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Projektive Testverfahren
(2002)
Projektive Testverfahren folgen der Grundannahme, dass ein möglichst vieldeutiges Testmaterial nach der Theorie der sozialen Wahrnehmung dazu führt, dass die Persönlichkeit des Probanden zum wichtigsten Faktor seines Testverhaltens wird. Projektive Testverfahren erfüllen im allgemeinen die Gütekriterien der klinischen Testtheorie nicht. Sie sind daher allenfalls als explorative Techniken vertretbar. Der Familie - in - Tieren Test soll Rückschlüsse auf die Familienstruktur aus der Sicht des Kindes geben. Einblicke in die Erlebniswelt des Kindes verspricht der Thematische Apperzeptionstest nach Murray. Auf die Familienbeziehungen zentriert ist der Familien- Beziehungs-Test von Howells und Lickorisch. Die Reaktionen der Versuchspersonen in frustrierenden Belastungssituationen versucht das einzige normierte projektive Testverfahren, der Rosenzweig Picture - Frustration - Test, zu objektivieren. Der Scenotest hat zum Ziel mit standardisiertem Spielmaterial Einblicke in die Erlebniswelt des Kindes zu gewinnen, die sich der direkten Befragung verschließen.
EEG coherence analysis for examining an automatizational deficit in dyslexia - a pilot study Objectives: Do dyslexic children exhibit a general automatizational deficit as well as a phonological deficit? Methods: In 1,6 children aged 9-11 years the reaction time, the number of mistakes and EEG (19 scalp electrodes) were measured in three experiments (verbal and nonverbal). The EEG data was baseline-corrected and after a fast fourier transformation, analyzed with the coherence tool of the Brainvision(C) Software. Results: The dyslexic group made more mistakes than the control group on all tasks but their reaction times were significantly longer only on the verbal tasks. There were no coherence differences on the nonverbal task. On the language-dependent tasks the dyslexics showed higher total-frontal and lower left-frontal coherences only in the theta-frequency range, while in the alpha and beta frequency ranges coherences did not differ. Conclusions: A language-dependent cognitive automatizational deficit in the dyslexic group is assumed that is depicted by the higher synchronization of total-frontal coherences (involvement of the central executive) and is based on the less established functional coupling of cortical subsystems for language processing
Leistungsdiagnostik in der Klinischen Kinder- und Jugendpsychologie muss neben den klassischen Gütekriterien den Beitrag eines Testverfahrens zur Diagnosestellung, die Größe und Repräsentativität der Normstichprobe, seine Differenzierungsfähigkeit im unteren Leistungsbereich sowie die Ökonomie berücksichtigen. Ziel der BUEVA ist es, Teilleistungsstörungen bereits vor Schulbeginn zu erkennen und damit einer frühzeitigen Förderung zuzuführen. Das diagnostische Vorgehen zeichnet sich durch eine hohe Durchführungsökonomie aus, wodurch der verkürzten Aufmerksamkeitsspanne der Kinder Rechnung getragen wird. Insgesamt werden bei Vierjährigen die allgemeine Intelligenz, die Artikulation, die expressive und die rezeptive Sprache sowie die Visuomotorik in 20 bis 25 Minuten erfasst, bei den Fünfjährigen kommen zusätzlich noch Prüfungen der Aufmerksamkeit hinzu, was die Durchführung um fünf Minuten gegenüber den Vierjährigen verlängert. Die vorliegende Testbatterie weist eine gute prädiktive Validität auf und kann auch im Rahmen von Schuleingangsuntersuchungen verlässlich eingesetzt werden. Die Testbatterie differenziert vor allem im subnormalen Leistungsbereich. Dies wird durch eine relativ hohe Zahl leichter Items sowie durch einfache Instruktionen erreicht. Zur Diagnostik von besonderen Begabungen ist die vorliegende Testbatterie also nicht geeignet. Schlüsselwörter: Früherkennung, Vorschulalter, Basisdiagnostik, allgemeine Intelligenz, Artikulation, expressive, rezeptive Sprache, Visuomotorik, Aufmerksamkeit, umschriebene Entwicklungsstörung
Verhaltensdiagnostik
(2003)
Verhaltenstherapie
(2003)
Projektive Testverfahren
(2003)
Multimethodale Diagnostik
(2003)
Frühkindliche Regulationsstörungen: Vorläufer von Verhaltensstörungen des späteren Kindesalters?
(2003)
Anmerkungen
(2004)
An outline of evidence-based guidelines for the assessment and treatment of depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence is presented. Depressive disorders in children and adolescents are marked by core symptoms similar to those seen in adults, although symptom expression varies greatly with developmental stage. These disorders are common, especially in adolescence, chronic, and recurrent, and are associated with comorbid conditions such as anxiety disorders, conduct disorders, and substance use disorders. Effective treatment approaches for the prevention of depressive disorders and the acute treatment of mild and moderate depressive disorders are available. The psychotherapeutic interventions of choice are currently cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT). The antidepressants of choice are currently selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). Especially on relapse prevention and the evaluation of the combination of psychotherapy with antidepressant medication further studies are necessary
This editorial summarizes the currant state of development of guidelines for the assessment and treatment of mental disorders in children and adolescents. The aims of guidelines and criteria for the quality of guidelines are discussed. This special issue intends to be a starting point for the development of guidelines for psychological and psychotherapeutic disciplines in the German-speaking countries
Background: Several studies have reported higher smoking rates among adolescents with externalizing disorders (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder) as compared to healthy controls. Objective: To follow the association between childhood externalizing disorders and smoking during development, to determine the type of problems most strongly related to later tobacco use, and to control for the influence of covarying factors. Methods: Participants were from a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 384 children born with different perinatal and psychosocial risks. Standardized assessments of behavioral disorders between 2 and 11 years and of tobacco use at age 15 were obtained. Results: 15-year-olds with externalizing disorders between 2 and 11 years reported higher tobacco use than those without a history of disorder. This association could be followed back into early childhood and held up even after controlling for covariates. Conclusions: The findings suggest that childhood externalizing disorders may represent an independent risk factor for elevated tobacco use in adolescence
Anpassung der Psychotherapie-Richtlinien zur Zulassung psychotherapeutischer Verfahren und Methoden
(2006)
The present study aimed to examine the extent to which the co-occurrence of ADHD and smoking in adolescents could be attributed to common genetic, environmental and psychopathological factors. Data are from an ongoing prospective study of the outcome of early risk factors. At age 15 years, 305 adolescents completed self-report questionnaires measuring tobacco consumption and deviant peer affiliations. Lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were obtained using standardized interviews. DNA was genotyped for the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene exon III polymorphism. Adolescents with a lifetime diagnosis of ADHD displayed significantly higher smoking activity than non-ADHD controls. A major component of this association could be accounted for by deviant peer affiliations and the comorbidity with oppositional-defiant and conduct disorder, while a minor part was attributable to DRD4 in males but not in females. These findings suggest that the association of ADHD with smoking relies on risk factors shared by the two behaviors.
Use and misuse, age of first substance use, and prevalence of problematic use of legal (alcohol, nicotine) and illegal (cannabis etc.) drugs in adolescence were analyzed. The risk and protective factors for substance misuse were investigated. A representative sample of 246 14-15 year-olds were examined (20% of the population of a defined German region, cross-sectional design, self-rating inventory). Prevalence rates for problematic use were 19.9% for alcohol, 48% for nicotine, and 16.7% for illegal drugs. Mean age of first substance use was age 12 for legal drugs and age 14 for illegal drugs. 4,9% of the adolescents showed concurrent problematic use of nicotine, alcohol, and illegal drugs (male- female ratio: 5,2:1). Problematic substance use could be predicted best by a combination of risk factors (school failure, low level for availability of illegal drugs in the neighbourhood) and protective factors (participating a lot of sport, positive family climate). Suggestions for universal, selective, and indicated preventive interventions were derived.
Lower P300 amplitude in eight-year-old offspring of alcoholic fathers with a delinquent history
(2006)
The aim of the present study was to investigate the P300 amplitude as a possible vulnerability marker in children of alcoholic (COA) fathers with and without paternal delinquency. Event-related potentials (ERPs) of 122 children aged 8 years (63 boys, 59 girls) were compared depending on father's alcoholism subtype: 30 COAs without paternal delinquency, 10 COAs with paternal delinquency, and 82 children of non-alcoholic and non-delinquent fathers. ERPs were recorded from Fz, Cz, and Pz, using an auditory oddball paradigm. Sinus tones of 60 dB HL were presented binaurally at 1,000 Hz (standard stimulus) and 2,000 Hz (target stimulus), at a relative frequency ratio of 80:20. Two trial blocks of 250 stimuli each were collected. Results indicated that only COAs with paternal delinquency displayed significant differences from the control group, characterized by reduced P300 amplitude at frontal site and in the second trial block. Thus, the combination of fathers' alcoholism and delinquency was more likely to relate to attenuated P300 amplitude in the offspring than paternal alcoholism alone. Our results suggest that both alcoholic and delinquent family history appear to play a role in P300 amplitude reduction in the offspring.