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Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants (2015)
van Kleunen, Mark ; Dawson, Wayne ; Essl, Franz ; Pergl, Jan ; Winter, Marten ; Weber, Ewald ; Kreft, Holger ; Weigelt, Patrick ; Kartesz, John ; Nishino, Misako ; Antonova, Liubov A. ; Barcelona, Julie F. ; Cabezas, Francisco J. ; Cardenas, Dairon ; Cardenas-Toro, Juliana ; Castano, Nicolas ; Chacon, Eduardo ; Chatelain, Cyrille ; Ebel, Aleksandr L. ; Figueiredo, Estrela ; Fuentes, Nicol ; Groom, Quentin J. ; Henderson, Lesley ; Inderjit ; Kupriyanov, Andrey ; Masciadri, Silvana ; Meerman, Jan ; Morozova, Olga ; Moser, Dietmar ; Nickrent, Daniel L. ; Patzelt, Annette ; Pelser, Pieter B. ; Baptiste, Maria P. ; Poopath, Manop ; Schulze, Maria ; Seebens, Hanno ; Shu, Wen-sheng ; Thomas, Jacob ; Velayos, Mauricio ; Wieringa, Jan J. ; Pysek, Petr
All around the globe, humans have greatly altered the abiotic and biotic environment with ever-increasing speed. One defining feature of the Anthropocene epoch(1,2) is the erosion of biogeographical barriers by human-mediated dispersal of species into new regions, where they can naturalize and cause ecological, economic and social damage(3). So far, no comprehensive analysis of the global accumulation and exchange of alien plant species between continents has been performed, primarily because of a lack of data. Here we bridge this knowledge gap by using a unique global database on the occurrences of naturalized alien plant species in 481 mainland and 362 island regions. In total, 13,168 plant species, corresponding to 3.9% of the extant global vascular flora, or approximately the size of the native European flora, have become naturalized somewhere on the globe as a result of human activity. North America has accumulated the largest number of naturalized species, whereas the Pacific Islands show the fastest increase in species numbers with respect to their land area. Continents in the Northern Hemisphere have been the major donors of naturalized alien species to all other continents. Our results quantify for the first time the extent of plant naturalizations worldwide, and illustrate the urgent need for globally integrated efforts to control, manage and understand the spread of alien species.
What's on the horizon for macroecology? (2012)
Beck, Jan ; Ballesteros-Mejia, Liliana ; Buchmann, Carsten M. ; Dengler, Jürgen ; Fritz, Susanne A. ; Gruber, Bernd ; Hof, Christian ; Jansen, Florian ; Knapp, Sonja ; Kreft, Holger ; Schneider, Anne-Kathrin ; Winter, Marten ; Dormann, Carsten F.
Over the last two decades, macroecology the analysis of large-scale, multi-species ecological patterns and processes has established itself as a major line of biological research. Analyses of statistical links between environmental variables and biotic responses have long and successfully been employed as a main approach, but new developments are due to be utilized. Scanning the horizon of macroecology, we identified four challenges that will probably play a major role in the future. We support our claims by examples and bibliographic analyses. 1) Integrating the past into macroecological analyses, e.g. by using paleontological or phylogenetic information or by applying methods from historical biogeography, will sharpen our understanding of the underlying reasons for contemporary patterns. 2) Explicit consideration of the local processes that lead to the observed larger-scale patterns is necessary to understand the fine-grain variability found in nature, and will enable better prediction of future patterns (e.g. under environmental change conditions). 3) Macroecology is dependent on large-scale, high quality data from a broad spectrum of taxa and regions. More available data sources need to be tapped and new, small-grain large-extent data need to be collected. 4) Although macroecology already lead to mainstreaming cutting-edge statistical analysis techniques, we find that more sophisticated methods are needed to account for the biases inherent to sampling at large scale. Bayesian methods may be particularly suitable to address these challenges. To continue the vigorous development of the macroecological research agenda, it is time to address these challenges and to avoid becoming too complacent with current achievements.
Global trade will accelerate plant invasions in emerging economies under climate change (2015)
Seebens, Hanno ; Essl, Franz ; Dawson, Wayne ; Fuentes, Nicol ; Moser, Dietmar ; Pergl, Jan ; Pysek, Petr ; van Kleunen, Mark ; Weber, Ewald ; Winter, Marten ; Blasius, Bernd
Trade plays a key role in the spread of alien species and has arguably contributed to the recent enormous acceleration of biological invasions, thus homogenizing biotas worldwide. Combining data on 60-year trends of bilateral trade, as well as on biodiversity and climate, we modeled the global spread of plant species among 147 countries. The model results were compared with a recently compiled unique global data set on numbers of naturalized alien vascular plant species representing the most comprehensive collection of naturalized plant distributions currently available. The model identifies major source regions, introduction routes, and hot spots of plant invasions that agree well with observed naturalized plant numbers. In contrast to common knowledge, we show that the 'imperialist dogma,' stating that Europe has been a net exporter of naturalized plants since colonial times, does not hold for the past 60 years, when more naturalized plants were being imported to than exported from Europe. Our results highlight that the current distribution of naturalized plants is best predicted by socioeconomic activities 20 years ago. We took advantage of the observed time lag and used trade developments until recent times to predict naturalized plant trajectories for the next two decades. This shows that particularly strong increases in naturalized plant numbers are expected in the next 20 years for emerging economies in megadiverse regions. The interaction with predicted future climate change will increase invasions in northern temperate countries and reduce them in tropical and (sub) tropical regions, yet not by enough to cancel out the trade-related increase.
Niche dynamics of alien species do not differ among sexual and apomictic flowering plants (2016)
Dellinger, Agnes S. ; Essl, Franz ; Hojsgaard, Diego ; Kirchheimer, Bernhard ; Klatt, Simone ; Dawson, Wayne ; Pergl, Jan ; Pysek, Petr ; van Kleunen, Mark ; Weber, Ewald ; Winter, Marten ; Hoerandl, Elvira ; Dullinger, Stefan
We compiled global occurrence data sets of 13 congeneric sexual and apomictic species pairs, and used principal components analysis (PCA) and kernel smoothers to compare changes in climatic niche optima, breadths and unfilling/expansion between native and alien ranges. Niche change metrics were compared between sexual and apomictic species. All 26 species showed changes in niche optima and/or breadth and 14 species significantly expanded their climatic niches. However, we found no effect of the reproductive system on niche dynamics. Instead, species with narrower native niches showed higher rates of niche expansion in the alien ranges. Our results suggest that niche shifts are frequent in plant invasions but evolutionary potential may not be of major importance for such shifts. Niche dynamics rather appear to be driven by changes of the realized niche without adaptive change of the fundamental climatic niche.
Drivers of the relative richness of naturalized and invasive plant species on Earth (2019)
Essl, Franz ; Dawson, Wayne ; Kreft, Holger ; Pergl, Jan ; Pysek, Petr ; van Kleunen, Mark ; Weigelt, Patrick ; Mang, Thomas ; Dullinger, Stefan ; Lenzner, Bernd ; Moser, Dietmar ; Maurel, Noelie ; Seebens, Hanno ; Stein, Anke ; Weber, Ewald ; Chatelain, Cyrille ; Inderjit ; Genovesi, Piero ; Kartesz, John ; Morozova, Olga ; Nishino, Misako ; Nowak, Pauline M. ; Pagad, Shyama ; Shu, Wen-sheng ; Winter, Marten
Biological invasions are a defining feature of the Anthropocene, but the factors that determine the spatially uneven distribution of alien plant species are still poorly understood. Here, we present the first global analysis of the effects of biogeographic factors, the physical environment and socio-economy on the richness of naturalized and invasive alien plants. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models and variation partitioning to disentangle the relative importance of individual factors, and, more broadly, of biogeography, physical environment and socio-economy. As measures of the magnitude of permanent anthropogenic additions to the regional species pool and of species with negative environmental impacts, we calculated the relative richness of naturalized (= RRN) and invasive (= RRI) alien plant species numbers adjusted for the number of native species in 838 terrestrial regions. Socio-economic factors (per-capita gross domestic product (GDP), population density, proportion of agricultural land) were more important in explaining RRI (similar to 50 % of the explained variation) than RRN (similar to 40 %). Warm-temperate and (sub)tropical regions have higher RRN than tropical or cooler regions. We found that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for invasive than for naturalized species richness. The expectation that the southern hemisphere is more invaded than the northern hemisphere was confirmed only for RRN on islands, but not for mainland regions nor for RRI. On average, islands have similar to 6-fold RRN, and >3-fold RRI compared to mainland regions. Eighty-two islands (=26 % of all islands) harbour more naturalized alien than native plants. Our findings challenge the widely held expectation that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for plant naturalization than for invasive plants. To meet international biodiversity targets and halt the detrimental consequences of plant invasions, it is essential to disrupt the connection between socio-economic development and plant invasions by improving pathway management, early detection and rapid response.
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