic photo-catalyst for a variety of redox reactions. In order to improve its efficiency in a systematic manner, however, a fundamental understanding of the microscopic interaction between catalyst, reactants and products is crucial. Here we present a systematic study of water adsorption on g-C₃N₄ by means of density functional theory and the density functional based tight-binding method as a prerequisite for understanding photocatalytic water splitting. We then analyze this prototypical redox reaction on the basis of a thermodynamic model providing an estimate of the overpotential for both water oxidation and H⁺ reduction. While the latter is found to occur readily upon irradiation with visible light, we derive a prohibitive overpotential of 1.56 eV for the water oxidation half reaction, comparing well with the experimental finding that in contrast to H₂ production O₂ evolution is only possible in the presence of oxidation cocatalysts.
There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.
There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.
The neurophysiological and behavioral correlates of action-related language processing have been debated for long time. A precursor in this field was the study by Buccino et al. (2005) combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and behavioral measures (reaction times, RTs) to study the effect of listening to hand- and foot-related sentences. In the TMS experiment, the authors showed a decrease of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from hand muscles when processing hand-related verbs as compared to foot-related verbs. Similarly, MEPs recorded from leg muscles decreased when participants processed foot-related as compared to hand-related verbs. In the behavioral experiment, using the same stimuli and a semantic decision task the authors found slower RTs when the participants used the body effector (hand or foot) involved in the actual execution of the action expressed by the presented verb to give their motor responses. These findings were interpreted as an interference effect due to a simultaneous involvement of the motor system in both a language and a motor task. Our replication aimed to enlarge the sample size and replicate the findings with higher statistical power. The TMS experiment showed a significant modulation of hand MEPs, but in the sense of a motor facilitation when processing hand-related verbs. On the contrary, the behavioral experiment did not show significant results. The results are discussed within the general debate on the time-course of the modulation of motor cortex during implicit and explicit language processing and in relation to the studies on action observation/understanding.
The neurophysiological and behavioral correlates of action-related language processing have been debated for long time. A precursor in this field was the study by Buccino et al. (2005) combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and behavioral measures (reaction times, RTs) to study the effect of listening to hand- and foot-related sentences. In the TMS experiment, the authors showed a decrease of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from hand muscles when processing hand-related verbs as compared to foot-related verbs. Similarly, MEPs recorded from leg muscles decreased when participants processed foot-related as compared to hand-related verbs. In the behavioral experiment, using the same stimuli and a semantic decision task the authors found slower RTs when the participants used the body effector (hand or foot) involved in the actual execution of the action expressed by the presented verb to give their motor responses. These findings were interpreted as an interference effect due to a simultaneous involvement of the motor system in both a language and a motor task. Our replication aimed to enlarge the sample size and replicate the findings with higher statistical power. The TMS experiment showed a significant modulation of hand MEPs, but in the sense of a motor facilitation when processing hand-related verbs. On the contrary, the behavioral experiment did not show significant results. The results are discussed within the general debate on the time-course of the modulation of motor cortex during implicit and explicit language processing and in relation to the studies on action observation/understanding.
Background: Interoceptive awareness (iA), the awareness of stimuli originating inside the body, plays an important role in human emotions and psychopathology. The insula is particularly involved in neural processes underlying iA. However, iA-related neural activity in the insula during the acute state of major depressive disorder (MDD) and in remission from depression has not been explored.
Methods: A well-established fMRI paradigm for studying (iA; heartbeat counting) and exteroceptive awareness (eA; tone counting) was used. Study participants formed three independent groups: patients suffering from MDD, patients in remission from MDD or healthy controls. Task-induced neural activity in three functional subdivisions of the insula was compared between these groups.
Results: Depressed participants showed neural hypo-responses during iA in anterior insula regions, as compared to both healthy and remitted participants. The right dorsal anterior insula showed the strongest response to iA across all participant groups. In depressed participants there was no differentiation between different stimuli types in this region (i.e., between iA, eA and noTask). Healthy and remitted participants in contrast showed clear activity differences.
Conclusions: This is the first study comparing iA and eA-related activity in the insula in depressed participants to that in healthy and remitted individuals. The preliminary results suggest that these groups differ in there being hypo-responses across insula regions in the depressed participants, whilst non-psychiatric participants and patients in remission from MDD show the same neural activity during iA in insula subregions implying a possible state marker for MDD. The lack of activity differences between different stimulus types in the depressed group may account for their symptoms of altered external and internal focus.
Background: Interoceptive awareness (iA), the awareness of stimuli originating inside the body, plays an important role in human emotions and psychopathology. The insula is particularly involved in neural processes underlying iA. However, iA-related neural activity in the insula during the acute state of major depressive disorder (MDD) and in remission from depression has not been explored.
Methods: A well-established fMRI paradigm for studying (iA; heartbeat counting) and exteroceptive awareness (eA; tone counting) was used. Study participants formed three independent groups: patients suffering from MDD, patients in remission from MDD or healthy controls. Task-induced neural activity in three functional subdivisions of the insula was compared between these groups.
Results: Depressed participants showed neural hypo-responses during iA in anterior insula regions, as compared to both healthy and remitted participants. The right dorsal anterior insula showed the strongest response to iA across all participant groups. In depressed participants there was no differentiation between different stimuli types in this region (i.e., between iA, eA and noTask). Healthy and remitted participants in contrast showed clear activity differences.
Conclusions: This is the first study comparing iA and eA-related activity in the insula in depressed participants to that in healthy and remitted individuals. The preliminary results suggest that these groups differ in there being hypo-responses across insula regions in the depressed participants, whilst non-psychiatric participants and patients in remission from MDD show the same neural activity during iA in insula subregions implying a possible state marker for MDD. The lack of activity differences between different stimulus types in the depressed group may account for their symptoms of altered external and internal focus.
Background
Previous literature mainly introduced cognitive functions to explain performance decrements in dual-task walking, i.e., changes in dual-task locomotion are attributed to limited cognitive information processing capacities. In this study, we enlarge existing literature and investigate whether leg muscular capacity plays an additional role in children’s dual-task walking performance.
Methods
To this end, we had prepubescent children (mean age: 8.7 ± 0.5 years, age range: 7–9 years) walk in single task (ST) and while concurrently conducting an arithmetic subtraction task (DT). Additionally, leg lean tissue mass was assessed.
Results
Findings show that both, boys and girls, significantly decrease their gait velocity (f = 0.73), stride length (f = 0.62) and cadence (f = 0.68) and increase the variability thereof (f = 0.20-0.63) during DT compared to ST. Furthermore, stepwise regressions indicate that leg lean tissue mass is closely associated with step time and the variability thereof during DT (R2 = 0.44, p = 0.009). These associations between gait measures and leg lean tissue mass could not be observed for ST (R2 = 0.17, p = 0.19).
Conclusion
We were able to show a potential link between leg muscular capacities and DT walking performance in children. We interpret these findings as evidence that higher leg muscle mass in children may mitigate the impact of a cognitive interference task on DT walking performance by inducing enhanced gait stability.
Background
Previous literature mainly introduced cognitive functions to explain performance decrements in dual-task walking, i.e., changes in dual-task locomotion are attributed to limited cognitive information processing capacities. In this study, we enlarge existing literature and investigate whether leg muscular capacity plays an additional role in children’s dual-task walking performance.
Methods
To this end, we had prepubescent children (mean age: 8.7 ± 0.5 years, age range: 7–9 years) walk in single task (ST) and while concurrently conducting an arithmetic subtraction task (DT). Additionally, leg lean tissue mass was assessed.
Results
Findings show that both, boys and girls, significantly decrease their gait velocity (f = 0.73), stride length (f = 0.62) and cadence (f = 0.68) and increase the variability thereof (f = 0.20-0.63) during DT compared to ST. Furthermore, stepwise regressions indicate that leg lean tissue mass is closely associated with step time and the variability thereof during DT (R2 = 0.44, p = 0.009). These associations between gait measures and leg lean tissue mass could not be observed for ST (R2 = 0.17, p = 0.19).
Conclusion
We were able to show a potential link between leg muscular capacities and DT walking performance in children. We interpret these findings as evidence that higher leg muscle mass in children may mitigate the impact of a cognitive interference task on DT walking performance by inducing enhanced gait stability.
Interdisziplinarität und die damit verknüpften Fragen hat das Forschungsprojekt "Lernender Forschungszusammenhang" untersucht. Diese Publikation beschreibt ein Forschungskonzept, mit dem betriebliche Modernisierungsprojekte in fünf Großunternehmen interdisziplinär untersucht wurden. Die Forschungsergebnisse aus zwei dieser Unternehmen werden detailliert dargestellt. Der Leser kann entlang dokumentierter Forschungsergebnisse selbst nachvollziehen, in welcher Weise sich die Wissenschaftler aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen lernend aufeinander bezogen haben.
Picosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is used to investigate the electronic and structural dynamics initiated by plasmon excitation of 1.8 nm diameter Au nanoparticles (NPs) functionalised with 1-hexanethiol. We show that 100 ps after photoexcitation the transient XAS spectrum is consistent with an 8% expansion of the Au–Au bond length and a large increase in disorder associated with melting of the NPs. Recovery of the ground state occurs with a time constant of ∼1.8 ns, arising from thermalisation with the environment. Simulations reveal that the transient spectrum exhibits no signature of charge separation at 100 ps and allows us to estimate an upper limit for the quantum yield (QY) of this process to be <0.1.
Picosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is used to investigate the electronic and structural dynamics initiated by plasmon excitation of 1.8 nm diameter Au nanoparticles (NPs) functionalised with 1-hexanethiol. We show that 100 ps after photoexcitation the transient XAS spectrum is consistent with an 8% expansion of the Au–Au bond length and a large increase in disorder associated with melting of the NPs. Recovery of the ground state occurs with a time constant of ∼1.8 ns, arising from thermalisation with the environment. Simulations reveal that the transient spectrum exhibits no signature of charge separation at 100 ps and allows us to estimate an upper limit for the quantum yield (QY) of this process to be <0.1.
New porous materials based on covalently connected monomers are presented. The key step of the synthesis is an acetalisation reaction. In previous years we used acetalisation reactions extensively to build up various molecular rods. Based on this approach, investigations towards porous polymeric materials were conducted by us. Here we wish to present the results of these studies in the synthesis of 1D polyacetals and porous 3D polyacetals. By scrambling experiments with 1D acetals we could prove that exchange reactions occur between different building blocks (evidenced by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry). Based on these results we synthesized porous 3D polyacetals under the same mild conditions.
New porous materials based on covalently connected monomers are presented. The key step of the synthesis is an acetalisation reaction. In previous years we used acetalisation reactions extensively to build up various molecular rods. Based on this approach, investigations towards porous polymeric materials were conducted by us. Here we wish to present the results of these studies in the synthesis of 1D polyacetals and porous 3D polyacetals. By scrambling experiments with 1D acetals we could prove that exchange reactions occur between different building blocks (evidenced by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry). Based on these results we synthesized porous 3D polyacetals under the same mild conditions.
Modern microscopic techniques following the stochastic motion of labelled tracer particles have uncovered significant deviations from the laws of Brownian motion in a variety of animate and inanimate systems. Such anomalous diffusion can have different physical origins, which can be identified from careful data analysis. In particular, single particle tracking provides the entire trajectory of the traced particle, which allows one to evaluate different observables to quantify the dynamics of the system under observation. We here provide an extensive overview over different popular anomalous diffusion models and their properties. We pay special attention to their ergodic properties, highlighting the fact that in several of these models the long time averaged mean squared displacement shows a distinct disparity to the regular, ensemble averaged mean squared displacement. In these cases, data obtained from time averages cannot be interpreted by the standard theoretical results for the ensemble averages. Here we therefore provide a comparison of the main properties of the time averaged mean squared displacement and its statistical behaviour in terms of the scatter of the amplitudes between the time averages obtained from different trajectories. We especially demonstrate how anomalous dynamics may be identified for systems, which, on first sight, appear to be Brownian. Moreover, we discuss the ergodicity breaking parameters for the different anomalous stochastic processes and showcase the physical origins for the various behaviours. This Perspective is intended as a guidebook for both experimentalists and theorists working on systems, which exhibit anomalous diffusion.
Modern microscopic techniques following the stochastic motion of labelled tracer particles have uncovered significant deviations from the laws of Brownian motion in a variety of animate and inanimate systems. Such anomalous diffusion can have different physical origins, which can be identified from careful data analysis. In particular, single particle tracking provides the entire trajectory of the traced particle, which allows one to evaluate different observables to quantify the dynamics of the system under observation. We here provide an extensive overview over different popular anomalous diffusion models and their properties. We pay special attention to their ergodic properties, highlighting the fact that in several of these models the long time averaged mean squared displacement shows a distinct disparity to the regular, ensemble averaged mean squared displacement. In these cases, data obtained from time averages cannot be interpreted by the standard theoretical results for the ensemble averages. Here we therefore provide a comparison of the main properties of the time averaged mean squared displacement and its statistical behaviour in terms of the scatter of the amplitudes between the time averages obtained from different trajectories. We especially demonstrate how anomalous dynamics may be identified for systems, which, on first sight, appear to be Brownian. Moreover, we discuss the ergodicity breaking parameters for the different anomalous stochastic processes and showcase the physical origins for the various behaviours. This Perspective is intended as a guidebook for both experimentalists and theorists working on systems, which exhibit anomalous diffusion.
Recently, C K-edge Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectra of graphite (HOPG) surfaces have been measured for the pristine material, and for HOPG treated with either bromine or krypton plasmas (Lippitz et al., Surf. Sci., 2013, 611, L1). Changes of the NEXAFS spectra characteristic for physical (krypton) and/or chemical/physical modifications of the surface (bromine) upon plasma treatment were observed. Their molecular origin, however, remained elusive. In this work we study by density functional theory, the effects of selected point and line defects as well as chemical modifications on NEXAFS carbon K-edge spectra of single graphene layers. For Br-treated surfaces, also Br 3d X-ray Photoelectron Spectra (XPS) are simulated by a cluster approach, to identify possible chemical modifications. We observe that some of the defects related to plasma treatment lead to characteristic changes of NEXAFS spectra, similar to those in experiment. Theory provides possible microscopic origins for these changes.
Recently, C K-edge Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectra of graphite (HOPG) surfaces have been measured for the pristine material, and for HOPG treated with either bromine or krypton plasmas (Lippitz et al., Surf. Sci., 2013, 611, L1). Changes of the NEXAFS spectra characteristic for physical (krypton) and/or chemical/physical modifications of the surface (bromine) upon plasma treatment were observed. Their molecular origin, however, remained elusive. In this work we study by density functional theory, the effects of selected point and line defects as well as chemical modifications on NEXAFS carbon K-edge spectra of single graphene layers. For Br-treated surfaces, also Br 3d X-ray Photoelectron Spectra (XPS) are simulated by a cluster approach, to identify possible chemical modifications. We observe that some of the defects related to plasma treatment lead to characteristic changes of NEXAFS spectra, similar to those in experiment. Theory provides possible microscopic origins for these changes.
The toxicologically most relevant mercury (Hg) species for human exposure is methylmercury (MeHg). Thiomersal is a common preservative used in some vaccine formulations. The aim of this study is to get further mechanistic insight into the yet not fully understood neurotoxic modes of action of organic Hg species. Mercury species investigated include MeHgCl and thiomersal. Additionally HgCl2 was studied, since in the brain mercuric Hg can be formed by dealkylation of the organic species. As a cellular system astrocytes were used. In vivo astrocytes provide the environment necessary for neuronal function. In the present study, cytotoxic effects of the respective mercuricals increased with rising alkylation level and correlated with their cellular bioavailability. Further experiments revealed for all species at subcytotoxic concentrations no induction of DNA strand breaks, whereas all species massively increased H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks. This co- genotoxic effect is likely due to a disturbance of the cellular DNA damage response. Thus, at nanomolar, sub-cytotoxic concentrations, all three mercury species strongly disturbed poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, a signalling reaction induced by DNA strand breaks. Interestingly, the molecular mechanism behind this inhibition seems to be different for the species. Since chronic PARP-1 inhibition is also discussed to sacrifice neurogenesis and learning abilities, further experiments on neurons and in vivo studies could be helpful to clarify whether the inhibition of poly(ADP-ribosyl) ation contributes to organic Hg induced neurotoxicity.
The toxicologically most relevant mercury (Hg) species for human exposure is methylmercury (MeHg). Thiomersal is a common preservative used in some vaccine formulations. The aim of this study is to get further mechanistic insight into the yet not fully understood neurotoxic modes of action of organic Hg species. Mercury species investigated include MeHgCl and thiomersal. Additionally HgCl2 was studied, since in the brain mercuric Hg can be formed by dealkylation of the organic species. As a cellular system astrocytes were used. In vivo astrocytes provide the environment necessary for neuronal function. In the present study, cytotoxic effects of the respective mercuricals increased with rising alkylation level and correlated with their cellular bioavailability. Further experiments revealed for all species at subcytotoxic concentrations no induction of DNA strand breaks, whereas all species massively increased H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks. This co-genotoxic effect is likely due to a disturbance of the cellular DNA damage response. Thus, at nanomolar, sub-cytotoxic concentrations, all three mercury species strongly disturbed poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, a signalling reaction induced by DNA strand breaks. Interestingly, the molecular mechanism behind this inhibition seems to be different for the species. Since chronic PARP-1 inhibition is also discussed to sacrifice neurogenesis and learning abilities, further experiments on neurons and in vivo studies could be helpful to clarify whether the inhibition of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation contributes to organic Hg induced neurotoxicity.
Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons are one group of fat-soluble organic arsenic compounds (arsenolipids) found in marine fish and other seafood. A risk assessment of arsenolipids is urgently needed, but has not been possible because of the total lack of toxicological data. In this study the cellular toxicity of three arsenic-containing hydrocarbons was investigated in cultured human bladder (UROtsa) and liver (HepG2) cells. Cytotoxicity of the arsenic-containing hydrocarbons was comparable to that of arsenite, which was applied as the toxic reference arsenical. A large cellular accumulation of arsenic, as measured by ICP-MS/MS, was observed after incubation of both cell lines with the arsenolipids. Moreover, the toxic mode of action shown by the three arsenic-containing hydrocarbons seemed to differ from that observed for arsenite. Evidence suggests that the high cytotoxic potential of the lipophilic arsenicals results from a decrease in the cellular energy level. This first in vitro based risk assessment cannot exclude a risk to human health related to the presence of arsenolipids in seafood, and indicates the urgent need for further toxicity studies in experimental animals to fully assess this possible risk.
Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons are one group of fat-soluble organic arsenic compounds (arsenolipids) found in marine fish and other seafood. A risk assessment of arsenolipids is urgently needed, but has not been possible because of the total lack of toxicological data. In this study the cellular toxicity of three arsenic-containing hydrocarbons was investigated in cultured human bladder (UROtsa) and liver (HepG2) cells. Cytotoxicity of the arsenic-containing hydrocarbons was comparable to that of arsenite, which was applied as the toxic reference arsenical. A large cellular accumulation of arsenic, as measured by ICP-MS/MS, was observed after incubation of both cell lines with the arsenolipids. Moreover, the toxic mode of action shown by the three arsenic-containing hydrocarbons seemed to differ from that observed for arsenite. Evidence suggests that the high cytotoxic potential of the lipophilic arsenicals results from a decrease in the cellular energy level. This first in vitro based risk assessment cannot exclude a risk to human health related to the presence of arsenolipids in seafood, and indicates the urgent need for further toxicity studies in experimental animals to fully assess this possible risk.
We study the thermal Markovian diffusion of tracer particles in a 2D medium with spatially varying diffusivity D(r), mimicking recently measured, heterogeneous maps of the apparent diffusion coefficient in biological cells. For this heterogeneous diffusion process (HDP) we analyse the mean squared displacement (MSD) of the tracer particles, the time averaged MSD, the spatial probability density function, and the first passage time dynamics from the cell boundary to the nucleus. Moreover we examine the non-ergodic properties of this process which are important for the correct physical interpretation of time averages of observables obtained from single particle tracking experiments. From extensive computer simulations of the 2D stochastic Langevin equation we present an in-depth study of this HDP. In particular, we find that the MSDs along the radial and azimuthal directions in a circular domain obey anomalous and Brownian scaling, respectively. We demonstrate that the time averaged MSD stays linear as a function of the lag time and the system thus reveals a weak ergodicity breaking. Our results will enable one to rationalise the diffusive motion of larger tracer particles such as viruses or submicron beads in biological cells.
We study the thermal Markovian diffusion of tracer particles in a 2D medium with spatially varying diffusivity D(r), mimicking recently measured, heterogeneous maps of the apparent diffusion coefficient in biological cells. For this heterogeneous diffusion process (HDP) we analyse the mean squared displacement (MSD) of the tracer particles, the time averaged MSD, the spatial probability density function, and the first passage time dynamics from the cell boundary to the nucleus. Moreover we examine the non-ergodic properties of this process which are important for the correct physical interpretation of time averages of observables obtained from single particle tracking experiments. From extensive computer simulations of the 2D stochastic Langevin equation we present an in-depth study of this HDP. In particular, we find that the MSDs along the radial and azimuthal directions in a circular domain obey anomalous and Brownian scaling, respectively. We demonstrate that the time averaged MSD stays linear as a function of the lag time and the system thus reveals a weak ergodicity breaking. Our results will enable one to rationalise the diffusive motion of larger tracer particles such as viruses or submicron beads in biological cells.
The term “bilateral deficit” (BLD) has been used to describe a reduction in performance during bilateral contractions when compared to the sum of identical unilateral contractions. In old age, maximal isometric force production (MIF) decreases and BLD increases indicating the need for training interventions to mitigate this impact in seniors. In a cross-sectional approach, we examined age-related differences in MIF and BLD in young (age: 20–30 years) and old adults (age: >65 years). In addition, a randomized-controlled trial was conducted to investigate training-specific effects of resistance vs. balance training on MIF and BLD of the leg extensors in old adults. Subjects were randomly assigned to resistance training (n = 19), balance training (n = 14), or a control group (n = 20). Bilateral heavy-resistance training for the lower extremities was performed for 13 weeks (3 × / week) at 80% of the one repetition maximum. Balance training was conducted using predominately unilateral exercises on wobble boards, soft mats, and uneven surfaces for the same duration. Pre- and post-tests included uni- and bilateral measurements of maximal isometric leg extension force. At baseline, young subjects outperformed older adults in uni- and bilateral MIF (all p < .001; d = 2.61–3.37) and in measures of BLD (p < .001; d = 2.04). We also found significant increases in uni- and bilateral MIF after resistance training (all p < .001, d = 1.8-5.7) and balance training (all p < .05, d = 1.3-3.2). In addition, BLD decreased following resistance (p < .001, d = 3.4) and balance training (p < .001, d = 2.6). It can be concluded that both training regimens resulted in increased MIF and decreased BLD of the leg extensors (HRT-group more than BAL-group), almost reaching the levels of young adults.
The term “bilateral deficit” (BLD) has been used to describe a reduction in performance during bilateral contractions when compared to the sum of identical unilateral contractions. In old age, maximal isometric force production (MIF) decreases and BLD increases indicating the need for training interventions to mitigate this impact in seniors. In a cross-sectional approach, we examined age-related differences in MIF and BLD in young (age: 20–30 years) and old adults (age: >65 years). In addition, a randomized-controlled trial was conducted to investigate training-specific effects of resistance vs. balance training on MIF and BLD of the leg extensors in old adults. Subjects were randomly assigned to resistance training (n = 19), balance training (n = 14), or a control group (n = 20). Bilateral heavy-resistance training for the lower extremities was performed for 13 weeks (3 × / week) at 80% of the one repetition maximum. Balance training was conducted using predominately unilateral exercises on wobble boards, soft mats, and uneven surfaces for the same duration. Pre- and post-tests included uni- and bilateral measurements of maximal isometric leg extension force. At baseline, young subjects outperformed older adults in uni- and bilateral MIF (all p < .001; d = 2.61–3.37) and in measures of BLD (p < .001; d = 2.04). We also found significant increases in uni- and bilateral MIF after resistance training (all p < .001, d = 1.8-5.7) and balance training (all p < .05, d = 1.3-3.2). In addition, BLD decreased following resistance (p < .001, d = 3.4) and balance training (p < .001, d = 2.6). It can be concluded that both training regimens resulted in increased MIF and decreased BLD of the leg extensors (HRT-group more than BAL-group), almost reaching the levels of young adults.
On the role of fluoro-substituted nucleosides in DNA radiosensitization for tumor radiation therapy
(2014)
Gemcitabine (2′,2′-difluorocytidine) is a well-known radiosensitizer routinely applied in concomitant chemoradiotherapy. During irradiation of biological media with high-energy radiation secondary low-energy (<10 eV) electrons are produced that can directly induce chemical bond breakage in DNA by dissociative electron attachment (DEA). Here, we investigate and compare DEA to the three molecules 2′-deoxycytidine, 2′-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine, and gemcitabine. Fluorination at specific molecular sites, i.e., nucleobase or sugar moiety, is found to control electron attachment and subsequent dissociation pathways. The presence of two fluorine atoms at the sugar ring results in more efficient electron attachment to the sugar moiety and subsequent bond cleavage. For the formation of the dehydrogenated nucleobase anion, we obtain an enhancement factor of 2.8 upon fluorination of the sugar, whereas the enhancement factor is 5.5 when the nucleobase is fluorinated. The observed fragmentation reactions suggest enhanced DNA strand breakage induced by secondary electrons when gemcitabine is incorporated into DNA.
On the role of fluoro-substituted nucleosides in DNA radiosensitization for tumor radiation therapy
(2014)
Gemcitabine (2′,2′-difluorocytidine) is a well-known radiosensitizer routinely applied in concomitant chemoradiotherapy. During irradiation of biological media with high-energy radiation secondary low-energy (<10 eV) electrons are produced that can directly induce chemical bond breakage in DNA by dissociative electron attachment (DEA). Here, we investigate and compare DEA to the three molecules 2′-deoxycytidine, 2′-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine, and gemcitabine. Fluorination at specific molecular sites, i.e., nucleobase or sugar moiety, is found to control electron attachment and subsequent dissociation pathways. The presence of two fluorine atoms at the sugar ring results in more efficient electron attachment to the sugar moiety and subsequent bond cleavage. For the formation of the dehydrogenated nucleobase anion, we obtain an enhancement factor of 2.8 upon fluorination of the sugar, whereas the enhancement factor is 5.5 when the nucleobase is fluorinated. The observed fragmentation reactions suggest enhanced DNA strand breakage induced by secondary electrons when gemcitabine is incorporated into DNA.
E-Learning Symposium 2014
(2014)
Der Tagungsband zum E-Learning Symposium 2014 an der Universität Potsdam beleuchtet die diversen Zielgruppen und Anwendungsbereiche, die aktuell in der E-Learning-Forschung angesprochen werden. Während im letzten Symposium 2012 der Dozierende mit den unterschiedlichen Möglichkeiten der Studierendenaktivierung und Lehrgestaltung im Fokus der Diskussionen stand, werden in diesem Jahr in einem großen Teil der Beiträge die Studierenden ins Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit gerückt. Dass nicht nur der Inhalt des Lernmediums für den Lernerfolg eine Rolle spielt, sondern auch dessen Unterhaltungswert und die Freude, die die Lernenden während des Prozesses der Wissensakquise empfinden, zeigt sehr anschaulich die Keynote von Linda Breitlauch zum Thema „Faites vos Jeux“ (Spielen Sie jetzt). Der Beitrag von Zoerner et al. verbindet den Gedanken des spiele-basierten Lernens mit dem nach wie vor aktuellen Thema des mobilen Lernens. Auch in diesem Forschungsbereich spielt die Fokussierung auf den Lernenden eine immer herausragendere Rolle. Einen Schritt weiter in Richtung Individualisierung geht in diesem Zusammenhang der eingeladene Vortrag von Christoph Rensing, der sich mit der Adaptivität von mobilen Lernanwendungen beschäftigt. Mit Hilfe zur Verfügung stehender Kontextinformationen sollen gezielt individuelle Lernprozesse unterstützt werden. Alle Beiträge, die sich auf mobile Applikationen und auf Spiele beziehen, sprechen auch die zwischenmenschliche Komponente am Lernen an. So wird neben der Mobilität insbesondere auch der Austausch von Lernobjekten zwischen Lernenden (vergleiche den Beitrag von Zoerner et al.) sowie die Kooperation zwischen Lernenden (siehe Beitrag von Kallookaran und Robra-Bissantz) diskutiert. Der interpersonelle Kontakt spielt allerdings ebenfalls in den Beiträgen ohne Spiel- oder App-Fokussierung eine Rolle. Tutoren werden beispielsweise zur Moderation von Lernprozessen eingesetzt und Lerngruppen gegründet um das problem-orientierte Lernen stärker in den Mittelpunkt zu rücken (siehe Beitrag von Mach und Dirwelis) bzw. näher am Bedarf der Studierenden zu arbeiten (wie in eingeladenen Vortrag von Tatiana N. Noskova sowie in dem Beitrag von Mach und Dirwelis beschrieben). In der Evaluation wird ebenfalls der Schritt weg von anonymen, akkumulierten statistischen Auswertungen hin zu individualisierten Nutzerprofilen im Bereich des Learning Analytics untersucht (vergleiche dazu den Beitrag von Ifenthaler). Neben der Schwerpunktsetzung auf die Lernenden und deren Mobilität rückt das Thema Transmedialität stärker ins Zentrum der Forschung. Während schon die Keynote mit ihrem Spielefokus darauf anspricht, geht es in weiteren Beiträgen darum Abläufe aus der analogen Welt bestmöglich in der digitalen Welt abzubilden. Lerninhalte, die bisher mittels Bildern und Texten für Lehrende und Lernende zugänglich gemacht wurden, werden nunmehr mit weiteren Medien, insbesondere Videos, angereichert um deren Verständnis zu erhöhen. Dies ist beispielsweise geeignet, um Bewegungsabläufe im Sport (vergleiche dazu den Beitrag von Owassapian und Hensinger) oder musikpraktische Übungen wie Bodyperkussion (beschrieben im Beitrag von Buschmann und Glasemann) zu erlernen Lernendenfokussierung, persönlicher Austausch, Mobilität und Transmedialität sind somit einige der Kernthemen, die Sie in diesem Sammelband erwarten. Auch zeigt die häufige Verknüpfung verschedener dieser Kernthemen, dass keines davon ein Randthema ist, sondern sich die Summe aus allen im E-Learning bündelt und damit eine neue Qualität für Lehre, Studium und Forschung erreicht werden kann.
Inhalt: Kröger, Björn: Remarks on a scene, depicting the primeval world. A talk given by Leopold von Buch in 1831, popularizing the Duria antiquior Roussanova, Elena: Hermann Trautschold und die Ehrung Alexander von Humboldts in Russland Schmuck, Thomas: Tod in den Anden. Ein Brief Francis Halls an Humboldt 1831 und seine historischen und politischen Hintergründe Schnoepf, Markus: Evaluationskriterien für digitale Editionen und die reale Welt Thiemer-Sachse, Ursula: „Wir verbrachten mehr als 24 Stunden, ohne etwas anderes als Schokolade und Limonade zu uns zu nehmen“. Hinweise in Alexander von Humboldts Tagebuchaufzeichnungen zu Fragen der Verpflegung auf der Forschungsreise durch Spanisch-Amerika Schwarz, Ingo: Hanno Beck zum 90. Geburtstag Beck, Hanno: Das literarische Testament Alexander von Humboldts 1799
Tod in den Anden
(2013)
Der Forschungsreisende Francis Hall kam als Soldat nach Südamerika und betätigte sich hier auch als Pflanzensammler, Reiseschriftsteller und Bergsteiger. Er war Freund und Briefpartner Jeremy Benthams und versuchte gemeinsam mit Jean-Baptiste Boussingault den Chimborazo zu besteigen. Der liberale Journalist wurde 1833 in bürgerkriegsähnlichen Unruhen in Ecuador ermordet. Der einzige Brief Halls an Humboldt, in dem er diesen für die Naturerschließung des Landes zu gewinnen versucht, eine Sammlung andiner Pflanzen übersendet und seine Einschätzung zur politischen Lage und Zukunft Südamerikas kundtut, wird hier veröffentlicht und kommentiert.
In den letzten Jahren sind immer mehr Editionen im Internet erschienen. Sie zeigen eine ähnlich große Vielfalt wie gedruckte Editionen. Somit ist es an der Zeit, den Begriff der digitalen Edition zu schärfen. Wie können digitale Editionen eingeordnet und evaluiert werden? Wie können neben editionswissenschaftlichen Kriterien weitere Bewertungssysteme dazu beitragen, qualitative Unterschiede zwischen den vorhandenen Editionen herauszuarbeiten? Das Institut für Dokumentologie und Editorik hat dazu einen Kriterienkatalog erstellt, der in diesem Beitrag einerseits vorgestellt werden soll, andererseits an bestehende Projekte angewendet werden soll. Ziel dieser Übung ist, den Blick auf digital vorliegende Quellen zu schärfen.
Über die Autoren
(2013)
In Alexander von Humboldts Tagebüchern seiner berühmten Forschungsreise durch Spanisch-Amerika finden sich Bemerkungen und Hinweise für künftige Leser seiner Reisedarstellungen zu Problemen der Verpflegung. Zumeist werden Engpässe und Missstände erwähnt sowie Fragen soziopolitischer Situation verdeutlicht. Sie beziehen sich auf Extrembedingungen in stadtfernen Gebieten und im Kontakt mit den indigenen Trägern und Helfern während der einzelnen Exkursionen. Die Darstellungen der alltäglichen Gegebenheiten sind zugleich eine interessante Quelle für Verhaltensmuster der verschiedenen Schichten der spanischkolonialen Gesellschaft wie der Forschungsreisenden, die mit den Schwierigkeiten umzugehen hatten, sich anzupassen verstanden oder ihre eigenen Verhaltensmuster entwickelt haben. Damit ermöglichen Humboldts Aufzeichnungen zugleich auch auf diesem Gebiet manchen Blick auf den seither erfolgten Kulturwandel.
Der 100. Geburtstag von Alexander von Humboldt im Jahre 1869 wurde in Russland groß gefeiert, besonders von der Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Der spätere Sekretär dieser Gesellschaft, Hermann Trautschold, hielt damals eine vielbeachtete Lobrede auf den weltbekannten deutschen Naturforscher und Forschungsreisenden. Im Fokus des Aufsatzes steht der deutsch-russische Geologe und Paläontologe Trautschold sowie seine im Jahre 1869 in Moskau gehaltene Lobrede.
Die Zeitschrift möchte die fruchtbare und facettenreiche Kultur des Judentums sowie seine Berührungspunkte zur Umwelt in den unterschiedlichen Bereichen dokumentieren. Daneben dient die Zeitschrift als Forum zur Positionierung der Fächer Jüdische Studien und Judaistik innerhalb des wissenschaftlichen Diskurses sowie zur Diskussion ihrer historischen und gesellschaftlichen Verantwortung.
The Prussian geologist Leopold von Buch was a lifelong friend of Alexander von Humboldt and had a significant influence on Humboldt’s geological ideas. In a talk, held in Berlin in 1831, which is published here for the first time, von Buch presented the Duria Antiquior of 1830 by the English geologist Henry De La Beche. The Duria Antiquior is widely regarded as the earliest depiction of a scene of prehistoric life from deep time. The print raised new questions about the processes of geohistorical change. The talk reveals that Leopold von Buch was a true scientist of the Romantic Age. His descriptions of geohistorical organismic transformations are taken from pictorial examples of organismic transformation from the classical literature. The talk also illustrates how influential English geologists were for geo-historical reconstructions in Germany.