Refine
Year of publication
- 2004 (2021) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (1285)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (232)
- Doctoral Thesis (174)
- Review (136)
- Postprint (113)
- Preprint (26)
- Part of Periodical (20)
- Working Paper (13)
- Other (11)
- Habilitation Thesis (4)
Language
Keywords
- Außenpolitik (18)
- Germany (16)
- Deutschland (14)
- European Union (12)
- Europäische Union (12)
- Modernisierung (9)
- Europa (7)
- Foreign policy (7)
- USA (7)
- German foreign policy (6)
- Islam (6)
- Realpolitik (6)
- Resozialisierung (6)
- Wechsel (6)
- transition (6)
- Europe (5)
- Iran (5)
- Modellierung (5)
- Modernization (5)
- cluster expansion (5)
- foreign policy (5)
- infinite-dimensional Brownian diffusion (5)
- 1814-1831 (4)
- Johann Gottfried Herder (4)
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (4)
- Lateinamerika (4)
- Machtpolitik (4)
- resocialization (4)
- Anisotropie (3)
- Central Europe (3)
- Chaos (3)
- Common Foreign and Security Policy (3)
- Egypt (3)
- Ellipsometrie (3)
- European Foreign Policy (3)
- Fluoreszenz (3)
- Honorationen (3)
- Hybridstaat (3)
- Mehrfachpolarität (3)
- Middle East (3)
- Militär / Geschichte (3)
- Naher Osten (3)
- Probabilistic Cellular Automata (3)
- Russia (3)
- Russland (3)
- Sicherheitspolitik (3)
- Synchronisation (3)
- Theologie (3)
- Zentraleuropa (3)
- anisotropy (3)
- deutsche Außenpolitik (3)
- ellipsometry (3)
- fluorescence (3)
- hybrid state (3)
- modernization (3)
- multipolarity (3)
- relation historique (3)
- Ägypten (3)
- 1799 (2)
- 1799-1804 (2)
- 1810-1813 (2)
- 1847 (2)
- 1869 (2)
- 3D (2)
- Alterung (2)
- Antikisierung (2)
- Arava Fault (2)
- Arava-Störung (2)
- Biophysik (2)
- Boundary value problems (2)
- Brandenburg (2)
- Central Asia (2)
- Charles Darwin (2)
- Chimborazo (2)
- Dead Sea Transform (2)
- Demokratie (2)
- Diodenlaserspektroskopie (2)
- Displays (2)
- Emil du Bois-Reymond (2)
- Energiestoffwechsel (2)
- Entwicklungspolitik (2)
- Erwachsenenbildung (2)
- European foreign policy (2)
- FMC (2)
- Fokalkontakt (2)
- Gemeinsame Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik (2)
- Georg Foster (2)
- Georgia (2)
- Georgien (2)
- Gibbs field (2)
- Gibbs measure (2)
- Hermeneutik (2)
- Humboldt als Vorbild (2)
- Immanuel Kant (2)
- Indien (2)
- Isotopenverhältnis (2)
- Jean Baptist Boussingault (2)
- Judentum (2)
- Klassizismus (2)
- Klima (2)
- Klimaveränderung (2)
- Kohlendioxid (2)
- Kompensatoren (2)
- Kongress (2)
- Korrelationsanalyse (2)
- Kosmos (2)
- Kultur (2)
- Kunststofflichtwellenleiter (2)
- Latin America (2)
- Lichtwellenleiter (2)
- Mathematik (2)
- Matthias Jacob Schleiden (2)
- Metternich (2)
- Migration (2)
- Miniemulsion (2)
- Modernisierungstheorie (2)
- Nanopartikel (2)
- Naturbegriff (2)
- Naturgenuss (2)
- Naturwissenschaft (2)
- Neue Welt (2)
- Ngugi wa Thiong’o (2)
- POF (2)
- Phosphorylierung (2)
- Photoalignment (2)
- Photoorientierung (2)
- Pierre-Simon Laplace (2)
- Plinius der Ältere (2)
- Polen (2)
- Politik (2)
- Polyelektrolyte (2)
- Relation historique (2)
- Rodungen (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Sotomayor (2)
- Spanien (2)
- Sterne (2)
- Streuung (2)
- Subjektorientierung (2)
- Synchronization (2)
- Syntax (2)
- Systemstruktur (2)
- Temperatur (2)
- Tomographie (2)
- Totes Meer Störungssystem (2)
- Venezuela (2)
- Vereinte Nationen (2)
- Vues des Cordilleres (2)
- Wellenleiter (2)
- Weltbegriff (2)
- Weltgemälde (2)
- Wiederkehrdiagramme (2)
- Zeitreihenanalyse (2)
- Zentralasien (2)
- azobenzene (2)
- bureaucratic-patrimonial state (2)
- chaos (2)
- clientelism (2)
- climate (2)
- common foreign and security policy (2)
- compensation films (2)
- democracy (2)
- development policy (2)
- displays (2)
- dünne Schichten (2)
- edge singularities (2)
- focal adhesion (2)
- focus movement (2)
- information structure (2)
- miniemulsion (2)
- modelling (2)
- modelling optical fibres waveguides pof scattering temperature aging ageing (2)
- modernization theory (2)
- neue Weltordnung (2)
- new world order (2)
- optische Fasern (2)
- photo-orientation (2)
- photoalignment (2)
- polyelectrolytes (2)
- polymerization (2)
- power politics (2)
- prosody (2)
- resocialisation (2)
- security policy (2)
- simulation (2)
- stars (2)
- strike-slip fault (2)
- thin films (2)
- tomography (2)
- water (2)
- waveguides (2)
- 1 (1)
- 1990s (1)
- 2D Systeme (1)
- 2d systems (1)
- 3 (1)
- 3D Systeme (1)
- 3d systems (1)
- 4-oxadiazol (1)
- 4-oxadiazole (1)
- 4T (1)
- <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> (1)
- <i>Zygogonium ericetorum</i> (1)
- A-bar-movement (1)
- AFM (1)
- AIDS and change in sexual behaviour (1)
- AIDS und sexuelle Verhaltensänderungen (1)
- ARCH (1)
- ARIMA Models (1)
- ARMA Processes (1)
- ASTER Satellitendaten (1)
- ASTER satellite images (1)
- ATKIS (1)
- Ackerschmalwand (1)
- Adiponectin (1)
- Adverb (1)
- Adverbial Quantification (1)
- Aeromagnetik (1)
- Afroamerican literature (1)
- Aktivität (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Anfangsdaten (1)
- Anomal (1)
- Anomalous (1)
- Anthrazen (1)
- Aphasie (1)
- Aphasietherapie (1)
- Arbeitsgedächtnis (1)
- Arbeitsplatz (1)
- Armenia (1)
- Armenien (1)
- Aserbaidschan (1)
- Asian monsoon (1)
- Astrophysik (1)
- Atomchip (1)
- Atomoptik (1)
- Attitude (1)
- Attitude change (1)
- Attractive Dynamics (1)
- Aufgabenwechsel (1)
- Auftragsabwicklung (1)
- Auftragsabwicklungssysteme (1)
- Ausreissererkennung (1)
- Autocorrelation (1)
- Autokorrelation (1)
- Azerbaijan (1)
- Azobenenzen (1)
- Azobenzen (1)
- BRD (1)
- Baltikum (1)
- Begrüßung (1)
- Benennen (1)
- Benutzeroberfläche (1)
- Bergstürze (1)
- Berufseinmündung (1)
- Betrachtungsebenen (1)
- Bilanz (1)
- Bildungsforschung (1)
- Bildungstheorie (1)
- Bindung (1)
- Bioethik (1)
- Biologie (1)
- Bodengas (1)
- Brasilien (1)
- Brassinosteroide (1)
- Brazil (1)
- Brinley analysis (1)
- Brinley plot (1)
- Brinley-Analyse (1)
- Brinley-Plot (1)
- Bruchflaechenstruktur (1)
- Bruchzähigkeit (1)
- Budgetierung (1)
- Bulgaria (1)
- Bulgarien (1)
- C-Fluss (1)
- C-Senke (1)
- CNV (1)
- Calcium (1)
- Canada (1)
- Case studies (1)
- Casped plates (1)
- Censoring (1)
- China (1)
- Chitosan (1)
- Conceptual (1)
- Consumer research (1)
- Costamer (1)
- Coupling (1)
- Covert Variables (1)
- Cross-effects (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA-Chip (1)
- Data Analysis (1)
- Datenanalyse (1)
- Datenbank (1)
- Decentralization in government (1)
- Defence policy (1)
- Dekomposition (1)
- Denitrifikation (1)
- Detektivgeschichten (1)
- Deutsche Außenpolitik (1)
- Deutschland <Bundesrepublik> (1)
- Deutschland <DDR> (1)
- Dezentralisation (1)
- Didaktik (1)
- Dielektrikum (1)
- Differentielle Rotation (1)
- Digitale Spaltung (1)
- Dike (1)
- Dirac operators (1)
- Dissoziation (1)
- Domain Restriction (1)
- Durchfluß-Biochip-Scanner (1)
- Dyke (1)
- Dynamo (1)
- Dynamoeffekt (1)
- Dünnschichten (1)
- E-cadherin (1)
- EEG (1)
- ERgodicity of Markov Chains (1)
- EST (1)
- Einstellung (1)
- Einstellungsforschung (1)
- Einstellungsänderung (1)
- Einzelbasenaustausch (1)
- Einzugsgebiet (1)
- Elastizitätstheorie (1)
- Elektret (1)
- Elektretfolie (1)
- Emulsion (1)
- Endothelzelle (1)
- Energieintensität (1)
- Entgrenzung; (1)
- Epidemien (1)
- Erdwärme (1)
- Ereigniskorreliertes Potenzial (1)
- Ernst / Sorabistik / Aufsatzsammlung (1)
- Erythropoese (1)
- Erzählendes Schreiben (1)
- Escherichia coli (1)
- Etendeka (1)
- Ethen (1)
- Euler's theta functions (1)
- European Convention (1)
- European Political Cooperation (1)
- European security policy (1)
- Europäische Zusammenarbeit (1)
- Europäischer Konvent (1)
- Evaluation (1)
- Evaluationsforschung (1)
- Evolutionen (1)
- Exklusion (1)
- Exmatrikulation (1)
- FT-IR Spektroskopie (1)
- FT-IR spectroscopy (1)
- Felsmechanik (1)
- Fernerkundung (1)
- Ferroelektret (1)
- Ferrofluid (1)
- Finanzmanagement (1)
- Fließsystem (1)
- Fluorpolymere (1)
- Flutbasalt (1)
- Forschung (1)
- Forschungsfreiheit (1)
- Frataxin (1)
- Friedrich (Preußen (1)
- Friedrich II. (1)
- GARCH (1)
- Gadolinium (1)
- Galacturonsäure (1)
- Galaxien (1)
- Gangschwarm (1)
- Gemeindehaushalt (1)
- Genexpression (1)
- Geomorphologie (1)
- Geothermal Energy (1)
- German Foreign Policy (1)
- Gerontologie (1)
- Geschichte der internationalen Beziehungen (1)
- Geschichte: 1973-2003 (1)
- Geschichtsschreibung (1)
- Geschlecht (1)
- Gesellschaft (1)
- Gesellschaft / Teilhabe / Ausschluss (1)
- Gesellschaftstheorie (1)
- Gibbs measures (1)
- Gitter (1)
- Global Analysis (1)
- Gondwana (1)
- Governance (1)
- Gravitationslinseneffekt (1)
- Great power (1)
- Green and Mellin edge operators (1)
- Grenzfläche (1)
- Grenzflächenpolarierung (1)
- Großmacht (1)
- Grundschüler (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Grushin operator (1)
- Gönnerschaft (1)
- HIV (1)
- Hamilton-Jacobi theory (1)
- Hardy‘s inequality (1)
- Haushalts- und Rechnungswesen (kommunales) (1)
- Hegemonie (1)
- Helizität (1)
- Herdmechanismen (1)
- Herzmuskelkrankheit (1)
- Himalaja (1)
- Himalaya (1)
- Hochschulpolitik (1)
- Hochvakuum (1)
- Hodge theory (1)
- Hofmeister (1)
- Holographie (1)
- Hybridstaaten (1)
- Hydroxyapatit (1)
- Hämatopoetische Stammzellen (1)
- ICA (1)
- II.) (1)
- Idealismus (1)
- India (1)
- Individualisierung (1)
- Indonesia (1)
- Industrieunternehmen (1)
- Information structure (1)
- Informationsstruktur (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Infrarot Spektroskopie (1)
- Inosite (1)
- Interacting Diffusion Processes (1)
- Interacting Particle Systems (1)
- Interacting particle systems (1)
- Interactive system (1)
- Interaktives System (1)
- Internalin B (1)
- International Relations Theory (1)
- International relations theories (1)
- Internationaler Pakt über bürgerliche und politische Rechte (1)
- Internet (1)
- Intervention (1)
- Invertase (1)
- Ion mobility spectrometry (1)
- Ionen (1)
- Ionenverteilung (1)
- Irak-Krieg (1)
- Iraq war (1)
- Islamic movements (1)
- Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (1)
- Isotherme Titrationskalorimetrie (1)
- Isotope ratio (1)
- Israel (1)
- Italien (1)
- Italy (1)
- Japanese (1)
- Jerusalem (1)
- Karten im Hochwasserschutz (1)
- Katastrophenmanagement (1)
- Katze (1)
- Kern-PCA (1)
- Kernmethoden (1)
- Knock-out (1)
- Kohlenstoffintensität (1)
- Kohlenstoffzyklus (1)
- Kohärenztheorie (1)
- Kolloid (1)
- Kolloide (1)
- Kolmogorov-Smirnov type tests (1)
- Kompositmaterial (1)
- Kompositpolymer (1)
- Kontraception (1)
- Konzeptionell (1)
- Kooperationsvertrag (1)
- Korn’s weighted inequality (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Kraftdipol (1)
- Kraftdipole (1)
- Krebs (1)
- Kulturwissenschaft (1)
- König (1)
- Körpergewicht (1)
- Körpermasse (1)
- Körperzusammensetzung (1)
- LIST (1)
- Ladungsspeicherung (1)
- Lagrangian submanifolds (1)
- Landsat. (1)
- Landscape Metrics (1)
- Landwirtschaftsverwaltung (1)
- Langevin Dynamics (1)
- Lanthano (1)
- Laser (1)
- Lehr-Lern-Prozess (1)
- Lernen (1)
- Lernstrategien (1)
- Lesart (1)
- Leucine-Rich Repeat (1)
- Lichtstreuung (1)
- Lipide (1)
- Litauen (1)
- Lithuania (1)
- Logrank test (1)
- M-Bandenmodell (1)
- M-band model (1)
- Magnetfelderzeugung (1)
- Magnetic (1)
- Magnetisch (1)
- Magnetotellurik (1)
- Mannigfaltigkeiten (1)
- Master-Gleichungen (1)
- Maus (1)
- Maxwell-Wagner (1)
- Mechanosensor (1)
- Mechanotransduktion (1)
- Medizinstudium (1)
- Membran (1)
- Membrane Fusion (1)
- Membrane fusion (1)
- Menschenrechtsbeschwerde (1)
- Metamodell (1)
- Micr (1)
- Micropipetten (1)
- Middle East conflict (1)
- Migrationspolitik (1)
- Mikrochip (1)
- Mikrolensing (1)
- Mikrostruktur (1)
- Mikrowelle (1)
- Militär (1)
- Mitochondrien (1)
- Modelierung (1)
- Moderne (1)
- Molekularbiologie (1)
- Monsun (1)
- Morphogenese (1)
- Mucke (1)
- Multiple Spell-Out (1)
- Multivariate Analyse (1)
- Muscle LIM Protein (MLP) (1)
- Musikerziehung (1)
- Myofibrille (1)
- NATO (1)
- NE Germany (1)
- NGOs (1)
- NROs (1)
- Nachbeben (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nahostkonflikt (1)
- Namibia (1)
- Naturschutzaspekte (1)
- Neumann problem (1)
- Nicht-Isochronizität (1)
- Nitrat (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitrogen (1)
- Noise-induced phenomena (1)
- Non-proportional hazards (1)
- Nonisochronicity (1)
- Nordafrika (1)
- North Africa (1)
- Novel Food (1)
- Novel food (1)
- OLEDs (1)
- Oberfläche (1)
- Offenland (1)
- Open Source (1)
- Operon (1)
- Optimalitätstheorie (1)
- Oscillators (1)
- Oszillatoren (1)
- P30 0 (1)
- P300 (1)
- PAH (1)
- PEDOT (1)
- PID (1)
- PKA (1)
- POF; Reliabilität; Abbau; Chemilumineszenz (1)
- POF; reliability; degradation; chemiluminescence (1)
- PPV (1)
- Paleomagnetism (1)
- Paleomagnetismus (1)
- Palestine (1)
- Palästina (1)
- Patterns (1)
- Pektine (1)
- Pektinsäure (1)
- Peptid (1)
- Physiologische Psychologie (1)
- Poland (1)
- Politische Einstellung (1)
- Polizei (1)
- Polyelektrolyt (1)
- Polymer-Plastik (1)
- Polymere / Physik (1)
- Polymerisation (1)
- Ponderostat (1)
- Ponsin (1)
- Populationen (1)
- Populations (1)
- Power policy (1)
- Preußen (1)
- Produkthaushalt (1)
- Produktmanagement (1)
- Profilbildung (1)
- Profile formation (1)
- Profilierung (1)
- Proportional hazards (1)
- Prosody (1)
- Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Proteindomänen (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Proteinfaltung (1)
- Proteinfaltungstest (1)
- Prozess Verbesserung (1)
- Prozessmodell (1)
- Prozessmodellierung (1)
- Psycholinguistik (1)
- Punktdefekt (1)
- Quanten-Elektrodynamik (QED) (1)
- Quantenoptik (1)
- Quantificational Variability (1)
- Quasar (1)
- Quergestreifte Muskulatur (1)
- RAFT (1)
- REMPI (1)
- Random Field Ising Model (1)
- Ratgeber (1)
- Rauschen (1)
- Rauschinduzierte Anregbarkeit (1)
- Rauschinduzierte Oszillatonsunte (1)
- Rauschinduzierte Phänomene (1)
- Reaktiver Stofftransport (1)
- Recht (1)
- Recurrence Plots (1)
- Rede (1)
- Reflexionsseismik (1)
- Regelkreismechanismus (1)
- Regierungssystem (1)
- Regionalisierung (1)
- Regionalismus (1)
- Regressionsmodell (1)
- Regularisierung (1)
- Reiz-Reaktions-Zuordnung (1)
- Rekurrenzen (1)
- Religion (1)
- Religiösität (1)
- Rezeption (1)
- Rhamnose (1)
- Rift (1)
- Rissmechanik (1)
- Roberts flow (1)
- Roberts-Strömung (1)
- Robotik (1)
- Rohrreaktor (1)
- SNP (1)
- SPMs (1)
- SULT1A1 (1)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1)
- Saccharose (1)
- Salz (1)
- Sarkomer (1)
- Schlecht gestelltes Problem (1)
- Schreibfertigkeiten (1)
- Schreibstrategien (1)
- Schule (1)
- Schulentwicklung (1)
- Schweiz (1)
- Schwerkraft (1)
- Sedimentationsdynamik (1)
- Segregation <Soziologie> (1)
- Seismik (1)
- Seitenverschiebung (1)
- Set-Point (1)
- Sexualverhalten (1)
- Sicherheitsrat (1)
- Slums (1)
- Software Engineering (1)
- Softwareentwicklung (1)
- Solanum tuberosum (1)
- Southatlantic (1)
- Sozialisation (1)
- Soziologie / Systemtheorie (1)
- Space-Time Cluster Expansions (1)
- Spannungsfeld (1)
- Spectral Density (1)
- Spectral Geometry (1)
- Spektraldichte (1)
- Spektroskopie (1)
- Spin Geometry (1)
- Sprachverarbeitung (1)
- Staat (1)
- Staatsaufbau (1)
- Staatsgewalt (1)
- Stabilität (1)
- Stammzelle (1)
- Stammzellforschung (1)
- State (1)
- State violence (1)
- Stationary Stochastic Processes (1)
- Stationärer Prozess (1)
- Sternaktivität (1)
- Sternentstehung (1)
- Sternflecken (1)
- Sternoberfläche (1)
- Stickstoff (1)
- Stilben (1)
- Stochastic Ordering (1)
- Stochastische Prozesse (1)
- Stochastische Resonanz (1)
- Stochastische Zellulare Automaten (1)
- Stoffwechselmodellierung (1)
- Stroop (1)
- Struktur (1)
- Strukturproteomics (1)
- Strukturreform (1)
- Studenten (1)
- Studienabbruch (1)
- Studienerfolg (1)
- Studienplanung (1)
- Stäbchen-Knäul; amphiphile Blockcopolymere; ; Polypeptide; Festphasen; Struktur; Morphologie; Kolloide; Selbstorganisation; Vesikel; schaltbare Aggr (1)
- Städte (1)
- Subduktionsbeben (1)
- Substrat (1)
- Surrogates (1)
- Synchrotronstrahlung (1)
- System structure (1)
- Systementwurf (1)
- Szenarienbildung (1)
- Südatlantik (1)
- Tektonik (1)
- Teleskop (1)
- Terrorismus (1)
- Theorie der Internationalen Beziehungen (1)
- Theorie der internationalen Beziehungen (1)
- Thin film (1)
- Time Series Analysis (1)
- Transformation (1)
- Transformation research (1)
- Transformationsforschung (1)
- Transformationstheorie (1)
- Transformstörung (1)
- Transinformation (1)
- Transition (1)
- Transkript (1)
- Transport (1)
- Truppenübungsplatz (1)
- Tumor (1)
- Turbulenz (1)
- Turkey (1)
- Two-sample tests (1)
- Türkei (1)
- UNO (1)
- Umweltaspekte (1)
- Umweltschutz (1)
- Umweltsysteme (1)
- Unternehmen (1)
- Urbanisierung (1)
- Vapour Deposition (1)
- Variation (1)
- Vegetation (1)
- Vegetationsvielfalt (1)
- Verbkomplexe (1)
- Verbraucherforschung (1)
- Verbsyntax (1)
- Verbzweit (1)
- Verteidigungspolitik (1)
- Verteilung (1)
- Verwaltungsreform (1)
- Vesikel (1)
- Vesiklen (1)
- Vetternwirtschaft (1)
- Visaginas (1)
- Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie (1)
- Wanderung (1)
- Wandlungsfähigkeit (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Weak Mixing Condition (1)
- Wechselwirkende Teilchensysteme (1)
- Weiterbildung (1)
- Wortabrufstörungen (1)
- X-ray (1)
- Zaremba problem (1)
- Zeitdruck (1)
- Zell-Matrix-Kontakt (1)
- Zelladhäsion (1)
- Zelllinien (1)
- Zellorganisation (1)
- Zellulärer Automat (1)
- Zellwand (1)
- Ziltendorfer Niederung (1)
- Zimtsäureester (1)
- Zona pellucida (1)
- Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse (1)
- Zweizustandsmodell (1)
- Zyklus (1)
- Zytoskelett (1)
- activity (1)
- adaptability (1)
- adsorption (1)
- adverb (1)
- aero (1)
- aesthetic (1)
- afroamerikanische Literatur (1)
- aftershock sequence (1)
- aging (1)
- analysis (1)
- anchored polymer (1)
- anomia (1)
- anomia treatment (1)
- anthracene (1)
- aphasia (1)
- artificial introduction (1)
- aspen parkland (1)
- astrophysics (1)
- atom chip (1)
- atom optics (1)
- avidin (1)
- b-Wert Kartierung (1)
- b-value map (1)
- baltic states (1)
- binaries (1)
- binary black holes (1)
- binding (1)
- binäre schwarze Löcher (1)
- biological soil crust (1)
- biophysics (1)
- black women (1)
- black women's literature (1)
- blockcopolymer (1)
- blockcopolymere (1)
- body composition (1)
- body mass (1)
- body weight (1)
- bürokratisch-ererbter Staat (1)
- bürokratisch-patrimonialer Staat (1)
- calcium (1)
- cancer (1)
- carbon (1)
- carbon dioxide (1)
- carbon intensity (1)
- carbon monoxide (1)
- casting (1)
- cat (1)
- catalytic application (1)
- catchment (1)
- cell adhesion (1)
- cell line (1)
- cell organization (1)
- cellular automata (1)
- charge storage (1)
- cinnamic ester (1)
- cities (1)
- civil war (1)
- co-response (1)
- cognitive aging (1)
- coherence theory (1)
- colloid (1)
- colloids (1)
- colonization (1)
- composite (1)
- composites (1)
- compositional skills (1)
- compression (1)
- conservation targets (1)
- continental breakup (1)
- contraception (1)
- control loop mechanism (1)
- corner Sobolev spaces with double weights (1)
- correlation (1)
- correlation networks (1)
- costamere (1)
- cross-striated muscle cells (1)
- cryptography (1)
- cultural studies (1)
- cycle (1)
- cyclicity (1)
- cytoskeleton (1)
- data analysis (1)
- database (1)
- de Rham complex (1)
- decomposition (1)
- degenerate elliptic systems (1)
- democratisation (1)
- denitrification (1)
- density (1)
- desiccation tolerance (1)
- detective fiction (1)
- diagenesis (1)
- diagenetische Prozesse (1)
- dielectrics (1)
- different soluble fractions (1)
- differential rotation (1)
- digital have-nots (1)
- digital haves (1)
- diode laser spectroscopy (1)
- disaster management (1)
- discourse structure (1)
- dispersal (1)
- dissociation (1)
- distance measure (1)
- distribution (1)
- domains with singularities (1)
- dyna (1)
- dynamic forc (1)
- dynamo (1)
- dynamo effect (1)
- ecology (1)
- elastic substrates (1)
- elasticity theory (1)
- elastische Substrate (1)
- electret (1)
- electron microscopy (1)
- elementary school-age students (1)
- elliptic functions (1)
- ellipticity (1)
- ellipticity in the edge calculus (1)
- emissions (1)
- endothelial cell (1)
- energy (1)
- energy intensity (1)
- energy metabolism (1)
- enterprise resource planning systems (1)
- environmental aspects (1)
- environmental systems (1)
- epidemics (1)
- episodic accumulators (1)
- episodische Akkumulatoren (1)
- erythropoiesis (1)
- ethylene (1)
- evolutions (1)
- executive control processes (1)
- exekutive Kontrollprozesse (1)
- extra-cellul (1)
- extrazelluläre Matr (1)
- failed rift (1)
- fault plane structure (1)
- favela (1)
- feministische Literatur (1)
- ferroelectret (1)
- ferrofluid (1)
- fire (1)
- flood response (1)
- flood volcanism (1)
- flow-through biochip scanner (1)
- fluctuations (1)
- flux (1)
- flüssigkristallin (1)
- focal mechanisms (1)
- focus intonation (1)
- focus marking (1)
- force dipole (1)
- force dipoles (1)
- forest invasion (1)
- fracture mechanics (1)
- fracture toughness (1)
- frataxin (1)
- gadolinium (1)
- galaxies (1)
- gender (1)
- gene expression (1)
- geodesics (1)
- geomorphology (1)
- giant vesicle (1)
- good governance (1)
- government system (1)
- grating (1)
- gravitational lensing (1)
- gravity (1)
- grazing (1)
- groundwater (1)
- hegemony (1)
- helicity (1)
- hematopoetic stem cells (1)
- high resolution x-ray diffraction (1)
- high vacuum (1)
- history of international relations (1)
- hochauflösende Röntgenstreuung (1)
- holography (1)
- human (1)
- hybrid states (1)
- hydrological model (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- idealism (1)
- ill-posed problem (1)
- in music (1)
- inducible gene expression (1)
- induzierbare Genexpression (1)
- initial data (1)
- interface (1)
- intermolecular interaction (1)
- intermolekülare Wechselwirkung (1)
- internalin B (1)
- international cooperation (1)
- international law (1)
- internationale Zusammenarbeit (1)
- internationales Recht (1)
- interstellar matter (1)
- interstellare Materie (1)
- intervention program (1)
- invertase (1)
- ion distribution (1)
- ion selective electrode (1)
- ionenselektive Elektrode (1)
- ions (1)
- islamistische Bewegungen (1)
- isotope ratios (1)
- kernel PCA (1)
- kernel methods (1)
- kinetic analysis (1)
- kinetische Analyse (1)
- knock-out (1)
- kognitives Altern (1)
- kolloidale Stabilität (1)
- kompression (1)
- kryptografie (1)
- land conversion (1)
- landscape metrics (1)
- landslides (1)
- language processing (1)
- lanthanide (1)
- large scale national conservation plan (1)
- large scale vegetation diversity (1)
- late-type (1)
- law (1)
- leucine-rich repeat (1)
- light scattering (1)
- lipids (1)
- liquid crystalline (1)
- magnetic field generation (1)
- magnetotellurics (1)
- manifold detection (1)
- maps in flood control (1)
- master equations (1)
- mechanosensor (1)
- mechanotransduction (1)
- membrane curvature (1)
- meso (1)
- meta model (1)
- metabolic modelling (1)
- metabolism (1)
- metabolite (1)
- metal oxides (1)
- micro (1)
- microarray (1)
- microlensing (1)
- micropipetten (1)
- microsructure (1)
- migration (1)
- migration policy (1)
- military (1)
- military plains (1)
- missionarische Kirche (1)
- mitochondria (1)
- model-driven architecture (1)
- modeling (1)
- modernity (1)
- molecular biology (1)
- monotone coupling (1)
- morphogenesis (1)
- mouse (1)
- multifunctional polymers (1)
- multifunktionale Polymere (1)
- multivariate analysis (1)
- musikalisch (1)
- mutual information (1)
- myrmecochory (1)
- nano (1)
- nanoparticles (1)
- nanostructured composite (1)
- narrative writing (1)
- national biodiversity hotspots (1)
- nationalen Naturschutzplanung (1)
- nationaler Biodiversitäts-Hotspots (1)
- near-vertical seismic reflection (1)
- neo-patrimonial regimes (1)
- neo-patrimonial state (1)
- neopatrimoniale Regierungen (1)
- neopatrimonialer Staat (1)
- nichtlineare ICA (1)
- noise (1)
- noise-induced excitability (1)
- noise-induced oscillation suppression (1)
- nonlinear ICA (1)
- numerical relativity (1)
- numerische Relativiät (1)
- nutzerorientiertes Kartenmodell (1)
- op (1)
- open range (1)
- open source (1)
- operator movement (1)
- operators on manifolds with edges (1)
- optimality theory (1)
- optis (1)
- organische Bodensubstanz (1)
- organisiertes Verbrechen (1)
- organized crime (1)
- outlier detection (1)
- overcomplete ICA (1)
- paramagnetic (1)
- paramagnetisch (1)
- peptide (1)
- phase (1)
- phonological cues (1)
- phonologische Hilfen (1)
- photosensitiv (1)
- photosensitive (1)
- picture naming (1)
- plant cell wall biosynthesis (1)
- point defect (1)
- police (1)
- political debate (1)
- political elites (1)
- politics (1)
- politische Debatte (1)
- politische Eliten (1)
- polyelectrolyte (1)
- polymer (1)
- ponderostat (1)
- ponsin (1)
- population (1)
- porous (1)
- porous materials (1)
- porös (1)
- power policy (1)
- predictability (1)
- preferential flow (1)
- problemorientiertes Lernen (1)
- process improvement (1)
- process model (1)
- process modelling (1)
- protein domains (1)
- protein folding (1)
- protein folding screen (1)
- protein-protein interactions (1)
- pseudodifferential boundary value problems (1)
- psychophysiology (1)
- public administration (1)
- quanteninformation (1)
- quantenkanal (1)
- quantenkodierung (1)
- quantitativen Schutzzielen (1)
- quantum channel (1)
- quantum electrodynamics (QED) (1)
- quantum information (1)
- quantum optics (1)
- quasar (1)
- radical (1)
- radikalische Polymerisation (1)
- reactive transport (1)
- reading (1)
- recurrence plots (1)
- recurrences (1)
- regional (1)
- regionalisation (1)
- regionalism (1)
- regression model (1)
- regularization (1)
- reliability assessment (1)
- remote sensing (1)
- rifting (1)
- robotic (1)
- robust ICA (1)
- robuste ICA (1)
- rock mechanics (1)
- rod-coil; amphiphilic block copolymers; polypeptide; solid state; structure; morphology; kolloids; self assembly; vesicles; switchable aggregates (1)
- rollende Adhäsion (1)
- rolling adhesion (1)
- salt (1)
- scale (1)
- scenarios (1)
- school (1)
- secure communication (1)
- security council (1)
- sedimentary dynamics (1)
- seismic imaging (1)
- seismic velocity (1)
- seismics (1)
- seismische Geschwindigkeit (1)
- selbstregulative Komponenten (1)
- self-regulatory procedures (1)
- semantic cues (1)
- semantische Hilfen (1)
- set-point (1)
- sexual behaviour (1)
- shrubland (1)
- sichere Übertragung (1)
- silica (1)
- silikat (1)
- single nucleotide polymorphisms (1)
- sink (1)
- social theory (1)
- socialization (1)
- society (1)
- software development (1)
- software engineering (1)
- soil gas (1)
- soil organic matter (1)
- soil type (1)
- space-time Gibbs field (1)
- spectral flow (1)
- spectroscopy (1)
- speech processing (1)
- spots (1)
- stability (1)
- star formation (1)
- state-building (1)
- stellar activity (1)
- stellar surface (1)
- stem cell (1)
- stilbene (1)
- stimuli-sensitive (1)
- stimulus-response mapping (1)
- stochastic dynamics (1)
- stochastic ordering (1)
- stochastic processes (1)
- stochastic resonance (1)
- stochastische Dynamik (1)
- stress field (1)
- structural genomics (1)
- structure (1)
- students (1)
- subRiemannian geometry (1)
- subboreal (1)
- subduction earthquake (1)
- substrate (1)
- sucrose (1)
- superparamagnetic (1)
- superparamagnetisch (1)
- surface (1)
- surrogates (1)
- synchronization (1)
- synchrotron radiation (1)
- syntactic gaps (1)
- syntaktische Lücken (1)
- syntax (1)
- task switching (1)
- tectonics (1)
- telescope (1)
- terrorism (1)
- thermodynamic stability (1)
- thermodynamische Stabilität (1)
- tone languages (1)
- topicalization (1)
- transatlantic relations (1)
- transatlantische Beziehungen (1)
- transcript (1)
- transform fault (1)
- transformation (1)
- transformation theory (1)
- transport (1)
- tranzendierendes Werkzeug (1)
- tumor (1)
- tunable diode laser (TDL) (1)
- turbulence (1)
- two-state model (1)
- udp-galacturonic acid (1)
- udp-rhamnose (1)
- unterschiedlich lösliche Fraktionen (1)
- urban (1)
- urbanisation (1)
- user-oriented map model (1)
- vapour deposition (1)
- variation (1)
- vegetation (1)
- vegetation type (1)
- verantwortungsbewusste Regierungsführung (1)
- vesicle (1)
- vibration (1)
- wasser (1)
- wechselseitige Information (1)
- weighted spaces (1)
- weighted spaces with asymptotics (1)
- wh-question (1)
- wh-scope (1)
- woodland herb (1)
- working memory (1)
- writing strategies (1)
- zona pellucida (1)
- Ähnlichkeitsmaß (1)
- Ökologie (1)
- Übergang (1)
- Überstrukturierte Komposite (1)
- ästhetische (1)
- öffentliche Verwaltung (1)
- überbestimmte ICA (1)
- überlebende Radikale (1)
Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (208)
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (178)
- Historisches Institut (102)
- MenschenRechtsZentrum (101)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (96)
- Institut für Mathematik (86)
- Institut für Chemie (85)
- Institut für Jüdische Studien und Religionswissenschaft (85)
- Sozialwissenschaften (82)
- Institut für Umweltwissenschaften und Geographie (79)
"... que uno lamenta, cómo ha dejado de ser alemán" : Alexander von Humboldt, Prusia y América
(2004)
"August Hermann Francke"
(2004)
This article provides a survey of the research carried out by Celtic scholars in Germany during the 15 years between 1980 and 1995. It is based on the respective bibliography published in 'Studia Celtica Japonica' 9 (1997). The major research fields covered are IE Studies, Celtic philology, linguistics, literature, archaeology and cultural studies.
La "antiquización" de América – implementar motivos clásicos como modelos de apropriación imperial – es una de las estrategias retóricas más importantes en la relación de viaje de Alexander von Humboldt. Mediante la experiencia colonial, sin embargo, este discurso se deestabiliza: Se ponen en contradicción referencias metafóricas y metonímicas, connotaciones positivas y negativas, diferentes modos de temporalización, identificaciones coloniales y disidentes etc. El concepto de Antigüedad se de-autoriza – está deconstruido. Observamos la disolución del clasicismo europea como dispositivo político-estético en el contacto con la diferencia cultural.
"Es ist mir ein innerer Parteitag, dass das 'Muttiheft' lebt". Wörterbücher zum DDR- Wortschatz
(2004)
Theoretische Ansätze unter den Oberbegriffen "Hierarchy" und "Scale" sind in der Ökologie seit den 1980er-Jahren entwickelt und intensiv diskutiert worden. Das wissenschaftliche Paradigma kann mit dem Begriff "Hierarchical Patch Dynamics" beschrieben werden. Obwohl auch Anwendungsbezüge diskutiert und konzipiert wurden, hat es in Deutschland bisher in der Landschaftsplanung kein größeres Echo hervorgerufen. Gleichwohl gibt es eine Reihe interessanter Anknüpfungspunkte zwischen Aussagen der ökologischen Hierarchie-Theorie und konkreten landschaftsplanerischen und naturschutzfachliceh Aufgabenstellungen. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden Grundzüge dieser Theorie bzw. der unter dem Dach des Paradigmas "Hierarchical Patch Dynamics" versammelten theoretischen Ansätze dargestellt. Wesentlich ist die erkenntnistheoretische Grundhaltung, die versucht, unzulässige Verallgemeinerungen oder Absolutheitsansprüche auszuschließen, indem sie zunächst den Gegenstandsbereich der Ökologie beschreibt und analysiert. Auf dieser Grundlage werden Herangehensweisen zur Behandlung ökologischer Fragestellungen vorgeschlagen. Diese Herangehensweisen lassen sich auf landschaftsplanerische Aufgaben übertragen. Es wird gezeigt, für welche Bereiche eine solche Übertragung denkbar wäre. Letztlich bedürfte es einer Praxisüberprüfung, um herauszufinden, ob mit Hilfe von Ansätzen der ökologischen Hierarchie- Theorie die Bearbeitung planerischer Fragestellungen verbessert oder ergänzt werden könnte.
"Krieg und Umbruch um 1800" vom 12. bis 13. März 2004 an der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen
(2004)
In dem Beitrag geht es um die Frage, ob sich Rechtsgeschäfte im Zustand der schwebenden Wirksamkeit befinden können. Während das Institut der schwebenden Unwirksamkeit allgemein anerkannt ist (z.B. $ 108 Abs. 1 BGB), wird ein diesem entsprechendes Institut der schwebenden Wirksamkeit im BGB durch die Literatur bislang überwiegend geleugnet. Das BAG hat indessen in einem Urteil vom 17.06.2003 die schwebende Wirksamkeit einer Kündigung bejaht. Der Autor geht zunächst der Frage nach, ob das Institut der schwebenden Wirksamkeit existiert, und untersucht sodann, ob das BAG in seinem Urteil für die streitgegenständliche Kündigung dieses Institut zutreffend bejaht hat. Während der Autor die erste Frage bejaht, gelangt er für die Entscheidung des BAG zu dem Ergebnis, daß die Kündigung nicht schwebend wirksam sondern schwebend unwirksam war.
We discuss the dynamics of a condensate in a miniaturized electromagnetic trap formed above a microstructured substrate. Recent experiments have found that trap lifetimes get reduced when approaching the substrate because atoms couple to thermally excited near fields. The data agree quantitatively with our theory [Appl. Phys. B 69, 379 (1999)]. We focus on the decoherence of a quantum degenerate gas in a quasi-one-dimensional trap. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that atom interactions reduce the condensate decoherence rate. This is explained by a simple theory in terms of the suppression of long-wavelength excitations. We present preliminary simulation results for the adiabatic generation of dark solitons
Indium(III) chloride forms in water with potassium 1,2-dithiooxalate (dto) and potassium 1,2-dithiosquarate (dtsq) stable coordination compounds. Due to the higher bridging ability of the 1,2-dithiooxalate ligand in all cases only thiooxalate bridged binuclear complexes were found. From 1,2-dithioquadratate with an identical donor atom set mononuclear trischelates could be isolated. Five crystalline complexes, (BzlMe(3)N)(4)[(dto)(2)In(dto)In(dto)(2)] (1), (BzlPh(3)P)(4)[(dto)(2)In(dto)In(dto)(2)] (2), (BzlMe(3)N)(3)[In(dtsq)(3)] (3), (Bu4N)(3)[In(dtsq)(3)] (4) and (Ph4P)[In(dtsq)(2)(DMF)(2)] (5), have been isolated and characterized by X-ray analyses. Due to the type of the complex and the cations involved these compounds crystallize in different space groups with the following parameters: 1, monoclinic in P2(1)/c with a = 14.4035(5) Angstrom, b = 10.8141(5) Angstrom, c = 23.3698(9) Angstrom, beta = 124.664(2)degrees, and Z = 2; 2, triclinic in P (1) over bar with a = 11.3872(7) Angstrom, b = 13.6669(9) Angstrom, c = 17.4296(10) Angstrom, alpha = 88.883(5)degrees, beta = 96.763(1)degrees, gamma = 74.587(5)degrees, and Z = 1; 3, hexagonal in R3 with a = 20.6501(16) Angstrom, b = 20.6501(16) Angstrom, c = 19.0706(13) Angstrom and Z = 6; 4, monoclinic in P21/c with a = 22.7650(15) Angstrom, b = 20.4656(10) Angstrom, c = 14.4770(9) Angstrom, P
Let v be a valuation of terms of type tau, assigning to each term t of type tau a value v(t) greater than or equal to 0. Let k greater than or equal to 1 be a natural number. An identity s approximate to t of type tau is called k- normal if either s = t or both s and t have value greater than or equal to k, and otherwise is called non-k-normal. A variety V of type tau is said to be k-normal if all its identities are k-normal, and non-k-normal otherwise. In the latter case, there is a unique smallest k-normal variety N-k(A) (V) to contain V , called the k-normalization of V. Inthe case k = 1, for the usual depth valuation of terms, these notions coincide with the well-known concepts of normal identity, normal variety, and normalization of a variety. I. Chajda has characterized the normalization of a variety by means of choice algebras. In this paper we generalize his results to a characterization of the k-normalization of a variety, using k-choice algebras. We also introduce the concept of a k-inflation algebra, and for the case that v is the usual depth valuation of terms, we prove that a variety V is k-normal iff it is closed under the formation of k- inflations, and that the k-normalization of V consists precisely of all homomorphic images of k-inflations of algebras in V
In recent years, there has been a large amount of disparate work concerning the representation and reasoning with qualitative preferential information by means of approaches to nonmonotonic reasoning. Given the variety of underlying systems, assumptions, motivations, and intuitions, it is difficult to compare or relate one approach with another. Here, we present an overview and classification for approaches to dealing with preference. A set of criteria for classifying approaches is given, followed by a set of desiderata that an approach might be expected to satisfy. A comprehensive set of approaches is subsequently given and classified with respect to these sets of underlying principles
Environmental heterogeneity is a major determinant of plant population dynamics. In semi-arid Kalahari savannas, heterogeneity is created by savanna structure, i.e. by the spatial arrangement and temporal dynamics of woody plant and open grassland microsites. We formulate a conceptual model describing the effects of savanna dynamics on the population dynamics of the animal-dispersed shrub Grewia flava. From empirical results we derive model rules describing effects of savanna structure on several processes in Grewia's life cycle. By formulating the model, we summarise existing information on Grewia demography and identify gaps in this knowledge. Despite a number of such gaps, the model can be used to make certain quantitative predictions. As an example, we apply the model to investigate the role of seed dispersal in Grewia encroachment on rangelands. Model results show that cattle promote encroachment by depositing substantial numbers of seeds in open areas, where Grewia is otherwise dispersal-limited. Finally, we draw some general conclusions about Grewia's life history and population dynamics. Under natural conditions, concentrated seed deposition under woody plants appears to be a key process causing the observed association between Grewia and other woody plants. Furthermore, low rates of recruitment and high adult survival result in slow-motion dynamics of Grewia populations. As a consequence, Grewia populations interact with savanna dynamics on long temporal and short to intermediate spatial scales.
For each compact subset K of the complex plane C which does not surround zero, the Riemann surface Sζ of the Riemann zeta function restricted to the critical half-strip 0 < Rs < 1/2 contains infinitely many schlicht copies of K lying ‘over’ K. If Sζ also contains at least one such copy, for some K which surrounds zero, then the Riemann hypothesis fails.
A new efficient algorithm is presented for joint diagonalization of several matrices. The algorithm is based on the Frobenius-norm formulation of the joint diagonalization problem, and addresses diagonalization with a general, non- orthogonal transformation. The iterative scheme of the algorithm is based on a multiplicative update which ensures the invertibility of the diagonalizer. The algorithm's efficiency stems from the special approximation of the cost function resulting in a sparse, block-diagonal Hessian to be used in the computation of the quasi-Newton update step. Extensive numerical simulations illustrate the performance of the algorithm and provide a comparison to other leading diagonalization methods. The results of such comparison demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is a viable alternative to existing state-of-the-art joint diagonalization algorithms. The practical use of our algorithm is shown for blind source separation problems
The planetary nebula N66 in the Large Magellanic Cloud is an extraordinary object, as it is the only confirmed PN where the central star is a Wolf-Rayet star of the nitrogen sequence, i.e. of type [WN]. Moreover, the star showed a dramatic brightness outburst in 1993-1994. In a previous paper (Hamann et al. 2003) we analyzed the changing stellar spectra and found evidence that the central star is most likely a binary system where a white dwarf presently accretes matter from a non-degenerate companion at a high rate. Thus the object is a candidate for a future type Ia supernova in our cosmic neighborhood. In the present paper we analyze the morphology and kinematics of the nebula, using images and high-resolution spectra obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the Very Large Telescope (ESO-VLT). The object presents a complex multipolar structure, dominated by very bright lobes located at both sides of the central star and separated by a narrow waist. In addition there is a pair of very extended and twisted loops, also pointing in opposite directions; their symmetry axis and collimation angle differs from those of the bright lobes. High resolution spectroscopy reveals two main velocity components, "approaching" material at an average heliocentric radial velocity Of V-rad = 248 30 km s(-1) and similarly bright "receding" material at V-rad = 331 +/- 25 km s(-1). A systemic velocity of about 300 km s(-1) is derived. Opposite lobes and loops possess opposite velocities. Furthermore there are knots and filaments of complex structure and kinematics. Close to the central star, nebular gas is found, receding at very high velocity (125 km s(-1) relative to the system). The morphology and kinematics of LMC-N66 can be explained as the result of episodic bipolar ejections with changing axis. The bipolar structures could have been produced by collimated streams ejected from a precessing central source. We suggest that the precession could have been produced by an external torque, possibly due to a binary companion. Young, fast-moving nebular knots close to the star appear slightly He- and N-richer than the main body of the nebula, but are still hydrogen-rich in contrast to the helium-dominated atmosphere of the [WN]- type central star. In the binary scenario, this nebular matter must have been accreted from the non-degenerate companion and re-ejected before it was fully burnt
From the Drosophila virilis late puff region 31C, we microcloned two neighbouring genes, Kil-1 and Kil-2, that encode putative Kunitz serine protease inhibitor like proteins. The Kil-1 gene is expressed exclusively in prepupal salivary glands. Using a size mutant of the KIL-1 protein and MALDI-TOF analysis, we demonstrate that during pupation this protein is released from the prepupal salivary glands into the pupation fluid covering the surface of the pupa. 3-D- structure predictions are consistent with the known crystal structure of the human Kunitz type protease inhibitor 2KNT. This is the first experimental proof for the extra-corporal presence of a distinct Drosophila prepupal salivary gland protein. Possible functions of KIL-1 in the context of the control of proteolytic activities in the pupation fluid are discussed. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Polymer solar cell devices with nanostructured blend layers have been fabricated using single- and dual- component polymer nanospheres. Starting from an electron-donating and an electron-accepting polyfluorene derivative, PFB and F8BT, dissolved in suitable organic solvents, dispersions of solid particles with mean diameters of ca. 50 nm, containing either the pure polymer components or a mixture of PFB and F8BT in each particle, were prepared with the miniemulsion process. Photovoltaic devices based on these particles have been studied with respect to the correlation between external quantum efficiency and layer composition. It is shown that the properties of devices containing a blend of single-component PFB and F8BT particles differ significantly from those of solar cells based on blend particles, even for the same layer composition. Various factors determining the quantum efficiency in both kinds of devices are identified and discussed, taking into account the spectroscopic properties of the particles. An external quantum efficiency of ca. 4% is measured for a device made from polymer blend nanoparticles containing PFB:F8BT at a weight ratio of 1:2 in each individual nanosphere. This is among the highest values reported so far for photovoltaic cells using this material combination
The combined passive and active seismic TRANSALP experiment produced an unprecedented high-resolution crustal image of the Eastern Alps between Munich and Venice. The European and Adriatic Mohos (EM and AM, respectively) are clearly imaged with different seismic techniques: near-vertical incidence reflections and receiver functions (RFs). The European Moho dips gently southward from 35 km beneath the northern foreland to a maximum depth of 55 km beneath the central part of the Eastern Alps, whereas the Adriatic Moho is imaged primarily by receiver functions at a relatively constant depth of about 40 km. In both data sets, we have also detected first-order Alpine shear zones, such as the Helvetic detachment, Inntal fault and SubTauern ramp in the north. Apart from the Valsugana thrust, receiver functions in the southern part of the Eastern Alps have also observed a north dipping interface, which may penetrate the entire Adriatic crust [Adriatic Crust Interface (ACI)]. Deep crustal seismicity may be related to the ACI. We interpret the ACI as the currently active retroshear zone in the doubly vergent Alpine collisional belt. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
A system based on variation of the octahedrally coordinated cations is proposed for graphical presentation and subdivision of tri- and dioctahedral K micas, which makes use of elemental differences (in a.p.f.u.): (Mg - Li) [= mgli] and (Fe-tot + Mn + Ti - Al-VI) [= feal]. All common true tri- and dioctahedral K micas are shown in a single polygon outlined by seven main compositional points forming its vertices. Sequentially clockwise, starting from Mg-3 (phlogopite), these points are: Mg2.5Al0.5, Al(2.167)square(0.833), Al1.75Li1.25, Li2Al (polylithionite), Fe22+Li, and Fe-3(2+) (annite). Trilithionite (Li1.5Al1.5), Li1.5Fe2+Al0.5, Fe22+Mg, and Mg2Fe2+ are also located on the perimeter of the polygon. IMA-siderophyllite (Fe22+Al) and muscovite (Al(2)square) plot inside. The classification conforms with the IMA-approved mica nomenclature and differentiates among the following mica species according to their position in a diagram consisting of nigh and feal axes plotted orthogonally; trioctahedral: phlogopite, biotite, siderophyllite, annite, zinnwaldite, lepidolite and tainiolite: dioctahedral: muscovite, phengite and celadonite. Potassium micas with [Si] <2.5 a.p.f.u. including IMA-siderophyllite, KFe22+AlAl2Si2O10(OH)(2), and IMA-eastonite, KMg2AlAl2Si2O10(OH)(2) seem not to form in nature. The proposed subdivision has several advantages. All common true, trioctahedral and dioctahedral K micas, whether Li-bearing or Li-free, are shown within one diagram, which is easy to use and gives every mica composition an unambiguously defined name. Mica analyses with Fe2+, Fe3+, Fe2+ + Fe3+, or Fe-tot can be considered, which is particularly Valuable for microprobe analyses. It facilitates easy reconstruction of evolutionary pathways of mica compositions during crystallization, a feature having key importance in petrologically oriented research. Equally important, the subdivision has great potential for understanding many of the crystal-chemistry features of the K micas. In turn this may allow one to recognize and discriminate the extent to which crystal chemistry or bulk composition controls the occurrence of some seemingly possible or hypothetical K mica
We present a new technique for uniquely identifying a single failing vector in an interval of test vectors. This technique is applicable to combinational circuits and for scan-BIST in sequential circuits with multiple scan chains. The proposed method relies on the linearity properties of the MISR and on the use of two test sequences, which are both applied to the circuit under test. The second test sequence is derived from the first in a straightforward manner and the same test pattern source is used for both test sequences. If an interval contains only a single failing vector, the algebraic analysis is guaranteed to identify it. We also show analytically that if an interval contains two failing vectors, the probability that this case is interpreted as one failing vector is very low. We present experimental results for the ISCAS benchmark circuits to demonstrate the use of the proposed method for identifying failing test vectors
Social segregation in cities takes place where different household groups exist and when, according to Schelling, their location choice either minimizes the number of differing households in their neighborhood or maximizes their own group. In this contribution an evolutionary simulation based on a monocentric city model with externalities among households is used to discuss the spatial segregation patterns of four groups. The resulting complex spatial patterns can be shown as graphic animations. They can be applied as initial situation for the analysis of the effects a rent control has on segregation.
A novel multilayer cytochrome c electrode for the quantification of superoxide radical concentrations is introduced. The electrode consists of alternating layers of cytochrome c and poly(aniline(sulfonic acid)) on a gold wire electrode. The formation of multilayer structures was proven by SPR experiments. Assemblies with 2-15 protein layers showed electrochemical communication with the gold electrode. For every additional layer, a substantial increase in electrochemically active cytochrome c (cyt. c) was found. For electrodes of more than 10 layers, the increase was more than 1 order of magnitude as compared to monolayer electrode systems. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the electrodes were characterized. The mechanism of electron transfer within the multilayer assembly was studied, with results suggesting a protein-protein electron-transfer model. Electrodes of 2-15 layers were applied to the in vitro quantification of enzymatically generated superoxide, showing superior sensitivity as compared to a monolayer-based sensor. An electrode with 6 cyt. c/PASA layers showed the highest sensitivity of the systems studied, giving an increase in sensitivity of half an order of magnitude versus the that of the monolayer electrode. The stability of the system was optimized using thermal treatment, resulting in no loss in sensor signal or protein loading after 10 successive measurements or 2 days of storage
Plasmid shuttle vectors that contain both prokaryotic (Escherichia coli) and eukaryotic origins of replication are routinely used in molecular biology since E coli is generally the organism of choice for manipulation of recombinant DNA. Initial transformation of the shuttle vector into E coli allows production of microgram quantities of DNA suitable for transformation of low-transformationefficiency hosts. A shuttle/expression vector for the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, pCWK1, allows recombinant protein fused to the killer toxin signal sequence to be secreted to the medium. The heterologous genes are transcribed under the control of the K lactis LAC4 promoter, which is tightly regulated in K lactis. However, in E coli the LAC4 promoter functions constitutively, and as a result, uncontrolled transcription and translation of genes that are toxic in E coli can result in cell death, and subsequent failure to recover intact E. coli transformants. We have constructed and tested a modified shuttle vector that contains a K lactis ribosomal intron that acts as a translational terminator in E coli, preventing or reducing the expression of recombinant proteins and avoiding toxicity. When transcribed in K lactis, the intron is spliced from the mRNA allowing the translation of intact full- length, active recombinant gene product. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
The ring current effects of aromatic moieties and the anisotropic effects of the C=O and C-X (X = C, N, S) bonds and of the NH=C(NH2)-NH- moiety in the side chains of amino acid residues of proteins were ab initio calculated based on nuclear independent chemical shieldings as employed by P.v.R. Schleyer. Hereby, quantitative information about the spatial extension, sign and scope of the corresponding ring current/anisotropic effects was obtained and they were visualized as iso-chemical-shielding-surfaces. Examining this quantitative information compared with experimental NMR chemical shifts, the role of the corresponding amino acid residues in binding substrates in the binding site of enzymes was studied. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
The C-13 chemical shifts of 20 rigid bicyclic compounds have been calculated with ab initio HF and MP2 methods. The calculations showed very good reproducibility of the experimental values. The molecular orbital interactions in the rigid, nearly planar delta-syn-axial fragments in the isomeric groups of norbornane derivatives 1.x-4.x were studied in detail and were employed to explain the deshielding delta-syn-axial effect in C-13 NMR spectroscopy. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
This paper examines the role of the conservative foreign policy establishment in the decision-making process leading to the Nazi invasion of Poland in September 1939. Post-war statements by German diplomats portrayed the conservative elite as reluctant participants in Hitler's drive to war. However, an examination of the foreign policy views of German conservatives reveals a significant degree of convergence with Nazi goals in their desire to revise Germany's post-Versailles borders with Poland. In order to understand the role of the German diplomatic elite, it is also necessary to understand the degree to which foreign policy was subject to the same "polycracy" of decision-making instances that characterised the structure of the "Third Reich" in general. While Hitler had relied on the conservative elites, including the Foreign Ministry and the military, their influence on decision-making was waning by 1938-1939
Background: Patients with severe forms of cancer are reported to have reduced concentrations of micronutrients in plasma due to the chronic reduction of food intake and an increased metabolism of these components. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if an accumulation of carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol and retinol in malignant ascitic fluid in women with ovarian cancer might contribute to a loss of these components from plasma. Methods: Blood and ascitic fluid samples obtained from 21 women with ovarian carcinomas and 17 healthy controls were analyzed for retinol, retinol- binding protein (RBP), alpha-tocopherol and carotenoids. Results: Plasma concentrations of all micronutrients were lower in cancer patients compared to controls. Ascitic fluid concentration of all investigated components was comparable (73- 110%) to plasma. While the mean concentration of retinol in malignant ascites represented 73% of that in plasma, the concentration of RBP was less than 10% resulting in an increased mean molar ratio of retinol to RBP from 1.18 to 10.5. Conclusions: The results suggest that lower plasma concentrations of micronutrients in women suffering from ovarian carcinoma are not only caused by a cachexia-induced decrease of food intake and a higher rate of metabolic utilization, but also by a substantial yet not considered transfer from plasma into ascitic fluid possibly associated with plasma lipoproteins. This raises questions with regard to the protective function of these plasma components in ascitic fluid, the consequences of paracentesis on an additional supplementation and finally the possibility to use one or a combination of these components as an additional marker to discriminate between benign and malignant ascites. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel
Obwohl Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) im Unterschied zu Alexander von Humboldt nie in Lateinamerika war, regte er in seinen Arbeiten das lateinamerikanische und europäische Bewusstsein bei der Wahrnehmung anderer Kulturen an. Ähnlich der amerikanischen Forschungsreise Alexander von Humboldts (1799-1804), die zu einer verstärkten Aufnahme und Wirkung des philosophischen Denkens im europäischen und deutschsprachigen Kulturraum führte, trugen Herders Ideen über den Zusammenhang zwischen Mensch, Natur, Kultur und Tradition zur lateinamerikanischen Rezeption und Transformation europäischen Denkens bei und zur Vermittlung humanistischer Wertorientierungen. In den Darlegungen werden in drei Schritten folgende Aspekte erörtert. Erstens: Worin besteht das Wesen des Literatur- und Philosophiebegriffs bei Herder? Zweitens: Welche Konsequenzen ergeben sich daraus für seine Hermeneutik? Und drittens: Worin besteht die Aktualität des sozialkritischen Denkens Herders?
This study describes ME, a patient in the chronic stage after a traumatic brain injury. During an extensive training programme ME tried to regain automaticity in the retrieval of simple multiplication facts. He succeeded in substantially decreasing response latencies in multiplication, reducing the handicap at his job. This improvement generalised to a non-trained operand order, to non-trained problems, and to a non-trained output modality. Moreover, these effects were maintained over at least four months. Interestingly, however, ME's training effects were operation specific: No significant improvement occurred in addition, subtraction, or division. As coloured presentation of multiplication problems proved to be a valuable cue in facilitating the patient's performance, this might turn out to be a useful tool in the rehabilitation of fact retrieval in general
Almost all shapes of adolescent risky and deviant behaviour take place in the context of peer-relations. The present study examined the role of parents and peer-relations with respect to two indicators of deviant political development. In the fall 1998, directly after the German parliamentary elections, 1309 East German adolescents were asked about their voting for a right-wing extremist party and their readiness to use violence in political action. Friend's voting was a strong predictor of individual voting for a right-wing extremist party, particularly when the friend was the best friend with a reciprocal nomination, and when the friends frequently communicated about political themes. In addition, voting behaviour and willingness to use violence were associated with membership in peer groups who met frequently. Finally, the violence disposed adolescents spent more of their spare time with peers and less with their parents. Similarities of our results with the findings of research on deviant behaviour in non-political areas support the idea that deviant political behaviour could be an expression of a problematic life situation. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents
Advances in broad bandwidth light sources for ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography
(2004)
Novel ultra-broad bandwidth light sources enabling unprecedented sub-2 pm axial resolution over the 400 nm-1700 nm wavelength range have been developed and evaluated with respect to their feasibility for clinical ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR OCT) applications. The state-of-the-art light sources described here include a compact Kerr lens mode locked Ti:sapphire laser (lambda(c) = 785 nm, Deltalambda = 260 nm, P-out = 50 mW) and different nonlinear fibre-based light sources with spectral bandwidths (at full width at half maximum) up to 350 nm at lambda(c) = 1130 nm and 470 nm at lambda(c) = 1375 run. In vitro UHR OCT imaging is demonstrated at multiple wavelengths in human cancer cells, animal ganglion cells as well as in neuropathologic and ophthalmic biopsies in order to compare and optimize UHR OCT image contrast, resolution and penetration depth
Adverb positioning is guided by syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic considerations and is subject to cross-linguistic as well as language-specific variation. The goal of the thesis is to identify the factors that determine adverb placement in general (Part I) as well as in constructions in which the adverb's sister constituent is deprived of its phonetic material by movement or ellipsis (gap constructions, Part II) and to provide an Optimality Theoretic approach to the contrasts in the effects of these factors on the distribution of adverbs in English, French, and German. In Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993), grammaticality is defined as optimal satisfaction of a hierarchy of violable constraints: for a given input, a set of output candidates are produced out of which that candidate is selected as grammatical output which optimally satisfies the constraint hierarchy. Since grammaticality crucially relies on the hierarchic relations of the constraints, cross-linguistic variation can be traced back to differences in the language-specific constraint rankings. Part I shows how diverse phenomena of adverb placement can be captured by corresponding constraints and their relative rankings: - contrasts in the linearization of adverbs and verbs/auxiliaries in English and French - verb placement in German and the filling of the prefield position - placement of focus-sensitive adverbs - fronting of topical arguments and adverbs Part II extends the analysis to a particular phenomenon of adverb positioning: the avoidance of adverb attachment to a phonetically empty constituent (gap). English and French are similar in that the acceptability of pre-gap adverb placement depends on the type of adverb, its scope, and the syntactic construction (English: wh-movement vs. topicalization / VP Fronting / VP Ellipsis, inverted vs. non-inverted clauses; French: CLLD vs. Cleft, simple vs. periphrastic tense). Yet, the two languages differ in which strategies a specific type of adverb may pursue to escape placement in front of a certain type of gap. In contrast to English and French, placement of an adverb in front of a gap never gives rise to ungrammaticality in German. Rather, word ordering has to obey the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic principles discussed in Part I; whether or not it results in adverb attachment to a phonetically empty constituent seems to be irrelevant: though constraints are active in every language, the emergence of a visible effect of their requirements in a given language depends on their relative ranking. The complex interaction of the diverse factors as well as their divergent effects on adverb placement in the various languages are accounted for by the universal constraints and their language-specific hierarchic relations in the OT framework.
An intercomparison of aerosol backscatter lidar algorithms was performed in 2001 within the framework of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network to Establish an Aerosol Climatology (EARLINET). The objective of this research was to test the correctness of the algorithms and the influence of the lidar ratio used by the various lidar teams involved in the EARLINET for calculation of backscatter-coefficient profiles from the lidar signals. The exercise consisted of processing synthetic lidar signals of various degrees of difficulty. One of these profiles contained height- dependent lidar ratios to test the vertical influence of those profiles on the various retrieval algorithms. Furthermore, a realistic incomplete overlap of laser beam and receiver field of view was introduced to remind the teams to take great care in the nearest range to the lidar. The intercomparison was performed in three stages with increasing knowledge on the input parameters. First, only the lidar signals were distributed; this is the most realistic stage. Afterward the lidar ratio profiles and the reference values at calibration height were provided. The unknown height- dependent lidar ratio had the largest influence on the retrieval, whereas the unknown reference value was of minor importance. These results show the necessity of making additional independent measurements, which can provide us with a suitable approximation of the lidar ratio. The final stage proves in general, that the data evaluation schemes of the different groups of lidar systems work well. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America
Through police co-operation, re-admission agreements, and setting up of detention camps, Italy’s immigration policy tries to delocalise border controls between Europe and North Africa. Italian immigration quotas and development aid should induce countries of origin and transit of migrants to tighten their border controls and cooperate with Italy. Development aid is used by the EU in order to exert pressure on other countries, whereas Libya for instance uses transiting refugees as a diplomatic weapon. On the other hand, relations between Italy and North African countries do not focus on human rights violations taking place in some of these countries.
In the years following German reunification, East and West German parents (282 mothers and 207 fathers) were interviewed about attitudes to the rearing of their 7- to 13-year-old children and about their social networks. Path analyses show that East German parents engage in more protective and less permissive parenting, and that East German fathers raise their children in a more traditional and authoritarian manner than their West German counterparts. In part, these differences can be attributed to the strong family orientation of East German parents (many and intensive kinship relations, few friends). Further analyses show that corollaries of the social upheavals in East Germany, namely closer cohesion of the immediate family and a decrease in the social support provided by the extrafamilial environment, are associated with protective attitudes to parenting and hence with the tendency to limit children's freedom of decision-making
The functionalization of polyelectrolyte multilayers often implies the use of bulky functional fragments, attached to a standard polyelectrolyte matrix. Despite of the high density of non-charged, often hydrophobic substituents, regular film growth by sequential adsorption proceeds easily when an appropriate polyelectrolyte counter ion is chosen. However, the functional fragments may cluster or aggregate. This complication is particularly evident when using chromophores and fluorophores as bulky pendant groups. Attention has to be paid to this phenomenon for the design of functional polyelectrolyte films, as aggregation may modify crucially the properties. The use of charged spacer groups does not necessarily suppress the aggregation of functional side groups. Still, clustering and aggregation depend on the detailed system employed, and are not obligatory. In the case of cationic poly(acrylamide)s labeled with naphthalene and pyrene fluorophores, for instance, the polymers form intramolecular hydrophobic associates in solution, as indicated by strong excimer formation. But the polymers can undergo a conformational rearrangement upon adsorption so that they are decoiled in the adsorbed films. Analogous observations are made for polyanions bearing mesogenic biphenyls fragments. In contrast, polycations functionalized with the dye coumarin 343 show little aggregation in solution, but a marked aggregation in the ESA films
Inhalt 1 Einführung und Grundlagen 1.1 Problemstellung und Vorgehensweise 1.2 Ordnungsökonomische Systematisierung 1.3 „Neue“ Besonderheitenlehre für Netzindustrien 2 Ansatzpunkte zur Liberalisierung in Netzindustrien 2.1 Liberalisierung durch Privatisierung 2.1.1 Interdependenz von Privatisierung und Marktöffnung 2.1.2 Privatisierungsstufen 2.2 Liberalisierung durch Deregulierung und Re-Regulierung 2.2.1 Abgrenzung des relevanten Marktes: Netzinfrastruktur versus Netzdienstleistungen 2.2.2 Lokalisierung und Kontrolle von Marktmacht bei Netzinfrastruktur 2.3 Modelle zur Gewährleistung eines diskriminierungsfreien Netzzugangs 2.3.1 Verhandelter Netzzugang mit Missbrauchsaufsicht im Sinne der Essential-Facilities-Doktrin 2.3.2 Staatliche Regulierung des Netzzugangs 2.4 Theorie der vertikalen (Des-)Integration 2.4.1 Allokativ-statische, wohlfahrtsökonomische Analyse vertikaler Integration 2.4.2 Institutionenökonomische Analyse vertikaler Integration 2.4.3 Dynamische, wettbewerbsökonomische Analyse vertikaler Integration 2.4.4 Konsequenz: Vertikale Desintegration 3 Institutionelle Ausgestaltung der Wettbewerbsaufsicht 3.1 Systematisierung der Träger und Kompetenzabgrenzung 3.2 Kriterien für eine effiziente Wettbewerbsaufsicht 4 Schlussfolgerungen und intersektoraler Vergleich des Liberalisierungsprozessesin Netzindustrien
In the past academic libraries in Germany have been successfully undertaking joint endeavors toward a social and political definition of the knowledge society by cooperatively developing ways to provide information and increasing the digital forms of metadata and media. In doing so, they have unintentionally created the basis for a competitive playing field in which the individual library must establish strategic positions for success if it is to maintain viability and ensure continuous flow of resources. This article develops a framework for discussing such alternative and potentially successful strategies from the point of view of a university library
This study presents results of ambient noise measurements from temporary single station and small-scale array deployments in the northeast of Basle. H/V spectral ratios were determined along various profiles crossing the eastern masterfault of the Rhine Rift Valley and the adjacent sedimentary rift fills. The fundamental H/V peak frequencies are decreasing along the profile towards the eastern direction being consistent with the dip of the tertiary sediments within the rift. Using existing empirical relationships between H/V frequency peaks and the depth of the dominant seismic contrast, derived on basis of the lambda/4-resonance hypothesis and a power law depth dependence of the S-wave velocity, we obtain thicknesses of the rift fill from about 155 m in the west to 280 in in the east. This is in agreement with previous studies. The array analysis of the ambient noise wavefield yielded a stable dispersion relation consistent with Rayleigh wave propagation velocities. We conclude that a significant amount of surface waves is contained in the observed wavefield. The computed ellipticity for fundamental mode Rayleigh waves for the velocity depth models used for the estimation of the sediment thicknesses is in agreement with the observed H/V spectra over a large frequency band
Anisotropic material properties are usually neglected during inversions for source parameters of earthquakes. In general anisotropic media, however, moment tensors for pure-shear sources can exhibit significant non-double-couple components. Such effects may be erroneously interpreted as an indication for volumetric changes at the source. Here we investigate effects of anisotropy on seismic moment tensors and radiation patterns for pure-shear and tensile-type sources. Anisotropy can significantly influence the interpretation of the source mechanisms. For example, the orientation of the slip within the fault plane may affect the total seismic moment. Also, moment tensors due to pure- shear and tensile faulting can have similar characteristics depending on the orientation of the elastic tensor. Furthermore, the tensile nature of an earthquake can be obscured by near-source anisotropic properties. As an application, we consider effects of inhomogeneous anisotropic properties on the seismic moment tensor and the radiation patterns of a selected type of micro-earthquakes observed in W-Bohemia. The combined effects of near-source and along- path anisotropy cause characteristic amplitude distortions of the P, S1 and S2 waves. However, the modeling suggests that neither homogeneous nor inhomogeneous anisotropic properties alone can explain the observed large non-double-couple components. The results also indicate that a correct analysis of the source mechanism, in principle, is achievable by application of anisotropic moment tensor inversion
As a non-contact process laser beam melt ablation offers several advantages compared to conventional processing mechanisms. During ablation the surface of the workpiece is molten by the energy of a CO2-laser beam, this melt is then driven out by the impulse of an additional process gas. Although the idea behind laser beam melt ablation is rather simple, the process itself has a major limitation in practical applications: with increasing ablation rate surface quality of the workpiece processed declines rapidly. With different ablation rates different surface structures can be distinguished, which can be characterised by suitable surface parameters. The corresponding regimes of pattern formation are found in linear and non-linear statistical properties of the recorded process emissions as well. While the ablation rate can be represented in terms of the line-energy, this parameter does not provide sufficient information about the full behaviour of the system. The dynamics of the system is dominated by oscillations due to the laser cycle but includes some periodically driven non-linear processes as well. Upon the basis of the measured time series, a corresponding model is developed. The deeper understanding of the process can be used to develop strategies for a process control.
A method for the multivariate analysis of statistical phase synchronization phenomena in empirical data is presented. A first statistical approach is complemented by a stochastic dynamic model, to result in a data analysis algorithm which can in a specific sense be shown to be a generic multivariate statistical phase synchronization analysis. The method is applied to EEG data from a psychological experiment, obtaining results which indicate the relevance of this method in the context of cognitive science as well as in other fields
A method for the multivariate analysis of statistical phase synchronization phenomena in empirical data is presented. A first statistical approach is complemented by a stochastic dynamic model, to result in a data analysis algorithm which can in a specific sense be shown to be a generic multivariate statistical phase synchronization analysis. The method is applied to EEG data from a psychological experiment, obtaining results which indicate the relevance of this method in the context of cognitive science as well as in other fields.
The preparation of proteins for structural and functional analysis using the Escherichia coli expression system is often hampered by the formation of insoluble intracellular protein aggregates (inclusion bodies). Transferring those proteins into their native states by in vitro protein folding requires screening for the best buffer conditions and suitable additives. However, it is difficult to assess the success of such a screen if no biological assay is available. We established a fully automated folding screen and a system to detect folded protein that is based on analytical hydrophobic interaction chromatography and tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy. The system was evaluated with two model enzymes (carbonic anhydrase II and malate dehydrogenase), and was successfully applied to the folding of the p22 subunit of human dynactin, which is expressed in inclusion bodies in E. coli. The described screen allows for high-throughput folding analysis of inclusion body proteins for structural and functional analyses
In this work we describe a new preparation method for an esterolytic imprinted polymer with catalytic sites on the surface. A template was prepared by immobilizing a transition state analogue (phosphoramidic acid derivative) of an esterolytic reaction within porous silica particles. Polymerization within the pores was carried out using 4- vinylimidazole as a functional monomer and divinylbenzene as a cross-linker. The polymer was released by dissolution of the silica support with hydrofluoric acid and catalytic properties were studied by incubation with three different 4- nitrophenylesters and spectrophotometric determination of the released 4-nitrophenol. For 4-nitrophenyl acetate an activity of 211 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) and a K-m value of 2.2 mmol L-1 was obtained
We prove in this paper an existence result for infinite-dimensional stationary interactive Brownian diffusions. The interaction is supposed to be small in the norm ||.||∞ but otherwise is very general, being possibly non-regular and non-Markovian. Our method consists in using the characterization of such diffusions as space-time Gibbs fields so that we construct them by space-time cluster expansions in the small coupling parameter.
The paper presents an explicit example of a noncrossed product division algebra of index and exponent 8 over the field Q(s) (t). It is an iterated twisted function field in two variables D (x, sigma) (y, tau) over a quaternion division algebra D which is defined over the number field Q(root3, root-7). The automorphisms sigma and tau are computed by solving relative norm equations in extensions of number fields. The example is explicit in the sense that its structure constants are known. Moreover, it is pointed out that the same arguments also yield another example, this time over the field Q((s)) ((t)), given by an iterated twisted Laurent series ring D((x, sigma)) ((y, tau)) over the same quaternion division algebra D. (C) 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
We present an improved method for predicting the Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect in galaxy clusters from spatially resolved, spectroscopic X-ray data. Using the deprojected electron density and temperature profiles measured within a fraction of the virial radius, and assuming a Navarro-Frenk-White mass model, we show how the pressure profile of the X-ray gas can be extrapolated to large radii, allowing the Comptonization parameter profile for the cluster to be predicted precisely. We apply our method to Chandra observations of three X-ray-luminous, dynamically relaxed clusters with published SZ data: RX J1347.5-1145, Abell 1835 and Abell 478. Combining the predicted and observed SZ signals, we determine improved estimates for the Hubble constant from each cluster and obtain a weighted mean of H (0) = 69 +/- 8 km s(-1) Mpc(-1) for a cosmology with Omega(m) = 0.3 and Omega(Lambda) = 0.7. This result is in good agreement with independent findings from the Hubble Key Project and the combination of cosmic microwave background and galaxy cluster data
Für ein tiefergehendes Verständnis von Entwicklung und Funktion der quergestreiften Muskulatur ist eine Betrachtung der am Aufbau der Myofibrillen, den kontraktilen Organellen, beteiligten Proteine essentiell. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Myomesin, einem Protein der sarkomeren M-Bande. Zunächst wurde die cDNA des humanen Myomesins vollständig kloniert, sequenziert und nachfolgend die komplette Größe der aminoterminalen Kopfdomäne bestimmt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß Myomesin in vitro mit den Domänen 1 und 12 an Myosin bindet. Die muskelspezifische Isoform der Kreatinkinase bindet an die Domänen 7 und 8. Stimulations- und Inhibitionsexperimente belegen, daß Myomesin an Serin 618 in vivo durch die Proteinkinase A phosphoryliert wird und daß diese Phosphorylierung durch Aktivierung beta2-adrenerger Rezeptoren stimulierbar ist. In Muskelgewebeproben von Patienten, die an der Hypertrophen Kardiomyopathie, einer genetisch bedingten Herzmuskelkrankheit, erkrankt sind, konnte mit einem neu hergestellten phosphorylierungsabhängigen Antikörper eine Verminderung der Menge phosphorylierten Myomesins nachgewiesen werden. Mögliche Ursachen werden diskutiert. Myomesin bildet Dimere, wie durch hefegenetische und biochemische Experimente gezeigt werden konnte. Die Dimerisierung von Myomesin könnte eine zentrale Rolle für den Einbau der Myosinfilamente in die naszierende Myofibrille haben. Anhand der gewonnenen Daten wurde ein verbessertes Modell der zentralen M-Bande erstellt.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Entwicklung einer SNP-Genotypisierungsmethode mit auf Mikroarrays immobilisierten PCR-Produkten. Für die Analyse wurde ein faseroptischer Affinitätssensor bzw. ein Durchfluss-Biochip-Scanner mit integrierter Fluoreszenzdetektion verwendet. An den immobilisierten Analyten (PCR-Produkten) wurde eine Fluoreszenzoligonukleotidsonde hybridisiert und anschließend die Dissoziation der Sonde im Fluss verfolgt. Die Diskriminierung von Wildtyp- und Mutanten-DNA erfolgte durch die kinetische Auswertung der Dissoziationskurven sowie durch die Analyse der Fluoreszenzintensität. Die Versuche am faseroptischen Affinitätssensor zeigten, dass DNA-DNA-Hybride sowohl von Oligonukleotiden als auch von PCR-Produkten ein typisches Dissoziationsverhalten aufweisen, wobei fehlgepaarte Hybride eine signifikant schnellere Dissoziation zeigen als perfekt passende Hybride. Dieser Geschwindigkeitsunterschied lässt sich durch den Vergleich der jeweiligen kinetischen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten kD quantitativ erfassen. Da die Kopplung des Analyten an der Chipoberfläche sowie die Hybridisierungs- und Dissoziationsparameter essentiell für die Methodenentwicklung war, wurden die Parameter für ein optimales Spotting und die Immobilisierung von PCR-Produkten ermittelt. Getestet wurden die affine Kopplung von biotinylierten PCR-Produkten an Streptavidin-, Avidin- und NeutrAvidin-Oberflächen sowie die kovalente Bindung von phosphorylierten Amplifikaten mit der EDC/Methylimidazol-Methode. Die besten Ergebnisse sowohl in Spotform und -homogenität als auch im Signal/Rausch-Verhältnis wurden an NeutrAvidin-Oberflächen erreicht. Für die Etablierung der Mikroarray-Genotypisierungsmethode durch kinetische Analyse nach einem Hybridisierungsexperiment wurden Sondenlänge, Puffersystem, Spotting-Konzentration des Analyten sowie Temperatur optimiert. Das Analysensystem erlaubte es, PCR-Produkte mit einer Konzentration von 250 ng/µl in einem HEPES-EDTA-NaCl-Puffer auf mit NeutrAvidin beschichtete Glasträger zu spotten. In den anschließenden Hybridisierungs- und Dissoziationsexperimenten bei 30 °C konnte die Diskriminierung von homocygoter Wildtyp- und homocygoter Mutanten- sowie heterocygoter DNA am Beispiel von Oligonukleotid-Hybriden erreicht werden. In einer Gruppe von 24 homocygoten Patienten wurde ein Polymorphismus im SULT1A1-Gen analysiert. Sowohl durch kinetische Auswertung als auch mit der Analyse der Fluoreszenzintensität wurde der Genotyp der Proben identifiziert. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit dem Referenzverfahren, der Restriktionschnittstellenanalyse (PCR-RFLP) validiert. Lediglich ein Genotyp wurde falsch bestimmt, die Genauigkeit lag bei 96%. In einer Gruppe von 44 Patienten wurde der Genotyp eines SNP in der Adiponectin-Promotor-Region untersucht. Nach Vergleich der Analysenergebnisse mit denen eines Referenzverfahrens konnten lediglich 14 der untersuchten Genotypen bestätigt werden. Ursache für die unzureichende Genauigkeit der Methode war vor allem das schlechte Signal/Rausch-Verhältnis. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass das in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Analysesystem für die Genotypisierung von Einzelpunktmutationen geeignet ist, homocygote Patientenproben zuverlässig zu analysieren. Prinzipiell ist das auch bei heterocygoter DNA möglich. Da nach aktuellem Kenntnisstand eine SNP-Analysemethode an immobilisierten PCR-Produkten noch nicht veröffentlicht wurde, stellt das hier entwickelte Verfahren eine Alternative zu bisher bekannten Mikroarray-Verfahren dar. Als besonders vorteilhaft erweist sich der reverse Ansatz der Methode. Der hier vorgestellte Ansatz ist eine kostengünstigere und weniger hoch dimensionierte Lösung für Fragestellungen beispielsweise in der Ernährungswissenschaft, bei denen meist eine mittlere Anzahl Patienten auf nur einige wenige SNPs zu untersuchen ist. Wenn es gelingt, durch die Weiterentwicklung der Hardware bzw. weiterer Optimierung, eine Verbesserung des Signal/Rausch-Verhältnisses und damit die Diskriminierung von heterocygoter DNA zu erreichen, kann diese Methode zukünftig bei der Analyse von mittelgroßen Patientengruppen alternativ zu anderen Genotypisierungsmethoden verwendet werden.
Analyse von transgenen Kartoffelpflanzen mit veränderter cytosolischer Phosphorylase (Ph2) Aktivität
(2004)
Recent high-throughput technologies enable the acquisition of a variety of complementary data and imply regulatory networks on the systems biology level. A common approach to the reconstruction of such networks is the cluster analysis which is based on a similarity measure. We use the information theoretic concept of the mutual information, that has been originally defined for discrete data, as a measure of similarity and propose an extension to a commonly applied algorithm for its calculation from continuous biological data. We compare our approach to previously existing algorithms. We develop a performance optimised software package for the application of the mutual information to large-scale datasets. Furthermore, we design and implement a web-based service for the analysis of integrated data measured with different technologies. Application to biological data reveals biologically relevant groupings and reconstructed signalling networks show agreements with physiological findings.