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Die alleinige Ursache von Stottern ist weiterhin nicht abschließend geklärt. Auf neurofunktioneller und -morphologischer Ebene zeigen stotternde Personen Abweichungen in den Arealen, welche nicht nur für die Initiierung von sprechmotorischen Programmen, sondern auch für die Produktion und Perzeption von musikalischen Rhythmen zuständig sind. Unterschiede zu flüssigsprechenden Personen treten jedoch nicht nur im verbalen, sondern auch im nonverbal sensomotorischen Bereich auf, was auf eine Störung domänenübergreifender auditiv-motorischer Koordinationsprozesse hindeutet. Ausgehend davon wurde in einigen Studien postuliert, dass dem Störungsbild Stottern ein domänenübergreifendes Rhythmusdefizit zugrunde liegt. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Störungsbildern, welche auch Probleme in rhythmischen Aufgaben aufweisen, gibt es bis dato jedoch keine Intervention, welche dieses Defizit angeht. Es soll untersucht werden, ob ein nonverbales rhythmisches Training bei stotternden Kindern im Alter von zehn bis zwölf Jahren eine Verbesserung der sensomotorischen Synchronisationsfähigkeiten zur Folge hat. Zudem soll erforscht werden, ob es Transfereffekte auf die Sprechmotorik und Sprechflüssigkeit gibt. Für die vorliegende einfach verblindete Pilotstudie sollen 20 Kinder rekrutiert werden. Zehn davon werden randomisiert der Experimentalgruppe zugewiesen, welche das rhythmische Spiel Rhythm Workers über drei Wochen daheim auf einem Tablet spielen sollen. Die Kontrollgruppe spielt ein nicht-rhythmisches Bubble-Shooter-Spiel namens Frozen Bubble. Diese Studie könnte somit den Weg ebnen für technologieunterstützte Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen, welche darauf abzielen die rhythmisch-motorischen Defizite bei Stottern zu lindern.
Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Musterdynamik und Angewandte Fernerkundung Workshop vom 9. - 10. Februar 2006
The ten-years presidency of Alberto Fujimori in Peru is a classic example of the sort of hybrid democracy that emerged in various Latin American countries in the 1990s, combining a mixture of democratic and clearly non-democratic elements. Fujimori was one of the more autocratic Latin American leaders of the 1990s, he is being the only regime formally to break with pre-existing constitutional rules. Closely tied to the military and intelligence apparatus, his government involved a concentration of political power that reduced the scope and autonomy of other branches of the state. But, unlike previous Latin American military dictatorships, Fujimori’s government enjoyed a considerable popularity, born out of disaffection for representative institutions. The article argues, however, that these characteristics of apparent strength carried within them the seeds of their own destruction. Far from establishing lasting political stability, the regime was weakly based. Within six weeks of his inauguration for a third term in July 2000, Fujimori was obliged to announce his intention to withdraw from politics. Two months later, he was ousted altogether.
Antarctic glacier forfields are extreme environments and pioneer sites for ecological succession. The Antarctic continent shows microbial community development as a natural laboratory because of its special environment, geographic isolation and little anthropogenic influence. Increasing temperatures due to global warming lead to enhanced deglaciation processes in cold-affected habitats and new terrain is becoming exposed to soil formation and accessible for microbial colonisation. This study aims to understand the structure and development of glacier forefield bacterial communities, especially how soil parameters impact the microorganisms and how those are adapted to the extreme conditions of the habitat. To this effect, a combination of cultivation experiments, molecular, geophysical and geochemical analysis was applied to examine two glacier forfields of the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica. Culture-independent molecular tools such as terminal restriction length polymorphism (T-RFLP), clone libraries and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were used to determine bacterial diversity and distribution. Cultivation of yet unknown species was carried out to get insights in the physiology and adaptation of the microorganisms. Adaptation strategies of the microorganisms were studied by determining changes of the cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) inventory of an isolated bacterium in response to temperature and pH fluctuations and by measuring enzyme activity at low temperature in environmental soil samples. The two studied glacier forefields are extreme habitats characterised by low temperatures, low water availability and small oligotrophic nutrient pools and represent sites of different bacterial succession in relation to soil parameters. The investigated sites showed microbial succession at an early step of soil formation near the ice tongue in comparison to closely located but rather older and more developed soil from the forefield. At the early step the succession is influenced by a deglaciation-dependent areal shift of soil parameters followed by a variable and prevalently depth-related distribution of the soil parameters that is driven by the extreme Antarctic conditions. The dominant taxa in the glacier forefields are Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi. The connection of soil characteristics with bacterial community structure showed that soil parameter and soil formation along the glacier forefield influence the distribution of certain phyla. In the early step of succession the relative undifferentiated bacterial diversity reflects the undifferentiated soil development and has a high potential to shift according to past and present environmental conditions. With progressing development environmental constraints such as water or carbon limitation have a greater influence. Adapting the culturing conditions to the cold and oligotrophic environment, the number of culturable heterotrophic bacteria reached up to 108 colony forming units per gram soil and 148 isolates were obtained. Two new psychrotolerant bacteria, Herbaspirillum psychrotolerans PB1T and Chryseobacterium frigidisoli PB4T, were characterised in detail and described as novel species in the family of Oxalobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae, respectively. The isolates are able to grow at low temperatures tolerating temperature fluctuations and they are not specialised to a certain substrate, therefore they are well-adapted to the cold and oligotrophic environment. The adaptation strategies of the microorganisms were analysed in environmental samples and cultures focussing on extracellular enzyme activity at low temperature and PLFA analyses. Extracellular phosphatases (pH 11 and pH 6.5), β-glucosidase, invertase and urease activity were detected in the glacier forefield soils at low temperature (14°C) catalysing the conversion of various compounds providing necessary substrates and may further play a role in the soil formation and total carbon turnover of the habitat. The PLFA analysis of the newly isolated species C. frigidisoli showed that the cold-adapted strain develops different strategies to maintain the cell membrane function under changing environmental conditions by altering the PLFA inventory at different temperatures and pH values. A newly discovered fatty acid, which was not found in any other microorganism so far, significantly increased at decreasing temperature and low pH and thus plays an important role in the adaption of C. frigidisoli. This work gives insights into the diversity, distribution and adaptation mechanisms of microbial communities in oligotrophic cold-affected soils and shows that Antarctic glacier forefields are suitable model systems to study bacterial colonisation in connection to soil formation.
Basic psychological needs theory postulates that a social environment that satisfies individuals’ three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness leads to optimal growth and well-being. On the other hand, the frustration of these needs is associated with ill-being and depressive symptoms foremost investigated in non-clinical samples; yet, there is a paucity of research on need frustration in clinical samples. Survey data were compared between adult individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 115; 48.69% female; 38.46 years, SD = 10.46) with those of a non-depressed comparison sample (n = 201; 53.23% female; 30.16 years, SD = 12.81). Need profiles were examined with a linear mixed model (LMM). Individuals with depression reported higher levels of frustration and lower levels of satisfaction in relation to the three basic psychological needs when compared to non-depressed adults. The difference between depressed and non-depressed groups was significantly larger for frustration than satisfaction regarding the needs for relatedness and competence. LMM correlation parameters confirmed the expected positive correlation between the three needs. This is the first study showing substantial differences in need-based experiences between depressed and non-depressed adults. The results confirm basic assumptions of the self-determination theory and have preliminary implications in tailoring therapy for depression.
Rezensiertes Werk: Basten, Ludger: Postmoderner Urbanismus : Gestaltung in der städtischen Peripherie / Ludger Basten. - Münster : LIT, 2005. - X, 363 S. : Ill. - ( Schriften des Arbeitskreises Stadtzukünfte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geographie ; 1) Zugl.: Bochum, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2005 ISBN 3-8258-8902-5
Rezensiertes Werk: Grenzen weltweit : Zonen, Linien, Mauern im historischen Vergleich / Joachim Becker; Andrea Komlosy (Hrsg.). - Wien : Promedia-Verl. [u.a.], 2004. - 234 S. : graph. Darst., Kt. - (Historische Sozialkunde : Internationale Entwicklung ; 23 ; Journal für Entwicklungspolitik : Ergänzungsband ; 15) ISBN 3-85371-220-7
Im Rahmen dieser Studie soll ermittelt werden, welche Bedeutung sowohl quantitative, als auch qualitative Kriterien für die Beurteilung von Risiken in den Akteursgruppen Manager, Verwaltungsangehörige, Experten und Laien einnehmen. Bei der Beurteilung von Umweltrisiken spielen neben quantitativen Beurteilungskriterien (z.B. der Schadenswahrscheinlichkeit) auch qualitative Kriterien (z.B. die ausgelösten Emotionen) eine zentrale Rolle, wie insbesondere die Ergebnisse der psychometrischen Risikoforschung zeigen.
Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Konstruktion eines Lehr-/ Lernszenarios polyvalenter Grundlagenvorlesungen in naturwissenschaftlichen Fachwissenschaften. Das Szenario verbindet klassische Vorlesungen mit virtuellen Elementen wie Online-Kursen, Online-Foren und Audience-Response-Systemen sowie dem Arbeiten in Kleingruppen mit Ansätzen des problemorientierten Lernens. Ziel ist es das Grundlagenwissen der Studierenden anzupassen, das Arbeiten in Gruppen zu fördern und problemorientiertes Lernen zu erlernen.
Microswimmers, i.e. swimmers of micron size experiencing low Reynolds numbers, have received a great deal of attention in the last years, since many applications are envisioned in medicine and bioremediation. A promising field is the one of magnetic swimmers, since magnetism is biocom-patible and could be used to direct or actuate the swimmers. This thesis studies two examples of magnetic microswimmers from a physics point of view.
The first system to be studied are magnetic cells, which can be magnetic biohybrids (a swimming cell coupled with a magnetic synthetic component) or magnetotactic bacteria (naturally occurring bacteria that produce an intracellular chain of magnetic crystals). A magnetic cell can passively interact with external magnetic fields, which can be used for direction. The aim of the thesis is to understand how magnetic cells couple this magnetic interaction to their swimming strategies, mainly how they combine it with chemotaxis (the ability to sense external gradient of chemical species and to bias their walk on these gradients). In particular, one open question addresses the advantage given by these magnetic interactions for the magnetotactic bacteria in a natural environment, such as porous sediments. In the thesis, a modified Active Brownian Particle model is used to perform simulations and to reproduce experimental data for different systems such as bacteria swimming in the bulk, in a capillary or in confined geometries. I will show that magnetic fields speed up chemotaxis under special conditions, depending on parameters such as their swimming strategy (run-and-tumble or run-and-reverse), aerotactic strategy (axial or polar), and magnetic fields (intensities and orientations), but it can also hinder bacterial chemotaxis depending on the system.
The second example of magnetic microswimmer are rigid magnetic propellers such as helices or random-shaped propellers. These propellers are actuated and directed by an external rotating magnetic field. One open question is how shape and magnetic properties influence the propeller behavior; the goal of this research field is to design the best propeller for a given situation. The aim of the thesis is to propose a simulation method to reproduce the behavior of experimentally-realized propellers and to determine their magnetic properties. The hydrodynamic simulations are based on the use of the mobility matrix. As main result, I propose a method to match the experimental data, while showing that not only shape but also the magnetic properties influence the propellers swimming characteristics.