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- decision-making (8)
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- design thinking (8)
- digital transformation (8)
- dissociative electron attachment (8)
- ecosystems (8)
- efficiency (8)
- electron transfer (8)
- electrospinning (8)
- executive functions (8)
- films (8)
- flow (8)
- food web (8)
- force (8)
- forest management (8)
- fractional Brownian motion (8)
- frequency (8)
- galaxies (8)
- gamma-rays: galaxies (8)
- genetics (8)
- human physical conditioning (8)
- hybridization (8)
- hypertension (8)
- inclusion (8)
- injury risk (8)
- instability (8)
- insurance (8)
- integration (8)
- intelligence (8)
- isomerization (8)
- isometric muscle action (8)
- land use change (8)
- landscape of fear (8)
- light (8)
- major depressive disorder (8)
- manganese (8)
- mathematical modeling (8)
- mathematische Modellierung (8)
- mechanisms (8)
- mechanobiology (8)
- membrane (8)
- membranes (8)
- metabarcoding (8)
- metabolic syndrome (8)
- microfluidics (8)
- microscopy (8)
- microstructure (8)
- mobility (8)
- morphological processing (8)
- motor control (8)
- nanocomposite (8)
- narcissism (8)
- natural products (8)
- noise (8)
- nuclear lamina (8)
- numerical relativity (8)
- numerical simulation (8)
- outflows (8)
- perceptual span (8)
- perpetration (8)
- persistence (8)
- phosphorylation (8)
- plankton (8)
- polarization (8)
- polyelectrolyte (8)
- polyunsaturated fatty acids (8)
- pronouns (8)
- public health (8)
- quantum dots (8)
- quasars: general (8)
- reanalysis (8)
- rehabilitation (8)
- reinforcement learning (8)
- resources (8)
- responses (8)
- risk perception (8)
- rotation (8)
- signal transduction (8)
- site effects (8)
- snow (8)
- social cognition (8)
- spatial frequencies (8)
- starch metabolism (8)
- stars: activity (8)
- stars: emission-line, Be (8)
- statistics (8)
- surface chemistry (8)
- surface modification (8)
- suspended sediment (8)
- sustainable development (8)
- time-series (8)
- trends (8)
- ultrafast (8)
- vitamin A (8)
- water quality (8)
- 20. Jahrhundert (7)
- 20th century (7)
- ADHD (7)
- Algorithms (7)
- Anisotropy (7)
- Anpassung (7)
- Apoptosis (7)
- Aromaticity (7)
- Biomaterial (7)
- C. elegans (7)
- Capsella (7)
- Central Europe (7)
- Complex networks (7)
- Connectivity (7)
- Conversation Analysis (7)
- Crustal structure (7)
- Cytotoxicity (7)
- DNA damage (7)
- DNA radiation damage (7)
- Decision-making (7)
- Design Thinking (7)
- Dirac operator (7)
- East African Rift System (7)
- Eutrophication (7)
- Fokus (7)
- Geochemistry (7)
- Global change (7)
- Greenland (7)
- Hertzsprung-Russell and C-M diagrams (7)
- Higher education (7)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (7)
- Information Structure (7)
- Interoception (7)
- Inverse theory (7)
- Japanese (7)
- Judaism (7)
- K-theory (7)
- Kalman filter (7)
- Klimaänderung (7)
- Kohlenstoff (7)
- LCSM (7)
- Leguminosae (7)
- LiDAR (7)
- Longitudinal study (7)
- Mekong Delta (7)
- Molecular dynamics (7)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers (7)
- Molybdenum cofactor (7)
- Monsoon (7)
- Monsun (7)
- Morphology (7)
- Movement (7)
- Muscle strength (7)
- NICS (7)
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- PUFA (7)
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- Phosphorus (7)
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- Prosodie (7)
- Protein (7)
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- RIXS (7)
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- Soil moisture (7)
- Solanaceae (7)
- Sprachverarbeitung (7)
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- Walking (7)
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- X-rays: ISM (7)
- Youth (7)
- Zinc (7)
- acquisition (7)
- adolescent (7)
- aggregation (7)
- allostatic load (7)
- amygdala (7)
- arithmetic (7)
- binaries: eclipsing (7)
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- bystander (7)
- cAMP (7)
- calibration (7)
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- catalogs (7)
- cell adhesion (7)
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- charge generation (7)
- chemistry (7)
- chemotaxis (7)
- child (7)
- circadian clock (7)
- circulation (7)
- circumstellar matter (7)
- cities (7)
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- coastal erosion (7)
- coherence (7)
- community ecology (7)
- comparison (7)
- complex systems (7)
- complexes (7)
- control (7)
- convection (7)
- coronary artery disease (7)
- cortisol (7)
- cyber aggression (7)
- cytotoxicity (7)
- defense (7)
- density (7)
- diet (7)
- dietary patterns (7)
- digital health (7)
- discrepancy principle (7)
- distribution (7)
- disturbance (7)
- duplicate detection (7)
- ecological modelling (7)
- economy (7)
- ecosystem functioning (7)
- energy (7)
- energy policy (7)
- ensemble Kalman filter (7)
- enzyme (7)
- enzyme catalysis (7)
- experiments (7)
- extinction (7)
- extraction (7)
- extreme events (7)
- extreme rainfall (7)
- fatty acids (7)
- first passage time (7)
- flood (7)
- fluorescence microscopy (7)
- food webs (7)
- function (7)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (7)
- galaxies: dwarf (7)
- galaxies: starburst (7)
- gender differences (7)
- gene flow (7)
- geochemistry (7)
- geophysics (7)
- globalization (7)
- grain size (7)
- graphene (7)
- heart (7)
- heterogeneous catalysis (7)
- home range (7)
- human behaviour (7)
- human impact (7)
- identity (7)
- imaging (7)
- imaging spectroscopy (7)
- immobilization (7)
- inference (7)
- infrared: stars (7)
- insect (7)
- insula (7)
- international organizations (7)
- interoceptive awareness (7)
- isotopes (7)
- jumping (7)
- kinematics (7)
- land-use change (7)
- last glacial maximum (7)
- life history (7)
- lipid metabolism (7)
- low-energy electrons (7)
- malnutrition (7)
- manifolds with singularities (7)
- memory retrieval (7)
- metabolic networks (7)
- metabolite profiling (7)
- methane (7)
- microbial ecology (7)
- minerals (7)
- modality (7)
- modern Jewish history (7)
- multilingualism (7)
- natural language processing (7)
- neuroplasticity (7)
- nonergodicity (7)
- nuclear envelope (7)
- numerical simulations (7)
- organic matter (7)
- orthography (7)
- oscillations (7)
- oxygen (7)
- pH (7)
- pain (7)
- palaeoecology (7)
- paleoecology (7)
- parafoveal processing (7)
- parameter estimation (7)
- parliamentary government (7)
- pathogens (7)
- planetary nebulae: general (7)
- planets and satellites: rings (7)
- plant diversity (7)
- plasmonics (7)
- policy (7)
- porous materials (7)
- predator-prey dynamics (7)
- productivity (7)
- pronoun resolution (7)
- propensity score matching (7)
- prosodic boundary cues (7)
- proteasome (7)
- pseudodifferential operators (7)
- pulsars: general (7)
- quality (7)
- quantification (7)
- recombination (7)
- reflection (7)
- repair (7)
- representation (7)
- reproducibility (7)
- retinol (7)
- roughness (7)
- secular trend (7)
- seismic hazard (7)
- sexual scripts (7)
- shape-memory effect (7)
- silicon (7)
- size (7)
- social rejection (7)
- solar wind (7)
- sorption (7)
- stabile Isotope (7)
- stars: late-type (7)
- sunspots (7)
- surfactants (7)
- tVNS (7)
- taxonomy (7)
- time series (7)
- topography (7)
- transfer (7)
- transition (7)
- treeline (7)
- trunk (7)
- uncertainty analysis (7)
- urbanization (7)
- variation (7)
- verification (7)
- visualization (7)
- weather (7)
- wh-in-situ (7)
- wh-questions (7)
- working memory capacity (7)
- yellow flags (7)
- youth sports (7)
- AFM (6)
- Adipositas (6)
- Ageing (6)
- Alaska (6)
- Alps (6)
- Anisotropy effect (6)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (6)
- Aphasie (6)
- Arbeitsgedächtnis (6)
- Arsenolipids (6)
- BMI (6)
- Bakterien (6)
- Balance (6)
- Bayesian data analysis (6)
- Bewegungsökologie (6)
- Bioelectrocatalysis (6)
- Biogenic amine (6)
- Biophysik (6)
- Blockcopolymere (6)
- C-reactive protein (6)
- CO2 (6)
- Caribbean (6)
- Chytridiomycota (6)
- Click chemistry (6)
- Colombia (6)
- Computational modelling (6)
- Coping (6)
- Copper (6)
- Data assimilation (6)
- Datenbank (6)
- Deep learning (6)
- Design (6)
- Dezentralisierung (6)
- Digitalisierung (6)
- Disturbance (6)
- Diversity (6)
- Dynamic NMR (6)
- EEG/ERP (6)
- Emotions (6)
- Energy (6)
- Europa (6)
- Flood (6)
- Flood risk (6)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (6)
- Gammastrahlungsastronomie (6)
- Gene-environment interaction (6)
- Genomics (6)
- Governance (6)
- Groundwater (6)
- H II regions (6)
- HIREC (6)
- Hodge theory (6)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- Immunoassay (6)
- Insurance (6)
- Interaction (6)
- Interest (6)
- Japan (6)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (6)
- Lake Van (6)
- Land use change (6)
- Language acquisition (6)
- Lasers (6)
- Levy flights (6)
- Local Group (6)
- Longitudinal (6)
- Lysiphlebus fabarum (6)
- Magnetismus (6)
- Magnetohydrodynamik (6)
- Mandarin Chinese (6)
- Massenspektrometrie (6)
- Measurement (6)
- Mental arithmetic (6)
- Meta-analysis (6)
- Methane (6)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (6)
- Microtubules (6)
- Middle East (6)
- Mobility (6)
- Modell (6)
- Monitoring (6)
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- NASH (6)
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- Nachhaltigkeit (6)
- Namibia (6)
- Nanostruktur (6)
- Neotektonik (6)
- Neumann problem (6)
- Neuroenhancement (6)
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- O-antigen (6)
- Oxygen heterocycles (6)
- PBPK (6)
- Paläoklimatologie (6)
- Paris Agreement (6)
- Perceptual span (6)
- Phenotypic plasticity (6)
- Phonons (6)
- Poecilia mexicana (6)
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- Population genetics (6)
- Predictors (6)
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- Prevention (6)
- Prozessmodellierung (6)
- Prunus avium L. (6)
- Pyrenees (6)
- Quasare (6)
- Raman (6)
- Reinforcement learning (6)
- Reliability (6)
- Resistance training (6)
- Return to work (6)
- Rheologie (6)
- Rheology (6)
- Ring current effect (6)
- SDS-PAGE (6)
- SWIM (6)
- Schadensmodellierung (6)
- Seesedimente (6)
- Sentinel-1 (6)
- Sexual scripts (6)
- Sexual selection (6)
- Smalltalk (6)
- Soil erosion (6)
- Speech perception (6)
- Sphingosine 1-phosphate (6)
- Stable isotopes (6)
- Sternentwicklung (6)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (6)
- Subduction zone processes (6)
- Svalbard (6)
- Synthesis (6)
- TMS (6)
- TRMM (6)
- Taxonomy (6)
- Theoretical seismology (6)
- Thermochronologie (6)
- Time reference (6)
- Time series analysis (6)
- Toeplitz operators (6)
- Topic (6)
- Topography (6)
- Toxicity (6)
- Transformation (6)
- Unsicherheitsanalyse (6)
- Variability (6)
- Vegetation (6)
- Vietnam (6)
- Vietnamese (6)
- Water (6)
- West Bohemia (6)
- Westerlies (6)
- Wind erosion (6)
- World Bank (6)
- acid ceramidase (6)
- admixture (6)
- age of acquisition (6)
- air pollution (6)
- alexithymia (6)
- algorithms (6)
- alignment (6)
- animal movement (6)
- antioxidants (6)
- arctic (6)
- attitudes (6)
- bicameralism (6)
- biodegradable polymers (6)
- black holes (6)
- bryophytes (6)
- business processes (6)
- change (6)
- change detection (6)
- chloroplast (6)
- co-limitation (6)
- colonialism (6)
- community effect (6)
- competence (6)
- complexity (6)
- constraints (6)
- contrast (6)
- corruption (6)
- costs (6)
- crown compounds (6)
- crystal-structure (6)
- cyber victimization (6)
- cyber-physical systems (6)
- cytoskeleton (6)
- data (6)
- depressive symptoms (6)
- diabetic nephropathy (6)
- dielectrophoresis (6)
- diffuse radiation (6)
- domestication (6)
- droughts (6)
- dust (6)
- dust, extinction (6)
- early warning (6)
- eclogite (6)
- ecohydrology (6)
- effectiveness (6)
- efficient (6)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (6)
- electrons (6)
- electrostatic interactions (6)
- elementary particles (6)
- energy storage (6)
- engagement (6)
- english (6)
- entropy (6)
- environmental change (6)
- enzymes (6)
- exercise therapy (6)
- extension (6)
- eye movement (6)
- fNIRS (6)
- fabrication (6)
- facilitation (6)
- fertilization (6)
- first passage (6)
- floodplain (6)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (6)
- formal semantics (6)
- galaxies: abundances (6)
- galaxy evolution (6)
- gamma-ray astronomy (6)
- gamma-rays: general (6)
- gas (6)
- gelatin (6)
- general relativity (6)
- genes (6)
- geodynamics (6)
- geology (6)
- givenness (6)
- giving-up density (6)
- global warming (6)
- grammar (6)
- gravity (6)
- habitat (6)
- habituation (6)
- heterocycles (6)
- history and philosophy of astronomy (6)
- holocene (6)
- hybridization capture (6)
- hydrolysis (6)
- immigration (6)
- impacts (6)
- infancy (6)
- injury (6)
- institutions (6)
- interfaces (6)
- introgression (6)
- invasive species (6)
- kosmische Strahlung (6)
- leadership (6)
- lifespan (6)
- linagliptin (6)
- lithosphere (6)
- macrophytes (6)
- magnetic nanoparticles (6)
- magnetism (6)
- maximal isometric Adaptive Force (6)
- meaning (6)
- measurement (6)
- mechanism (6)
- media violence (6)
- melt inclusions (6)
- mental simulation (6)
- metaanalysis (6)
- metabolites (6)
- methods: analytical (6)
- miRNA (6)
- micelles (6)
- microbial communities (6)
- microtubules (6)
- mind wandering (6)
- mixed methods (6)
- molecular modeling (6)
- molecular motors (6)
- moment tensor (6)
- multicore architectures (6)
- muscle (6)
- muscle power (6)
- neotectonics (6)
- neurodegeneration (6)
- next generation sequencing (6)
- nucleus (6)
- numerical development (6)
- organic photovoltaics (6)
- organization (6)
- overweight (6)
- p53 (6)
- palaeoclimate (6)
- parameters (6)
- participation (6)
- pattern formation (6)
- perovskite (6)
- perturbation (6)
- phase transition (6)
- phase transitions (6)
- phenology (6)
- phonetics (6)
- phosphate (6)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (6)
- phylogenetic diversity (6)
- piezoelectricity (6)
- plant (6)
- plants (6)
- plyometric training (6)
- political equality (6)
- polyelectrolytes (6)
- polystyrene (6)
- polyzwitterions (6)
- population density (6)
- porosity (6)
- porous carbon (6)
- postural stability (6)
- pregnancy (6)
- presidential government (6)
- presupposition (6)
- probiotics (6)
- process mining (6)
- programming (6)
- projections (6)
- protein-protein interaction (6)
- public management (6)
- race (6)
- radical polymerization (6)
- rainfall (6)
- rat (6)
- reciprocal class (6)
- reconstruction (6)
- reduction (6)
- relative index (6)
- religion (6)
- reproduction (6)
- research projects (6)
- residual stress (6)
- restoration (6)
- retinol-binding protein 4 (6)
- rheology (6)
- risk factor (6)
- saccades (6)
- salinity gradient (6)
- salivary gland (6)
- scattering (6)
- scrambling (6)
- sediment transport (6)
- selenium (6)
- self-concept (6)
- self-healing (6)
- self-regulation (6)
- sensor (6)
- silver nanoparticles (6)
- soccer (6)
- social comparison (6)
- socioeconomic status (6)
- sodium (6)
- software engineering (6)
- solar cells (6)
- speed (6)
- standardization (6)
- star formation (6)
- stars: horizontal-branch (6)
- stars: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- stars: magnetic fields (6)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (6)
- stochastic differential equations (6)
- stroke (6)
- sucrose (6)
- sulfite oxidase (6)
- support vector machine (6)
- surgery (6)
- systematic literature review (6)
- teaching (6)
- techniques: image processing (6)
- technology (6)
- thaliana (6)
- therapist competence (6)
- thermokarst (6)
- thermoresponsive polymers (6)
- tomato (6)
- tomography (6)
- tools (6)
- tracking (6)
- trade-offs (6)
- training adaptation (6)
- traits (6)
- transcriptional memory (6)
- transcriptome (6)
- ultrafast dynamics (6)
- unemployment (6)
- uplift (6)
- user experience (6)
- ventral striatum (6)
- video analysis (6)
- violence (6)
- visions of democracy (6)
- water management (6)
- weight loss (6)
- world literature (6)
- zebrafish (6)
- 19. Jahrhundert (5)
- 3D point clouds (5)
- 3D visualization (5)
- AC electrokinetics (5)
- ALAN (5)
- Absorption (5)
- Ackerschmalwand (5)
- African Humid Period (5)
- Afrika (5)
- Aftercare (5)
- Agency (5)
- Algeria (5)
- Alterung (5)
- Amygdala (5)
- Ancient DNA (5)
- Animal personality (5)
- Antwortmengenprogrammierung (5)
- Arrayseismologie (5)
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- Asian monsoon (5)
- Assessment (5)
- Asteraceae (5)
- Atiyah-Patodi-Singer theory (5)
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- Australien (5)
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- Basketball (5)
- Bayesian inversion (5)
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- Block copolymers (5)
- Blockcopolymer (5)
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- Bodenfeuchte (5)
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- Boron exposure (5)
- Bose-Einstein condensation (5)
- Boundary value problems (5)
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- Cardiovascular diseases (5)
- Cattle (5)
- Cayley Graph (5)
- Cell polarity (5)
- Chemotaxis (5)
- Child (5)
- Chitooligosaccharides (5)
- Chloroplast (5)
- Cognitive control (5)
- Cold War (5)
- Community assembly (5)
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- Conservation (5)
- Cost-effectiveness (5)
- Cue-based retrieval (5)
- Cultural diversity (5)
- Cyanobakterien (5)
- Cystic fibrosis (5)
- DRD4 (5)
- Datenassimilation (5)
- Decision making (5)
- Dexamethasone (5)
- Dictyostelium discoideum (5)
- Duplikaterkennung (5)
- EPR (5)
- ERA5 (5)
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- Ellenberg indicator values (5)
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- Embodiment (5)
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- Entwicklung (5)
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- European hare (5)
- Extraction (5)
- Extreme events (5)
- Eye movement (5)
- Feature selection (5)
- Fetal programming (5)
- Fire-bellied toad (5)
- Flow cytometry (5)
- Fluorescence imaging (5)
- Food quality (5)
- Frailty (5)
- Free Group (5)
- Functional ankle instability (5)
- G-protein-coupled receptor (5)
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- Galaxy: center (5)
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- Grassland (5)
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- HVSR (5)
- Habitat fragmentation (5)
- Heart rate variability (5)
- Hebrew (5)
- Heterocycles (5)
- Holding isometric muscle action (5)
- Hypertension (5)
- IAT (5)
- IR-MALDI (5)
- ISM: jets and outflows (5)
- ISM: lines and bands (5)
- ISM: magnetic fields (5)
- Imaging (5)
- Immigration (5)
- Individual-based models (5)
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- Information (5)
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- Lakes (5)
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- Landslides (5)
- Langmuir monolayer (5)
- Language production (5)
- Larix (5)
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- MQTT (5)
- Magnetostratigraphy (5)
- Magnetotellurik (5)
- Markov processes (5)
- Mechanotendography (5)
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- Mobilität (5)
- Moco biosynthesis (5)
- Molekulardynamik (5)
- Movement ecology (5)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (5)
- NAFLD (5)
- NLP (5)
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- Stickstoff (4)
- Storytelling (4)
- Strategic foresight (4)
- Structural geology (4)
- Structure elucidation (4)
- Städte (4)
- Sun (4)
- Supervision (4)
- Surface roughness (4)
- Survival (4)
- Swedish (4)
- Systems biology (4)
- TEM (4)
- TSNMRS (4)
- Team sports (4)
- Telerehabilitation (4)
- Temperatur (4)
- Tenside (4)
- Thermal effects (4)
- Thermochronology (4)
- Thermoresponsive (4)
- ToF-SIMS (4)
- Trace elements (4)
- Transfer function (4)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (4)
- Transkriptomik (4)
- Triassic (4)
- Tropical forest (4)
- Tso Moriri Lake (4)
- Turkish-German bilingualism (4)
- Türkisch (4)
- UAV (4)
- Ukraine (4)
- Ultrasound (4)
- Uncertainties (4)
- Underspecification (4)
- VIIRS DNB (4)
- Van Allen Probes (4)
- Variabilität (4)
- Verification (4)
- Verwaltung (4)
- Verwaltungsreform (4)
- Virtuelle Maschinen (4)
- Virus (4)
- WA-PLS (4)
- Weathering (4)
- Weight (4)
- Weight bias internalization (4)
- West Antarctica (4)
- Wissensmanagement (4)
- Work ability (4)
- X-ray emission spectroscopy (4)
- X-ray scattering (4)
- X-rays (4)
- XRF (4)
- Xanthomonas (4)
- Zaremba problem (4)
- accretion, accretion disks (4)
- achilles tendinopathy (4)
- actin (4)
- action language (4)
- action processing (4)
- action words (4)
- actuation (4)
- adaptive force (4)
- additive particles (4)
- adherence (4)
- adipogenesis (4)
- adiponectin (4)
- adjectives (4)
- administrative reform (4)
- advanced dynamic flow (4)
- aerosol size distribution (4)
- affective (4)
- agent-based model (4)
- agility (4)
- agreement attraction (4)
- aldehyde oxidase (4)
- allelopathy (4)
- alternatives (4)
- anaphors (4)
- antibody (4)
- antifouling (4)
- antilocality (4)
- aptamers (4)
- aquatic ecosystems (4)
- aqueous-solution (4)
- arabidopsis (4)
- arabidopsis-thaliana (4)
- architecture (4)
- argumentation (4)
- arsenolipids present (4)
- associations (4)
- astronomy (4)
- astrophysical plasmas (4)
- athletes (4)
- attachment (4)
- augmented reality (4)
- automatic evaluation (4)
- automatic evaluations (4)
- automation (4)
- autonomy (4)
- autophagy (4)
- balance training (4)
- biodiversity exploratories (4)
- bioelectrocatalysis (4)
- biogeochemistry (4)
- biological age (4)
- biological invasions (4)
- biomarkers (4)
- bis-MGD (4)
- black hole physics (4)
- body composition (4)
- body waves (4)
- branching (4)
- brushes (4)
- brushite (4)
- buildings (4)
- bulk heterojunction (4)
- business (4)
- capacity building (4)
- carbon isotopes (4)
- carbon nitrides (4)
- catchments (4)
- categories (4)
- cell cycle (4)
- cell wall (4)
- change management (4)
- characteristics (4)
- citizenship (4)
- cleft (4)
- climate change impacts (4)
- climate extremes (4)
- climate warming (4)
- clinical sample (4)
- clone (4)
- cluster analysis (4)
- co-occurrence analysis (4)
- cod-liver (4)
- codon usage (4)
- coefficient (4)
- coevolution (4)
- cognitive enhancement (4)
- cognitive modeling (4)
- collaborative consumption (4)
- collagen (4)
- colloids (4)
- collusion (4)
- colonization (4)
- color (4)
- combat sports (4)
- common vole (4)
- community structure (4)
- compliance (4)
- composites (4)
- computer science education (4)
- computer-based training (4)
- concepts (4)
- conceptualization (4)
- conduct problems (4)
- conductivity (4)
- confocal microscopy (4)
- conjugated polymers (4)
- consequences (4)
- content-addressable memory (4)
- contracts (4)
- conversational agents (4)
- convolutional neural network (4)
- coping strategies (4)
- copper(II) (4)
- core (4)
- coreference (4)
- corrosion (4)
- counting (4)
- covariance (4)
- creep (4)
- crop production (4)
- cross-cultural comparison (4)
- crosslinking (4)
- cyberbullying victimization (4)
- cyclic voltammetry (4)
- cylindrospermopsin (4)
- cystic fibrosis (4)
- cytochrome c (4)
- data mining (4)
- data preparation (4)
- data quality (4)
- decarbonization (4)
- deformation (4)
- degenerative disc disease (4)
- demography (4)
- deposition (4)
- design (4)
- deutsch-jüdische Geschichte (4)
- dictator game (4)
- differential operators (4)
- differentiation (4)
- digital (4)
- digital platforms (4)
- discourse production (4)
- distributed systems (4)
- diversification (4)
- dog (4)
- dopamine (4)
- dropout (4)
- drugs (4)
- dual-process (4)
- dyadic coping (4)
- dye removal (4)
- dynamic (4)
- dynamical models (4)
- dynamical systems (4)
- eco-evolutionary experience (4)
- edge effect (4)
- electron paramagnetic resonance (4)
- electron-transfer (4)
- electrostatics (4)
- elliptic operator (4)
- emissions (4)
- emotional expression (4)
- emulsion (4)
- endophytes (4)
- enhancement (4)
- entanglement (4)
- environmental filtering (4)
- environmental policy (4)
- errata, addenda (4)
- ethnicity (4)
- eutrophication (4)
- evaluative study (4)
- evaporites (4)
- event-related brain potentials (4)
- evolutionary history (4)
- exercise intensity (4)
- experimental design (4)
- exploratory-behavior (4)
- eye-movement monitoring (4)
- face perception (4)
- family (4)
- fatty acid (4)
- fatty acid metabolism (4)
- fatty-acids (4)
- fault (4)
- feature selection (4)
- fence ecology (4)
- ferroelectric polymers (4)
- fiction (4)
- financial crisis (4)
- financial institutions (4)
- finger counting (4)
- fire (4)
- firm performance (4)
- first language acquisition (4)
- first-passage (4)
- fixation durations (4)
- floral scent (4)
- flower development (4)
- fluctuating light (4)
- fluctuations (4)
- fluid inclusions (4)
- fluorescent dyes (4)
- formal verification (4)
- fractional dynamics (4)
- frustration (4)
- functional response (4)
- fundamental frequency (4)
- fungi (4)
- galaxies: star formation (4)
- garden-path effect (4)
- gaze-contingent displays (4)
- gene regulation (4)
- gene regulatory networks (4)
- genealogy (4)
- genetic diversity (4)
- genome-wide association (4)
- geomorphometry (4)
- geothermal energy (4)
- geovisualization (4)
- global jets (4)
- global positioning system (4)
- global sensitivity analysis (4)
- glomerular filtration rate (4)
- glucose oxidation (4)
- glucosinolates (4)
- glutathione (4)
- graph theory (4)
- graph transformation (4)
- graph transformation systems (4)
- graphs (4)
- ground reaction force (4)
- group field theory (4)
- gut microbiota (4)
- handgrip strength (4)
- handwriting (4)
- hazard (4)
- health care (4)
- healthcare (4)
- heat (4)
- heat stress (4)
- helical magnetic fields (4)
- hemocompatibility (4)
- heuristics (4)
- high-intensity interval training (4)
- history (4)
- holding capacity (4)
- holding isometric muscle action (HIMA) (4)
- honey bee (4)
- hospitals (4)
- human capital (4)
- human-computer interaction (4)
- hybrid (4)
- hydrological models (4)
- hyporheic zone (4)
- immune system (4)
- immunology (4)
- implicit attitude (4)
- impulsivity (4)
- in vitro (4)
- inertial measurement unit (4)
- inorganic perovskites (4)
- insulin signaling (4)
- interactional linguistics (4)
- interception (4)
- interest (4)
- interface (4)
- intergovernmental relations (4)
- intersectionality (4)
- intimate partner violence (4)
- intrusion detection (4)
- ionic conductivity (4)
- ionic strength (4)
- joint Simon effect (4)
- joint action (4)
- karst (4)
- kidney transplantation (4)
- knickpoint (4)
- knowledge (4)
- komplexe Netzwerke (4)
- künstliche Intelligenz (4)
- lactate (4)
- land-use intensity (4)
- language contact (4)
- laser pulses (4)
- laterality (4)
- law (4)
- left periphery (4)
- lexical access (4)
- lexicon (4)
- lichens (4)
- life satisfaction (4)
- lifestyle (4)
- light variability (4)
- line: identification (4)
- linear hypersubstitution (4)
- lipopolysaccharide (4)
- loading rate (4)
- locomotion (4)
- locus coeruleus (4)
- long-distance dispersal (4)
- long-term effects (4)
- low-back-pain (4)
- lower critical solution temperature (4)
- machine (4)
- macrocycles (4)
- macrophages (4)
- magnetostriction (4)
- magnetotellurics (4)
- mammals (4)
- manifold with singularities (4)
- mass (4)
- mathematics instruction (4)
- meadow (4)
- measurement invariance (4)
- mechanical properties (4)
- mechanical tendinous oscillations (4)
- memory effects (4)
- mental disorders (4)
- mesenchymal stem cells (4)
- mesoporous materials (4)
- metabolic engineering (4)
- metabolic regulation (4)
- metacognition (4)
- metadata (4)
- metaphor (4)
- meteorological drought (4)
- methyl orange (4)
- methylene blue (4)
- methylmercury (4)
- micro-CT (4)
- microRNA (4)
- microgels (4)
- mid-temperature transition (4)
- mild cognitive impairment (4)
- mitochondrial DNA (4)
- mixtures (4)
- mobile links (4)
- model-driven engineering (4)
- molecular evolution (4)
- molecules (4)
- morphogenesis (4)
- muscle oxygen saturation (4)
- museum specimens (4)
- music information retrieval (4)
- myocardial infarction (4)
- n-alkanes (4)
- nachhaltige Chemie (4)
- nanolenses (4)
- nested graph conditions (4)
- network reconstruction (4)
- neurodegenerative diseases (4)
- neuroenhancement (4)
- neurotoxicity (4)
- neutrinos (4)
- new species (4)
- new technology (4)
- next generation sequencing (NGS) (4)
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (4)
- non-linear dynamics (4)
- non-native speakers (4)
- non-photorealistic rendering (4)
- nonlinear operator (4)
- numerical (4)
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- ocean (4)
- ocean acidification (4)
- ocean color remote sensing (4)
- online (4)
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- operating systems (4)
- optimal foraging (4)
- optimal transport (4)
- optimization (4)
- organ size (4)
- organic carbon (4)
- organic chemistry (4)
- osmotic-pressure (4)
- osteoblast (4)
- other-race effect (4)
- paleoaltimetry (4)
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- paleogenomics (4)
- paleolimnology (4)
- palladium (4)
- parafoveal-on-foveal effect (4)
- parental mediation (4)
- part 1 (4)
- partial clone (4)
- partial least squares (4)
- particle acceleration (4)
- pathway (4)
- people (4)
- permafrost thaw (4)
- persulfide (4)
- phase (4)
- phase oscillators (4)
- phenols (4)
- phenotyping (4)
- photofragmentation (4)
- photogrammetry (4)
- photoisomerization (4)
- photon density wave spectroscopy (4)
- photooxygenation (4)
- phototaxis (4)
- photovoltaic devices (4)
- physical performance (4)
- physics education (4)
- physiological consequences (4)
- picture naming (4)
- picture-word interference (4)
- planetary rings (4)
- planets and satellites: atmospheres (4)
- plant development (4)
- plant growth (4)
- plant population and community dynamics (4)
- plasma membrane (4)
- plasma-membrane (4)
- platelets (4)
- playa (4)
- plume (4)
- point process (4)
- politeness (4)
- poly(ethylene glycol) (4)
- polyadenylation (4)
- polyelectrolyte adsorption (4)
- polymer chemistry (4)
- polypeptide (4)
- polypropylene (4)
- polysemy (4)
- population structure (4)
- populations (4)
- pornography (4)
- poröse Materialien (4)
- potato (4)
- pragmatics (4)
- pre-school (4)
- preactivation (4)
- precuneus (4)
- preference assessment (4)
- pressure (4)
- principal component analysis (4)
- proactive aggression (4)
- proactivity (4)
- probabilistic timed systems (4)
- problem-solving (4)
- process analytical technology (4)
- production (4)
- properties (4)
- protection (4)
- protein engineering (4)
- protein modification (4)
- protein-protein interactions (4)
- proteinuria (4)
- proteome (4)
- psychosocial moderators (4)
- psychotherapy process (4)
- pubertal timing (4)
- public policy (4)
- qualitative Analyse (4)
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- quantitative Analyse (4)
- quantum gravity (4)
- questionnaire (4)
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- racism (4)
- radicals (4)
- rampage (4)
- random walk (4)
- random walks (4)
- randomized controlled trial (4)
- rape myth acceptance (4)
- rare earth elements (4)
- rate of perceived exertion (4)
- reactive aggression (4)
- recollection (4)
- recombinant inbred line (4)
- recurrence (4)
- recurrence plot (4)
- redox state (4)
- regime shift (4)
- regression (4)
- regularity (4)
- relatedness (4)
- remagnetization (4)
- replication (4)
- reproductive strategies (4)
- reproductive success (4)
- research (4)
- research school (4)
- resistin (4)
- resonance energy transfer (4)
- risk analysis (4)
- risk perceptions (4)
- risk reduction (4)
- risk-factors (4)
- river incision (4)
- rivers (4)
- robustness (4)
- rolling averages (4)
- root traits (4)
- rotifer (4)
- run time analysis (4)
- runners (4)
- rural (4)
- salivary alpha-amylase (4)
- salt (4)
- salt pan (4)
- scaffolding (4)
- scenario (4)
- scenario analysis (4)
- scenarios (4)
- school adjustment (4)
- school children (4)
- school mathematics (4)
- school shooting (4)
- screening (4)
- sea level (4)
- secondary school (4)
- sedimentology (4)
- seismic tomography (4)
- self-control (4)
- self-evaluation (4)
- self-sovereign identity (4)
- selfing syndrome (4)
- semi-parliamentary government (4)
- sequence (4)
- sexual selection (4)
- sexual victimization (4)
- sexualization (4)
- shape (4)
- shape memory (4)
- shape-memory polymers (4)
- sharing economy (4)
- shrub encroachment (4)
- signal propagation (4)
- similarity measures (4)
- single nucleotide polymorphism (4)
- single-case experimental design (4)
- skill (4)
- skin (4)
- small mammals (4)
- smart contracts (4)
- social acceptance (4)
- social inclusion (4)
- social status (4)
- software (4)
- software development (4)
- soils (4)
- space (4)
- space use (4)
- spatial (4)
- spatially explicit model (4)
- species distribution model (4)
- species distribution modelling (4)
- specific root length (4)
- spectral analysis (4)
- speech segmentation (4)
- spelling (4)
- sports (4)
- stakeholder participation (4)
- star product (4)
- stars: black holes (4)
- stars: chemically peculiar (4)
- stars: formation (4)
- stars: low-mass (4)
- stars: oscillations (4)
- starspots (4)
- start-up subsidies (4)
- state (4)
- states (4)
- statistical seismology (4)
- stellar physics (4)
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- stochastic process (4)
- storage (4)
- strain localization (4)
- stress response (4)
- stress tolerance (4)
- subdiffusion (4)
- subsidence (4)
- sucrose responsiveness (4)
- summer monsoon (4)
- supernova remnants (4)
- supervisor support (4)
- surface-enhanced Raman scattering (4)
- survey (4)
- sustainable chemistry (4)
- symbiosis (4)
- synchrotron radiation (4)
- synthetische Biologie (4)
- tandem solar cells (4)
- teacher education (4)
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- thermoresponsiv (4)
- thiouracil (4)
- tocopherols (4)
- trade (4)
- trajectories (4)
- transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (4)
- transparency (4)
- treatment (4)
- trustworthiness (4)
- tundra (4)
- type 2 diabetes mellitus (4)
- typology (4)
- ultrafast x-ray diffraction (4)
- ungulate (4)
- usability (4)
- vascular plants (4)
- verbs (4)
- vertical coupling (4)
- veterinary cordon fence (4)
- virus (4)
- virus infection (4)
- viscosity (4)
- visible-light (4)
- visual word recognition (4)
- vocabulary (4)
- voice (4)
- vowels (4)
- water fluxes (4)
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- water treatment (4)
- water-balance (4)
- water-soluble polymers (4)
- wave-particle interactions (4)
- wavelength (4)
- weak ergodicity breaking (4)
- weather extremes (4)
- weight (4)
- weighted moving averages (4)
- wettability (4)
- wh-movement (4)
- willingness to intervene (4)
- work (4)
- working memory updating (4)
- workplace (4)
- xanthine dehydrogenase (4)
- young adults (4)
- zebularine (4)
- 'eta' invariant (3)
- 1799-1804 (3)
- 2D (3)
- 2D perovskites (3)
- 2nd-language grammar (3)
- 3D (3)
- 3D Point Clouds (3)
- 3D city models (3)
- 3D geovisualization (3)
- 3D-Visualisierung (3)
- 4-nitrophenol (3)
- 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (3)
- A-bar-movement (3)
- ABCB7 (3)
- AGN (3)
- ASIC (3)
- AUD (3)
- Abandonment (3)
- Abbau (3)
- Acacia mellifera (3)
- Academic achievement (3)
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- Acer pseudoplatanus (3)
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- Achilles tendon (3)
- Acquisition (3)
- Action processing (3)
- Active tectonics (3)
- Acute coronary syndrome (3)
- Adam Smith (3)
- Additive manufacturing (3)
- Adverbial Quantification (3)
- Aerosol (3)
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- Aesthetics (3)
- Affective Computing (3)
- African indigenous vegetables (3)
- Agrammatic aphasia (3)
- Agricultural landscape (3)
- Alborz Mountains (3)
- Aldehyde oxidase (3)
- Aldehyde oxidoreductase (3)
- Aleatory variability (3)
- Algorithmen (3)
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- Approximate Bayesian Computation (3)
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- Array Seismology (3)
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- Atiyah-Bott obstruction (3)
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- Auger electron spectroscopy (3)
- August 2002 flood (3)
- Auxin transport (3)
- Außenpolitik (3)
- Azobenzene (3)
- Azobenzene containing cationic surfactants (3)
- BIAT (3)
- BIM (3)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421 (3)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: PKS 2155-304 (3)
- Bacteriophage (3)
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- comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (3)
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- recommendations (3)
- record linkage (3)
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- Perylene (2)
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- Pex1 (2)
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- Phononen (2)
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- R (2)
- R Shiny (2)
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- RDF (2)
- REDD+ (2)
- REE (2)
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- RGB-D cameras (2)
- RIXS (resonant inelastic X-ray scattering) (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RNA virus (2)
- ROK (2)
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- ROP (2)
- RP-HPLC (2)
- RP2 (2)
- RRR (2)
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- RUNX2 (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
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- Randelementmethode (2)
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- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (2)
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- Real time (2)
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- Reasoning (2)
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- Republik Korea (2)
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- Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength (2)
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- Rhine River (2)
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- Ribosome profiling (2)
- Richard Schomburgk (2)
- Riemannian manifold (2)
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- Rio Grande (2)
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- River Incision Model (2)
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- Rossby waves (2)
- Rossby-normal modes (2)
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- Rougon-Macquart (2)
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- RpoS (2)
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- Running (2)
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- S-XRF (2)
- SAMT (2)
- SAUR (2)
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- SEIRA spectroelectrochemistry (2)
- SELEX (2)
- SEPE (2)
- SERS enhancement factor (2)
- SFON (2)
- SHG (2)
- SIEM (2)
- SIMS (2)
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- SIO₂ (2)
- SLA (2)
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- SMARC (2)
- SOA (2)
- SOEP (2)
- SOPARSE (2)
- SOV language (2)
- SPB (2)
- SPDEs (2)
- SRT (2)
- SSW (2)
- STG decomposition (2)
- STG-Dekomposition (2)
- SUB1A (2)
- SWL (2)
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- Samara (2)
- Sampling (2)
- Sampling rate (2)
- Sanierung (2)
- Santa-Barbara system (2)
- Saprolegnia (2)
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- Satellitenbilder (2)
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- Savanna ecology (2)
- Savannas (2)
- Savanne (2)
- Scanning electron microscopy (2)
- Scattering theory (2)
- Scenario (2)
- Scenarios (2)
- Scene perception (2)
- Schaum (2)
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- Schnee (2)
- Schnellkraft (2)
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- Schrodinger equation (2)
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- Se (2)
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- Seesediment (2)
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- Seismotectonic segmentation (2)
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- Seitenverschiebung (2)
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- Selection (2)
- Selection vs. age-class forests (2)
- Selektion (2)
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- Selen (2)
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- Sentinel 2 (2)
- Sentinel-1 InSAR (2)
- Sentinel-2 (2)
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- Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation (2)
- Serine cycle (2)
- Serum (2)
- Service-Oriented Architecture (2)
- Service-Orientierte Architekturen (2)
- Service-oriented computing (2)
- Sesia Zone (2)
- Sexual Selection (2)
- Sexual conflict (2)
- Sexual dimorphism (2)
- Shadowgraphy (2)
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- Shallow processing (2)
- Shame (2)
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- Shannon entropy (2)
- Shape-memory (2)
- Shape-memory effect (2)
- Shape-memory polymer (2)
- Shear Zone (2)
- Shigella flexneri (2)
- Shockley-Queisser model (2)
- Shocks (2)
- Shona (2)
- Short‐term effect (2)
- Shotgun sequencing (2)
- Shoulder (2)
- Shrews (2)
- Si fractions (2)
- Siberian tree line (2)
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- Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Signal detection theory (2)
- Signal transduction (2)
- Signalling (2)
- Silicon isotopes (2)
- Silizium (2)
- Simon effect (2)
- Simulation model (2)
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms (2)
- Single/dual tasking (2)
- Sinkholes (2)
- Site characterization (2)
- Site response (2)
- Situated cognition (2)
- Situations (2)
- Siwaliks (2)
- Skalierbarkeit (2)
- Skalierung (2)
- Skeletal joints (2)
- Skeletal muscle cells (2)
- Skin (2)
- Skin nanocarrier (2)
- Skin penetration (2)
- Slab break-off (2)
- Slip Distribution (2)
- Slope exposure (2)
- Slumming (2)
- Small (2)
- Small Aral Sea (2)
- Small for gestational age (2)
- Small mammals (2)
- Smart micro-grids (2)
- Smoking (2)
- Smpd1 (2)
- Snow Cover Extent (SCE) (2)
- Sobo-Sise Island (2)
- Social (2)
- Social cognition (2)
- Social cues (2)
- Social functioning (2)
- Social learning (2)
- Social origin (2)
- Social-ecological systems (2)
- Socialism (2)
- Socioeconomic scenarios (2)
- Socioeconomic status (2)
- Sodium bicarbonate (2)
- Softwarevisualisierung (2)
- Soil fertility (2)
- Soil function (2)
- Soil heterogeneity (2)
- Soil texture (2)
- Sol-Gel (2)
- Solar corona (2)
- Solid Earth sciences (2)
- Solvent effects (2)
- Solvothermal synthesis (2)
- Somatic (2)
- Somatoform disorder (2)
- Sonne (2)
- Sorex araneus (2)
- Sorption (2)
- Sound (2)
- South American Monsoon (2)
- South American Monsoon System (2)
- South American monsoon system (2)
- South-Eastern Africa (2)
- Southern Apennines (2)
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- Soviet Union (2)
- Soziale Herkunft (2)
- Sozialer Survey Österreich (2)
- Sozialkapital (2)
- Space geodetic surveys (2)
- Space weather (2)
- Spanish modal adverbs (2)
- Spanish verbs of cognitive attitude (2)
- Spatial analysis (2)
- Spatial autocorrelation (2)
- Spatial bias (2)
- Spatial cognition (2)
- Spatial distribution (2)
- Spatial-numerical associations (2)
- Species co-existence (2)
- Species complex (2)
- Species distribution models (2)
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- Species-Diversity (2)
- Specific entropy (2)
- Specific wood density (2)
- Spectral analysis (2)
- Spectrophotometry (2)
- Speech Motor Control (2)
- Speech Rhythm and Rhythmic Analysis (2)
- Speech production (2)
- Speleothems (2)
- Spelling (2)
- Spin Geometry (2)
- Spin probes (2)
- Spitsbergen (2)
- Spitzbergen (2)
- Splicing (2)
- Sport medicine (2)
- Sport-specific performance (2)
- Sports injury (2)
- Sputum (2)
- Sri Lanka (2)
- Staatsbürgerschaft (2)
- Stable carbon isotope (2)
- Stage-based model (2)
- Standard Indonesian (2)
- Standardization (2)
- Staphylococcus aureus (2)
- Starch (2)
- Starkregen (2)
- State Machine (2)
- State and trait measurement (2)
- Statistical Physics (2)
- Statistical inverse problem (2)
- Statistical techniques (2)
- Statistik (2)
- Steady-state balance (2)
- Stellar evolution (2)
- Stemflow (2)
- Stereochemistry (2)
- Steric effect (2)
- Sternatmosphären (2)
- Sternphysik (2)
- Sterols (2)
- Stochastik (2)
- Stochastische Resonanz (2)
- Stochastischer Prozess (2)
- Strain measurement (2)
- Strategic growth adjustment (2)
- Stress levels (2)
- Stress pattern (2)
- Streuung (2)
- Stroop effect (2)
- Structural equation modeling (2)
- Structural health monitoring (2)
- Structure-from-motion (2)
- Structuring (2)
- Strukturbildung (2)
- Student motivation (2)
- Sturm-Liouville problem (2)
- Style modification (2)
- Störungen (2)
- Subarctic North Pacific (2)
- Subject-verb agreement (2)
- Subjective well-being (2)
- Submarine permafrost (2)
- Submariner Permafrost (2)
- Subsampling (2)
- Subsea permafrost (2)
- Subsurface biosphere (2)
- Succession (2)
- Sulfate (2)
- Sulfite oxidase (2)
- Sulphoxide (2)
- Sun: UV radiation (2)
- Sun: filaments (2)
- Sun: heliosphere (2)
- Sun: magnetic topology (2)
- Sun: sunspots (2)
- Sundaland (2)
- Supernatural (2)
- Supernova remnants (2)
- Supernovae (2)
- Supernovaüberrest (2)
- Superoxide (2)
- Support (2)
- Supraleiter (2)
- Supramolecular chemistry (2)
- Surface composition (2)
- Surface exudates (2)
- Surface functionalization (2)
- Surface relief grating (2)
- Surface treatment (2)
- Surgical and invasive medical procedures (2)
- Surrogate Data (2)
- Survey Research Methods (2)
- Sus scrofa (2)
- Sustainable (2)
- Sustainable development (2)
- Sway (2)
- Swimming performance (2)
- Syllabic tone (2)
- Synchronisierung (2)
- Synchronization control (2)
- Synchrotron (2)
- Synchrotronstrahlung (2)
- Syntax-semantics interface (2)
- Synthesis and processing (2)
- SysML (2)
- Systematic reviews (2)
- Systemsoftware (2)
- Säugetiere (2)
- Säuglinge (2)
- Südamerika (2)
- Südkorea (2)
- Südostasien (2)
- TACC (2)
- TAM (2)
- TDR (2)
- TELEMAC-2D model (2)
- TGF-beta 1 (2)
- TIN (2)
- TLR signaling (2)
- TMR (2)
- TPACK (2)
- TRLFS (2)
- TRP channels (2)
- TRPC6 (2)
- TRPV1 (2)
- Taft equation (2)
- Tailspike (2)
- Taiwan (2)
- Takab (2)
- Talik (2)
- Talitrids (2)
- Talmud (2)
- Taphonomy (2)
- Teacher beliefs (2)
- Teacher educator (2)
- Teacher enthusiasm (2)
- Teacher judgments (2)
- Teacher learning (2)
- Teacher support (2)
- Teaching quality (2)
- Technical enzymes (2)
- Technologiebewertung (2)
- Tectonic Evolution (2)
- Tectonic stress (2)
- Temperate forest (2)
- Temperature reconstruction (2)
- Temperature-memory effect (2)
- Temporallogik (2)
- Tendons (2)
- Tenebrio molitor larvae (2)
- Tense (2)
- Tense Semantics (2)
- Tensid (2)
- Tephrosia purpurea (2)
- Terminology (2)
- Terrestrial Si cycle (2)
- Test-Retest Reliability (2)
- Test-retest (2)
- Testen (2)
- Teteriv (2)
- Text difficulty (2)
- Textbooks (2)
- Theater (2)
- Thematic Hierarchy (2)
- Theorembeweisen (2)
- Theoretische Ökologie (2)
- Thermal field (2)
- Thermochromism (2)
- Thermodynamic properties (2)
- Thiomersal (2)
- Threat (2)
- Threshold (2)
- TiO2 nanoparticles (2)
- Tianshan orogenic belt (2)
- Tibet Plateau (2)
- Tibetan plateau (2)
- Tiefer See (2)
- Tight integration (2)
- Time of flight (2)
- Time series data (2)
- Time to task failure (2)
- Time-motion analysis (2)
- Time-resolved spectroscopy (2)
- Tiredness (2)
- To learners in which of the following categories does your work apply (2)
- Toll and Imd pathways (2)
- Tomato (2)
- Tomographie (2)
- Tomography (2)
- Tonian–Cryogenian (2)
- Topik (2)
- Topographie (2)
- Total organic carbon (2)
- Totes Meer Störungssystem (2)
- Toxicokinetics (2)
- Trace element geochemistry (2)
- Training volume (2)
- Trans-European Suture Zone (2)
- Transcriptome assembly (2)
- Transcriptomics (2)
- Transform faults (2)
- Transhimalaya (2)
- Translocation (2)
- Transmembranprotein (2)
- Transpacific studies (2)
- Transparenz (2)
- Transporters (2)
- Trauma (2)
- Treadmill walking (2)
- Treatment pathways (2)
- Treewidth (2)
- Trends (2)
- Triticum aestivum L. (2)
- Trophic interactions (2)
- Tropical lake (2)
- Trumponomics (2)
- Trustworthiness (2)
- Tunneleffekt (2)
- Tupaia (2)
- Turbidite (2)
- Turbidity retrieval (2)
- Turbulence (2)
- Turkish German (2)
- Turkish minority (2)
- Turn-Constructional Units (2)
- Turnover (2)
- TusA (2)
- Typ-2-Diabetes (2)
- Type 1 diabetes (2)
- Type 2 Diabetes (2)
- Tyrosinase (2)
- U-shaped curve (2)
- UK (2)
- UN (2)
- UNESCO (2)
- UV femtosecond laser ablation (2)
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- confocal Raman microscopy (2)
- conformance checking (2)
- conformational change (2)
- conformational rearrangement (2)
- conformational-changes (2)
- confusion (2)
- congruity effect (2)
- conjugate gradient (2)
- conjunction (2)
- connections (2)
- connections between chaos and statistical physics (2)
- conscientiousness (2)
- conservation biology (2)
- conservation planning (2)
- conservation targets (2)
- consonant bias (2)
- constitutive activity (2)
- constraint (2)
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- consumer (2)
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Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (4853)
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (4592)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (3200)
- Institut für Chemie (2868)
- Institut für Mathematik (1853)
- Department Psychologie (1448)
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (1007)
- Department Linguistik (986)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (849)
- Institut für Informatik und Computational Science (833)
Additive manufacturing (AM) processes enable the production of metal structures with exceptional design freedom, of which laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) is one of the most common. In this process, a laser melts a bed of loose feedstock powder particles layer-by-layer to build a structure with the desired geometry. During fabrication, the repeated melting and rapid, directional solidification create large temperature gradients that generate large thermal stress. This thermal stress can itself lead to cracking or delamination during fabrication. More often, large residual stresses remain in the final part as a footprint of the thermal stress. This residual stress can cause premature distortion or even failure of the part in service. Hence, knowledge of the residual stress field is critical for both process optimization and structural integrity.
Diffraction-based techniques allow the non-destructive characterization of the residual stress fields. However, such methods require a good knowledge of the material of interest, as certain assumptions must be made to accurately determine residual stress. First, the measured lattice plane spacings must be converted to lattice strains with the knowledge of a strain-free material state. Second, the measured lattice strains must be related to the macroscopic stress using Hooke's law, which requires knowledge of the stiffness of the material. Since most crystal structures exhibit anisotropic material behavior, the elastic behavior is specific to each lattice plane of the single crystal. Thus, the use of individual lattice planes in monochromatic diffraction residual stress analysis requires knowledge of the lattice plane-specific elastic properties. In addition, knowledge of the microstructure of the material is required for a reliable assessment of residual stress.
This work presents a toolbox for reliable diffraction-based residual stress analysis. This is presented for a nickel-based superalloy produced by PBF-LB. First, this work reviews the existing literature in the field of residual stress analysis of laser-based AM using diffraction-based techniques. Second, the elastic and plastic anisotropy of the nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 produced by PBF-LB is studied using in situ energy dispersive synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques. These experiments are complemented by ex situ material characterization techniques. These methods establish the relationship between the microstructure and texture of the material and its elastic and plastic anisotropy. Finally, surface, sub-surface, and bulk residual stress are determined using a texture-based approach. Uncertainties of different methods for obtaining stress-free reference values are discussed.
The tensile behavior in the as-built condition is shown to be controlled by texture and cellular sub-grain structure, while in the heat-treated condition the precipitation of strengthening phases and grain morphology dictate the behavior. In fact, the results of this thesis show that the diffraction elastic constants depend on the underlying microstructure, including texture and grain morphology. For columnar microstructures in both as-built and heat-treated conditions, the diffraction elastic constants are best described by the Reuss iso-stress model. Furthermore, the low accumulation of intergranular strains during deformation demonstrates the robustness of using the 311 reflection for the diffraction-based residual stress analysis with columnar textured microstructures. The differences between texture-based and quasi-isotropic approaches for the residual stress analysis are shown to be insignificant in the observed case. However, the analysis of the sub-surface residual stress distributions show, that different scanning strategies result in a change in the orientation of the residual stress tensor. Furthermore, the location of the critical sub-surface tensile residual stress is related to the surface roughness and the microstructure. Finally, recommendations are given for the diffraction-based determination and evaluation of residual stress in textured additively manufactured alloys.
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) has identified river morphological alteration and diffuse pollution as the two main pressures affecting water bodies in Europe at the catchment scale. Consequently, river restoration has become a priority to achieve the WFD's objective of good ecological status. However, little is known about the effects of stream morphological changes, such as re-meandering, on in-stream nitrate retention at the river network scale. Therefore, catchment nitrate modeling is necessary to guide the implementation of spatially targeted and cost-effective mitigation measures. Meanwhile, Germany, like many other regions in central Europe, has experienced consecutive summer droughts from 2015-2018, resulting in significant changes in river nitrate concentrations in various catchments. However, the mechanistic exploration of catchment nitrate responses to changing weather conditions is still lacking.
Firstly, a fully distributed, process-based catchment Nitrate model (mHM-Nitrate) was used, which was properly calibrated and comprehensively evaluated at numerous spatially distributed nitrate sampling locations. Three calibration schemes were designed, taking into account land use, stream order, and mean nitrate concentrations, and they varied in spatial coverage but used data from the same period (2011–2019). The model performance for discharge was similar among the three schemes, with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) scores ranging from 0.88 to 0.92. However, for nitrate concentrations, scheme 2 outperformed schemes 1 and 3 when compared to observed data from eight gauging stations. This was likely because scheme 2 incorporated a diverse range of data, including low discharge values and nitrate concentrations, and thus provided a better representation of within-catchment heterogenous. Therefore, the study suggests that strategically selecting gauging stations that reflect the full range of within-catchment heterogeneity is more important for calibration than simply increasing the number of stations.
Secondly, the mHM-Nitrate model was used to reveal the causal relations between sequential droughts and nitrate concentration in the Bode catchment (3200 km2) in central Germany, where stream nitrate concentrations exhibited contrasting trends from upstream to downstream reaches. The model was evaluated using data from six gauging stations, reflecting different levels of runoff components and their associated nitrate-mixing from upstream to downstream. Results indicated that the mHM-Nitrate model reproduced dynamics of daily discharge and nitrate concentration well, with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency ≥ 0.73 for discharge and Kling-Gupta Efficiency ≥ 0.50 for nitrate concentration at most stations. Particularly, the spatially contrasting trends of nitrate concentration were successfully captured by the model. The decrease of nitrate concentration in the lowland area in drought years (2015-2018) was presumably due to (1) limited terrestrial export loading (ca. 40% lower than that of normal years 2004-2014), and (2) increased in-stream retention efficiency (20% higher in summer within the whole river network). From a mechanistic modelling perspective, this study provided insights into spatially heterogeneous flow and nitrate dynamics and effects of sequential droughts, which shed light on water-quality responses to future climate change, as droughts are projected to be more frequent.
Thirdly, this study investigated the effects of stream restoration via re-meandering on in-stream nitrate retention at network-scale in the well-monitored Bode catchment. The mHM-Nitrate model showed good performance in reproducing daily discharge and nitrate concentrations, with median Kling-Gupta values of 0.78 and 0.74, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of gross nitrate retention efficiency, which accounted for both denitrification and assimilatory uptake, were 5.1 ± 0.61% and 74.7 ± 23.2% in winter and summer, respectively, within the stream network. The study found that in the summer, denitrification rates were about two times higher in lowland sub-catchments dominated by agricultural lands than in mountainous sub-catchments dominated by forested areas, with median ± SD of 204 ± 22.6 and 102 ± 22.1 mg N m-2 d-1, respectively. Similarly, assimilatory uptake rates were approximately five times higher in streams surrounded by lowland agricultural areas than in those in higher-elevation, forested areas, with median ± SD of 200 ± 27.1 and 39.1 ± 8.7 mg N m-2 d-1, respectively. Therefore, restoration strategies targeting lowland agricultural areas may have greater potential for increasing nitrate retention. The study also found that restoring stream sinuosity could increase net nitrate retention efficiency by up to 25.4 ± 5.3%, with greater effects seen in small streams. These results suggest that restoration efforts should consider augmenting stream sinuosity to increase nitrate retention and decrease nitrate concentrations at the catchment scale.
Climate change fundamentally transforms glaciated high-alpine regions, with well-known cryospheric and hydrological implications, such as accelerating glacier retreat, transiently increased runoff, longer snow-free periods and more frequent and intense summer rainstorms. These changes affect the availability and transport of sediments in high alpine areas by altering the interaction and intensity of different erosion processes and catchment properties.
Gaining insight into the future alterations in suspended sediment transport by high alpine streams is crucial, given its wide-ranging implications, e.g. for flood damage potential, flood hazard in downstream river reaches, hydropower production, riverine ecology and water quality. However, the current understanding of how climate change will impact suspended sediment dynamics in these high alpine regions is limited. For one, this is due to the scarcity of measurement time series that are long enough to e.g. infer trends. On the other hand, it is difficult – if not impossible – to develop process-based models, due to the complexity and multitude of processes involved in high alpine sediment dynamics. Therefore, knowledge has so far been confined to conceptual models (which do not facilitate deriving concrete timings or magnitudes for individual catchments) or qualitative estimates (‘higher export in warmer years’) that may not be able to capture decreases in sediment export. Recently, machine-learning approaches have gained in popularity for modeling sediment dynamics, since their black box nature tailors them to the problem at hand, i.e. relatively well-understood input and output data, linked by very complex processes.
Therefore, the overarching aim of this thesis is to estimate sediment export from the high alpine Ötztal valley in Tyrol, Austria, over decadal timescales in the past and future – i.e. timescales relevant to anthropogenic climate change. This is achieved by informing, extending, evaluating and applying a quantile regression forest (QRF) approach, i.e. a nonparametric, multivariate machine-learning technique based on random forest.
The first study included in this thesis aimed to understand present sediment dynamics, i.e. in the period with available measurements (up to 15 years). To inform the modeling setup for the two subsequent studies, this study identified the most important predictors, areas within the catchments and time periods. To that end, water and sediment yields from three nested gauges in the upper Ötztal, Vent, Sölden and Tumpen (98 to almost 800 km² catchment area, 930 to 3772 m a.s.l.) were analyzed for their distribution in space, their seasonality and spatial differences therein, and the relative importance of short-term events. The findings suggest that the areas situated above 2500 m a.s.l., containing glacier tongues and recently deglaciated areas, play a pivotal role in sediment generation across all sub-catchments. In contrast, precipitation events were relatively unimportant (on average, 21 % of annual sediment yield was associated to precipitation events). Thus, the second and third study focused on the Vent catchment and its sub-catchment above gauge Vernagt (11.4 and 98 km², 1891 to 3772 m a.s.l.), due to their higher share of areas above 2500 m. Additionally, they included discharge, precipitation and air temperature (as well as their antecedent conditions) as predictors.
The second study aimed to estimate sediment export since the 1960s/70s at gauges Vent and Vernagt. This was facilitated by the availability of long records of the predictors, discharge, precipitation and air temperature, and shorter records (four and 15 years) of turbidity-derived sediment concentrations at the two gauges. The third study aimed to estimate future sediment export until 2100, by applying the QRF models developed in the second study to pre-existing precipitation and temperature projections (EURO-CORDEX) and discharge projections (physically-based hydroclimatological and snow model AMUNDSEN) for the three representative concentration pathways RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5.
The combined results of the second and third study show overall increasing sediment export in the past and decreasing export in the future. This suggests that peak sediment is underway or has already passed – unless precipitation changes unfold differently than represented in the projections or changes in the catchment erodibility prevail and override these trends. Despite the overall future decrease, very high sediment export is possible in response to precipitation events. This two-fold development has important implications for managing sediment, flood hazard and riverine ecology.
This thesis shows that QRF can be a very useful tool to model sediment export in high-alpine areas. Several validations in the second study showed good performance of QRF and its superiority to traditional sediment rating curves – especially in periods that contained high sediment export events, which points to its ability to deal with threshold effects. A technical limitation of QRF is the inability to extrapolate beyond the range of values represented in the training data. We assessed the number and severity of such out-of-observation-range (OOOR) days in both studies, which showed that there were few OOOR days in the second study and that uncertainties associated with OOOR days were small before 2070 in the third study. As the pre-processed data and model code have been made publically available, future studies can easily test further approaches or apply QRF to further catchments.
Large parts of the Earth’s interior are inaccessible to direct observation, yet global geodynamic processes are governed by the physical material properties under extreme pressure and temperature conditions. It is therefore essential to investigate the deep Earth’s physical properties through in-situ laboratory experiments. With this goal in mind, the optical properties of mantle minerals at high pressure offer a unique way to determine a variety of physical properties, in a straight-forward, reproducible, and time-effective manner, thus providing valuable insights into the physical processes of the deep Earth. This thesis focusses on the system Mg-Fe-O, specifically on the optical properties of periclase (MgO) and its iron-bearing variant ferropericlase ((Mg,Fe)O), forming a major planetary building block. The primary objective is to establish links between physical material properties and optical properties. In particular the spin transition in ferropericlase, the second-most abundant phase of the lower mantle, is known to change the physical material properties. Although the spin transition region likely extends down to the core-mantle boundary, the ef-fects of the mixed-spin state, where both high- and low-spin state are present, remains poorly constrained.
In the studies presented herein, we show how optical properties are linked to physical properties such as electrical conductivity, radiative thermal conductivity and viscosity. We also show how the optical properties reveal changes in the chemical bonding. Furthermore, we unveil how the chemical bonding, the optical and other physical properties are affected by the iron spin transition. We find opposing trends in the pres-sure dependence of the refractive index of MgO and (Mg,Fe)O. From 1 atm to ~140 GPa, the refractive index of MgO decreases by ~2.4% from 1.737 to 1.696 (±0.017). In contrast, the refractive index of (Mg0.87Fe0.13)O (Fp13) and (Mg0.76Fe0.24)O (Fp24) ferropericlase increases with pressure, likely because Fe Fe interactions between adjacent iron sites hinder a strong decrease of polarizability, as it is observed with increasing density in the case of pure MgO. An analysis of the index dispersion in MgO (decreasing by ~23% from 1 atm to ~103 GPa) reflects a widening of the band gap from ~7.4 eV at 1 atm to ~8.5 (±0.6) eV at ~103 GPa. The index dispersion (between 550 and 870 nm) of Fp13 reveals a decrease by a factor of ~3 over the spin transition range (~44–100 GPa). We show that the electrical band gap of ferropericlase significantly widens up to ~4.7 eV in the mixed spin region, equivalent to an increase by a factor of ~1.7. We propose that this is due to a lower electron mobility between adjacent Fe2+ sites of opposite spin, explaining the previously observed low electrical conductivity in the mixed spin region. From the study of absorbance spectra in Fp13, we show an increasing covalency of the Fe-O bond with pressure for high-spin ferropericlase, whereas in the low-spin state a trend to a more ionic nature of the Fe-O bond is observed, indicating a bond weakening effect of the spin transition. We found that the spin transition is ultimately caused by both an increase of the ligand field-splitting energy and a decreasing spin-pairing energy of high-spin Fe2+.
The reliance on fossil fuels has resulted in an abnormal increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases, contributing to the global climate crisis. In response, a rapid transition to renewable energy sources has begun, particularly lithium-ion batteries, playing a crucial role in the green energy transformation. However, concerns regarding the availability and geopolitical implications of lithium have prompted the exploration of alternative rechargeable battery systems, such as sodium-ion batteries. Sodium is significantly abundant and more homogeneously distributed in the crust and seawater, making it easier and less expensive to extract than lithium. However, because of the mysterious nature of its components, sodium-ion batteries are not yet sufficiently advanced to take the place of lithium-ion batteries. Specifically, sodium exhibits a more metallic character and a larger ionic radius, resulting in a different ion storage mechanism utilized in lithium-ion batteries. Innovations in synthetic methods, post-treatments, and interface engineering clearly demonstrate the significance of developing high-performance carbonaceous anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The objective of this dissertation is to present a systematic approach for fabricating efficient, high-performance, and sustainable carbonaceous anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. This will involve a comprehensive investigation of different chemical environments and post-modification techniques as well.
This dissertation focuses on three main objectives. Firstly, it explores the significance of post-synthetic methods in designing interfaces. A conformal carbon nitride coating is deposited through chemical vapor deposition on a carbon electrode as an artificial solid-electrolyte interface layer, resulting in improved electrochemical performance. The interaction between the carbon nitride artificial interface and the carbon electrode enhances initial Coulombic efficiency, rate performance, and total capacity. Secondly, a novel process for preparing sulfur-rich carbon as a high-performing anode material for sodium-ion batteries is presented. The method involves using an oligo-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene precursor for high sulfur content hard carbon anode to investigate the sulfur heteroatom effect on the electrochemical sodium storage mechanism. By optimizing the condensation temperature, a significant transformation in the materials’ nanostructure is achieved, leading to improved electrochemical performance. The use of in-operando small-angle X-ray scattering provides valuable insights into the interaction between micropores and sodium ions during the electrochemical processes. Lastly, the development of high-capacity hard carbon, derived from 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, is examined. This carbon material exhibits exceptional performance at both low and high current densities. Extensive electrochemical and physicochemical characterizations shed light on the sodium storage mechanism concerning the chemical environment, establishing the material’s stability and potential applications in sodium-ion batteries.
The evaluation of process-oriented cognitive theories through time-ordered observations is crucial for the advancement of cognitive science. The findings presented herein integrate insights from research on eye-movement control and sentence comprehension during reading, addressing challenges in modeling time-ordered data, statistical inference, and interindividual variability. Using kernel density estimation and a pseudo-marginal likelihood for fixation durations and locations, a likelihood implementation of the SWIFT model of eye-movement control during reading (Engbert et al., Psychological Review, 112, 2005, pp. 777–813) is proposed. Within the broader framework of data assimilation, Bayesian parameter inference with adaptive Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques is facilitated for reliable model fitting. Across the different studies, this framework has shown to enable reliable parameter recovery from simulated data and prediction of experimental summary statistics. Despite its complexity, SWIFT can be fitted within a principled Bayesian workflow, capturing interindividual differences and modeling experimental effects on reading across different geometrical alterations of text. Based on these advancements, the integrated dynamical model SEAM is proposed, which combines eye-movement control, a traditionally psychological research area, and post-lexical language processing in the form of cue-based memory retrieval (Lewis & Vasishth, Cognitive Science, 29, 2005, pp. 375–419), typically the purview of psycholinguistics. This proof-of-concept integration marks a significant step forward in natural language comprehension during reading and suggests that the presented methodology can be useful to develop complex cognitive dynamical models that integrate processes at levels of perception, higher cognition, and (oculo-)motor control. These findings collectively advance process-oriented cognitive modeling and highlight the importance of Bayesian inference, individual differences, and interdisciplinary integration for a holistic understanding of reading processes. Implications for theory and methodology, including proposals for model comparison and hierarchical parameter inference, are briefly discussed.
The planetary commons
(2024)
The Anthropocene signifies the start of a no- analogue trajectory of the Earth system that is fundamentally different from the Holocene. This new trajectory is characterized by rising risks of triggering irreversible and unmanageable shifts in Earth system functioning. We urgently need a new global approach to safeguard critical Earth system regulating functions more effectively and comprehensively. The global commons framework is the closest example of an existing approach with the aim of governing biophysical systems on Earth upon which the world collectively depends. Derived during stable Holocene conditions, the global commons framework must now evolve in the light of new Anthropocene dynamics. This requires a fundamental shift from a focus only on governing shared resources beyond national jurisdiction, to one that secures critical functions of the Earth system irrespective of national boundaries. We propose a new framework—the planetary commons—which differs from the global commons framework by including not only globally shared geographic regions but also critical biophysical systems that regulate the resilience and state, and therefore livability, on Earth. The new planetary commons should articulate and create comprehensive stewardship obligations through Earth system governance aimed at restoring and strengthening planetary resilience and justice.
The origin and structure of magnetic fields in the Galaxy are largely unknown. What is known is that they are essential for several astrophysical processes, in particular the propagation of cosmic rays. Our ability to describe the propagation of cosmic rays through the Galaxy is severely limited by the lack of observational data needed to probe the structure of the Galactic magnetic field on many different length scales. This is particularly true for modelling the propagation of cosmic rays into the Galactic halo, where our knowledge of the magnetic field is particularly poor.
In the last decade, observations of the Galactic halo in different frequency regimes have revealed the existence of out-of-plane bubble emission in the Galactic halo. In gamma rays these bubbles have been termed Fermi bubbles with a radial extent of ≈ 3 kpc and an azimuthal height of ≈ 6 kpc. The radio counterparts of the Fermi bubbles were seen by both the S-PASS telescopes and the Planck satellite, and showed a clear spatial overlap. The X-ray counterparts of the Fermi bubbles were named eROSITA bubbles after the eROSITA satellite, with a radial width of ≈ 7 kpc and an azimuthal height of ≈ 14 kpc. Taken together, these observations suggest the presence of large extended Galactic Halo Bubbles (GHB) and have stimulated interest in exploring the less explored Galactic halo.
In this thesis, a new toy model (GHB model) for the magnetic field and non-thermal electron distribution in the Galactic halo has been proposed. The new toy model has been used to produce polarised synchrotron emission sky maps. Chi-square analysis was used to compare the synthetic skymaps with the Planck 30 GHz polarised skymaps. The obtained constraints on the strength and azimuthal height were found to be in agreement with the S-PASS radio observations.
The upper, lower and best-fit values obtained from the above chi-squared analysis were used to generate three separate toy models. These three models were used to propagate ultra-high energy cosmic rays. This study was carried out for two potential sources, Centaurus A and NGC 253, to produce magnification maps and arrival direction skymaps. The simulated arrival direction skymaps were found to be consistent with the hotspots of Centaurus A and NGC 253 as seen in the observed arrival direction skymaps provided by the Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO).
The turbulent magnetic field component of the GHB model was also used to investigate the extragalactic dipole suppression seen by PAO. UHECRs with an extragalactic dipole were forward-tracked through the turbulent GHB model at different field strengths. The suppression in the dipole due to the varying diffusion coefficient from the simulations was noted. The results could also be compared with an analytical analogy of electrostatics. The simulations of the extragalactic dipole suppression were in agreement with similar studies carried out for galactic cosmic rays.
Organic solar cells (OSCs) represent a new generation of solar cells with a range of captivating attributes including low-cost, light-weight, aesthetically pleasing appearance, and flexibility. Different from traditional silicon solar cells, the photon-electron conversion in OSCs is usually accomplished in an active layer formed by blending two kinds of organic molecules (donor and acceptor) with different energy levels together.
The first part of this thesis focuses on a better understanding of the role of the energetic offset and each recombination channel on the performance of these low-offset OSCs. By combining advanced experimental techniques with optical and electrical simulation, the energetic offsets between CT and excitons, several important insights were achieved: 1. The short circuit current density and fill-factor of low-offset systems are largely determined by field-dependent charge generation in such low-offset OSCs. Interestingly, it is strongly evident that such field-dependent charge generation originates from a field-dependent exciton dissociation yield. 2. The reduced energetic offset was found to be accompanied by strongly enhanced bimolecular recombination coefficient, which cannot be explained solely by exciton repopulation from CT states. This implies the existence of another dark decay channel apart from CT.
The second focus of the thesis was on the technical perspective. In this thesis, the influence of optical artifacts in differential absorption spectroscopy upon the change of sample configuration and active layer thickness was studied. It is exemplified and discussed thoroughly and systematically in terms of optical simulations and experiments, how optical artifacts originated from non-uniform carrier profile and interference can manipulate not only the measured spectra, but also the decay dynamics in various measurement conditions. In the end of this study, a generalized methodology based on an inverse optical transfer matrix formalism was provided to correct the spectra and decay dynamics manipulated by optical artifacts.
Overall, this thesis paves the way for a deeper understanding of the keys toward higher PCEs in low-offset OSC devices, from the perspectives of both device physics and characterization techniques.
Open edX is an incredible platform to deliver MOOCs and SPOCs, designed to be robust and support hundreds of thousands of students at the same time. Nevertheless, it lacks a lot of the fine-grained functionality needed to handle students individually in an on-campus course. This short session will present the ongoing project undertaken by the 6 public universities of the Region of Madrid plus the Universitat Politècnica de València, in the framework of a national initiative called UniDigital, funded by the Ministry of Universities of Spain within the Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia of the European Union. This project, led by three of these Spanish universities (UC3M, UPV, UAM), is investing more than half a million euros with the purpose of bringing the Open edX platform closer to the functionalities required for an LMS to support on-campus teaching. The aim of the project is to coordinate what is going to be developed with the Open edX development community, so these developments are incorporated into the core of the Open edX platform in its next releases. Features like a complete redesign of platform analytics to make them real-time, the creation of dashboards based on these analytics, the integration of a system for customized automatic feedback, improvement of exams and tasks and the extension of grading capabilities, improvements in the graphical interfaces for both students and teachers, the extension of the emailing capabilities, redesign of the file management system, integration of H5P content, the integration of a tool to create mind maps, the creation of a system to detect students at risk, or the integration of an advanced voice assistant and a gamification mobile app, among others, are part of the functionalities to be developed. The idea is to transform a first-class MOOC platform into the next on-campus LMS.
Social institutions
(2024)
Social institutions are a system of behavioral and relationship patterns that are densely interwoven and enduring and function across an entire society. They order and structure the behavior of individuals in core areas of society and thus have a strong impact on the quality of life of individuals. Institutions regulate the following: (a) family and relationship networks carry out social reproduction and socialization; (b) institutions in the realm of education and training ensure the transmission and cultivation of knowledge, abilities, and specialized skills; (c) institutions in the labor market and economy provide for the production and distribution of goods and services; (d) institutions in the realm of law, governance, and politics provide for the maintenance of the social order; (e) while cultural, media, and religious institutions further the development of contexts of meaning, value orientations, and symbolic codes.
It is a well-attested finding in head-initial languages that individuals with aphasia (IWA) have greater difficulties in comprehending object-extracted relative clauses (ORCs) as compared to subject-extracted relative clauses (SRCs). Adopting the linguistically based approach of Relativized Minimality (RM; Rizzi, 1990, 2004), the subject-object asymmetry is attributed to the occurrence of a Minimality effect in ORCs due to reduced processing capacities in IWA (Garraffa & Grillo, 2008; Grillo, 2008, 2009). For ORCs, it is claimed that the embedded subject intervenes in the syntactic dependency between the moved object and its trace, resulting in greater processing demands. In contrast, no such intervener is present in SRCs. Based on the theoretical framework of RM and findings from language acquisition (Belletti et al., 2012; Friedmann et al., 2009), it is assumed that Minimality effects are alleviated when the moved object and the intervening subject differ in terms of relevant syntactic features. For German, the language under investigation, the RM approach predicts that number (i.e., singular vs. plural) and the lexical restriction [+NP] feature (i.e., lexically restricted determiner phrases vs. lexically unrestricted pronouns) are considered relevant in the computation of Minimality. Greater degrees of featural distinctiveness are predicted to result in more facilitated processing of ORCs, because IWA can more easily distinguish between the moved object and the intervener.
This cumulative dissertation aims to provide empirical evidence on the validity of the RM approach in accounting for comprehension patterns during relative clause (RC) processing in German-speaking IWA. For that purpose, I conducted two studies including visual-world eye-tracking experiments embedded within an auditory referent-identification task to study the offline and online processing of German RCs. More specifically, target sentences were created to evaluate (a) whether IWA demonstrate a subject-object asymmetry, (b) whether dissimilarity in the number and/or the [+NP] features facilitates ORC processing, and (c) whether sentence processing in IWA benefits from greater degrees of featural distinctiveness. Furthermore, by comparing RCs disambiguated through case marking (at the relative pronoun or the following noun phrase) and number marking (inflection of the sentence-final verb), it was possible to consider the role of the relative position of the disambiguation point. The RM approach predicts that dissimilarity in case should not affect the occurrence of Minimality effects. However, the case cue to sentence interpretation appears earlier within RCs than the number cue, which may result in lower processing costs in case-disambiguated RCs compared to number-disambiguated RCs.
In study I, target sentences varied with respect to word order (SRC vs. ORC) and dissimilarity in the [+NP] feature (lexically restricted determiner phrase vs. pronouns as embedded element). Moreover, by comparing the impact of these manipulations in case- and number-disambiguated RCs, the effect of dissimilarity in the number feature was explored. IWA demonstrated a subject-object asymmetry, indicating the occurrence of a Minimality effect in ORCs. However, dissimilarity neither in the number feature nor in the [+NP] feature alone facilitated ORC processing. Instead, only ORCs involving distinct specifications of both the number and the [+NP] features were well comprehended by IWA. In study II, only temporarily ambiguous ORCs disambiguated through case or number marking were investigated, while controlling for varying points of disambiguation. There was a slight processing advantage of case marking as cue to sentence interpretation as compared to number marking.
Taken together, these findings suggest that the RM approach can only partially capture empirical data from German IWA. In processing complex syntactic structures, IWA are susceptible to the occurrence of the intervening subject in ORCs. The new findings reported in the thesis show that structural dissimilarity can modulate sentence comprehension in aphasia. Interestingly, IWA can override Minimality effects in ORCs and derive correct sentence meaning if the featural specifications of the constituents are maximally different, because they can more easily distinguish the moved object and the intervening subject given their reduced processing capacities. This dissertation presents new scientific knowledge that highlights how the syntactic theory of RM helps to uncover selective effects of morpho-syntactic features on sentence comprehension in aphasia, emphasizing the close link between assumptions from theoretical syntax and empirical research.
The biosecurity individual
(2024)
Discoveries in biomedicine and biotechnology, especially in diagnostics, have made prevention and (self)surveillance increasingly important in the context of health practices. Frederike Offizier offers a cultural critique of the intersection between health, security and identity, and explores how the focus on risk and security changes our understanding of health and transforms our relationship to our bodies. Analyzing a wide variety of texts, from life writing to fiction, she offers a critical intervention on how this shift in the medical gaze produces new paradigms of difference and new biomedically facilitated identities: biosecurity individuals.
To manage tabular data files and leverage their content in a given downstream task, practitioners often design and execute complex transformation pipelines to prepare them. The complexity of such pipelines stems from different factors, including the nature of the preparation tasks, often exploratory or ad-hoc to specific datasets; the large repertory of tools, algorithms, and frameworks that practitioners need to master; and the volume, variety, and velocity of the files to be prepared. Metadata plays a fundamental role in reducing this complexity: characterizing a file assists end users in the design of data preprocessing pipelines, and furthermore paves the way for suggestion, automation, and optimization of data preparation tasks.
Previous research in the areas of data profiling, data integration, and data cleaning, has focused on extracting and characterizing metadata regarding the content of tabular data files, i.e., about the records and attributes of tables. Content metadata are useful for the latter stages of a preprocessing pipeline, e.g., error correction, duplicate detection, or value normalization, but they require a properly formed tabular input. Therefore, these metadata are not relevant for the early stages of a preparation pipeline, i.e., to correctly parse tables out of files. In this dissertation, we turn our focus to what we call the structure of a tabular data file, i.e., the set of characters within a file that do not represent data values but are required to parse and understand the content of the file. We provide three different approaches to represent file structure, an explicit representation based on context-free grammars; an implicit representation based on file-wise similarity; and a learned representation based on machine learning.
In our first contribution, we use the grammar-based representation to characterize a set of over 3000 real-world csv files and identify multiple structural issues that let files deviate from the csv standard, e.g., by having inconsistent delimiters or containing multiple tables. We leverage our learnings about real-world files and propose Pollock, a benchmark to test how well systems parse csv files that have a non-standard structure, without any previous preparation. We report on our experiments on using Pollock to evaluate the performance of 16 real-world data management systems.
Following, we characterize the structure of files implicitly, by defining a measure of structural similarity for file pairs. We design a novel algorithm to compute this measure, which is based on a graph representation of the files' content. We leverage this algorithm and propose Mondrian, a graphical system to assist users in identifying layout templates in a dataset, classes of files that have the same structure, and therefore can be prepared by applying the same preparation pipeline.
Finally, we introduce MaGRiTTE, a novel architecture that uses self-supervised learning to automatically learn structural representations of files in the form of vectorial embeddings at three different levels: cell level, row level, and file level. We experiment with the application of structural embeddings for several tasks, namely dialect detection, row classification, and data preparation efforts estimation.
Our experimental results show that structural metadata, either identified explicitly on parsing grammars, derived implicitly as file-wise similarity, or learned with the help of machine learning architectures, is fundamental to automate several tasks, to scale up preparation to large quantities of files, and to provide repeatable preparation pipelines.
The landscape of software self-adaptation is shaped in accordance with the need to cost-effectively achieve and maintain (software) quality at runtime and in the face of dynamic operation conditions. Optimization-based solutions perform an exhaustive search in the adaptation space, thus they may provide quality guarantees. However, these solutions render the attainment of optimal adaptation plans time-intensive, thereby hindering scalability. Conversely, deterministic rule-based solutions yield only sub-optimal adaptation decisions, as they are typically bound by design-time assumptions, yet they offer efficient processing and implementation, readability, expressivity of individual rules supporting early verification. Addressing the quality-cost trade-of requires solutions that simultaneously exhibit the scalability and cost-efficiency of rulebased policy formalism and the optimality of optimization-based policy formalism as explicit artifacts for adaptation. Utility functions, i.e., high-level specifications that capture system objectives, support the explicit treatment of quality-cost trade-off. Nevertheless, non-linearities, complex dynamic architectures, black-box models, and runtime uncertainty that makes the prior knowledge obsolete are a few of the sources of uncertainty and subjectivity that render the elicitation of utility non-trivial.
This thesis proposes a twofold solution for incremental self-adaptation of dynamic architectures. First, we introduce Venus, a solution that combines in its design a ruleand an optimization-based formalism enabling optimal and scalable adaptation of dynamic architectures. Venus incorporates rule-like constructs and relies on utility theory for decision-making. Using a graph-based representation of the architecture, Venus captures rules as graph patterns that represent architectural fragments, thus enabling runtime extensibility and, in turn, support for dynamic architectures; the architecture is evaluated by assigning utility values to fragments; pattern-based definition of rules and utility enables incremental computation of changes on the utility that result from rule executions, rather than evaluating the complete architecture, which supports scalability. Second, we introduce HypeZon, a hybrid solution for runtime coordination of multiple off-the-shelf adaptation policies, which typically offer only partial satisfaction of the quality and cost requirements. Realized based on meta-self-aware architectures, HypeZon complements Venus by re-using existing policies at runtime for balancing the quality-cost trade-off.
The twofold solution of this thesis is integrated in an adaptation engine that leverages state- and event-based principles for incremental execution, therefore, is scalable for large and dynamic software architectures with growing size and complexity. The utility elicitation challenge is resolved by defining a methodology to train utility-change prediction models. The thesis addresses the quality-cost trade-off in adaptation of dynamic software architectures via design-time combination (Venus) and runtime coordination (HypeZon) of rule- and optimization-based policy formalisms, while offering supporting mechanisms for optimal, cost-effective, scalable, and robust adaptation. The solutions are evaluated according to a methodology that is obtained based on our systematic literature review of evaluation in self-healing systems; the applicability and effectiveness of the contributions are demonstrated to go beyond the state-of-the-art in coverage of a wide spectrum of the problem space for software self-adaptation.
Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, began his intellectual life with the Jewish Bible and also ended it with it. He began by reading the Philippson Bible together, especially with his father Jacob Freud, and ended by studying the figure of Moses. This study systematically traces this preoccupation and shows that the Jewish Bible was a constant reference for Freud and determined his Jewish identity. This is shown by analysing family documents, religious instruction and references to the Bible in Freud's writings and correspondence.
The Central Andean region is characterized by diverse climate zones with sharp transitions between them. In this work, the area of interest is the South-Central Andes in northwestern Argentina that borders with Bolivia and Chile. The focus is the observation of soil moisture and water vapour with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) remote-sensing methodologies. Because of the rapid temporal and spatial variations of water vapour and moisture circulations, monitoring this part of the hydrological cycle is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that control the local climate. Moreover, GNSS-based techniques have previously shown high potential and are appropriate for further investigation. This study includes both logistic-organization effort and data analysis. As for the prior, three GNSS ground stations were installed in remote locations in northwestern Argentina to acquire observations, where there was no availability of third-party data.
The methodological development for the observation of the climate variables of soil moisture and water vapour is independent and relies on different approaches. The soil-moisture estimation with GNSS reflectometry is an approximation that has demonstrated promising results, but it has yet to be operationally employed. Thus, a more advanced algorithm that exploits more observations from multiple satellite constellations was developed using data from two pilot stations in Germany. Additionally, this algorithm was slightly modified and used in a sea-level measurement campaign. Although the objective of this application is not related to monitoring hydrological parameters, its methodology is based on the same principles and helps to evaluate the core algorithm. On the other hand, water-vapour monitoring with GNSS observations is a well-established technique that is utilized operationally. Hence, the scope of this study is conducting a meteorological analysis by examining the along-the-zenith air-moisture levels and introducing indices related to the azimuthal gradient.
The results of the experiments indicate higher-quality soil moisture observations with the new algorithm. Furthermore, the analysis using the stations in northwestern Argentina illustrates the limits of this technology because of varying soil conditions and shows future research directions. The water-vapour analysis points out the strong influence of the topography on atmospheric moisture circulation and rainfall generation. Moreover, the GNSS time series allows for the identification of seasonal signatures, and the azimuthal-gradient indices permit the detection of main circulation pathways.
The remarkable antifouling properties of zwitterionic polymers in controlled environments are often counteracted by their delicate mechanical stability. In order to improve the mechanical stabilities of zwitterionic hydrogels, the effect of increased crosslinker densities was thus explored. In a first approach, terpolymers of zwitterionic monomer 3-[N -2(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-N,N-dimethyl]ammonio propane-1-sulfonate (SPE), hydrophobic monomer butyl methacrylate (BMA), and photo-crosslinker 2-(4-benzoylphenoxy)ethyl methacrylate (BPEMA) were synthesized. Thin hydrogel coatings of the copolymers were then produced and photo-crosslinked. Studies of the swollen hydrogel films showed that not only the mechanical stability but also, unexpectedly, the antifouling properties were improved by the presence of hydrophobic BMA units in the terpolymers.
Based on the positive results shown by the amphiphilic terpolymers and in order to further test the impact that hydrophobicity has on both the antifouling properties of zwitterionic hydrogels and on their mechanical stability, a new amphiphilic zwitterionic methacrylic monomer, 3-((2-(methacryloyloxy)hexyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (M1), was synthesized in good yields in a multistep synthesis. Homopolymers of M1 were obtained by free-radical polymerization. Similarly, terpolymers of M1, zwitterionic monomer SPE, and photo-crosslinker BPEMA were synthesized by free-radical copolymerization and thoroughly characterized, including its solubilities in selected solvents.
Also, a new family of vinyl amide zwitterionic monomomers, namely 3-(dimethyl(2-(N -vinylacetamido)ethyl)ammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (M2), 4-(dimethyl(2-(N-vinylacetamido)ethyl)ammonio)butane-1-sulfonate (M3), and 3-(dimethyl(2-(N-vinylacetamido)ethyl)ammonio)propyl sulfate (M4), together with the new photo-crosslinker 4-benzoyl-N-vinylbenzamide (M5) that is well-suited for copolymerization with vinylamides, are introduced within the scope of the present work. The monomers are synthesized with good yields developing a multistep synthesis. Homopolymers of the new vinyl amide zwitterionic monomers are obtained by free-radical polymerization and thoroughly characterized. From the solubility tests, it is remarkable that the homopolymers produced are fully soluble in water, evidence of their high hydrophilicity. Copolymerization of the vinyl amide zwitterionic monomers, M2, M3, and M4 with the vinyl amide photo-crosslinker M5 proved to require very specific polymerization conditions. Nevertheless, copolymers were successfully obtained by free-radical copolymerization under appropriate conditions.
Moreover, in an attempt to mitigate the intrinsic hydrophobicity introduced in the copolymers by the photo-crosslinkers, and based on the proven affinity of quaternized diallylamines to copolymerize with vinyl amides, a new quaternized diallylamine sulfobetaine photo-crosslinker 3-(diallyl(2-(4-benzoylphenoxy)ethyl)ammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (M6) is synthesized. However, despite a priori promising copolymerization suitability, copolymerization with the vinyl amide zwitterionic monomers could not be achieved.
Efficiently managing large state is a key challenge for data management systems. Traditionally, state is split into fast but volatile state in memory for processing and persistent but slow state on secondary storage for durability. Persistent memory (PMem), as a new technology in the storage hierarchy, blurs the lines between these states by offering both byte-addressability and low latency like DRAM as well persistence like secondary storage. These characteristics have the potential to cause a major performance shift in database systems.
Driven by the potential impact that PMem has on data management systems, in this thesis we explore their use of PMem. We first evaluate the performance of real PMem hardware in the form of Intel Optane in a wide range of setups. To this end, we propose PerMA-Bench, a configurable benchmark framework that allows users to evaluate the performance of customizable database-related PMem access. Based on experimental results obtained with PerMA-Bench, we discuss findings and identify general and implementation-specific aspects that influence PMem performance and should be considered in future work to improve PMem-aware designs. We then propose Viper, a hybrid PMem-DRAM key-value store. Based on PMem-aware access patterns, we show how to leverage PMem and DRAM efficiently to design a key database component. Our evaluation shows that Viper outperforms existing key-value stores by 4–18x for inserts while offering full data persistence and achieving similar or better lookup performance. Next, we show which changes must be made to integrate PMem components into larger systems. By the example of stream processing engines, we highlight limitations of current designs and propose a prototype engine that overcomes these limitations. This allows our prototype to fully leverage PMem's performance for its internal state management. Finally, in light of Optane's discontinuation, we discuss how insights from PMem research can be transferred to future multi-tier memory setups by the example of Compute Express Link (CXL).
Overall, we show that PMem offers high performance for state management, bridging the gap between fast but volatile DRAM and persistent but slow secondary storage. Although Optane was discontinued, new memory technologies are continuously emerging in various forms and we outline how novel designs for them can build on insights from existing PMem research.
Actin is one of the most highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes and distinct actin-related proteins with filament-forming properties are even found in prokaryotes. Due to these commonalities, actin-modulating proteins of many species share similar structural properties and proposed functions. The polymerization and depolymerization of actin are critical processes for a cell as they can contribute to shape changes to adapt to its environment and to move and distribute nutrients and cellular components within the cell. However, to what extent functions of actin-binding proteins are conserved between distantly related species, has only been addressed in a few cases. In this work, functions of Coronin-A (CorA) and Actin-interacting protein 1 (Aip1), two proteins involved in actin dynamics, were characterized. In addition, the interchangeability and function of Aip1 were investigated in two phylogenetically distant model organisms. The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana (encoding two homologs, AIP1-1 and AIP1-2) and in the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum (encoding one homolog, DdAip1) were chosen because the functions of their actin cytoskeletons may differ in many aspects. Functional analyses between species were conducted for AIP1 homologs as flowering plants do not harbor a CorA gene.
In the first part of the study, the effect of four different mutation methods on the function of Coronin-A protein and the resulting phenotype in D. discoideum was revealed in two genetic knockouts, one RNAi knockdown and a sudden loss-of-function mutant created by chemical-induced dislocation (CID). The advantages and disadvantages of the different mutation methods on the motility, appearance and development of the amoebae were investigated, and the results showed that not all observed properties were affected with the same intensity. Remarkably, a new combination of Selection-Linked Integration and CID could be established.
In the second and third parts of the thesis, the exchange of Aip1 between plant and amoeba was carried out. For A. thaliana, the two homologs (AIP1-1 and AIP1-2) were analyzed for functionality as well as in D. discoideum. In the Aip1-deficient amoeba, rescue with AIP1-1 was more effective than with AIP1-2. The main results in the plant showed that in the aip1-2 mutant background, reintroduced AIP1-2 displayed the most efficient rescue and A. thaliana AIP1-1 rescued better than DdAip1. The choice of the tagging site was important for the function of Aip1 as steric hindrance is a problem. The DdAip1 was less effective when tagged at the C-terminus, while the plant AIP1s showed mixed results depending on the tag position. In conclusion, the foreign proteins partially rescued phenotypes of mutant plants and mutant amoebae, despite the organisms only being very distantly related in evolutionary terms.
Relativistic pair beams produced in the cosmic voids by TeV gamma rays from blazars are expected to produce a detectable GeV-scale cascade emission missing in the observations. The suppression of this secondary cascade implies either the deflection of the pair beam by intergalactic magnetic fields (IGMFs) or an energy loss of the beam due to the electrostatic beam-plasma instability. IGMF of femto-Gauss strength is sufficient to significantly deflect the pair beams reducing the flux of secondary cascade below the observational limits. A similar flux reduction may result in the absence of the IGMF from the beam energy loss by the instability before the inverse Compton cooling. This dissertation consists of two studies about the instability role in the evolution of blazar-induced beams.
Firstly, we investigated the effect of sub-fG level IGMF on the beam energy loss by the instability. Considering IGMF with correlation lengths smaller than a few kpc, we found that such fields increase the transverse momentum of the pair beam particles, dramatically reducing the linear growth rate of the electrostatic instability and hence the energy-loss rate of the pair beam. Our results show that the IGMF eliminates beam plasma instability as an effective energy-loss agent at a field strength three orders of magnitude below that needed to suppress the secondary cascade emission by magnetic deflection. For intermediate-strength IGMF, we do not know a viable process to explain the observed absence of GeV-scale cascade emission and hence can be excluded.
Secondly, we probed how the beam-plasma instability feeds back on the beam, using a realistic two-dimensional beam distribution. We found that the instability broadens the beam opening angles significantly without any significant energy loss, thus confirming a recent feedback study on a simplified one-dimensional beam distribution. However, narrowing diffusion feedback of the beam particles with Lorentz factors less than 1e6 might become relevant even though initially it is negligible. Finally, when considering the continuous creation of TeV pairs, we found that the beam distribution and the wave spectrum reach a new quasi-steady state, in which the scattering of beam particles persists and the beam opening angle may increase by a factor of hundreds. This new intrinsic scattering of the cascade can result in time delays of around ten years, thus potentially mimicking the IGMF deflection. Understanding the implications on the GeV cascade emission requires accounting for inverse Compton cooling and simulating the beam-plasma system at different points in the IGM.
In the aftermath of the Shoah and the ostensible triumph of nationalism, it became common in historiography to relegate Jews to the position of the “eternal other” in a series of binaries: Christian/Jewish, Gentile/Jewish, European/Jewish, non-Jewish/Jewish, and so forth. For the longest time, these binaries remained characteristic of Jewish historiography, including in the Central European context. Assuming instead, as the more recent approaches in Habsburg studies do, that pluriculturalism was the basis of common experience in formerly Habsburg Central Europe, and accepting that no single “majority culture” existed, but rather hegemonies were imposed in certain contexts, then the often used binaries are misleading and conceal the complex and sometimes even paradoxical conditions that shaped Jewish life in the region before the Shoah.
The very complexity of Habsburg Central Europe both in synchronic and diachronic perspective precludes any singular historical narrative of “Habsburg Jewry,” and it is not the intention of this volume to offer an overview of “Habsburg Jewish history.” The selected articles in this volume illustrate instead how important it is to reevaluate categories, deconstruct historical narratives, and reconceptualize implemented approaches in specific geographic, temporal, and cultural contexts in order to gain a better understanding of the complex and pluricultural history of the Habsburg Empire and the region as a whole.
Enterprise solutions, specifically enterprise systems, have allowed companies to integrate enterprises’ operations throughout. The integration scope of enterprise solutions has increasingly widened, now often covering customer activities, activities along supply chains, and platform ecosystems. IS research has contributed a wide range of explanatory and design knowledge dealing with this class of IS. During the last two decades, many technological as well as managerial/organizational innovations extended the affordances of enterprise solutions—but this broader scope also challenges traditional approaches to their analysis and design. This position paper presents an enterprise-level (i.e., cross-solution) perspective on IS, discusses the challenges of complexity and coordination for IS design and management, presents selected enterprise-level insights for IS coordination and governance, and explores avenues towards a more comprehensive body of knowledge on this important level of analysis.
Navigating the unknown
(2024)
Visionary leadership is considered to be one of the most important elements of effective leadership. Among other things, it is related to followers' perceived meaningfulness of their work. However, little is known about whether uncertainty in the workplace affects visionary leadership's effects. Given that uncertainty is rising in many, if not most, workplaces, it is vital to understand whether this development influences the extent to which visionary leadership is associated with followers' perceived meaningfulness. In a two-source, lagged design field study of 258 leader-follower dyads from different settings, we show that uncertainty moderates the relation between visionary leadership and followers' perceived meaningfulness such that this relation is more strongly positive when uncertainty is high, rather than low. Moreover, we show that with increasing uncertainty, visionary leadership is more negatively related to followers' turnover intentions via perceived meaningfulness. This research broadens our understanding of how visionary leadership may be a particularly potent tool in times of increasing uncertainty.
While Information Systems Research exists at the individual and workgroup levels, research on IS at the enterprise level is less common. The potential synergies between the study of enterprise systems (ES) and related fields have been underexplored and often treated as separate entities. The ongoing challenge is to seamlessly integrate technological advances and align business processes across organizations. While systems integration within an organization is common, changes occur when industry and ecosystem perspectives come into play. The four selected papers address different facets of the future role of enterprise ecosystems, including implementation challenges, ecosystem boundaries, and B2B platform specifics.
The icosahedral non-hydrostatic large eddy model (ICON-LEM) was applied around the drift track of the Multidisciplinary Observatory Study of the Arctic (MOSAiC) in 2019 and 2020. The model was set up with horizontal grid-scales between 100m and 800m on areas with radii of 17.5km and 140 km. At its lateral boundaries, the model was driven by analysis data from the German Weather Service (DWD), downscaled by ICON in limited area mode (ICON-LAM) with horizontal grid-scale of 3 km.
The aim of this thesis was the investigation of the atmospheric boundary layer near the surface in the central Arctic during polar winter with a high-resolution mesoscale model. The default settings in ICON-LEM prevent the model from representing the exchange processes in the Arctic boundary layer in accordance to the MOSAiC observations. The implemented sea-ice scheme in ICON does not include a snow layer on sea-ice, which causes a too slow response of the sea-ice surface temperature to atmospheric changes. To allow the sea-ice surface to respond faster to changes in the atmosphere, the implemented sea-ice parameterization in ICON was extended with an adapted heat capacity term.
The adapted sea-ice parameterization resulted in better agreement with the MOSAiC observations. However, the sea-ice surface temperature in the model is generally lower than observed due to biases in the downwelling long-wave radiation and the lack of complex surface structures, like leads. The large eddy resolving turbulence closure yielded a better representation of the lower boundary layer under strongly stable stratification than the non-eddy-resolving turbulence closure. Furthermore, the integration of leads into the sea-ice surface reduced the overestimation of the sensible heat flux for different weather conditions.
The results of this work help to better understand boundary layer processes in the central Arctic during the polar night. High-resolving mesoscale simulations are able to represent temporally and spatially small interactions and help to further develop parameterizations also for the application in regional and global models.
This dissertation examines the lack of clarity in the scientific literature regarding gender and negotiation performance. It is often claimed that men negotiate better than women, yet it is simultaneously emphasized that results strongly depend on context. Through the use of qualitative methods such as content analysis and critical mixed-methods review, the research question: "Are women truly inferior negotiators compared to men?" is addressed. The study comprises a descriptive and an interpretive part. The descriptive section illuminates various interpretations of gender-specific negotiation theory among citing authors, with 67% arguing for a general superiority of men. However, given the high variance in gender-specific differences, the focus should instead be on the context-dependency of negotiation performance. Generalized statements can be made within contexts, but not across them. In the interpretive section, several factors contributing to this misinterpretation are highlighted, including discrepancies in the definition of negotiation performance and distortions in research communication.. From a scientific perspective, this study underscores the need for a nuanced sociological analysis and warns against the one-sided acceptance of inaccurate scientific interpretations. From a practical standpoint, it amplifies the voices of women affected by biased research paradigms. Overall, the dissertation clarifies the theory of gender-specific negotiation performance and advocates for the elimination of biases in scientific discourse.
With Arctic ground as a huge and temperature-sensitive carbon reservoir, maintaining low ground temperatures and frozen conditions to prevent further carbon emissions that contrib-ute to global climate warming is a key element in humankind’s fight to maintain habitable con-ditions on earth. Former studies showed that during the late Pleistocene, Arctic ground condi-tions were generally colder and more stable as the result of an ecosystem dominated by large herbivorous mammals and vast extents of graminoid vegetation – the mammoth steppe. Characterised by high plant productivity (grassland) and low ground insulation due to animal-caused compression and removal of snow, this ecosystem enabled deep permafrost aggrad-ation. Now, with tundra and shrub vegetation common in the terrestrial Arctic, these effects are not in place anymore. However, it appears to be possible to recreate this ecosystem local-ly by artificially increasing animal numbers, and hence keep Arctic ground cold to reduce or-ganic matter decomposition and carbon release into the atmosphere.
By measuring thaw depth, total organic carbon and total nitrogen content, stable carbon iso-tope ratio, radiocarbon age, n-alkane and alcohol characteristics and assessing dominant vegetation types along grazing intensity transects in two contrasting Arctic areas, it was found that recreating conditions locally, similar to the mammoth steppe, seems to be possible. For permafrost-affected soil, it was shown that intensive grazing in direct comparison to non-grazed areas reduces active layer depth and leads to higher TOC contents in the active layer soil. For soil only frozen on top in winter, an increase of TOC with grazing intensity could not be found, most likely because of confounding factors such as vertical water and carbon movement, which is not possible with an impermeable layer in permafrost. In both areas, high animal activity led to a vegetation transformation towards species-poor graminoid-dominated landscapes with less shrubs. Lipid biomarker analysis revealed that, even though the available organic material is different between the study areas, in both permafrost-affected and sea-sonally frozen soils the organic material in sites affected by high animal activity was less de-composed than under less intensive grazing pressure. In conclusion, high animal activity af-fects decomposition processes in Arctic soils and the ground thermal regime, visible from reduced active layer depth in permafrost areas. Therefore, grazing management might be utilised to locally stabilise permafrost and reduce Arctic carbon emissions in the future, but is likely not scalable to the entire permafrost region.
Classification, prediction and evaluation of graph neural networks on online social media platforms
(2024)
The vast amount of data generated on social media platforms have made them a valuable source of information for businesses, governments and researchers. Social media data can provide insights into user behavior, preferences, and opinions. In this work, we address two important challenges in social media analytics. Predicting user engagement with online content has become a critical task for content creators to increase user engagement and reach larger audiences. Traditional user engagement prediction approaches rely solely on features derived from the user and content. However, a new class of deep learning methods based on graphs captures not only the content features but also the graph structure of social media networks.
This thesis proposes a novel Graph Neural Network (GNN) approach to predict user interaction with tweets. The proposed approach combines the features of users, tweets and their engagement graphs. The tweet text features are extracted using pre-trained embeddings from language models, and a GNN layer is used to embed the user in a vector space. The GNN model then combines the features and graph structure to predict user engagement. The proposed approach achieves an accuracy value of 94.22% in classifying user interactions, including likes, retweets, replies, and quotes.
Another major challenge in social media analysis is detecting and classifying social bot accounts. Social bots are automated accounts used to manipulate public opinion by spreading misinformation or generating fake interactions. Detecting social bots is critical to prevent their negative impact on public opinion and trust in social media. In this thesis, we classify social bots on Twitter by applying Graph Neural Networks. The proposed approach uses a combination of both the features of a node and an aggregation of the features of a node’s neighborhood to classify social bot accounts. Our final results indicate a 6% improvement in the area under the curve score in the final predictions through the utilization of GNN.
Overall, our work highlights the importance of social media data and the potential of new methods such as GNNs to predict user engagement and detect social bots. These methods have important implications for improving the quality and reliability of information on social media platforms and mitigating the negative impact of social bots on public opinion and discourse.
I need to move it, move It!
(2024)
Purpose
Student interest and learning success is an important component of teaching learning research. However, while the impact of emotions and psychological needs on students' achievements has been a focus of research, the impact of their physiological needs has been under studied. In this explorative study, I examine what impact the physiological and psychological needs of student teachers have on their feelings, motivation, and interest in different learning settings.
Approach
The research method used was the daily reconstruction method and included the Felix-App, a new digital research and feedback tool that allows the measurement of feelings, needs, motivation, and interest in real time.
Findings
The results suggest the importance of physiological needs for perceived emotions, motivation, and interest in the learning subject. The psychological needs, on the other hand, are of less importance.
Originality
The Felix-App is an innovative tool to learn more about learners' emotions and needs in real learning settings. The importance of physiological needs has been known since Maslow, but should be considered much more in the context of teaching and learning research in the future. There is a need for further research on the importance of physical aspects in learning.
In many churches nowadays, there has been a standardized approach to premarital counseling for couples involving social, pastoral, and psychological perspectives. In contrast, many rabbis and other Jewish officials still concentrate on legal aspects alone. The need for resolving important issues on the verge of wedlock is too often left to secular experts in law, psychology, or counseling. However, in recent years, this lack of formal training for marriage preparation has also been acknowledged by the Jewish clergy in order to incorporate it in the preparatory period before the bond is tied. This case study focuses on Jewish and Roman Catholic conceptions of marriage, past and present. We intend to do a comparative analysis of the prerequisites of religious marriage based on the assumption that both Judaism and the Roman Catholic Church have a distinct legal framework to assess marriage preparation.
Volcanic hydrothermal systems are an integral part of most volcanoes and typically involve a heat source, adequate fluid supply, and fracture or pore systems through which the fluids can circulate within the volcanic edifice. Associated with this are subtle but powerful processes that can significantly influence the evolution of volcanic activity or the stability of the near-surface volcanic system through mechanical weakening, permeability reduction, and sealing of the affected volcanic rock. These processes are well constrained for rock samples by laboratory analyses but are still difficult to extrapolate and evaluate at the scale of an entire volcano. Advances in unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), sensor technology, and photogrammetric processing routines now allow us to image volcanic surfaces at the centimeter scale and thus study volcanic hydrothermal systems in great detail. This thesis aims to explore the potential of UAS approaches for studying the structures, processes, and dynamics of volcanic hydrothermal systems but also to develop methodological approaches to uncover secondary information hidden in the data, capable of indicating spatiotemporal dynamics or potentially critical developments associated with hydrothermal alteration. To accomplish this, the thesis describes the investigation of two near-surface volcanic hydrothermal systems, the El Tatio geyser field in Chile and the fumarole field of La Fossa di Vulcano (Italy), both of which are among the best-studied sites of their kind. Through image analysis, statistical, and spatial analyses we have been able to provide the most detailed structural images of both study sites to date, with new insights into the driving forces of such systems but also revealing new potential controls, which are summarized in conceptual site-specific models. Furthermore, the thesis explores methodological remote sensing approaches to detect, classify and constrain hydrothermal alteration and surface degassing from UAS-derived data, evaluated them by mineralogical and chemical ground-truthing, and compares the alteration pattern with the present-day degassing activity. A significant contribution of the often neglected diffuse degassing activity to the total amount of degassing is revealed and constrains secondary processes and dynamics associated with hydrothermal alteration that lead to potentially critical developments like surface sealing. The results and methods used provide new approaches for alteration research, for the monitoring of degassing and alteration effects, and for thermal monitoring of fumarole fields, with the potential to be incorporated into volcano monitoring routines.
Electricity production contributes to a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe and is thus an important driver of climate change. To fulfil the Paris Agreement, the European Union (EU) needs a rapid transition to a fully decarbonised power production system. Presumably, such a system will be largely based on renewables. So far, many EU countries have supported a shift towards renewables such as solar and wind power using support schemes, but the economic and political context is changing. Renewables are now cheaper than ever before and have become cost-competitive with conventional technologies. Therefore, European policymakers are striving to better integrate renewables into a competitive market and to increase the cost-effectiveness of the expansion of renewables. The first step was to replace previous fixed-price schemes with competitive auctions. In a second step, these auctions have become more technology-open. Finally, some governments may phase out any support for renewables and fully expose them to the competitive power market.
However, such policy changes may be at odds with the need to rapidly expand renewables and meet national targets due to market characteristics and investors’ risk perception. Without support, price risks are higher, and it may be difficult to meet an investor’s income expectations. Furthermore, policy changes across different countries could have unexpected effects if power markets are interconnected and investors able to shift their investments. Finally, in multi-technology auctions, technologies may dominate, which can be a risk for long-term power system reliability. Therefore, in my thesis, I explore the effects of phasing out support policies for renewables, of coordinating these phase-outs across countries, and of using multi-technology designs. I expand the public policy literature about investment behaviour and policy design as well as policy change and coordination, and I further develop an agent-based model.
The main questions of my thesis are what the cost and deployment effects of gradually exposing renewables to market forces would be and how coordination between countries affects investors’ decisions and market prices.. In my three contributions to the academic literature, I use different methods and come to the following results. In the first contribution, I use a conjoint analysis and market simulation to evaluate the effects of phasing out support or reintroducing feed-in tariffs from the perspective of investors. I find that a phase-out leads to investment shifts, either to other still-supported technologies or to other countries that continue to offer support. I conclude that the coordination of policy changes avoids such shifts.. In the second contribution, I integrate the empirically-derived preferences from the first contribution in to an agent-based power system model of two countries to simulate the effects of ending auctions for renewables. I find that this slows the energy transition, and that cross-border effects are relevant. Consequently, continued support is necessary to meet the national renewables targets. In the third contribution, I analyse the outcome of past multi-technology auctions using descriptive statistics, regression analysis as well as case study comparisons. I find that the outcomes are skewed towards single technologies. This cannot be explained by individual design elements of the auctions, but rather results from context-specific and country-specific characteristics. Based on this, I discuss potential implications for long-term power system reliability.
The main conclusions of my thesis are that a complete phase-out of renewables support would slow down the energy transition and thus jeopardize climate targets, and that multi-technology auctions may pose a risk for some countries, especially those that cannot regulate an unbalanced power plant portfolio in the long term. If policymakers decide to continue supporting renewables, they may consider adopting technology-specific auctions to better steer their portfolio. In contrast, if policymakers still want to phase out support, they should coordinate these policy changes with other countries. Otherwise, overall transition costs can be higher, because investment decisions shift to still-supported but more expensive technologies.
This chapter provides an overview of methods to capture developments and changes in motivational beliefs. Motivational research has recently begun to venture beyond just examining average developmental trends in motivational variables by starting to investigate how developmental changes in motivational variables differ between and within individuals in different learning situations and across contexts. Although studies have started to uncover differences in motivational changes, a systematic overview of suitable methods for capturing motivational differences in developmental processes is still missing. In this chapter, we review key methods of change modelling, bringing together variable-centred approaches, such as growth modelling and true intraindividual change (TIC) models, and person-centred approaches, such as latent transition and growth mixture models. We illustrate the value of the reviewed statistical methods for the analysis of context-specific motivational changes by reviewing recent empirical studies that identify different patterns and trajectories of such motivational beliefs across time. Our focus is thereby on research grounded in situated expectancy-value theory as a core theory in motivational research.
Motivation and Emotion in Learning and Teaching across Educational Contexts brings together current theoretical and methodological perspectives as well as examples of empirical implementations from leading international researchers focusing on the context specificity and situatedness of their core theories in motivation and emotion.
The book is compiled of two main sections. Section I covers theoretical reflections and perspectives on the main theories on emotion and motivation in learning and teaching and their transferability across different educational contexts illustrated with empirical examples. Section II addresses the methodological reflections and perspectives on the methodology that is needed to address the complexity and context specificity of motivation and emotion. In addition to general reflections and perspectives regarding methodology, concrete empirical examples are provided. All cutting-edge chapters include current empirical studies on emotions and motivation in learning and teaching across different contexts (age groups, domains, countries, etc.) making them applicable and relevant to a wide range of contexts and settings.
This high-quality volume with contributions from leading international experts will be an essential resource for researchers, students and teacher trainers interested in the vital role that motivation and emotions can play in education.
Advancing digitalization is changing society and has far-reaching effects on people and companies. Fundamental to these changes are the new technological possibilities for processing data on an ever-increasing scale and for various purposes. The availability of large and high-quality data sets, especially those based on personal data, is crucial. They are used either to improve the productivity, quality, and individuality of products and services or to develop new types of services. Today, user behavior is tracked more actively and comprehensively than ever despite increasing legal requirements for protecting personal data worldwide. That increasingly raises ethical, moral, and social questions, which have moved to the forefront of the political debate, not least due to popular cases of data misuse. Given this discourse and the legal requirements, today's data management must fulfill three conditions: Legality or legal conformity of use and ethical legitimacy. Thirdly, the use of data should add value from a business perspective. Within the framework of these conditions, this cumulative dissertation pursues four research objectives with a focus on gaining a better understanding of
(1) the challenges of implementing privacy laws,
(2) the factors that influence customers' willingness to share personal data,
(3) the role of data protection for digital entrepreneurship, and
(4) the interdisciplinary scientific significance, its development, and its interrelationships.
Assessing the impact of global change on hydrological systems is one of the greatest hydrological challenges of our time. Changes in land cover, land use, and climate have an impact on water quantity, quality, and temporal availability. There is a widespread consensus that, given the far-reaching effects of global change, hydrological systems can no longer be viewed as static in their structure; instead, they must be regarded as entire ecosystems, wherein hydrological processes interact and coevolve with biological, geomorphological, and pedological processes. To accurately predict the hydrological response under the impact of global change, it is essential to understand this complex coevolution. The knowledge of how hydrological processes, in particular the formation of subsurface (preferential) flow paths, evolve within this coevolution and how they feed back to the other processes is still very limited due to a lack of observational data.
At the hillslope scale, this intertwined system of interactions is known as the hillslope feedback cycle. This thesis aims to enhance our understanding of the hillslope feedback cycle by studying the coevolution of hillslope structure and hillslope hydrological response. Using chronosequences of moraines in two glacial forefields developed from siliceous and calcareous glacial till, the four studies shed light on the complex coevolution of hydrological, biological, and structural hillslope properties, as well as subsurface hydrological flow paths over an evolutionary period of 10 millennia in these two contrasting geologies. The findings indicate that the contrasting properties of siliceous and calcareous parent materials lead
to variations in soil structure, permeability, and water storage. As a result, different plant species and vegetation types are favored on siliceous versus calcareous parent material, leading to diverse ecosystems with distinct hydrological dynamics. The siliceous parent material was found to show a higher activity level in driving the coevolution. The soil pH resulting from parent material weathering emerges as a crucial factor, influencing vegetation development, soil formation, and consequently, hydrology. The acidic weathering of the siliceous parent material favored the accumulation of organic matter, increasing the soils’ water storage capacity and attracting acid-loving shrubs, which further promoted organic matter accumulation and ultimately led to podsolization after 10 000 years. Tracer experiments revealed that the subsurface flow path evolution was influenced by soil and vegetation development, and vice versa. Subsurface flow paths changed from vertical, heterogeneous matrix flow to finger-like flow paths over a few hundred years, evolving into macropore flow, water storage, and lateral subsurface flow after several thousand years. The changes in flow paths among younger age classes were driven by weathering processes altering soil structure, as well as by vegetation development and root activity. In the older age
class, the transition to more water storage and lateral flow was attributed to substantial organic matter accumulation and ongoing podsolization. The rapid vertical water transport in the finger-like flow paths, along with the conductive sandy material, contributed to podsolization and thus to the shift in the hillslope hydrological response.
In contrast, the calcareous site possesses a high pH buffering capacity, creating a neutral to basic environment with relatively low accumulation of dead organic matter, resulting in a lower water storage capacity and the establishment of predominantly grass vegetation. The coevolution was found to be less dynamic over the millennia. Similar to the siliceous site, significant changes in subsurface flow paths occurred between the young age classes. However, unlike the siliceous site, the subsurface flow paths at the calcareous site only altered in shape and not in direction. Tracer experiments showed that flow paths changed from vertical, heterogeneous matrix flow to vertical, finger-like flow paths after a few hundred to thousands of years, which was driven by root activities and weathering processes. Despite having a finer soil texture, water storage at the calcareous site was significantly lower than at the siliceous site, and water transport remained primarily rapid and vertical, contributing to the flourishing of grass vegetation.
The studies elucidated that changes in flow paths are predominantly shaped by the characteristics of the parent material and its weathering products, along with their complex interactions with initial water flow paths and vegetation development. Time, on the other hand, was not found to be a primary factor in describing the evolution of the hydrological response. This thesis makes a valuable contribution to closing the gap in the observations of the coevolution of hydrological processes within the hillslope feedback cycle, which is important to improve predictions of hydrological processes in changing landscapes. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary studies in addressing the hydrological challenges arising from global change.
Èto-clefts are Russian focus constructions with the demonstrative pronoun èto ‘this’ at the beginning: “Èto Mark vyigral gonku” (“It was Mark who won the race”). They are often being compared with English it-clefts, German es-clefts, as well as the corresponding focus-background structures in other languages.
In terms of semantics, èto-clefts have two important properties which are cross-linguistically typical for clefts: existence presupposition (“Someone won the race”) and exhaustivity (“Nobody except Mark won the race”). However, the exhaustivity effects are not as strong as exhaustivity effects in structures with the exclusive only and require more research.
At the same time, the question if the syntactic structure of èto-clefts matches the biclausal structure of English and German clefts, remains open. There are arguments in favor of biclausality, as well as monoclausality. Besides, there is no consistency regarding the status of èto itself.
Finally, the information structure of èto-clefts has remained underexplored in the existing literature.
This research investigates the information-structural, syntactic, and semantic properties of Russian clefts, both theoretically (supported by examples from Russian text corpora and judgments from native speakers) and experimentally. It is determined which desired changes in the information structure motivate native speakers to choose an èto-cleft and not the canonical structure or other focus realization tools. Novel syntactic tests are conducted to find evidence for bi-/monoclausality of èto-clefts, as well as for base-generation or movement of the cleft pivot. It is hypothesized that èto has a certain important function in clefts, and its status is investigated. Finally, new experiments on the nature of exhaustivity in èto-clefts are conducted. They allow for direct cross-linguistic comparison, using an incremental-information paradigm with truth-value judgments.
In terms of information structure, this research makes a new proposal that presents èto-clefts as structures with an inherent focus-background bipartitioning. Even though èto-clefts are used in typical focus contexts, evidence was found that èto-clefts (as well as Russian thetic clefts) allow for both new information focus and contrastive focus. Èto-clefts are pragmatically acceptable when a singleton answer to the implied question is expected (e.g. “It was Mark who won the race” but not “It was Mark who came to the party”). Importantly, èto in Russian clefts is neither dummy, nor redundant, but is a topic expression; conveys familiarity which triggers existence presupposition; refers to an instantiated event, or a known/perceivable situation; finally, èto plays an important role in the spoken language as a tool for speech coherency and a focus marker.
In terms of syntax, this research makes a new monoclausal proposal and shows evidence that the cleft pivot undergoes movement to the left peripheral position. Èto is proposed to be TopP.
Finally, in terms of semantics, a novel cross-linguistic evaluation of Russian clefts is made. Experiments show that the exhaustivity inference in èto-clefts is not robust. Participants used different strategies in resolving exhaustivity, falling into 2 groups: one group considered èto-clefts exhaustive, while another group considered them non-exhaustive. Hence, there is evidence for the pragmatic nature of exhaustivity in èto-clefts. The experimental results for èto-clefts are similar to the experimental results for clefts in German, French and Akan. It is concluded that speakers use different tools available in their languages to produce structures with similar interpretive properties.
The present dissertation investigates changes in lingual coarticulation across childhood in German-speaking children from three to nine years of age and adults. Coarticulation refers to the mismatch between the abstract phonological units and their seemingly commingled realization in continuous speech. Being a process at the intersection of phonology and phonetics, addressing its changes across childhood allows for insights in speech motor as well as phonological developments. Because specific predictions for changes in coarticulation across childhood can be derived from existing speech production models, investigating children’s coarticulatory patterns can help us model human speech production.
While coarticulatory changes may shed light on some of the central questions of speech production development, previous studies on the topic were sparse and presented a puzzling picture of conflicting findings. One of the reasons for this lack is the difficulty in articulatory data acquisition in a young population. Within the research program this dissertation is embedded in, we accepted this challenge and successfully set up the hitherto largest corpus of articulatory data from children using ultrasound tongue imaging. In contrast to earlier studies, a high number of participants in tight age cohorts across a wide age range and a thoroughly controlled set of pseudowords allowed for statistically powerful investigations of a process known as variable and complicated to track.
The specific focus of my studies is on lingual vocalic coarticulation as measured in the horizontal position of the highest point of the tongue dorsum. Based on three studies on a) anticipatory coarticulation towards the left, b) carryover coarticulation towards the right side of the utterance, and c) anticipatory coarticulatory extent in repeated versus read aloud speech, I deduct the following main theses:
1. Maturing speech motor control is responsible for some developmental changes in coarticulation.
2. Coarticulation can be modeled as the coproduction of articulatory gestures.
3. The developmental change in coarticulation results from a decrease of vocalic activation width.
This paper provides novel evidence on the impact of public transport subsidies on air pollution. We obtain causal estimates by leveraging a unique policy intervention in Germany that temporarily reduced nationwide prices for regional public transport to a monthly flat rate price of 9 Euros. Using DiD estimation strategies on air pollutant data, we show that this intervention causally reduced a benchmark air pollution index by more than eight percent and, after its termination, increased again. Our results illustrate that public transport subsidies – especially in the context of spatially constrained cities – offer a viable alternative for policymakers and city planers to improve air quality, which has been shown to crucially affect health outcomes.
Optimizing power analysis for randomized experiments: Design parameters for student achievement
(2024)
Randomized trials (RTs) are promising methodological tools to inform evidence-based reform to enhance schooling. Establishing a robust knowledge base on how to promote student achievement requires sensitive RT designs demonstrating sufficient statistical power and precision to draw conclusive and correct inferences on the effectiveness of educational programs and innovations. Proper power analysis is therefore an integral component of any informative RT on student achievement. This venture critically hinges on the availability of reasonable input variance design parameters (and their inherent uncertainties) that optimally reflect the realities around the prospective RT—precisely, its target population and outcome, possibly applied covariates, the concrete design as well as the planned analysis. However, existing compilations in this vein show far-reaching shortcomings.
The overarching endeavor of the present doctoral thesis was to substantively expand available resources devoted to tweak the planning of RTs evaluating educational interventions. At the core of this thesis is a systematic analysis of design parameters for student achievement, generating reliable and versatile compendia and developing thorough guidance to support apt power analysis to design strong RTs. To this end, the thesis at hand bundles two complementary studies which capitalize on rich data of several national probability samples from major German longitudinal large-scale assessments.
Study I applied two- and three-level latent (covariate) modeling to analyze design parameters for a wide spectrum of mathematical-scientific, verbal, and domain-general achievement outcomes. Three vital covariate sets were covered comprising (a) pretests, (b) sociodemographic characteristics, and (c) their combination. The accumulated estimates were additionally summarized in terms of normative distributions.
Study II specified (manifest) single-, two-, and three-level models and referred to influential psychometric heuristics to analyze design parameters and develop concise selection guidelines for covariate (a) types of varying bandwidth-fidelity (domain-identical, cross-domain, fluid intelligence pretests; sociodemographic characteristics), (b) combinations quantifying incremental validities, and (c) time lags of 1- to 7-year-lagged pretests scrutinizing validity degradation. The estimates for various mathematical-scientific and verbal achievement outcomes were meta-analytically integrated and employed in precision simulations.
In doing so, Studies I and II addressed essential gaps identified in previous repertoires in six major dimensions: Taken together, this thesis accumulated novel design parameters and deliberate guidance for RT power analysis (1) tailored to four German student (sub)populations across the entire school career from Grade 1 to 12, (2) matched to 21 achievement (sub)domains, (3) adjusted for 11 covariate sets enriched by empirically supported guidelines, (4) adapted to six RT designs, (5) suitable for latent and manifest analysis models, (6) which were cataloged along with quantifications of their associated uncertainties. These resources are complemented by a plethora of illustrative application examples to gently direct psychological and educational researchers through pivotal steps in the process of RT design.
The striking heterogeneity of the design parameter estimates across all these dimensions constitutes the overall, joint key result of Studies I and II. Hence, this work convincingly reinforces calls for a close match between design parameters and the specific peculiarities of the target RT’s research context.
All in all, the present doctoral thesis offers a—so far unique—nuanced and extensive toolkit to optimize power analysis for sound RTs on student achievement in the German (and similar) school context. It is of utmost importance that research does not tire to spawn robust evidence on what actually works to improve schooling. With this in mind, I hope that the emerging compendia and guidance contribute to the quality and rigor of our randomized experiments in psychology and education.
Development of a CRISPR/Cas gene editing technique for the coccolithophore Chrysotila carterae
(2024)
This study focuses on William Faulkner, whose works explore the demise of the slavery-based Old South during the Civil War in a highly experimental narrative style. Central to this investigation is the analysis of the temporal dimensions of both individual and collective guilt, thus offering a new approach to the often-discussed problem of Faulkner’s portrayal of social decay. The thesis examines how Faulkner re-narrates the legacy of the Old South as a guilt narrative and argues that Faulkner uses guilt in order to corroborate his concept of time and the idea of the continuity of the past. The focus of the analysis is on three of Faulkner’s arguably most important novels: The Sound and the Fury, Absalom, Absalom!, and Go Down, Moses. Each of these novels features a main character deeply overwhelmed by the crimes of the past, whether private, familial, or societal. As a result, guilt is explored both from a domestic as well as a social perspective. In order to show how Faulkner blends past and present by means of guilt, this work examines several methods and motifs borrowed from different fields and genres with which Faulkner narratively negotiates guilt. These include religious notions of original sin, the motif of the ancestral curse prevalent in the Southern Gothic genre, and the psychological concept of trauma. Each of these motifs emphasizes the temporal dimensions of guilt, which are the core of this study, and makes clear that guilt in Faulkner’s work is primarily to be understood as a temporal rather than a moral problem.
The Women, Peace and Security Agenda (WPSA) is an international framework addressing the disproportionate impact of armed conflict on women and girls and promoting their meaningful participation in peacebuilding efforts. The Security Council called on Member States to develop National Action Plans (NAPs) to operationalize the four pillars of the Agenda. This study looks at the relevant steps undertaken by both Germany and the European Union. The author calls for improvements on either level and makes four recommendations.
Enhancing economic efficiency in modular production systems through deep reinforcement learning
(2024)
In times of increasingly complex production processes and volatile customer demands, the production adaptability is crucial for a company's profitability and competitiveness. The ability to cope with rapidly changing customer requirements and unexpected internal and external events guarantees robust and efficient production processes, requiring a dedicated control concept at the shop floor level. Yet in today's practice, conventional control approaches remain in use, which may not keep up with the dynamic behaviour due to their scenario-specific and rigid properties. To address this challenge, deep learning methods were increasingly deployed due to their optimization and scalability properties. However, these approaches were often tested in specific operational applications and focused on technical performance indicators such as order tardiness or total throughput. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning based production control to optimize combined techno-financial performance measures. Based on pre-defined manufacturing modules that are supplied and operated by multiple agents, positive effects were observed in terms of increased revenue and reduced penalties due to lower throughput times and fewer delayed products. The combined modular and multi-staged approach as well as the distributed decision-making further leverage scalability and transferability to other scenarios.
In this paper, we study one channel through which communication may facilitate cooperative behavior – belief precision. In a prisoner’s dilemma experiment, we show that communication not only makes individuals more optimistic that their partner will cooperate but also increases the precision of this belief, thereby reducing strategic uncertainty. To disentangle the shift in mean beliefs from the increase in precision, we elicit beliefs and precision in a two-stage procedure and in three situations: without communication, before communication, and after communication. We find that the precision of beliefs increases during communication.
It has been highlighted many times how difficult it is to draw a boundary between gift and bribe, and how the same transfer can be interpreted in different ways according to the position of the observer and the narrative frame into which it is inserted. This also applied of course to Ancient Rome; in both the Republic and Principate lawgivers tried to define the limits of acceptable transfers and thus also to identify what we might call ‘corruption’. Yet, such definitions remained to a large extent blurred, and what was constructed was mostly a ‘code of conduct’, allowing Roman politicians to perform their own ‘honesty’ in public duty – while being aware at all times that their involvement in different kinds of transfer might be used by their opponents against them and presented as a case of ‘corrupt’ behaviour.