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Global change, especially land-use intensification, affects human well-being by impacting the delivery of multiple ecosystem services (multifunctionality). However, whether biodiversity loss is a major component of global change effects on multifunctionality in real-world ecosystems, as in experimental ones, remains unclear. Therefore, we assessed biodiversity, functional composition and 14 ecosystem services on 150 agricultural grasslands differing in land-use intensity. We also introduce five multifunctionality measures in which ecosystem services were weighted according to realistic land-use objectives. We found that indirect land-use effects, i.e. those mediated by biodiversity loss and by changes to functional composition, were as strong as direct effects on average. Their strength varied with land-use objectives and regional context. Biodiversity loss explained indirect effects in a region of intermediate productivity and was most damaging when land-use objectives favoured supporting and cultural services. In contrast, functional composition shifts, towards fast-growing plant species, strongly increased provisioning services in more inherently unproductive grasslands.
Species diversity promotes the delivery of multiple ecosystem functions (multifunctionality). However, the relative functional importance of rare and common species in driving the biodiversity multifunctionality relationship remains unknown. We studied the relationship between the diversity of rare and common species (according to their local abundances and across nine different trophic groups), and multifunctionality indices derived from 14 ecosystem functions on 150 grasslands across a land use intensity (LUI) gradient. The diversity of above- and below-ground rare species had opposite effects, with rare above-ground species being associated with high levels of multifunctionality, probably because their effects on different functions did not trade off against each other. Conversely, common species were only related to average, not high, levels of multifunctionality, and their functional effects declined with LUI. Apart from the community level effects of diversity, we found significant positive associations between the abundance of individual species and multifunctionality in 6% of the species tested. Species specific functional effects were best predicted by their response to LUI: species that declined in abundance with land use intensification were those associated with higher levels of multifunctionality. Our results highlight the importance of rare species for ecosystem multifunctionality and help guiding future conservation priorities.
Extrem rechts in Deutschland
(2002)
Background: Severe bacterial infections remain a major challenge in intensive care units because of their high prevalence and mortality. Adequate antibiotic exposure has been associated with clinical success in critically ill patients. The objective of this study was to investigate the target attainment of standard meropenem dosing in a heterogeneous critically ill population, to quantify the impact of the full renal function spectrum on meropenem exposure and target attainment, and ultimately to translate the findings into a tool for practical application. Methods: A prospective observational single-centre study was performed with critically ill patients with severe infections receiving standard dosing of meropenem. Serial blood samples were drawn over 4 study days to determine meropenem serum concentrations. Renal function was assessed by creatinine clearance according to the Cockcroft and Gault equation (CLCRCG). Variability in meropenem serum concentrations was quantified at the middle and end of each monitored dosing interval. The attainment of two pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets (100% T->MIC, 50% T->4xMIC) was evaluated for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2 mg/L and 8 mg/L and standard meropenem dosing (1000 mg, 30-minute infusion, every 8 h). Furthermore, we assessed the impact of CLCRCG on meropenem concentrations and target attainment and developed a tool for risk assessment of target non-attainment. Results: Large inter-and intra-patient variability in meropenem concentrations was observed in the critically ill population (n = 48). Attainment of the target 100% T->MIC was merely 48.4% and 20.6%, given MIC values of 2 mg/L and 8 mg/L, respectively, and similar for the target 50% T->4xMIC. A hyperbolic relationship between CLCRCG (25-255 ml/minute) and meropenem serum concentrations at the end of the dosing interval (C-8h) was derived. For infections with pathogens of MIC 2 mg/L, mild renal impairment up to augmented renal function was identified as a risk factor for target non-attainment (for MIC 8 mg/L, additionally, moderate renal impairment). Conclusions: The investigated standard meropenem dosing regimen appeared to result in insufficient meropenem exposure in a considerable fraction of critically ill patients. An easy-and free-to-use tool (the MeroRisk Calculator) for assessing the risk of target non-attainment for a given renal function and MIC value was developed.
Aus dem Inhalt dieser Ausgabe: BEITRAG: Ralf Pröve: Vom Schmuddelkind zur anerkannten Subdisziplin?1Die „neue Militärgeschichte“ der Frühen Neuzeitund der AMG PROJEKTE: Stefan Kroll: Kursächsische Soldaten im 18. Jahrhundert (1728-1789) Matthias Asche: Neusiedler im verheerten Land –Kriegsfolgenbewältigung, Landeswiederaufbau undMigration in der Mark Brandenburg und in Badennach den Kriegen des 17. Jahrhunderts Anne Heinecke: Wahrnehmung und Darstellungvon Plünderung im 17. Jahrhundertim Spiegel von Selbstzeugnissen Militärangehöriger Mikko Huhtamies: Ersatzsoldaten in Europa in der Frühen Neuzeit Benjamin MarschkeThe Development of the Army Chaplaincy inEarly Eighteenth-Century Prussia Holger Th. Gräf: Valentin Wagner – Zeichnungen aus der Zeit desDreißigjährigen Krieges Torsten F. Reimer: magi-e – integriertes Publizierenin der Geschichtswissenschaft Bernhard Schmitt: Militär und Integration im 19. Jahrhundert –Zur Bedeutung und Funktion der Armeebei der Eingliederung neuer Bevölkerungsgruppenin Preußen und der Habsburgermonarchie 1815-1867 Jörg Muth: Flucht aus dem militärischen AlltagUrsachen und individuelle Ausprägung der Desertionin der Armee Friedrichs des Großen Michael Reiff: Strandgut des Krieges: Die soziale Lage Kriegsversehrterin den deutschen Armeen des Absolutismusund der napoleonischen Zeit ( 1648 – 1815 ) Ralf Gebuhr: Nickel von Minckwitzund der frühneuzeitliche Schlossbauin der Niederlausitz Alexander M. Martin: Die Napoleonische Okkupation Moskaus 1812 Daniel Krebs: Deutsche Kriegsgefangeneim Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg BERICHTE: REZENSIONEN:
Aus dem Inhalt dieser Ausgabe: BEITRÄGE: Martina Dlugaiczyk: Der Waffenstillstand (1609-1621) als Medienereignis Peter Blastenbrei: Literaten und Soldaten (Teil 2) Hagen Haas: "Denn die Bombe, wann sie fällt ..." PROJEKTE: Bernhard Schmitt: "... eine ausgedehnte Gelegenheit zu einer ordentlichen Versorgung und besseren Fortkommen in dem Militärdienste" Andrea Pühringer: Die Darstellung von -Gewalt- im Krieg Torsten Reimer: Armada und Seeschlacht René Schreiter: Das Große Militärwaisenhaus zu Potsdam Grzegorz Podruczny: Preußische Militärarchitektur in Schlesien Jan Willem Huntebrinker: "Von der landsknecht lumphosen" BERICHTE: Heidi Mehrkens: Besatzung, Funktion und Gestalt militärischer Fremdherrschaft Esther-Beate Körber: Bericht über die Tagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur preußischen Geschichte REZENSIONEN: Frank Göse: Dreißigjähriger Krieg und Westfälischer Friede. Forschungen aus westfälischen Adelsarchiven. Vorträge auf dem Kolloquium der Vereinigten Westfälischen Adelsarchive e. V. vom 3.-4. Dezember 1998 in Münster, Selbstverlag der Vereinigten Westfälischen Adelsarchive e. V. 2000 Daniela Feistauer: Karen Hagemann, "Mannlicher Muth und Teutsche Ehre". Nation, Militär und Geschlecht zur Zeit der Antinapo-leonischen Kriege Preußens, Paderborn, München, Wien, Zürich: Ferdinand Schöningh 2002 Jörg Muth: Das Heerwesen in Brandenburg und Preußen von 1640 bis 1806. Bd. 1: Olaf Groehler, Das Heerwesen, 2. Aufl., Berlin: Brandenburgisches Verlaghaus 2001 Michael Busch: Annette Hempel, "Eigentlicher Bericht / So wol auch Abkontra-feytung." Eine Untersuchung der nicht-allegorischen Nach-richtenblätter zu den Schlachten und Belagerungen der schwedischen Armee unter Gustav II Adolf (1628/30-1632), Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang Verlag 2000 Daniel Krebs: Michael Zimmer’s Diary. Ein deutsches Tagebuch aus dem Amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg, hrsg. von Jürgen Macha und Andrea Wolf, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin u. a.: Peter Lang Verlag 2001 Jürgen Luh: Michael Hochedlinger, Krise und Wiederherstellung. Öster-reichische Großmachtpolitik zwischen Türkenkrieg und "Zweiter Diplomatischer Revolution" 1787-1791, Berlin Duncker & Humblot 2000 Ulrike Ludwig: Sine ira et studio. Militärhistorische Studien zur Erinnerung an Hans Schmidt, hrsg. von Uta Lindgren, Karl Schnith und Jakob Seibert, Kallmünz/OPF.: Verlag Michael Lassleben 2001
Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectra excited at the O1s(-1)pi* resonance of liquid acetone are presented. Scattering to the electronic ground state shows a resolved vibrational progression where the dominant contribution is due to the C-O stretching mode, thus demonstrating a unique sensitivity of the method to the local potential energy surface in complex molecular systems. For scattering to electronically excited states, soft vibrational modes and, to a smaller extent, intermolecular interactions give a broadening, which blurs the vibrational fine structure. It is predicted that environmental broadening is dominant in aqueous acetone.