Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (550) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (300)
- Postprint (235)
- Habilitation Thesis (10)
- Article (2)
- Master's Thesis (2)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (1)
Keywords
- Nanopartikel (25)
- nanoparticles (18)
- Selbstorganisation (13)
- self-assembly (13)
- thermoresponsive (11)
- DNA origami (9)
- Polymer (9)
- RAFT (9)
- ionic liquids (9)
- polymer (9)
- synthesis (8)
- FRET (7)
- Polymerchemie (7)
- Synthese (7)
- block copolymer (7)
- hydrogel (7)
- thermoresponsiv (7)
- Blockcopolymer (6)
- Blockcopolymere (6)
- LIBS (6)
- Lumineszenz (6)
- block copolymers (6)
- organic chemistry (6)
- polymerization (6)
- porous materials (6)
- water (6)
- PCA (5)
- Photochemie (5)
- Polyelektrolyte (5)
- biomaterials (5)
- calcium phosphate (5)
- carbon nitride (5)
- energy storage (5)
- green chemistry (5)
- ionische Flüssigkeiten (5)
- luminescence (5)
- nanoparticle (5)
- polymer chemistry (5)
- polypeptide (5)
- quantum dots (5)
- ATRP (4)
- Bioraffinerie (4)
- Calciumphosphat (4)
- DNA Origami (4)
- Elektrokatalyse (4)
- Energiespeicher (4)
- Fluoreszenz (4)
- Förster resonance energy transfer (4)
- Hydrogel (4)
- Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie (4)
- Katalyse (4)
- Kohlenstoff (4)
- Kolloid (4)
- Korrosion (4)
- Lanthanoide (4)
- NCA (4)
- Nanoparticles (4)
- PLSR (4)
- Photokatalyse (4)
- Polymere (4)
- Polymerisation (4)
- Quantenpunkte (4)
- Spektroskopie (4)
- Tenside (4)
- Vesikel (4)
- adsorption (4)
- anomalous diffusion (4)
- azobenzene (4)
- biomass (4)
- biomineralization (4)
- carbon (4)
- composites (4)
- copolymers (4)
- corrosion (4)
- crystallization (4)
- fluorescence (4)
- heterogeneous catalysis (4)
- hydrogels (4)
- ion mobility spectrometry (4)
- ionic liquid (4)
- ligand (4)
- living cells (4)
- nachhaltige Chemie (4)
- nanostructures (4)
- nucleation (4)
- organische Chemie (4)
- peptide (4)
- photocatalysis (4)
- polyzwitterion (4)
- poröse Materialien (4)
- ring-opening polymerization (4)
- sol-gel (4)
- spectroscopy (4)
- surface modification (4)
- surfaces (4)
- surfactants (4)
- theoretische Chemie (4)
- Adsorption (3)
- Biomasse (3)
- Cellulose (3)
- Chemometrie (3)
- Chitooligosaccharide (3)
- Chitooligosaccharides (3)
- DFT (3)
- Diodenlaserspektroskopie (3)
- Elektrolumineszenz (3)
- Emulsion (3)
- Emulsionspolymerisation (3)
- Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer (3)
- Gold (3)
- Immunoassay (3)
- Kohlendioxid (3)
- Kohlenhydrate (3)
- Kohlenstoffnitride (3)
- Kohlenstoffnitriden (3)
- Kolloidchemie (3)
- Komposite (3)
- Kristallisation (3)
- Lipide (3)
- Massenspektrometrie (3)
- Metallnitride (3)
- Mikroemulsion (3)
- Mineralisation (3)
- Miniemulsion (3)
- N-carboxyanhydride (3)
- Oberflächen (3)
- Peptid (3)
- Peptide (3)
- Photoionisation (3)
- Polyelektrolyt (3)
- Polypeptid (3)
- RAFT-Polymerisation (3)
- SERS (3)
- Sol-Gel (3)
- air-water interface (3)
- binding (3)
- biorefinery (3)
- calcium carbonate (3)
- carbohydrates (3)
- carbon nitrides (3)
- catalysis (3)
- click chemistry (3)
- colloids (3)
- controlled radical polymerization (3)
- crystal structure (3)
- dye (3)
- electrochemistry (3)
- films (3)
- fluorescent dyes (3)
- glucose oxidation (3)
- gold (3)
- heterogene Katalyse (3)
- heterogene Photokatalyse (3)
- heterogeneous photocatalysis (3)
- infection pathway (3)
- ionothermal synthesis (3)
- lanthanides (3)
- low-energy electrons (3)
- lower critical solution temperature (3)
- mass spectrometry (3)
- metal nitrides (3)
- metal-organic frameworks (3)
- micelle (3)
- micelles (3)
- mineralization (3)
- miniemulsion (3)
- models (3)
- photochemistry (3)
- polyelectrolyte (3)
- polyelectrolytes (3)
- polymers (3)
- protein (3)
- proteins (3)
- reduction (3)
- selectivity (3)
- shape (3)
- silica (3)
- structure elucidation (3)
- sulfur (3)
- supercapacitors (3)
- surface (3)
- sustainable chemistry (3)
- theoretical chemistry (3)
- vesicles (3)
- zinc (3)
- 3D printing (2)
- Abbau (2)
- Ammoniak (2)
- Anisotrope Kolloide (2)
- Antifouling (2)
- Azobenzen (2)
- Azobenzene (2)
- Azobenzol (2)
- Beschichtungen (2)
- Bindung (2)
- Biomineralisation (2)
- Boden (2)
- Calcium (2)
- Calciumcarbonat (2)
- Carbide (2)
- Ceroxid (2)
- Chemie (2)
- Chitinase (2)
- Chitosan (2)
- Colloid Chemistry (2)
- Cumarin (2)
- DBD (2)
- DNA (2)
- DNA radiation damage (2)
- Dichtefunktionaltheorie (2)
- Eisen (2)
- Electrocatalysis (2)
- Elektrochemie (2)
- Elektronendynamik (2)
- Energietransfer (2)
- Europium (2)
- Farbstoff (2)
- Fettsäuren (2)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (2)
- Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe (2)
- Formgedächtnis (2)
- Funktionalisierung (2)
- Funktionalisierung <Chemie> (2)
- Förster-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer (2)
- Förster-Resonanzenergietransfer (2)
- Gasadsorption (2)
- Glycosylation (2)
- Glykopolymere (2)
- Grenzflächen (2)
- Grüne Chemie (2)
- HPLC (2)
- Huminstoffe (2)
- Hydrogele (2)
- Hydrothermale Karbonisierung (2)
- ICP-OES (2)
- Ion mobility spectrometry (2)
- Ionic liquids (2)
- Ionische Flüssigkeiten (2)
- Isotopenverhältnis (2)
- Juvenile hormone (2)
- Katalysatoren (2)
- Klick-Chemie (2)
- Kohlenstoffmaterialien (2)
- Kolloide (2)
- LCST (2)
- Ladungstransport (2)
- Lanthanides (2)
- Leguminosae (2)
- Lichtstreuung (2)
- Lignin (2)
- Luminescence (2)
- Membran (2)
- Mesokristalle (2)
- Mikrogele (2)
- Mizelle (2)
- Mizellen (2)
- Molekulardynamik (2)
- Monoschicht (2)
- N-carboxyanhydrid (2)
- Nanostrukturen (2)
- Nanotechnologie (2)
- Nitride (2)
- Nukleierung (2)
- Nährelemente (2)
- OLED (2)
- Oberflächenchemie (2)
- Palladium (2)
- Peptid-Polymer-Konjugate (2)
- Peptides (2)
- Plasmonik (2)
- Poly(2-oxazoline) (2)
- Polymer chemistry (2)
- Polyzwitterion (2)
- Porous carbon (2)
- Protein-Polymer-Konjugat (2)
- Quantenpunkt (2)
- Quantum Dots (2)
- RFA (2)
- Raman (2)
- SAXS (2)
- Salts (2)
- Salz (2)
- Salzschmelze-Templating (2)
- Schimmelpilze (2)
- Schwefel (2)
- Selbstassemblierung (2)
- Selektivität (2)
- Singulettsauerstoff (2)
- Struktur (2)
- Strukturbildung (2)
- Stärke (2)
- Superkondensatoren (2)
- Synthesis (2)
- Teilchenbildung (2)
- Totalsynthese (2)
- Transmembranprotein (2)
- Ultrazentrifuge (2)
- Wasser (2)
- XRF (2)
- Zwitterionen (2)
- amphiphile Blockcopolymere (2)
- amphiphilic block copolymer (2)
- antifouling (2)
- aptamers (2)
- aqueous-solution (2)
- arsenolipids present (2)
- assemblies (2)
- assembly (2)
- atomic force microscopy (2)
- biodegradable polymers (2)
- biomaterial (2)
- boronic acid (2)
- calcium (2)
- carbon dioxide (2)
- carbon dots (2)
- carbon materials (2)
- carbon monoxide (2)
- carbon-dioxide (2)
- carbon-dioxide capture (2)
- catalysts (2)
- cellulose (2)
- cerium oxide (2)
- charge transport (2)
- chelates (2)
- chemistry (2)
- chitosan (2)
- clusters (2)
- coating (2)
- cod-liver (2)
- colloid (2)
- complexes (2)
- controlled polymerization (2)
- copper (2)
- coumarine (2)
- degradation (2)
- detector development (2)
- diode laser spectroscopy (2)
- dissociative electron attachment (2)
- dye removal (2)
- dynamics (2)
- electrocatalysis (2)
- electron dynamics (2)
- emulsion polymerization (2)
- enzyme (2)
- europium (2)
- fatty-acids (2)
- ferroelectricity (2)
- fiber etching (2)
- flow chemistry (2)
- functionalization (2)
- gas adsorption (2)
- gas sorption (2)
- glycopolymers (2)
- gold nanoparticles (2)
- graphene (2)
- grüne Chemie (2)
- heteroatom-doped carbons (2)
- heteroatoms (2)
- hierarchical porosity (2)
- hierarchische Porosität (2)
- hybrid perovskites (2)
- hydrogen (2)
- hydrolysis (2)
- hydrothermal (2)
- identification (2)
- in-situ (2)
- inorganic chemistry (2)
- intermolecular interactions (2)
- intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen (2)
- intracellular-transport (2)
- ionic conductivity (2)
- ionische Flüssigkeit (2)
- ionogel (2)
- iron (2)
- isomerization (2)
- kontrollierte Polymerisation (2)
- kontrollierte radikalische Polymerisationen (2)
- langevin equation (2)
- laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (2)
- lipids (2)
- liquid-phase catalysis (2)
- magnetic nanoparticles (2)
- magnetic resonance imaging (2)
- manganese (2)
- membrane (2)
- mesocrystals (2)
- mesoporous (2)
- mesoporös (2)
- metal oxides (2)
- methyl orange (2)
- methylene blue (2)
- microcontact printing (2)
- microgels (2)
- microwave synthesis (2)
- mixtures (2)
- molecular dynamics (2)
- molecular rods (2)
- molecular switches (2)
- molecules (2)
- molekulare Schalter (2)
- morphology (2)
- nano (2)
- nanolenses (2)
- nanorods (2)
- naphthalimide (2)
- nonaqueous synthesis (2)
- organic synthesis (2)
- organische Synthese (2)
- organosilica (2)
- oxygen reduction reaction (2)
- palladium (2)
- particle formation (2)
- patchy particles (2)
- perovskite solar cells (2)
- phase-transitions (2)
- photoionization (2)
- photoisomerization (2)
- photovoltaic materials (2)
- physiological consequences (2)
- plasmonics (2)
- poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (2)
- poly(lactic acid) (2)
- polyesters (2)
- polysoaps (2)
- polysulfobetaine (2)
- polyzwitterions (2)
- porous (2)
- porous carbon (2)
- porös (2)
- precursor (2)
- protein-polymer conjugate (2)
- quantum dynamics (2)
- random-walks (2)
- rare earth elements (2)
- redox chemistry (2)
- reference material (2)
- resonance energy transfer (2)
- resonance energy-transfer (2)
- ringöffnende Polymerisation (2)
- salt (2)
- salt melt templating (2)
- salts (2)
- sclerotization (2)
- sensitivity (2)
- simulations (2)
- single-particle tracking (2)
- singlet oxygen (2)
- size (2)
- soil (2)
- sorption (2)
- starch (2)
- structure (2)
- synthetic biology (2)
- system (2)
- systems (2)
- thermodynamics (2)
- thermoresponsive Polymere (2)
- thermoresponsive polymer (2)
- thermoresponsive polymers (2)
- total synthesis (2)
- transmembrane protein (2)
- upconversion (2)
- vesicle (2)
- visible-light (2)
- water treatment (2)
- wettability (2)
- wrinkles (2)
- "Reactive Flux" Ratenkonstanten (1)
- "Spacer"-Gruppe (1)
- (S)-Elatadihydrochalcone (1)
- (S)-Lupinifolin 4´-methyl ether (1)
- 1,2-dithiooxalate (1)
- 1-Arylnaphthalen-Lignane (1)
- 1-arylnaphthalene lignanes (1)
- 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (1)
- 2-Azaspiro[4.5]deca-1-ones (1)
- 2-Thiodisaccharide (1)
- 2-Thiodisaccharides (1)
- 2D material (1)
- 2D-LC-MS/MS (1)
- 2D-Material (1)
- 2P-FRET (1)
- 2Z,4E-Diencarbonsäureester (1)
- 3-color fret (1)
- 3-mercaptopropionic acid (1)
- 315 nm (1)
- 473 nm (1)
- 5'-neolignane (1)
- 8 (1)
- 946 nm (1)
- ABC triblock copolymer (1)
- AC -Impedance (1)
- AC Impedanz (1)
- ACC (1)
- ADMET (1)
- AM1 (1)
- AM1/FOMO (1)
- AM1/FOMO-CI (1)
- AOT bilayer (1)
- ATCUN motif (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Absorptionsspektroskopie (1)
- Abstandsverteilungen (1)
- Acetylacetonat (1)
- Acids (1)
- Actuator (1)
- Additive (1)
- Adhäsion (1)
- Adsorbatschwingungen (1)
- Adsorptionsaktivität (1)
- Aerogele (1)
- Aerogels (1)
- African medicinal plants (1)
- Afrikanische Heilpflanzen (1)
- AgCo (1)
- AgI (1)
- Aggregate (1)
- Aggregation (1)
- Aktivierungsentropie (1)
- Aktuator (1)
- Alkin (1)
- Alkyd resin (1)
- Alkydharze (1)
- Alkylpyridinium salts (1)
- Alkylpyridinium-Salze (1)
- All-Carbon-Kompositen (1)
- Aluminiumlegierung (1)
- Aluminiumoberfläche (1)
- Amin (1)
- Amine (1)
- Aminosäuren (1)
- Ammonia (1)
- Amorphe Polymere (1)
- Amphiphile (1)
- Amphiphile Polymere (1)
- Amphiphiles (1)
- Amphiphilic Polymers (1)
- Amphiphilic diblock copolymers (1)
- Amphiphilic polymers (1)
- Amyloid peptide (1)
- Analytische Ultrazentrifugation (1)
- Anisotropie (1)
- Anode (1)
- Anomale Diffusion (1)
- Anregungsspektren (1)
- Anthrazen (1)
- Antikörper-Färbung (1)
- Aptamere (1)
- Aromaten (1)
- Arrhenius (1)
- Arylnaphthalen-Lignane (1)
- Arylnaphthalene lignans (1)
- Assemblierung (1)
- Assoziative Verdicker (1)
- Assoziatives Anisotropiemodell (1)
- Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (1)
- Aufarbeitung von Fruktose (1)
- Aufkonversion (1)
- Azacyclen (1)
- Azid (1)
- B3LYP (1)
- BAPTA (1)
- BLUF (1)
- Bariumtitanat (1)
- Batterien (1)
- Benetzung (1)
- Benzoboroxol (1)
- Berny-Algorithmus (1)
- Beschallung (1)
- Beschichtung (1)
- Beschichtungsanwendung (1)
- Beta-Lactoglobulin (1)
- Betulin (1)
- Biaryle (1)
- Biaryles (1)
- Biobased Polymers (1)
- Biobasierte Polymere (1)
- Biochromophore (1)
- Bioconjugation (1)
- Biohybrid-Membran (1)
- Bioinspiration (1)
- Biokompatibilität (1)
- Biokonjugate (1)
- Biokonjugation (1)
- Biological activity (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- Biomass (1)
- Biomasseverwertung (1)
- Biomaterial (1)
- Biomaterialien (1)
- Biomineralisation; Bruschit; Statische Lichtstreuung; Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung (1)
- Biomineralisierung (1)
- Biomodification (1)
- Biophotonik (1)
- Biopolymere (1)
- Biorefinery (1)
- Biosensor (1)
- Biosensoren (1)
- Biosilifizierung (1)
- Biosynthesis (1)
- Biotin-Streptavidin (1)
- Biphenol (1)
- Birch-Reduction (1)
- Birch-Reduktion (1)
- Birke (1)
- Block Copolymer (1)
- Block-Copolymere (1)
- Block-copolymer (1)
- Blockcopolymere ; Polyaminosäuren ; Hydrophile Verbindungen ; Chemische Synthese ; Ringöffnungspolymerisation | Calciumcarbonat ; Biomineralisation (1)
- Blockcopolymervesikel (1)
- Bodenanalytik (1)
- Bodengas (1)
- Bodenschutz (1)
- Bombyx mori Seide (1)
- Bombyx mori silk (1)
- Boronsäure (1)
- Breitband (1)
- Brewsterwinkel-Mikroskopie (1)
- Brownian motion (1)
- Bulkgele (1)
- C-Arlyglykosid (1)
- C-C Bindungsknüpfung (1)
- C-C bond formation (1)
- C-reactive (1)
- C-reaktives Protein (1)
- C1N1 (1)
- CBM (1)
- CN (1)
- CN materials (1)
- CN-Materialien (1)
- CO2 capture (1)
- CO2-Abscheidung (1)
- Ca (1)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (1)
- Calcium Bindungsstelle (1)
- Calcium binding site (1)
- Calcium phosphate (1)
- Carbides (1)
- Carbohydrate (1)
- Carbohydrates (1)
- Carbon (1)
- Carbon materials (1)
- Carbonfaserprecursor (1)
- Carbonitrides (1)
- Carbonization (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Cavity Ring-Down (1)
- Cd-free (1)
- Cellulose-Bindung (1)
- Cer Ammonium Nitrat (CAN) (1)
- Cereals (1)
- Ceric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) (1)
- Chalkogenide (1)
- Chalkon (1)
- Characterisation (1)
- Charakterisierung (1)
- Chelate (1)
- Chemical Sensors (1)
- Chemical Synthesis (1)
- Chemische Synthese (1)
- Chemometrics (1)
- Chiralität <Chemie> (1)
- Chitin (1)
- Chitinasen (1)
- Chitolectins (1)
- Chitolektine (1)
- Chitosan / Präparative Chemie / Verpackungsmaterial / Mikrobielle Abbaubarkeit / Chitosan / Proteine (1)
- Cholesterin (1)
- Chromanon (1)
- Chromatographie (1)
- Chromon (1)
- Circularpolarisation (1)
- Cis- and trans-form (1)
- Citrazinsäure (1)
- Click Chemistry (1)
- Click chemistry (1)
- Cluster (1)
- Co-Nonsolvency (1)
- Coating Applications (1)
- Cobalt (1)
- Cobalt Nanopartikeln (1)
- Collagen (1)
- Collagenase (1)
- Collision cross-section (1)
- Colloid (1)
- Composites (1)
- Configuration (1)
- Confinement (1)
- Confocal microscopy (1)
- Conformation (1)
- Copolymere (1)
- Copolymerisation (1)
- Corpora allata (1)
- Coumarin (1)
- CsPbI3 (1)
- Cu doped InP (1)
- Cu-dotiertes InP (1)
- Curriculare Innovation (1)
- Cyaninfarbstoffe (1)
- Cyclohexadien (1)
- Cyclohexadienderivate ; Chemische Synthese ; Birch-Reduktion ; Decarbonylierung | Cyclohexadienderivate ; Photooxidation ; Stereoselektive Reaktion ; (1)
- Cyclovoltammetrie (1)
- Cylcohexadiene (1)
- D3 (1)
- DBD-Farbstoffe (1)
- DBD-dyes (1)
- DFTB3 (1)
- DNA Nanostrukturen (1)
- DNA Schädigung (1)
- DNA damage (1)
- DNA damage response (1)
- DNA nanostructures (1)
- DNA repair (1)
- DNA strand breaks (1)
- DNA-Origami (1)
- DNS (1)
- Debus-Radziszewski polymerization (1)
- Decarbonylation (1)
- Decarbonylierung (1)
- Decorin (1)
- Defektchemie (1)
- Defekte (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Dehnung (1)
- Density Functional Theory (1)
- Deoxyfructosazin (1)
- Derris trifoliata (1)
- Design (1)
- Detektor (1)
- Detektor-Entwicklung (1)
- Detektorentwicklung (1)
- Diamondoide (1)
- Diarylheptanoide (1)
- Dichtematrixtheorie offener Systeme (1)
- Dielectric elastomer actuators (1)
- Dielektrische Elastomer Aktuatoren (1)
- Differential mobility analysis (DMA) (1)
- Differentielle Mobilitätsanalyse (DMA) (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Diffusionsbarriere (1)
- Dihydrobenzofurane (1)
- Dihydroxyaceton (1)
- Dilatations-Viskoelastizität (1)
- Dimensionsstabilität (1)
- Dispersionskorrektur (1)
- Dissertation (1)
- Dissoziation (1)
- Dissoziative Elektronenanlagerung (1)
- Disulfide (1)
- Dizotransfer (1)
- Doppelpuls (1)
- Doppelschichtstruktur (1)
- Doppelstrangbruch (1)
- Doppelt hydrophile Blockcopolymere (1)
- Doppelthydrophile Blockcopolymere (1)
- Dotierung (1)
- Double hydrophilic block copolymers (1)
- Druck-Volumen-Änderung (1)
- Druckfarben (1)
- Drug Delivery (1)
- Durchflusschemie (1)
- Dynamik der Adsorption (1)
- Düngeempfehlung (1)
- E-Z Isomerisierung (1)
- EDX (1)
- EELS (1)
- Einkapselung (1)
- Einkristalle (1)
- Einzelatomkatalyse (1)
- Einzelmoleküldetektion (1)
- Einzelstrangbruch (1)
- Eisen-Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen-Katalysatoren (1)
- Eisenoxidnanopartikel (1)
- Electrochemistry (1)
- Electronic materials (1)
- Elektroaktive Polymere (1)
- Elektrolumineszenz-Folie (1)
- Elektrolytempfindlichkeit (1)
- Elektronenkorrelation (1)
- Elektronenstrukturrechnung (1)
- Elektronentomographie (1)
- Elektrospinnen (1)
- Elektrosprayionisation (1)
- Elektrostatische Wechselwirkung (1)
- Ellipsometrie (1)
- Emulsion Polymerization (1)
- Emulsionen (1)
- Endoperoxide (1)
- Enegieanwendungen (1)
- Energiespeichermechanismus (1)
- Energieumwandlung (1)
- Energy Applications (1)
- Energy Transfer (1)
- Enzym (1)
- Enzyme (1)
- Enzyme inhibitor (1)
- Equisetum hyemale (1)
- Erneuerbare Ressourcen (1)
- Ethen (1)
- Eyring (1)
- Falten (1)
- Faltenstrukturen (1)
- Faser (1)
- Faser-Bragg-Gitter (1)
- Fasern (1)
- Faserätzen (1)
- Feldflussfraktionierung (1)
- Ferrofluid (1)
- Fest-Flüssig-Extraktion (1)
- Festelektrolyten (1)
- Festkörperstruktur (1)
- Festphasensynthese (1)
- Fettsäure (1)
- FhuA (1)
- Field Flow Fractionation (1)
- Film (1)
- Filmbildner (1)
- Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (1)
- Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese (1)
- Flavanone (1)
- Fluoereszenzsonden (1)
- Fluorchemie (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Fluorescence imaging (1)
- Fluorescent Dyes (1)
- Fluorescent probes (1)
- Fluoreszens (1)
- Fluoreszenz-Korrelations-Spektroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzanisotropie (1)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzsensor (1)
- Fluoreszenzspektroskopie (1)
- Fluorierte Blockcopolymere (1)
- Fluoroionophore (1)
- Fluorophore (1)
- Fluorophores (1)
- Fluorpolymere (1)
- Flüssig-/flüssig-Grenzflächen (1)
- Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion (1)
- Flüssigkeitszerstäubung (1)
- Flüssigkristalline Polymere (1)
- Flüssigphasenkatalyse (1)
- Flüssigphasensynthese (1)
- Fokker-Planck equations (1)
- Formate (1)
- Formationsfluid (1)
- Formgedächtnispolymere (1)
- Formose (1)
- Freistehende Membranen (1)
- Frequenzaufkonversion (1)
- Frequenzverdopplung (1)
- Fulgimide (1)
- Functionalization (1)
- Fungi (1)
- Funktionalisierte Ölsäuremethylester (1)
- Funktionalisierung von Katalysatoren (1)
- Fällungsreaktion (1)
- Förster Resonanz Energie Transfer (1)
- G quadruplexes (1)
- GAUSSIAN (1)
- GIXD (1)
- GOD (1)
- Gadolinium (1)
- Galactosides (1)
- Gas Sorption (1)
- Gas selective membranes (1)
- Gaspermeation (1)
- Gasselektive Membranen (1)
- Gassensorik (1)
- Gassorption (1)
- Gastrennung (1)
- Gefrierschutzadditiv (1)
- Gelatin (1)
- Gelatine (1)
- Gele (1)
- Gelieren (1)
- Gentherapie (1)
- Gentransfer (1)
- Geometrieoptimierung (1)
- Gießfolien (1)
- Gleichgewicht der Adsorption (1)
- Glucose (1)
- Glukose Oxidation (1)
- Glukoseoxidation (1)
- Glycoconjugates (1)
- Glycopeptides (1)
- Glycopeptoid (1)
- Glycosylierung (1)
- Glykan-Protein-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Glykochemie (1)
- Glykogele (1)
- Glykokonjugat (1)
- Glykokonjugate (1)
- Glykolipide (1)
- Glykomonomer (1)
- Glykopeptid (1)
- Glykopolymer (1)
- Glykopolymer-Elektrolyt (1)
- Glykosylierung (1)
- Gold Cluster (1)
- Gold nanoparticles (1)
- Gold-Kohlenstoff-Katalysatoren (1)
- Goldnanopartikel (1)
- Graphen (1)
- Gravitation (1)
- Green Chemistry (1)
- Grenzfläche (1)
- Grenzfläche Lösung/Tetradecan (1)
- Grenzflächenaktivität (1)
- Grenzflächenchemie (1)
- Grenzflächenpolarierung (1)
- Group Transfer polymerisation (1)
- Groß Schönebeck (1)
- Grundwasserschutz (1)
- HDAC1 (1)
- HER (1)
- Haftvermittler (1)
- Halogenid-Perowskite (1)
- Harnstoff (1)
- Harnstoff-Glas-Route (1)
- Hartree Fock (1)
- Helicen (1)
- Hepcidin (1)
- Heptazine (1)
- Herkunft (1)
- Herstellung (1)
- Heteroatom Doping (1)
- Heteroatom-Dotierung (1)
- Heteroatom-Modifikation (1)
- Heteroatom-dotierte Kohlenstoffe (1)
- Heterophase Polymerization (1)
- Heterophasenpolymerisation (1)
- Himbeerketon (1)
- Hofmeister (1)
- Hohlkugeln (1)
- Hollow Spheres (1)
- Holzmodifikation (1)
- Hyalophora cecropia (1)
- Hyaluronic acid (1)
- Hyaluronsäure (1)
- Hybrid material (1)
- Hybridmaterialien (1)
- Hydroborierung (1)
- Hydrogelen (1)
- Hydrogenolyse (1)
- Hydrolyse (1)
- Hydrophobizität (1)
- Hydrothermal Carbonization (1)
- Hydrothermal carbonisation (1)
- Hydrothermalkohle (1)
- Hydrotrope (1)
- Hydroxyapatit (1)
- Hydroxyl (1)
- Hydroxymethylfurfural (1)
- Hyperpolarisierbarkeit (1)
- IR excitation (1)
- IR-Anregung (1)
- IR-MALDI (1)
- IRRAS (1)
- ISA (1)
- ITC (1)
- Imidazolium (1)
- In vitro (1)
- InP (1)
- InPZnS (1)
- Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (IR-MALDI) (1)
- Integrin (1)
- Inverse Micelle (1)
- Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) (1)
- Ionen (1)
- Ionenaustauscher (1)
- Ionenmigration (1)
- Ionenmobilitäts-Berechnungen (1)
- Ionenmobilitätspektrometrie (1)
- Ionenmobilitätsspektrometry (IMS) (1)
- Ionenverteilung (1)
- Ionic Liquid (1)
- Ionic liquid (1)
- Ionic liquid monomers (1)
- Ionisationspotential (1)
- Ionische Flüssigkeit (1)
- Ionisierungsenergie (1)
- Ionogel (1)
- Isoflavonoide (1)
- Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (1)
- Isotherme Titrationskalorimetrie (1)
- Isothermen (1)
- Isotop (1)
- Isotope ratio (1)
- Isotopie (1)
- JH-III-specific carrier protein (1)
- Janus (1)
- Janus droplets (1)
- Juvenile hormone analogue (1)
- Kalium- und Natrium-Ionen (1)
- Kapseln (1)
- Karbonisierung (1)
- Karbonnitrid Ionothermalsynthese (1)
- Kartierung (1)
- Katalysator (1)
- Kathode (1)
- Keramik (1)
- Kern-Hülle (1)
- Kern-Schale Aufkonvertierende Nanopartikel (1)
- Kerndynamik (1)
- Kinetically controlled nanocrystal growth (1)
- Kinetics (1)
- Kinetik (1)
- Klassiche Simulationen (1)
- Kleinwinkelstreuung (1)
- Klick (1)
- Klick Chemie (1)
- Klickchemie (1)
- Koaleszenz (1)
- Kobaltcarbonyl (1)
- Kohlenmaterialien (1)
- Kohlenmonoxid (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Nanopunkte (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Punkte (1)
- Kohlenstoffe auf Biomasse-Basis (1)
- Kohlenstofffilme (1)
- Kohlenstoffmaterial (1)
- Kohlenstoffnitrid (1)
- Kohlenstoffnitrid (CN) (1)
- Kohlenstoffpartikel (1)
- Kohlenstoffsynthese (1)
- Kohlenstoffträger (1)
- Kohn Sham (1)
- Kol (1)
- Kollagen (1)
- Kollagenase (1)
- Komplexe (1)
- Kompositmaterial (1)
- Kompositpolymer (1)
- Konformationsänderungen (1)
- Kontaktdruck (1)
- Kooperativität (1)
- Koordinationskomplexe (1)
- Koordinationspolymere (1)
- Korrelationsfunktion (1)
- Kraft lignin hydrogenolysis (1)
- Kraftlignin (1)
- Kraftsensoren (1)
- Kristallisation von Dünnschichten (1)
- Kryo-Elektronenmikroskopie (1)
- Kupfer (1)
- LB-Multilayer (1)
- LB-multilayer (1)
- LCPs (1)
- LCST and UCST (1)
- LCST und UCST (1)
- Lactams (1)
- Ladung Transport (1)
- Langmuir Monoschicht (1)
- Langmuir monolayers (1)
- Lanthanide (1)
- Lanthano (1)
- Lanthanoidkomplexe (1)
- Laser (1)
- Laser induzierte Breakdown Spektroskopie (1)
- Laser-Carbonization (1)
- Laserablation-ICP-MS (1)
- Laserinduzierte Inkandeszenz (LII) (1)
- Laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS) (1)
- Laserkarbonisierung (1)
- Laserkontrolle (1)
- Laserpulse (1)
- Laserpulskontrolle (1)
- Layer-by-Layer (1)
- Layer-by-Layer Glykopolymerbeschichtung (1)
- Legierungen (1)
- Leitruss (1)
- Lektin (1)
- Lektine (1)
- Leptinotarsa decemlineata (1)
- Lerneinheit (1)
- Levoglucosenol (1)
- Levy walk (1)
- Levy-Bewegung (1)
- Lewatit TP 207 (1)
- Li-Batterien (1)
- Li-Ionen-Akkus (1)
- Li-Ionen-Kondensator (1)
- Li-S batteries (1)
- Li-S-Batterien (1)
- Li-batteries (1)
- Li-ion batteries (1)
- Li-ion capacitor (1)
- LiFePO4 (1)
- Lichtinduzierter Effekt (1)
- Ligand <Biochemie> (1)
- Ligandendesign (1)
- Ligation (1)
- Lignane (1)
- Linear polarisierte Bestrahlung (1)
- Linienspannung (1)
- Liquid dispersion (1)
- Lithiophilizität (1)
- Lithium ion battery (1)
- Lithium-Ionen-Batterie (1)
- Lithium-Ionen-Kondensatoren (1)
- Lithium-Schwefel-Batterien (1)
- Locust (1)
- Locusta migratoria (1)
- Lumineszenzsonden (1)
- Lupinifolin (1)
- Lävulinsäure (1)
- Löschung (1)
- Lösungsmittel-thermisches Tempern (1)
- Lösungsmitteleffekte (1)
- Lösungsprozess (1)
- Lösungszustand (1)
- MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (1)
- MEO2MA (1)
- MP2 (1)
- MS (1)
- Magnetic (1)
- Magnetic Particle Imaging (1)
- Magnetisch (1)
- Magnetische Kernresonanz (1)
- Magnetismus (1)
- Magnetit Nanopartikel (1)
- Magnetresonanztomograpgie (1)
- Magnetresonanztomographie (1)
- Makroinitiator (1)
- Makrozyklen (1)
- Mannuronsäure (1)
- Marangoni flow (1)
- Marangoni-Fluss (1)
- Mass Spectrometry (1)
- Materialwissenschaft (1)
- Matrix-unterstützte Laser-Desorption/Ionisation (IR-MALDI) (1)
- Matsuda-Heck reaction (1)
- Matsuda-Heck-Reaktion (1)
- Maxwell-Wagner (1)
- Mechanotransduktion (1)
- Membranforschung bzw. Membranwissenschaften (1)
- Mesokristall (1)
- Mesoporosity (1)
- Mesoporosität (1)
- Mesoporöse Materialien (1)
- Mesoskalentransformation (1)
- Metal Chalcogenides (1)
- Metal-organic framework (1)
- Metall (1)
- Metall-organische Gerüste (1)
- Metallcarbide (1)
- Metallchalkogenide (1)
- Metallnitrid-Kohlenstoff Komposite (1)
- Metallorganischen (1)
- Metalloxide (1)
- Methacrylat (1)
- Micellar polymers (1)
- Micr (1)
- Microalgae (1)
- Microemulsion (1)
- Mikroalgen (1)
- Mikroemulsionen (1)
- Mikrofluidik (1)
- Mikrogel-Array (1)
- Mikrogelketten (1)
- Mikrogelstränge (1)
- Mikrokontaktdruck (1)
- Mikromanipulation (1)
- Mikrostruktur (1)
- Mikrotomographie (1)
- Mikrowelle (1)
- Mikrowellensynthese (1)
- Mixed-Matrix-Membran (1)
- Mizellbildung (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Modified mycotoxins (1)
- Modifizierung von Polymeren (1)
- Molecular dynamics (1)
- Moleküle in äußeren Feldern (1)
- Molekülkristalle (1)
- Monolayers (1)
- Monolith (1)
- Monomersequenz (1)
- Morphologie (1)
- Morphologie von Kapseln (1)
- Multi-Wellenlängen (1)
- Multi-method (1)
- Multiblock Copolymer (1)
- Multiblock copolymer (1)
- Multikompartiment-Mizellen (1)
- Muschelnachahmend (1)
- Mycotoxins (1)
- Mykotoxine (1)
- N-Acetyl-chitooligosaccharide (1)
- N-Alkylglycin (1)
- N-Carboxyanhydrid (1)
- N-Vinylcaprolactam (1)
- N-Vinylpyrrolidon (1)
- N-acetyl-chitooligosaccharides (1)
- N-acetyldopamine (1)
- N-alkyl-glycine (1)
- N-doped carbon (1)
- N-dotierter Kohlenstoff (1)
- N-vinylcaprolactame (1)
- N-vinylpyrrolidone (1)
- N2 fixation (1)
- N2-Fixierung (1)
- NEXAFS (1)
- NHC (1)
- NIR spectroscopy (1)
- NMR (1)
- NMR structure (1)
- NTF (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nahinfrarot (NIR) (1)
- Nano (1)
- Nanofluidik (1)
- Nanokapseln (1)
- Nanokomposit (1)
- Nanokomposite (1)
- Nanolinsen (1)
- Nanomaterialien (1)
- Nanoparticle (1)
- Nanopartikel Substrat Interaktionen (1)
- Nanopartikeln (1)
- Nanopartikeln-Anordnung (1)
- Nanoplastik (1)
- Nanoplättchen (1)
- Nanospindeln (1)
- Nanostructure (1)
- Nanostruktur (1)
- Nanostäbchen (1)
- Nanotechnology (1)
- Nanotriangles (1)
- Naphthalenophane (1)
- Naphthalenophanes (1)
- Naphthalimid (1)
- Nassfestigkeit (1)
- Natrium-Ionen-Akkumulator (1)
- Natrium-Ionen-Batterie (1)
- Naturstoff (1)
- Negative Poisson’s ratio (1)
- Negatives Poisson-Verhältnis (1)
- Neodym-YAG-Laser (1)
- Neurotransmitter (1)
- Neutronen Diffraktion (1)
- Neutronen Reflektometrie (1)
- NiTi (1)
- Nichtlineare Spektroskopie (1)
- Nichtwässrige Synthese (1)
- Nickel-Kohlenstoff-Katalysatoren (1)
- Nitrides (1)
- Nitrobenzyl (1)
- Nitrogen Physisorption (1)
- Normalmodenanalyse (1)
- Nukleation (1)
- Nutrients (1)
- O-methyltransferase (1)
- OEGMA (1)
- OER (1)
- OFET (1)
- ORR (1)
- OSK (1)
- OSTK (1)
- OTDR (1)
- Oberflächenbeschichtung (1)
- Oberflächenkräfte (1)
- Oberflächenmodifizierung (1)
- Oberflächenplasmonenlasmonen (1)
- Oberflächenpotential (1)
- Oberflächentopografie (1)
- Oberfächen (1)
- Olefin Metathese (1)
- Olefin metathesis (1)
- Oligomere (1)
- Oligosaccharides (1)
- Oligospiroketal (1)
- On-demand Freisetzung (1)
- On-demand release (1)
- On.Line Monitoring (1)
- Open Source (1)
- Optimale Kontrolltheorie (1)
- Optode (1)
- Organic photovoltaic Cell (1)
- Organische Chemie (1)
- Organische Photovoltaikzelle (1)
- Organo-Silikate (1)
- Organogel (1)
- Organosilica (1)
- Orientierungsbewegung (1)
- Origo-Spiro-Thio-Ketal-Stäbe (1)
- Orthoptera (1)
- Oscillating Bubble (1)
- Oxalat-Fällung (1)
- Oxidkeramik (1)
- Oxinitride (1)
- Oxo-Kohlenstoff (1)
- Oxynitrides (1)
- PAH (1)
- PAN Emulsionspolymerisation (1)
- PARAFAC (1)
- PEG brushes (1)
- PEG-Funktionalisierung (1)
- PEI (1)
- PEI coating (1)
- PFG-NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- PLA (1)
- PLS regression (1)
- POD (1)
- POF; Reliabilität; Abbau; Chemilumineszenz (1)
- POF; reliability; degradation; chemiluminescence (1)
- PZT (1)
- Pachkungsdichte (1)
- Patchy Partikel (1)
- Paxillin (1)
- PdCo (1)
- Peptiden (1)
- Perlmutt (1)
- Perovskite (1)
- Perowskit (1)
- Perowskit Solarzellen (1)
- Perowskit Vorläuferstadien (1)
- Perowskit-Solarzellen (1)
- Perowskite (1)
- Perylen (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Pestizid (1)
- Pfropfcopolymere (1)
- Phase transitions (1)
- Phasenübergang (1)
- Phasenübergänge (1)
- Phenol (1)
- Phospholipid (1)
- Photo-Dehydro-Diels-Alder reaction (1)
- Photo-Dehydro-Diels-Alder-Reaktion (1)
- Photoanregung (1)
- Photochemische Reaktionen (1)
- Photodesorption (1)
- Photoelektronenspektroskopie (1)
- Photoexcitation (1)
- Photoinduzierte Polymerisation (1)
- Photoinitiierte Polymerisationen (1)
- Photon density waves (1)
- Photonendichtewellen (1)
- Photoorientierung (1)
- Photooxygenation (1)
- Photooxygenierung (1)
- Photopolymer (1)
- Photopolymerization (1)
- Photopolymers (1)
- Physical Crosslinking (1)
- Physikalische Vernetzung (1)
- Phytopathogens (1)
- Pickering Emulsion (1)
- Pickering emulsions (1)
- Podanthus mitiqui (1)
- Poly(2-oxazolin)-Blockcopolymer (1)
- Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamid) (1)
- Poly(N-Isopropylmethacrylamid) (1)
- Poly(N-Vinylisobutyramid) (1)
- Poly(amidoamine) (1)
- Poly(ionische Flüssigkeit) (1)
- Poly(lactic acid) (1)
- Poly(methyl methacrylate (1)
- Poly(ε-caprolacton) (1)
- Polyacetylene (1)
- Polyampholytes (1)
- Polyeste r (1)
- Polyester (1)
- Polyethylenglykole (1)
- Polyethylenimin (1)
- Polyfluoren (1)
- Polyglycin (1)
- Polykation (1)
- Polykondensation (1)
- Polylactid (1)
- Polymer Modification (1)
- Polymer films (1)
- Polymer physics (1)
- Polymerfilme (1)
- Polymerionogel (1)
- Polymerisierbare ionische Flüssigkeiten (1)
- Polymerizable surfactant (1)
- Polymerkristallisation (1)
- Polymerphysik (1)
- Polymers (1)
- Polymersynthese (1)
- Polymertenside (1)
- Polymethylmethacrylat (1)
- Polymilchsäure (1)
- Polyolefin (1)
- Polyoxazolin (1)
- Polypeptide (1)
- Polypeptoide (1)
- Polysulfobetaine (1)
- Polysulfon (1)
- Polyurethane (1)
- Populationsanalyse (1)
- Poröse Materialien (1)
- Poröser Kohlenstoff (1)
- Poröser Stoff (1)
- Porösität (1)
- Post-Hartree Fock methods (1)
- Post-Hartree-Fock Methoden (1)
- Post-Modifikationen (1)
- Precipitation (1)
- Precision Agriculture (1)
- Protein (1)
- Protein Microcapsules (1)
- Protein-NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Protein-Polymer Konjugaten (1)
- Proteinadsorption (1)
- Proteincharakterisierung (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Proteinmikrokapseln (1)
- Protonenleitfähigkeit (1)
- Prozesskontrolle (1)
- Präkursor (1)
- PtCo (1)
- Punkt-für-Punkt-Einschreibemethode (1)
- Pyrolyse (1)
- QD device (1)
- QD stability (1)
- QD-Gerät (1)
- QD-Stabilität (1)
- QDs (1)
- QM/MM (1)
- QM/MM Molekulardynamik (1)
- QM/MM stochastic dynamics (1)
- Quadratsäure (1)
- Quantenausbeute (1)
- Quantenchemie (1)
- Quantendynamik (1)
- Quantendynamische Simulationen (1)
- Quantum Dot (1)
- Quantum dynamics (1)
- Quantumdots (1)
- Quartz Crystal (1)
- Química de Coloides (1)
- RAFT polymerisation (1)
- RAFT polymerization (1)
- RAFT, Polymerisation (1)
- RAFT-Polymerization (1)
- RAFT/MADIX Polymerisation (1)
- RAFT/MADIX polymerization (1)
- REMPI (1)
- ROMP (1)
- ROP (1)
- RP-HPLC (1)
- RUNX2 (1)
- Radikalreaktionen (1)
- Radikalrekombination (1)
- Radiosensibilisator (1)
- Rasterkraftmikroskopie (1)
- Reaktion (1)
- Reaktionsmechanismen (1)
- Reaktionsmechanismus (1)
- Redoxchemie (1)
- Renewable Resources (1)
- Rerenzmaterial (1)
- Resonante Energie Transfer (1)
- Resonanz-Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Resonanzenergietransfer (1)
- Retrosynthese (1)
- Rhenium(V) (1)
- Rheologie (1)
- Rhodamin B (1)
- Riboflavin (1)
- Rinde (1)
- Ringschlussmetathese (1)
- Ringspannung (1)
- Ringöffnungspolymerisation (1)
- Rod-like Polymers (1)
- Rohrreaktor (1)
- Rotationsbarriere (1)
- Rotliegend (1)
- Röntgenbeugung (1)
- Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung (1)
- Röntgenstrahlung (1)
- SAK (1)
- SAM (1)
- SEC-MALS (1)
- SEM (1)
- SERS enhancement factor (1)
- SFG (1)
- SHG (1)
- SLS (1)
- STM (1)
- Saccharide Recognition (1)
- Salze (1)
- Salzschmelze (1)
- Sauerstoff (1)
- Sauerstoff Reduktion (1)
- Sauerstoff-Reduktionsreaktion (1)
- Schaum (1)
- Schaumfilme (1)
- Schmelz (1)
- Schwefel-Ligand (1)
- Schwefelwirt (1)
- Schwermetalle (1)
- Schwermetallentfernung (1)
- Schwingungsanregung (1)
- Schwingungsaufgelöste UV/VIS-Spektroskopie (1)
- Schwingungsspektroskopie (1)
- Schädlingsbekämpfung (1)
- Seedpods (1)
- Sekundärstruktur (1)
- Selbstdiffusion (1)
- Selbstheilende Beschichtungen (1)
- Seltene Erdelemente (1)
- Sensorik (1)
- Serum (1)
- Shadowgraphie (1)
- Shadowgraphy (1)
- Shape-memory (1)
- Silbernanopartikel (1)
- Silica (1)
- Silicate (1)
- Siliciumdioxid (1)
- Silika (1)
- Silika Partikel (1)
- Silikonelastomere (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Singletoxygen (1)
- Sintern von Nanopartikeln (1)
- Skalarprodukt von Kraft und Weg (1)
- Skalierungsmethode von Champagne (1)
- Soft-Templaten (1)
- Soil (1)
- Solarzellen (1)
- Solid phase synthesis (1)
- Solubilisierung (1)
- Solution phase synthesis (1)
- Solvatochromie (1)
- Solvothermalsynthese (1)
- Sonication (1)
- Spannungskonzentrationen (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Spermidin (1)
- Spezies (1)
- Sprengstoffe (1)
- Spritzgießen (1)
- Sprungwahrscheinlichkeit (1)
- Stab (1)
- Stability of LB Films (1)
- Stabilität von Emulsionen (1)
- Stabilität von Schäumen (1)
- Stereocomplex (1)
- Stereokomplex (1)
- Stereokomplexierung (1)
- Sternpolymere (1)
- Steroid esters (1)
- Stickstoff Physisorption (1)
- Stickstoffdotiert (1)
- Stickstoffinversion (1)
- Stickstoff‑ und Kohlenstoffhaltige Materialien (1)
- Stilben (1)
- Stoßquerschnitt (1)
- Stress concentration (1)
- Stressrelaxation (1)
- Stressrelaxierung (1)
- Structure elucidation (1)
- Strukturaufklärung (1)
- Strömungschemie (1)
- Styrol (1)
- Stäbchen-Knäul; amphiphile Blockcopolymere; ; Polypeptide; Festphasen; Struktur; Morphologie; Kolloide; Selbstorganisation; Vesikel; schaltbare Aggr (1)
- Substrat (1)
- Summenparameter (1)
- Superkondensator (1)
- Supramolecular Interactions (1)
- Supramolekular (1)
- Supramolekularen Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Surface Hopping Dynamik (1)
- Surfactant (1)
- Surfactants (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Syngas Hydrogenation (1)
- Syngashydrierung (1)
- Synthesemethoden (1)
- Synthesis and processing (1)
- Synthetic methods (1)
- Synthetische Biologie (1)
- T3 (1)
- TDDFT (1)
- TEM (1)
- TRANES (1)
- TRES (1)
- Tandemmassenspektrometrie (1)
- Tannine (1)
- Templat (1)
- Templatgesteuerte Assemblierung (1)
- Templatierung (1)
- Templating (1)
- Templatphase (1)
- Tensid (1)
- Tensiddynamik (1)
- Tensor (1)
- Tephrosia elata (1)
- Thermodynamische Eigenschaft (1)
- Thermoplastic elastomer (1)
- Thermoresponsiv (1)
- Thiazol-Salze (1)
- Thio-Click Modifizierung (1)
- Thio-click modification (1)
- Thioacetale (1)
- Thioacetals (1)
- Thioglycoside (1)
- Thiol-En (1)
- Thiole (1)
- Thiophen und Benzodithiophen Copolymere (1)
- Thiophene and Benzodithiophene copolymers (1)
- TiO2 nanoparticles (1)
- Time-resolved Immunoassay (1)
- Titandioxid (1)
- Trajektorien (1)
- Transfektion (1)
- Transient (1)
- Transition metal complexes (1)
- Transitionmetals (1)
- Triazin (1)
- Triblock Copolymers (1)
- Triblock-Copolymere (1)
- Trichloracetimidate (1)
- Trichloroacetimidates (1)
- Triiodthyronin (1)
- Tropfen (1)
- Tropfenoszillationen (1)
- Tropfenprofil-Analysen-Tensiometrie (1)
- Tully-Algorithmus (1)
- Two-Photon-Absorption (1)
- UV (1)
- UV/VIS (1)
- UVR (1)
- Ultradünne Filme (1)
- Umweltreaktion (1)
- Untersuchung (1)
- Upgrade of Fructose (1)
- Uranyl (1)
- Urea-Glas-Route (1)
- Uronsäuren (1)
- Valerolacton (1)
- Vanadium(IV) (1)
- Vektor (1)
- Verbindungen auf Eisenbasis (1)
- Verdunstung (1)
- Vernetzung (1)
- Vesikel Forschung/Vesikel Studien (1)
- Vibronik (1)
- Vinylsulfonylverbindungen (1)
- Viskoelastizität (1)
- Vorstufe (1)
- WANG-Linker (1)
- WANG-linker (1)
- WAXS (1)
- Wasser auf Aluminiumoxid (1)
- Wasser-Luft-Grenzfläche (1)
- Wasser-in-Öl-Mikroemulsion (1)
- Wasser/Luft Grenzflächen (1)
- Wasser/Öl-Grenzfläche (1)
- Wassergehalt (1)
- Wasseroberfläche (1)
- Wasserspaltung (1)
- Wasserstoff (1)
- Weitwinkelröntgenstreuung (1)
- Winterschachtelhalm (1)
- Wirkung des Ionenstärken (1)
- Wirkung des pH-Werten (1)
- Wissenschaftskommunikation (1)
- Wissenschaftskommunikationstypen (1)
- Wärmetransformationsanwendungen (1)
- X-ray (1)
- X-ray diffraction (1)
- X-ray structure (1)
- XMCD (1)
- XPS (1)
- Z-E Isomerisierung (1)
- Zeitabhängige Dichtefunktionaltheorie (1)
- Zeitaufgelöste Lumineszenz (1)
- Zeitaufgelöster Immunoassay (1)
- Zellgewebe (1)
- Zellmarkierung (1)
- Zellmigration (1)
- Zellulose (1)
- Zeolites (1)
- Zeolithe (1)
- Zimtsäureester (1)
- Zinc (1)
- Zuckererkennung (1)
- Zweiphotonenanregung (1)
- [2+2]-Cycloaddition (1)
- [2+2]-cycloaddition (1)
- [4+2] cycloaddition (1)
- [N]phenylene dyads (1)
- [N]phenylenes (1)
- a (1)
- ab-initio Dynamik (1)
- ab-initio dynamics (1)
- abbaubares Polymer (1)
- absorbtion fine-structure (1)
- acceptors (1)
- acid (1)
- acids (1)
- acinar-cells (1)
- acoustically levitated droplets (1)
- acrylic acid esters (1)
- actinide, organic ligand, sorption, cementitious material, concrete, luminescence (1)
- activated carbon (1)
- activated urethane (1)
- activated urethane derivatives (1)
- activation entropy (1)
- active polymers (1)
- adamantane (1)
- additive Fertigung (1)
- additive manufacturing (1)
- additives (1)
- adduct formation (1)
- adenoassociated virus (1)
- adhesion (1)
- adhesive (1)
- adsorbate vibrations (1)
- aggregate (1)
- aggregation (1)
- air-water-interface (1)
- aktive Polymere (1)
- aktiviertes Urethan (1)
- akustisch schwebende Tropfen (1)
- alignment (1)
- alkine (1)
- alkynol cycloisomerization (1)
- all-carbon composites (1)
- alumina (1)
- aluminum alloy (1)
- amine (1)
- amino acids (1)
- ammonia (1)
- amorph (1)
- amorphes Calciumcarbonat (1)
- amorphous carbon (1)
- amorphous polymers (1)
- amphiphilic block copolymers (1)
- amphiphilic polymers (1)
- analytical ultracentrifugation (1)
- anchor peptides (1)
- anharmonic force fields (1)
- anharmonische Kraftfelder (1)
- anionic polymerizations (1)
- anisotrop (1)
- anisotropic (1)
- anisotropic colloids (1)
- anisotropic microgels (1)
- anisotropy (1)
- anode (1)
- anorganisch-organische Hybrid-Nanopartikel (1)
- anthracene (1)
- anti-fouling (1)
- anti-fouling materials (1)
- antibodies (1)
- antibody staining (1)
- antifreeze additive (1)
- antimalarial activity (1)
- aqueous dispersion (1)
- aqueous systems (1)
- arenediazonium salts (1)
- aromats (1)
- arsenious acid (1)
- articulated (1)
- artificial cells (1)
- artificial muscles (1)
- aryl C-glycoside (1)
- arylboronic acids (1)
- aryldiazonium salts (1)
- aspect-ratio (1)
- associated anisotropy (1)
- associating polymers (1)
- associative thickeners (1)
- assoziative Photodesorption (1)
- asymmetric (1)
- asymmetric synthesis (1)
- asymmetrisch (1)
- asymmetrische Synthese (1)
- atropisomerism (1)
- attachment (1)
- augmented-wave method (1)
- auxiliary control (1)
- azacycles (1)
- azide (1)
- bark (1)
- barrier of rotation energy (1)
- battery (1)
- beer (1)
- begrenzte Polymerisation (1)
- behavior (1)
- benzoboroxole (1)
- beta-lactoglobulin (1)
- betaine (1)
- bilayer system (1)
- bio-modification (1)
- bioactive (1)
- bioaktiv (1)
- bioanalysis (1)
- biochromophores (1)
- biocompatibility (1)
- bioconjugate (1)
- biohybrid membrane materials (1)
- bioinspiration (1)
- bioinspired composite (1)
- bioinspirierte Komposite (1)
- biological membranes (1)
- biologische Membranen (1)
- biomarker (1)
- biomass valorization (1)
- biomass-derived carbons (1)
- biomimetics and semiconducting polymers (1)
- biophotonics (1)
- biopolymers (1)
- biorefineries (1)
- biorelevant (1)
- biosensor (1)
- biosensors (1)
- biosilicification (1)
- biotin streptavidin (1)
- biphenol (1)
- bipolar blockcopolymers (1)
- bipolare Blockcopolymere (1)
- birch (1)
- bladder-cancer (1)
- block copolymer vesicles (1)
- block-copolymer (1)
- block-copolymers (1)
- blockcopolymer (1)
- blockcopolymere (1)
- bone tissue engineering (1)
- broadband (1)
- brownian-motion (1)
- brushite (1)
- bubble-bubble interaction (1)
- building-blocks (1)
- bulk gels (1)
- bulk-mediated surface diffusion (1)
- c-reactive protein (1)
- cadmium-free (1)
- caged Verbindungen (1)
- caged compounds (1)
- calcium influx (1)
- calcium phosphate hybrid material (1)
- capacity (1)
- capillary pressure tensiometry (1)
- capsule morphology (1)
- carbides (1)
- carbohydrate derivatives (1)
- carbohydrate esters (1)
- carbohydrate-based oxepines (1)
- carbohydrate‐ based (1)
- carbon fibre (1)
- carbon films (1)
- carbon material (1)
- carbon nanodots (1)
- carbon particle (1)
- carbon supports (1)
- carbon synthesis (1)
- carbonyl-compounds (1)
- carbothermal (1)
- carbothermisch (1)
- carboxyanhydrides (1)
- carcinogen exposure (1)
- casted-films (1)
- casting (1)
- catalyst (1)
- catalyst functionalization (1)
- catalytic application (1)
- catalyzed cross metathesis (1)
- catalyzed redox isomerization (1)
- cathode (1)
- cationic surfactants (1)
- cavity ring-down (1)
- cell labeling probe (1)
- cell migration (1)
- cell-death (1)
- cellular tissue (1)
- cellulose-binding (1)
- cement admixtures (1)
- cement hydration (1)
- cementitious material (1)
- ceramics (1)
- chain azobenzene polymers (1)
- chalcogenide (1)
- chalcon (1)
- charge transfer (1)
- chelating cation exchanger (1)
- chemical-synthesis (1)
- chemische Sensoren (1)
- chemometrics (1)
- chemoradiation therapy (1)
- chiral recognition (1)
- chiral separation (1)
- chiral switches (1)
- chirale Erkennung (1)
- chirale Schalter (1)
- chirale Trennung (1)
- chirality (1)
- chitin (1)
- chitinase (1)
- chromanone (1)
- chromatography (1)
- chromoionophore (1)
- chromone (1)
- cinnamic ester (1)
- cis-trans Isomerisierung (1)
- citrazinic acid (1)
- citric acid (1)
- classical dynamics (1)
- click (1)
- co-nonsolvency (1)
- coalescence (1)
- coatings (1)
- cobalt (1)
- cobalt dicarbonyl (1)
- cobalt nanoparticles (1)
- cockroach salivary-glands (1)
- colloid chemistry (1)
- colloidal chemistry (1)
- colloidal lithography (1)
- colloidal quantum dot (1)
- coloring agents (1)
- complex (1)
- complex emulsion (1)
- composite (1)
- composite materials (1)
- concrete (1)
- condensed phase systems (1)
- conducting soot (1)
- configuration (1)
- confined polymerization (1)
- confinement (1)
- confocal raman microscopy (1)
- conformation (1)
- conformational-changes (1)
- conjugated small molecules (1)
- conjugates (1)
- construction (1)
- continuous-flow (1)
- contrast agents (1)
- controlled-release (1)
- cooperativity (1)
- coordination complexes (1)
- coordination polymer (1)
- copolymerization (1)
- copper complex (1)
- copper(II) (1)
- copper(II) halide salts (1)
- copper-bearing minerals (1)
- core-shell (1)
- core-shell UCNP (1)
- correlation function (1)
- coumarin (1)
- covalent frameworks (1)
- covalent organic framework (1)
- cross-linking (1)
- crosslinking (1)
- crown compounds (1)
- cryo-TEM (1)
- cryo-electron microscopy (1)
- cryogel (1)
- crystals (1)
- curriculum innovation (1)
- cyanine dyes (1)
- cyclic voltammetry (1)
- cytoplasm (1)
- cytosine methylation (1)
- damage (1)
- data-storage (1)
- de-novo synthesis (1)
- decay dynamics (1)
- decomposition (1)
- deep eutectic solvents (1)
- defect chemistry (1)
- degradable polymer (1)
- delivery (1)
- density functional theory (1)
- deoxyfructosazine (1)
- design of experiments (1)
- diamondoid (1)
- diazotransfer (1)
- diels-alder reaction (1)
- diffusion (1)
- diffusion barrier (1)
- dihydrobenzofurans (1)
- dihydroxyacetone (1)
- diimine-complexes (1)
- dilute aqueous-solutions (1)
- dimensional stability (1)
- dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (1)
- dip-coating (1)
- directed organization (1)
- discotics (1)
- disordered media (1)
- dissertation (1)
- distance distribution (1)
- disulfide (1)
- dna coiling (1)
- doping (1)
- double hydrophilic block copolymers (1)
- double strand break (1)
- drop (1)
- drop and bubble coalescence (1)
- drop profile analysis tensiometry (1)
- drop-drop interaction (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- drug delivery system (1)
- drugs (1)
- dye adsorption (1)
- dye mixture (1)
- dyes (1)
- dynamic HPLC (1)
- dynamic NMR (1)
- dynamic hyperpolarizability (1)
- dynamic interfacial tensions (1)
- dynamische Hyperpolarisierbarkeit (1)
- dünne Filme (1)
- efficient (1)
- electrical switches (1)
- electroactive polymers (1)
- electroluminescence (1)
- electroluminescent foil (1)
- electroluminsecence (1)
- electrolyte sensitivity (1)
- electrolytes (1)
- electron correlation (1)
- electron paramagnetic resonance (1)
- electron tomography (1)
- electron-spin resonance (1)
- electron-transfer (1)
- electrospinning (1)
- electrospray ionization (ESI) (1)
- electrostatic interaction (1)
- elektroaktive Polymere (1)
- elektronische Materialien (1)
- elektronische Schalter (1)
- elemental composition (1)
- ellipsometry (1)
- elongation (1)
- emperical potential structure refinement (1)
- emulatorfrei (1)
- emulsifier-free (1)
- emulsion (1)
- emulsions (1)
- enantioselectivity (1)
- encapsulation (1)
- end-groups (1)
- endoperoxides (1)
- endosomal escape (1)
- endothelization (1)
- energy conversion (1)
- energy density (1)
- energy storage mechanism (1)
- ensamblaje de nanopartículas (1)
- enthalpy-entropy compensation (EEC) (1)
- environmental response (1)
- enzymatic degradation (1)
- enzymatic esterification (1)
- enzymatische Katalyse (1)
- enzyme reactions (1)
- epsilon-caprolactone (1)
- erosion (1)
- escence correlation spectroscopy (1)
- escherichia-coli (1)
- estructuras templadas blandas (1)
- ether methacrylates (1)
- ethylene (1)
- evaporation (1)
- exchange (1)
- excision-repair (1)
- excitation (1)
- excluded volume (1)
- explosives (1)
- exposure (1)
- extracellular matrix proteins (1)
- extraction (1)
- fatty acids (1)
- ferrofluid (1)
- fiber (1)
- fiber Bragg graiting (1)
- fiber Bragg gratings (1)
- fiber actuators (1)
- fiber optical sensor (1)
- fiber-optical sensors (1)
- fibres (1)
- film (1)
- film former (1)
- fine-structure (1)
- fish (1)
- flexibility (1)
- flight search patterns (1)
- fluctuation-dissipation theorem (1)
- fluorescence anisotropy (1)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (1)
- fluorescence immunoassay (1)
- fluorescence lifetime (1)
- fluorescence microscopy (1)
- fluorescence photobleaching recovery (1)
- fluorescence probe experiments (1)
- fluorescence quenching (1)
- fluorescence sensor (1)
- fluorescent dyemonomers (1)
- fluorescent probes (1)
- fluorinated Blockcopolymers (1)
- fluorinated polymers (1)
- fluorocarbon polymers (1)
- fluoroimmunoassay (1)
- fluoroionophore (1)
- fluorous chemistry (1)
- flux de Marangoni (1)
- flüssigkristallin (1)
- flüssigkristalline Netzwerke (1)
- foam (1)
- foam analysis (1)
- foam films (1)
- focal adhesion (1)
- fokale Adhäsionen (1)
- folding kinetics (1)
- force sensors (1)
- formation fluid (1)
- formose (1)
- fourier-transform spectroscopy (1)
- fractional dynamics (1)
- fractional dynamics approach (1)
- frameworks (1)
- free radical polymerization (1)
- freie Aktivierungsenthalpie (1)
- freie radikalische Polymerisation (1)
- fronts (1)
- fulgides (1)
- functional (1)
- functionalized (1)
- functionalized methyl oleate (1)
- funktional (1)
- funktionalisiert (1)
- g-quadruplex (1)
- gadolinium (1)
- gas (1)
- gas permeation (1)
- gas sensing (1)
- gas-phase (1)
- gases (1)
- gaussian processes (1)
- gelatin (1)
- gelation (1)
- gels (1)
- gene therapy (1)
- gene-expression (1)
- gene-regulation kinetics (1)
- genomic dna methylation (1)
- geothermal (1)
- gepulster DPSS Laser (1)
- gerichtete Struckturbildung (1)
- germacrane sesquiterpene lactone (1)
- glass-transition temperature (1)
- glycan-protein interaction (1)
- glyco chemistry (1)
- glycoconjugate (1)
- glycoconjugates (1)
- glycogels (1)
- glycolipids (1)
- glycomonomer (1)
- glycopeptide (1)
- glycopeptoid (1)
- glycopolymer (1)
- glycopolymer electrolytes (1)
- gold nanoparticle assembly (1)
- gold-carbon catalysts (1)
- gouttes (1)
- gouttes sessiles (1)
- graft copolymers (1)
- grafting-from (1)
- graphite (1)
- gravitation (1)
- green (1)
- green polymers (1)
- halide perovskite (1)
- halide-ions (1)
- heat transformation application (1)
- heavy metal removal (1)
- heavy metals (1)
- heiße Elektronen (1)
- hela-cells (1)
- helicene (1)
- hemocompatibility (1)
- hepcidin (1)
- hepcidin-25 (1)
- heptazine (1)
- heteroatom (1)
- heteroatom modification (1)
- heteroatom-dotierte Kohlenstoffe (1)
- heterocycles (1)
- hierarchical pore structure (1)
- hierarchische Porenstruktur (1)
- high energy density (1)
- high quantum yield (1)
- hohe Energiedichte (1)
- hohe Quantenausbeute (1)
- holmium(III) (1)
- holographic diffraction gratings (1)
- human-cells (1)
- humic substances (1)
- hybrid materials (1)
- hybrid nanostructures (1)
- hybride Nanostrukturen (1)
- hydraulic oils (1)
- hydrogen storage (1)
- hydrogenation (1)
- hydrophil (1)
- hydrophilic (1)
- hydrophilic polymers (1)
- hydrophobe Moleküle (1)
- hydrophobic molecules (1)
- hydrophobicity (1)
- hydrothermal carbon (1)
- hydrothermal carbonization (1)
- hydrothermale Carbonisierung (1)
- hydrotropes (1)
- hydroxy (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- hydroxyl-functional poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (1)
- hydroyxapatite (1)
- hyperpolarizability (1)
- iPLS regression (1)
- imidazolium (1)
- imidazolium salts (1)
- immunoassay (1)
- implementation (1)
- in-operando SAXS (1)
- in-vitro (1)
- indicators (1)
- induced malignant-transformation (1)
- inhomogeneous-media (1)
- initio molecular-dynamics (1)
- injection molding (1)
- inner surface (1)
- inorganic perovskites (1)
- inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticle (1)
- intercomparison (1)
- interface (1)
- interfaces (1)
- interfacial dynamics (1)
- interfacial forces (1)
- intermittent chaotic systems (1)
- internal membrane-membrane adhesion (1)
- interne Membran-Membran Adhäsion (1)
- intra- and extracellular (1)
- intra- und extrazellulär (1)
- intracellular na+ (1)
- intramolecular charge-transfer (1)
- intrinsic microporosity (1)
- inverse Opale (1)
- inverse opal (1)
- ion distribution (1)
- ion exchange (1)
- ion migration (1)
- ion mobility calculations (1)
- ion optodes (1)
- ion selective electrode (1)
- ionenselektive Elektrode (1)
- ionic defects (1)
- ionic liquiod (1)
- ionic polymers (1)
- ionic strength effect (1)
- ionischen Polymere (1)
- ionisierende Strahlung (1)
- ionization energy (1)
- ionization potential (1)
- ionizing radiation (1)
- ionogels (1)
- ionophore (1)
- ionothermal (1)
- ionothermale Synthese (1)
- ions (1)
- iron oxide nanoparticle (1)
- iron-based compounds (1)
- iron-carbon nanotube catalysts (1)
- irreversible volume-change (1)
- irreversible work share (1)
- isoflavonoids (1)
- isotope (1)
- isotope ratios (1)
- joziknipholones (1)
- juvenile hormone biosynthesis (1)
- kinetics (1)
- klassische Diffusionstheorie (1)
- klebend (1)
- kolloidale Lithographie (1)
- kolloidale Stabilität (1)
- kolloidaler Quantenpunkt (1)
- kolloidchemie (1)
- komplexe Emulsion (1)
- kondensierte Phase (1)
- konjugierte Polymere (1)
- konjugierte kleine Moleküle (1)
- kontrollierte radikalische Polymerisation (1)
- kovalente Rahmenbedingungen (1)
- künstliche Zellen (1)
- labels (1)
- lanthanide (1)
- lanthanide complexes (1)
- lanthanide luminescence (1)
- laser control (1)
- laser induced (1)
- laser pulse control (1)
- laser pulses (1)
- laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (1)
- laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) (1)
- laser-induced incandescence (LII) (1)
- laserinduzierte Breakdownspektroskopie (1)
- lasso (1)
- layer-by-layer (1)
- layer-by-layer glycopolymer coating (1)
- layered compounds (1)
- learning unit (1)
- lectin (1)
- lectins (1)
- levoglucosenol (1)
- levulinic acid (1)
- levy flights (1)
- lichtinduziert (1)
- liegende Tropfen (1)
- lifetime microscopy (1)
- ligand design (1)
- ligand exchange (1)
- light (1)
- light induced (1)
- light scattering (1)
- light-programmable viscosity (1)
- lignin (1)
- lignocellulosic biomass (1)
- linearly polarized irradiation (1)
- liquid crystalline (1)
- liquid crystals (1)
- liquid phase synthesis (1)
- liquid-crystal precursors (1)
- liquid-crystalline elastomers (1)
- lithiophilicity (1)
- lithium ion capacitors (1)
- lithium sulfur battery (1)
- lubricant (1)
- lubricants (1)
- luminescence probes (1)
- lösungsmittelfreie Synthese (1)
- macrocycles (1)
- magnetic manipulation (1)
- magnetic-properties (1)
- magnetische Nanopartikel (1)
- magnetism (1)
- magnetite (1)
- magnetite nanoparticles (1)
- magnetosome (1)
- magnetotactic bacteria (1)
- magnetotaktische Bakterien (1)
- mannuronic acid (1)
- marine oils (1)
- mass-spectrometry (1)
- material science (1)
- mechanical properties (1)
- mechanical strength (1)
- mechanical-properties (1)
- mechanotransduction (1)
- medium-vermittelte Oberflächendiffusion (1)
- mehrschichtige Verbindungen (1)
- meltable PAN (1)
- melting (1)
- membrane science (1)
- membranes (1)
- mercaptocarboxylic acids (1)
- mesenchymal stem cells (1)
- meso (1)
- mesocrystal (1)
- mesoporous materials (1)
- mesoscale transormation (1)
- mesostructure (1)
- metabolites (1)
- metal (1)
- metal alloys (1)
- metal carbides (1)
- metal complex (1)
- metal nanoparticles (1)
- metal nitride carbon composites (1)
- metal organic framework (1)
- metal organic frameworks (1)
- metal peptide (1)
- metal species (1)
- metal-organic framework (1)
- metallic nanolattices (1)
- metallopeptide (1)
- metalloprotein (1)
- metallorganische Netzwerke (1)
- metallorganischen Gerüstverbindungen (1)
- metalorganic frameworks (1)
- methacrylate (1)
- methylmercury (1)
- methyltransferases dnmt3a (1)
- micellization (1)
- micro (1)
- microbalance (1)
- microemulsion (1)
- microemulsiones (1)
- microemulsions (1)
- microfluidics (1)
- microgel array (1)
- microgel chains (1)
- microgel strands (1)
- micromanipulation (1)
- microporous organic polymers (1)
- microporous polymers (1)
- microscopy (1)
- microstructure (1)
- microtomography (1)
- mikroporöse Polymere (1)
- mikrowellengestützte Synthese (1)
- mineralization beneath (1)
- minerals (1)
- mixed-matrix membranes (1)
- mixed-matrix-membrane (1)
- modelling (1)
- modulation (1)
- modulus (1)
- moisture content (1)
- mold fungi (1)
- molecular crystals (1)
- molecular mechanics (1)
- molecular oxygen (1)
- molecular switch (1)
- molecular thermometers (1)
- molecular-dynamics (1)
- molecular-mechanisms (1)
- molecular-reorientation (1)
- molecular-structure (1)
- molekulare Stäbe (1)
- molekularer Abstand (1)
- molekularer Schalter (1)
- monodispers (1)
- monodisperse (1)
- monolayer (1)
- monolith (1)
- monomer (1)
- monomer-sequence (1)
- monomers (1)
- morphological transformation (1)
- motif périodique (1)
- mould (1)
- multi-compartmentalised vesicles (1)
- multi-kompartmentalisierte Vesikel (1)
- multi-stimuli sensitiv materials (1)
- multi-stimuli sensitive Materialien (1)
- multicompartment micelle (1)
- multicompartment micelles (1)
- multifunctional polymers (1)
- multifunktionale Polymere (1)
- multiresponsiv (1)
- multiresponsive (1)
- multishell (1)
- multiwavelength (1)
- mussel-mimicking (1)
- mycotoxins (1)
- n-heterocyclic carbenes (1)
- n-isopropylacrylamide (1)
- nachhaltige Energiespeichermaterialien (1)
- nachwachsende Rohstoffe (1)
- nacre (1)
- nanocapsules (1)
- nanocarriers (1)
- nanoclusters (1)
- nanocomposite (1)
- nanoestructuras (1)
- nanoestructuras híbridas (1)
- nanoflowers (1)
- nanofluidics (1)
- nanomaterials (1)
- nanoparticle assembly (1)
- nanoparticle dimers (1)
- nanoparticle sintering (1)
- nanoparticle substrate interactions (1)
- nanopartículas (1)
- nanoplastic (1)
- nanoporous carbon particles (1)
- nanoporöser Kohlenstoffpartikel (1)
- nanoprisms (1)
- nanospindles (1)
- nanostructure (1)
- nanostructure fabrication (1)
- nanostructured composite (1)
- nanotechnology (1)
- nanotriangles (1)
- nanowires (1)
- naphthalenes (1)
- naphthalenophanes (1)
- natural products (1)
- near-infrared (NIR) (1)
- negative ions (1)
- neolignans (1)
- neurodegenerative diseases (1)
- neurotoxicity (1)
- neurotransmitter (1)
- neutron diffraction (1)
- neutron reflectometry (1)
- nhc (1)
- nicht-lineare Optik (1)
- nicht-viral (1)
- nichtadiabatische Kopplung (1)
- nichtadibatische Dynamik (1)
- nichtlineare Mechanik (1)
- nichtlineare Optik (1)
- nichtwässrige Synthese (1)
- nickel (1)
- nickel(II) (1)
- nickel-carbon catalysts (1)
- niederenergetische Elektronen (1)
- nitrides (1)
- nitrobenzyl (1)
- nitrogen containing carbonaceous materials (1)
- nitrogen doped carbons (1)
- nitrogen inversion (1)
- nitrogen-doped (1)
- non-adiabatic coupling (1)
- non-adiabatic dynamic (1)
- non-linear mechanics (1)
- non-linear optics (1)
- non-viral (1)
- nonlinear optics (1)
- nutrients (1)
- o bond formation (1)
- o-quinone isomerase (1)
- obere kritische Lösetemperatur (1)
- oberflächenverstärkte Raman-Streuung (1)
- off-specular scattering (1)
- oil (1)
- olefin-metathesis (1)
- oligo spiro thio ketal rods (1)
- oligo(ethylene glycol) (1)
- oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (1)
- oligo(ethyleneglycol) (1)
- oligomeric polydimethylsiloxane (1)
- oligomers (1)
- onsite monitoring (1)
- op (1)
- opal (1)
- open source (1)
- open system density matrix theory (1)
- optical oil sensor (1)
- optical sensing (1)
- optical-properties (1)
- optimal control theory (1)
- optis (1)
- optischer Fasersensor (1)
- optode (1)
- organic dipoles (1)
- organic dye pigments (1)
- organic ligand (1)
- organic light emitting diode (1)
- organic semiconductors (1)
- organic solvent (1)
- organic-inorganic c (1)
- organic–inorganic hybrid (1)
- organische Dipole (1)
- organische Halbleiter (1)
- organische Licht emittierende Diode (1)
- organogel (1)
- organometallics (1)
- origin (1)
- orthophosphates (1)
- oscillating bubble (1)
- oxalic precipitation (1)
- oxaloacetic acid (1)
- oxidation (1)
- oxidative stress (1)
- oxides (1)
- oxocarbon (1)
- oxygen (1)
- pH effect (1)
- palladium catalyst (1)
- paper (1)
- paramagnetic (1)
- paramagnetic-resonance (1)
- paramagnetisch (1)
- particle assembly (1)
- peptide-polymer conjugate (1)
- perfluorocarbon emulsion (1)
- periodic pattern (1)
- periodisches Muster (1)
- periplaneta-americana (1)
- perovskite (1)
- perovskite precursors (1)
- perylene (1)
- phase separation (1)
- phase transfer (1)
- phase transition (1)
- phenanthrenes (1)
- phenol (1)
- phosgene-free synthesis (1)
- phosphonate containing polymers (1)
- phosphonathaltige Polymere (1)
- phosphorescent Terpolymers (1)
- phosphoreszente Terpolymere (1)
- photo induced polymerization (1)
- photo ionization (1)
- photo-dehydro-Diels-Alder reaction (1)
- photocatalytic water splitting (1)
- photochemical reactions (1)
- photochemical synthesis (1)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- photoinduced electron transfer (1)
- photoinduced nonadiabatic dynamics (1)
- photokatalytische Wasserspaltung (1)
- photon density wave spectroscopy (1)
- photon-counting statistics (1)
- photonic crystall (1)
- photonic wires (1)
- photonischer Kristall (1)
- photoorientation (1)
- photooxidation (1)
- photooxygenation (1)
- photophysics (1)
- photoredox catalysis (1)
- photosensitiv (1)
- photosensitive (1)
- physical (1)
- physical chemistry (1)
- physical hydrogels (1)
- physics (1)
- physikalisch (1)
- physikalisch-chemisch (1)
- physikalische Hydrogele (1)
- physiolgischer pH (1)
- physiological pH (1)
- pickering emulsion (1)
- plasmonic chemistry (1)
- plasmonische Chemie (1)
- platform chemicals (1)
- point-by-point-inscription method (1)
- poly(2-oxazoline) (1)
- poly(2-oxazoline)s (1)
- poly(2-oxazolines) (1)
- poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (1)
- poly(L-Asparaginsäure) (1)
- poly(L-Glutaminsäure) (1)
- poly(L-Serin) (1)
- poly(L-aspartic acid) (1)
- poly(L-glutamic acid) (1)
- poly(L-serine) (1)
- poly(N-isopropyl methacrylamide) (1)
- poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (1)
- poly(N-vinyl isobutyramide) (1)
- poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (1)
- poly(O-phospho-L-Serin) (1)
- poly(O-phospho-L-serine) (1)
- poly(amidoamine) (1)
- poly(dimethylsiloxane) (1)
- poly(ester amide)s (1)
- poly(ethyleneimine) (1)
- poly(ionic liquid) (1)
- poly(ionic liquid)s (1)
- poly(ionische Flüssigkeiten) (1)
- poly(ε-caprolactone) (1)
- polyacetylenes (1)
- polyamine (1)
- polyammonium salt (1)
- polyampholyte (1)
- polybutadiene (1)
- polycarboxylate (1)
- polycationic monolayer (1)
- polycondensation (1)
- polydimethylsiloxane wrinkles (1)
- polyelectrolyte membranes (1)
- polyethelenimine (1)
- polyglycine (1)
- polylactide (1)
- polymer crystallization (1)
- polymer degradation (1)
- polymer induced Biomineralization (1)
- polymer ionogel (1)
- polymer synthesis (1)
- polymer-peptide-conjugates (1)
- polymerer Stabilisator (1)
- polymeric sensors (1)
- polymeric stabilizer (1)
- polymerised ionic liquids (1)
- polymersomes (1)
- polymervermittelte Biomineralisation (1)
- polyolefin (1)
- polyoxazoline (1)
- polypeptides (1)
- polypeptoids (1)
- polypropylene yarns (1)
- polysoap (1)
- polysulfabetaine (1)
- polysulfone (1)
- polyurethanes (1)
- polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (1)
- poly‐ ε ‐ caprolactone (1)
- porosity (1)
- porous carbon materials (1)
- porous carbon-based materials (1)
- porous carbons (1)
- porous polymers (1)
- poröse Kohlenstoffe (1)
- poröse Kohlenstoffmaterialien (1)
- poröse Polymere (1)
- poröse Struktur (1)
- porösen Materialien auf Kohlenstoffbasis (1)
- poröser Kohlenstoff (1)
- post-modification (1)
- post-polymerization modification (1)
- potassium and sodium ions (1)
- potential chitinase inhibitors (1)
- potentielle Chitinaseinhibitoren (1)
- precatalysts (1)
- precision agriculture (1)
- pressure (1)
- pressure-volume change (1)
- printing (1)
- printing inks (1)
- process analytical technology (1)
- programmable friction (1)
- protein NMR spectroscopy (1)
- protein adsorption (1)
- protein binding (1)
- protein characterization (1)
- protein interactions (1)
- protein polymer conjugate (1)
- protein stabilized foams (1)
- protein-kinase inhibitors (1)
- proton conductivity (1)
- proximal soil sensing (1)
- précipitation (1)
- précipitation oxalique (1)
- pulsed DPSS laser (1)
- purity (1)
- pyrolysis (1)
- quantenchemische Berechnungen (1)
- quantum chemical calculations (1)
- quantum chemistry (1)
- quantum mechanical calculation (1)
- quantum yield (1)
- quenching (1)
- quinone (1)
- quinone methide (1)
- racemization (1)
- radical (1)
- radical reactions (1)
- radical recombination (1)
- radicals (1)
- radikalische Polymerisation (1)
- radiosensitizer (1)
- raspberry ketone (1)
- rat (1)
- ratiometric (1)
- ray absorption-spectroscopy (1)
- reactions (1)
- reactive flux rate constants (1)
- reactive templating (1)
- reactivity (1)
- recognition (1)
- recombinant protein (1)
- renewable resources (1)
- renewables (1)
- repair (1)
- resistive heating (1)
- resonance Raman spectroscopy (1)
- resonance energy-tansfer (1)
- resonant formation (1)
- responsive (1)
- responsive polymer (1)
- responsive polymers (1)
- retrosynthesis (1)
- reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) (1)
- reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (1)
- reversible shape-memory actuator (1)
- reversible work share (1)
- reversible-share-theorem (1)
- review (1)
- rheology (1)
- rhodamine b (1)
- ring closing metathesis (1)
- ring-closing metathesis (1)
- ring-closure (1)
- rising bubble (1)
- rod (1)
- rod-coil; amphiphilic block copolymers; polypeptide; solid state; structure; morphology; kolloids; self assembly; vesicles; switchable aggregates (1)
- roughness (1)
- rp-hplc (1)
- ruthenium carbene (1)
- salt melt (1)
- samples (1)
- scalar product of force and displacement (1)
- scale (1)
- schaltbare Materialien (1)
- schaltbare Polymere (1)
- schizophrenes Verhalten (1)
- schizophrenic behavior (1)
- schmelzbares PAN (1)
- schwach saure Chelataustauscher (1)
- science communication (1)
- science communication types (1)
- second harmonic generation (1)
- secondary structure (1)
- sel (1)
- selbstanordnend (1)
- selbstassemblierende Monolagen (1)
- selbstorganisierte Einzelschichten (1)
- self-assembled monolayer (1)
- self-assembled monolayers (1)
- self-healing coatings (1)
- self-organisation (1)
- selfassembling (1)
- semiempirical methods (1)
- sensor (1)
- sensors (1)
- separation (1)
- sequence dependence (1)
- sers (1)
- sessile droplet (1)
- shape-memory (1)
- shape-memory polymers (1)
- shape‐memory polymer actuators (1)
- sichtbares Licht Photokatalyse (1)
- silica nanoparticles (1)
- silica particles (1)
- silicone elastomers (1)
- silikat (1)
- silver (1)
- silver nanoparticles (1)
- silver nanowires (1)
- sinefungin (1)
- single crystals (1)
- single strand break (1)
- single-atom catalysis (1)
- single-molecule analysis (1)
- single-molecule detection (1)
- single-strand breaks (1)
- small-angle scattering (1)
- small-angle x-ray scattering (1)
- smart materials (1)
- sodium (1)
- sodium green (1)
- sodium hydroxide etching (1)
- sodium-ion batteries (1)
- sodium-ion battery (1)
- soft and hard templating (1)
- soft robotics (1)
- soft template (1)
- soft-templates (1)
- soil analysis (1)
- soil gas (1)
- soil nutrients (1)
- solar cells (1)
- solid phase extraction (1)
- solid-state structure (1)
- solid-state-electrolyte (1)
- solubility (1)
- solubilization (1)
- solution process (1)
- solvatochrome (1)
- solvatochromic fluorophore (1)
- solvatochromism (1)
- solvent (1)
- solvent effect (1)
- solvent extraction (1)
- solvent-free reactions (1)
- solvo-thermal annealing (1)
- solvothermal synthesis (1)
- sortase-mediated ligation (1)
- spacer (1)
- spacer group (1)
- spatial-organization (1)
- speciation (1)
- species (1)
- specific interactions (1)
- spectra (1)
- spectroscopic ruler (1)
- spektroskopisches Lineal (1)
- spent coffee (1)
- spermidine (1)
- spezifische Wechselwirkungen (1)
- spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (1)
- spider silk (1)
- spiked and crumble gold nanotriangles (1)
- spiropyran copolymer (1)
- square planar (1)
- squaric acid (1)
- stability (1)
- stannous octoate (1)
- star polymers (1)
- stark eutektisches Lösungsmittel (1)
- state (1)
- states (1)
- static hyperpolarizability (1)
- statische Hyperpolarisierbarkeit (1)
- statistische Versuchsplanung (Design of Experiments) (1)
- steigende Blasen (1)
- step (1)
- stereocomplexation (1)
- stereoselective-synthesis (1)
- stereoselectivity (1)
- stickstoffdotierte Kohlenstoffe (1)
- stilbene (1)
- stimuli-response (1)
- stimuli-sensitive (1)
- stokes shift (1)
- strain energy (1)
- strand breakage (1)
- stress relaxation (1)
- stress-relaxation (1)
- structural-characterization (1)
- styrene (1)
- substituted stilbenes (1)
- substrate (1)
- sulfobetain (1)
- sulfoxides (1)
- sulfur host (1)
- sulfur ligands (1)
- supercapacitor (1)
- supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) (1)
- superparamagnetic (1)
- superparamagnetisch (1)
- supported gold (1)
- supramolecular (1)
- supramolecular chemistry (1)
- supramolekulare Chemie (1)
- surface chemistry (1)
- surface functionalization (1)
- surface hopping dynamics (1)
- surface plasmons (1)
- surface rheology (1)
- surface science (1)
- surface topography (1)
- surface-enhanced Raman scattering (1)
- surface-plasmon resonance (1)
- surfaces and interfaces (1)
- surfactant (1)
- surfactant dynamics (1)
- sustainability (1)
- sustainable energy storage materials (1)
- switch (1)
- switchable block copolymer (1)
- switches (1)
- synthetische Biologie (1)
- system-immanent forces (1)
- systemimmanente Kräfte (1)
- sättigbarer Absorber (1)
- tamplat unterstütze Anordnung von weichen Partikeln (1)
- tandem mass spectrometry (1)
- tandem solar cells (1)
- tannic acid (1)
- tanning agents (1)
- tannins (1)
- temperature (1)
- temperature phase (1)
- temperaturschaltbar (1)
- template (1)
- template assisted alignment of soft particles (1)
- template phase (1)
- tensioactivos (1)
- tetrabromidocuprate(II) (1)
- tetrachlorocuprate(II) salts (1)
- thermal isomerization of azobenzene (1)
- thermal properties (1)
- thermisch angeregte Isomerisierung von Azobenzolen (1)
- thermisch schaltbar (1)
- thermisch schaltbare Polymere (1)
- thermo-responsive polymers (1)
- thermochemistry (1)
- thermometer (1)
- thermoplastic (1)
- thermoplastisch (1)
- thermoplastisches Elastomer (1)
- thermosensitive (1)
- thermosensitive polymers (1)
- thiazolium (1)
- thimerosal (1)
- thin film crystallization (1)
- thin films (1)
- thin-films (1)
- thio-dimethylarsinic acid (1)
- thio-glycosides (1)
- thiol-ene (1)
- tight-binding (1)
- time random-walks (1)
- time-dependent density functional theory (1)
- time-resolved luminescence (1)
- titania (1)
- to-coil transition (1)
- total work (1)
- trafficking (1)
- trajectory (1)
- trajectory surface hopping (1)
- trans-cis Isomerisierung (1)
- trans-stilbenes (1)
- transformation (1)
- transient (1)
- transition (1)
- transition metal (1)
- transition metal catalysis (1)
- transition path sampling (1)
- transition state (1)
- transition-metal-complexes (1)
- transparent-leitendes Oxid (1)
- triangular-[4] phenylene (1)
- triazine (1)
- triphil (1)
- triphilic (1)
- trivalent (1)
- tropical infectious diseases (1)
- tropische Infektionskrankheiten (1)
- tunable diode laser (TDL) (1)
- tyrosinase; o-quinones (1)
- ultra-fast laser inscription (1)
- ultra-thin membrane (1)
- ultracentrifuge (1)
- ultradünne Membranen (1)
- ultrafast (1)
- ultrathin film (1)
- undulated (1)
- untere kritische Entmischungstemperatur (1)
- untere kritische Lösungstemperatur (1)
- upconverting nanoparticles (1)
- upper critical solution temperature (1)
- uranium (VI) (1)
- uranyl (1)
- urea (1)
- valerolactone (1)
- ventricular myocytes (1)
- vesicle studies (1)
- vibrational control (1)
- vibrational excitation (1)
- vibrational spectroscopy (1)
- vibrationally resolved electronic spectroscopy (1)
- vibronics (1)
- vinyl sulfonyl compounds (1)
- viologen (1)
- viscoelasticity (1)
- visible light photocatalysis (1)
- vitro toxicological characterization (1)
- wasser (1)
- water at alumina (1)
- water splitting reaction (1)
- water-in-oil microemulsion (1)
- water/tetradecane interface (1)
- wavelength (1)
- weak acid resin (1)
- weak ergodicity breaking (1)
- weiche Vorlage (1)
- weiche und harte Templatierung (1)
- weißer Kohlenstoff (1)
- wetting (1)
- white carbon (1)
- wide-angle x-ray scattering (1)
- wood modification (1)
- wrinkled stamps (1)
- wässrige Systeme (1)
- ytterbium (1)
- zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (1)
- zweifach schaltbare Blockcopolymere (1)
- zwitterionic group (1)
- zwitterions (1)
- Übergangsmetall (1)
- Übergangsmetalle (1)
- Übergangsmetallkatalyse (1)
- Übergangszustand (1)
- Überstrukturierte Komposite (1)
- ß-Cyclodextrin (1)
- ß-Lactoglobulin (1)
- ß-cyclodextrine (1)
- überkritisches Kohlendioxid (scCO₂) (1)
- überlebende Radikale (1)
- β-Hydroxydihydrochalcone (1)
Institute
- Institut für Chemie (550) (remove)
Nanostructured inorganic materials are routinely synthesized by the use of templates. Depending on the synthesis conditions of the product material, either “soft” or “hard” templates can be applied. For sol-gel processes, usually “soft” templating techniques are employed, while “hard” templates are used for high temperature synthesis pathways. In classical templating approaches, the template has the unique role of structure directing agent, in the sense that it is not participating to the chemical formation of the resulting material. This work investigates a new templating pathway to nanostructured materials, where the template is also a reagent in the formation of the final material. This concept is described as “reactive templating” and opens a synthetic path toward materials which cannot be synthesised on a nanometre scale by classical templating approaches. Metal nitrides are such kind of materials. They are usually produced by the conversion of metals or metal oxides in ammonia flow at high temperature (T > 1000°C), which make the application of classical templating techniques difficult. Graphitic carbon nitride, g-C3N4, despite its fundamental and theoretical importance, is probably one of the most promising materials to complement carbon in material science and many efforts are put in the synthesis of this material. A simple polyaddition/elimination reaction path at high temperature (T = 550°C) allows the polymerisation of cyanamide toward graphitic carbon nitride solids. By hard templating, using nanostructured silica or aluminium oxide as nanotemplates, a variety of nanostructured graphitic carbon nitrides such as nanorods, nanotubes, meso- and macroporous powders could be obtained by nanocasting or nanocoating. Due to the special semi-conducting properties of the graphitic carbon nitride matrix, the nanostructured graphitic carbon nitrides show unexpected catalytic activity for the activation of benzene in Friedel-Crafts type reactions, making this material an interesting metal free catalyst. Furthermore, due to the chemical composition of g-C3N4 and the fact that it is totally decomposed at temperatures between 600°C and 800°C even under inert atmosphere, g-C3N4 was shown to be a good nitrogen donor for the synthesis of early transition metal nitrides at high temperatures. Thus using the nanostructured carbon nitrides as “reactive templates” or “nanoreactors”, various metal nitride nanostructures, such as nanoparticles and porous frameworks could be obtained at high temperature. In this approach the carbon nitride nanostructure played both the role of the nitrogen source and of the exotemplate, imprinting its size and shape to the resulting metal nitride nanostructure.
Hepcidin-25 (Hep-25) plays a crucial role in the control of iron homeostasis. Since the dysfunction of the hepcidin pathway leads to multiple diseases as a result of iron imbalance, hepcidin represents a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of iron metabolism. Despite intense research in the last decade targeted at developing a selective immunoassay for iron disorder diagnosis and treatment and better understanding the ferroportin-hepcidin interaction, questions remain. The key to resolving these underlying questions is acquiring exact knowledge of the 3D structure of native Hep-25. Since it was determined that the N-terminus, which is responsible for the bioactivity of Hep-25, contains a small Cu(II)-binding site known as the ATCUN motif, it was assumed that the Hep-25-Cu(II) complex is the native, bioactive form of the hepcidin. This structure has thus far not been elucidated in detail. Owing to the lack of structural information on metal-bound Hep-25, little is known about its possible biological role in iron metabolism. Therefore, this work is focused on structurally characterizing the metal-bound Hep-25 by NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. For the present work, a protocol was developed to prepare and purify properly folded Hep-25 in high quantities. In order to overcome the low solubility of Hep-25 at neutral pH, we introduced the C-terminal DEDEDE solubility tag. The metal binding was investigated through a series of NMR spectroscopic experiments to identify the most affected amino acids that mediate metal coordination. Based on the obtained NMR data, a structural calculation was performed in order to generate a model structure of the Hep-25-Ni(II) complex. The DEDEDE tag was excluded from the structural calculation due to a lack of NMR restraints. The dynamic nature and fast exchange of some of the amide protons with solvent reduced the overall number of NMR restraints needed for a high-quality structure. The NMR data revealed that the 20 Cterminal Hep-25 amino acids experienced no significant conformational changes, compared to published results, as a result of a pH change from pH 3 to pH 7 and metal binding. A 3D model of the Hep-25-Ni(II) complex was constructed from NMR data recorded for the hexapeptideNi(II) complex and Hep-25-DEDEDE-Ni(II) complex in combination with the fixed conformation of 19 C-terminal amino acids. The NMR data of the Hep-25-DEDEDE-Ni(II) complex indicates that the ATCUN motif moves independently from the rest of the structure. The 3D model structure of the metal-bound Hep-25 allows for future works to elucidate hepcidin’s interaction with its receptor ferroportin and should serve as a starting point for the development of antibodies with improved selectivity.
Planar bis(1,2-dithiooxalato)nickelate(II), [Ni(dto)]2− reacts in aqueous solutions with lanthanide ions (Ln3+) to form pentanuclear, hetero-bimetallic complexes of the general composition [{Ln(H2O)n}2{Ni(dto)2}3]·xH2O. (n = 4 or 5; x = 9–12). The complex [{Ho(H2O)5}2{Ni(dto)2}3]·10H2O, Ho2Ni3, was synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray structure analysis and powder diffraction. The Ho2Ni3 complex crystallizes as monoclinic crystals in the space group P21/c. The channels and cavities, appearing in the crystal packing of the complex molecules, are occupied by a varying amount of non-coordinated water molecules.
The aim of this doctoral thesis was to establish a technique for the analysis of biomolecules with infrared matrix-assisted laser dispersion (IR-MALDI) ion mobility (IM) spectrometry. The main components of the work were the characterization of the IR-MALDI process, the development and characterization of different ion mobility spectrometers, the use of IR-MALDI-IM spectrometry as a robust, standalone spectrometer and the development of a collision cross-section estimation approach for peptides based on molecular dynamics and thermodynamic reweighting.
First, the IR-MALDI source was studied with atmospheric pressure ion mobility spectrometry and shadowgraphy. It consisted of a metal capillary, at the tip of which a self-renewing droplet of analyte solution was met by an IR laser beam. A relationship between peak shape, ion desolvation, diffusion and extraction pulse delay time (pulse delay) was established. First order desolvation kinetics were observed and related to peak broadening by diffusion, both influenced by the pulse delay. The transport mechanisms in IR-MALDI were then studied by relating different laser impact positions on the droplet surface to the corresponding ion mobility spectra. Two different transport mechanisms were determined: phase explosion due to the laser pulse and electrical transport due to delayed ion extraction. The velocity of the ions stemming from the phase explosion was then measured by ion mobility and shadowgraphy at different time scales and distances from the source capillary, showing an initially very high but rapidly decaying velocity. Finally, the anatomy of the dispersion plume was observed in detail with shadowgraphy and general conclusions over the process were drawn.
Understanding the IR-MALDI process enabled the optimization of the different IM spectrometers at atmospheric and reduced pressure (AP and RP, respectively). At reduced pressure, both an AP and an RP IR-MALDI source were used. The influence of the pulsed ion extraction parameters (pulse delay, width and amplitude) on peak shape, resolution and area was systematically studied in both AP and RP IM spectrometers and discussed in the context of the IR-MALDI process. Under RP conditions, the influence of the closing field and of the pressure was also examined for both AP and RP sources. For the AP ionization RP IM spectrometer, the influence of the inlet field (IF) in the source region was also examined. All of these studies led to the determination of the optimal analytical parameters as well as to a better understanding of the initial ion cloud anatomy.
The analytical performance of the spectrometer was then studied. Limits of detection (LOD) and linear ranges were determined under static and pulsed ion injection conditions and interpreted in the context of the IR-MALDI mechanism. Applications in the separation of simple mixtures were also illustrated, demonstrating good isomer separation capabilities and the advantages of singly charged peaks. The possibility to couple high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to IR-MALDI-IM spectrometry was also demonstrated. Finally, the reduced pressure spectrometer was used to study the effect of high reduced field strength on the mobility of polyatomic ions in polyatomic gases.
The last focus point was on the study of peptide ions. A dataset obtained with electrospray IM spectrometry was characterized and used for the calibration of a collision cross-section (CCS) determination method based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at high temperature. Instead of producing candidate structures which are evaluated one by one, this semi-automated method uses the simulation as a whole to determine a single average collision cross-section value by reweighting the CCS of a few representative structures. The method was compared to the intrinsic size parameter (ISP) method and to experimental results. Additional MD data obtained from the simulations was also used to further analyze the peptides and understand the experimental results, an advantage with regard to the ISP method. Finally, the CCS of peptide ions analyzed by IR-MALDI were also evaluated with both ISP and MD methods and the results compared to experiment, resulting in a first validation of the MD method. Thus, this thesis brings together the soft ionization technique that is IR-MALDI, which produces mostly singly charged peaks, with ion mobility spectrometry, which can distinguish between isomers, and a collision cross-section determination method which also provides structural information on the analyte at hand.
In Near Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy X-Ray photons are used to excite tightly bound core electrons to low-lying unoccupied orbitals of the system. This technique offers insight into the electronic structure of the system as well as useful structural information. In this work, we apply NEXAFS to two kinds of imidazolium based ionic liquids ([CnC1im]+[NTf2]- and [C4C1im]+[I]-). A combination of measurements and quantum chemical calculations of C K and N K NEXAFS resonances is presented. The simulations, based on the transition potential density functional theory method (TP-DFT), reproduce all characteristic features observed by the experiment. Furthermore, a detailed assignment of resonance features to excitation centers (carbon or nitrogen atoms) leads to a consistent interpretation of the spectra.
A multi-reference study of the byproduct formation for a ring-closed dithienylethene photoswitch
(2015)
Photodriven molecular switches are sometimes hindered in their performance by forming byproducts which act as dead ends in sequences of switching cycles, leading to rapid fatigue effects. Understanding the reaction pathways to unwanted byproducts is a prerequisite for preventing them. This article presents a study of the photochemical reaction pathways for byproduct formation in the photochromic switch 1,2-bis-(3-thienyl)-ethene. Specifically, using single- and multi-reference methods the post-deexcitation reaction towards the byproduct in the electronic ground state S0 when starting from the S1–S0 conical intersection (CoIn), is considered in detail. We find an unusual low-energy pathway, which offers the possibility for the formation of a dyotropic byproduct. Several high-energy pathways can be excluded with high probability.
Fluid force microscopy combines the positional accuracy and force sensitivity of an atomic
force microscope (AFM) with nanofluidics via a microchanneled cantilever. However, adequate loading and cleaning procedures for such AFM micropipettes are required for various application situations. Here, a new frontloading procedure is described for an AFM micropipette functioning as a force- and pressure-controlled microscale liquid dispenser. This frontloading
procedure seems especially attractive when using target substances featuring high
costs or low available amounts. Here, the AFM micropipette could be filled from the tip side with liquid from a previously applied droplet with a volume of only a few μL using a short low-pressure pulse. The liquid-loaded AFM micropipettes could be then applied for experiments in air or liquid environments. AFM micropipette frontloading was evaluated with the well-known organic fluorescent dye rhodamine 6G and the AlexaFluor647-labeled antibody goat anti-rat IgG as an example of a larger biological compound. After micropipette usage, specific cleaning procedures were tested. Furthermore, a storage method is described, at which the AFM micropipettes could be stored for a few hours up to several days without drying out or clogging of the microchannel. In summary, the rapid, versatile and cost-efficient
frontloading and cleaning procedure for the repeated usage of a single AFM micropipette is beneficial for various application situations from specific surface modifications through to local manipulation of living cells, and provides a simplified and faster handling for already known experiments with fluid force microscopy.
A feasible approach to construct multilayer films of sulfonated polyanilines – PMSA1 and PABMSA1 – containing different ratios of aniline, 2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid (MAS) and 3-aminobenzoic acid (AB), with the entrapped redox enzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) on Au and ITO electrode surfaces, is described. The formation of layers has been followed and confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which demonstrates that the multilayer assembly can be achieved in a progressive and uniform manner. The gold and ITO electrodes subsequently modified with PMSA1:PQQ-GDH and PABMSA1 films are studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-Vis spectroscopy which show a significant direct bioelectrocatalytical response to the oxidation of the substrate glucose without any additional mediator. This response correlates linearly with the number of deposited layers. Furthermore, the constructed polymer/enzyme multilayer system exhibits a rather good long-term stability, since the catalytic current response is maintained for more than 60% of the initial value even after two weeks of storage. This verifies that a productive interaction of the enzyme embedded in the film of substituted polyaniline can be used as a basis for the construction of bioelectronic units, which are useful as indicators for processes liberating glucose and allowing optical and electrochemical transduction.
Potentiality of nanosized materials has been largely proved but a closer look shows that a significant percentage of this research is related to oxides and metals, while the number drastically drops for metallic ceramics, namely transition metal nitrides and metal carbides. The lack of related publications do not reflect their potential but rather the difficulties related to their synthesis as dense and defect-free structures, fundamental prerequisites for advanced mechanical applications.
The present habilitation work aims to close the gap between preparation and processing, indicating novel synthetic pathways for a simpler and sustainable synthesis of transition metal nitride (MN) and carbide (MC) based nanostructures and easier processing thereafter. In spite of simplicity and reliability, the designed synthetic processes allow the production of functional materials, with the demanded size and morphology.
The goal was achieved exploiting classical and less-classical precursors, ranging from common metal salts and molecules (e.g. urea, gelatin, agar, etc), to more exotic materials, such as leafs, filter paper and even wood. It was found that the choice of precursors and reaction conditions makes it possible to control chemical composition (going for instance from metal oxides to metal oxy-nitrides to metal nitrides, or from metal nitrides to metal carbides, up to quaternary systems), size (from 5 to 50 nm) and morphology (going from mere spherical nanoparticles to rod-like shapes, fibers, layers, meso-porous and hierarchical structures, etc). The nature of the mixed precursors also allows the preparation of metal nitrides/carbides based nanocomposites, thus leading to multifunctional materials (e.g. MN/MC@C, MN/MC@PILs, etc) but also allowing dispersion in liquid media. Control over composition, size and morphology is obtained with simple adjustment of the main route, but also coupling it with processes such as electrospin, aerosol spray, bio-templating, etc. Last but not least, the nature of the precursor materials also allows easy processing, including printing, coating, casting, film and thin layers preparation, etc).
The designed routes are, concept-wise, similar and they all start by building up a secondary metal ion-N/C precursor network, which converts, upon heat treatment, into an intermediate “glass”. This glass stabilizes the nascent nanoparticles during their nucleation and impairs their uncontrolled growth during the heat treatment (scheme 1). This way, one of the main problems related to the synthesis of MN/MC, i.e. the need of very high temperature, could also be overcome (from up to 2000°C, for classical synthesis, down to 700°C in the present cases). The designed synthetic pathways are also conceived to allow usage of non-toxic compounds and to minimize (or even avoid) post-synthesis purification, still bringing to phase pure and well-defined (crystalline) nanoparticles.
This research aids to simplify the preparation of MN/MC, making these systems now readily available in suitable amounts both for fundamental and applied science. The prepared systems have been tested (in some cases for the first time) in many different fields, e.g. battery (MnN0.43@C shown a capacity stabilized at a value of 230 mAh/g, with coulombic efficiencies close to 100%), as alternative magnetic materials (Fe3C nanoparticles were prepared with different size and therefore different magnetic behavior, superparamagnetic or ferromagnetic, showing a saturation magnetization value up to 130 emu/g, i.e. similar to the value expected for the bulk material), as filters and for the degradation of organic dyes (outmatching the performance of carbon), as catalysts (both as active phase but also as active support, leading to high turnover rate and, more interesting, to tunable selectivity). Furthermore, with this route, it was possible to prepare for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, well-defined and crystalline MnN0.43, Fe3C and Zn1.7GeN1.8O nanoparticles via bottom-up approaches.
Once the synthesis of these materials can be made straightforward, any further modification, combination, manipulation, is in principle possible and new systems can be purposely conceived (e.g. hybrids, nanocomposites, ferrofluids, etc).
This thesis provides a novel view on the early stage of crystallization utilizing calcium carbonate as a model system. Calcium carbonate is of great economical, scientific and ecological importance, because it is a major part of water hardness, the most abundant Biomineral and forms huge amounts of geological sediments thus binding large amounts of carbon dioxide. The primary experiments base on the evolution of supersaturation via slow addition of dilute calcium chloride solution into dilute carbonate buffer. The time-dependent measurement of the Ca2+ potential and concurrent pH = constant titration facilitate the calculation of the amount of calcium and carbonate ions bound in pre-nucleation stage clusters, which have never been detected experimentally so far, and in the new phase after nucleation, respectively. Analytical Ultracentrifugation independently proves the existence of pre-nucleation stage clusters, and shows that the clusters forming at pH = 9.00 have a proximately time-averaged size of altogether 70 calcium and carbonate ions. Both experiments show that pre-nucleation stage cluster formation can be described by means of equilibrium thermodynamics. Effectively, the cluster formation equilibrium is physico-chemically characterized by means of a multiple-binding equilibrium of calcium ions to a ‘lattice’ of carbonate ions. The evaluation gives GIBBS standard energy for the formation of calcium/carbonate ion pairs in clusters, which exhibits a maximal value of approximately 17.2 kJ mol^-1 at pH = 9.75 and relates to a minimal binding strength in clusters at this pH-value. Nucleated calcium carbonate particles are amorphous at first and subsequently become crystalline. At high binding strength in clusters, only calcite (the thermodynamically stable polymorph) is finally obtained, while with decreasing binding strength in clusters, vaterite (the thermodynamically least stable polymorph) and presumably aragonite (the thermodynamically intermediate stable polymorph) are obtained additionally. Concurrently, two different solubility products of nucleated amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) are detected at low binding strength and high binding strength in clusters (ACC I 3.1EE-8 M^2, ACC II 3.8EE-8 M^2), respectively, indicating the precipitation of at least two different ACC species, while the clusters provide the precursor species of ACC. It is proximate that ACC I may relate to calcitic ACC –i.e. ACC exhibiting short range order similar to the long range order of calcite and that ACC II may relate to vateritic ACC, which will subsequently transform into the particular crystalline polymorph as discussed in the literature, respectively. Detailed analysis of nucleated particles forming at minimal binding strength in clusters (pH = 9.75) by means of SEM, TEM, WAXS and light microscopy shows that predominantly vaterite with traces of calcite forms. The crystalline particles of early stages are composed of nano-crystallites of approximately 5 to 10 nm size, respectively, which are aligned in high mutual order as in mesocrystals. The analyses of precipitation at pH = 9.75 in presence of additives –polyacrylic acid (pAA) as a model compound for scale inhibitors and peptides exhibiting calcium carbonate binding affinity as model compounds for crystal modifiers- shows that ACC I and ACC II are precipitated in parallel: pAA stabilizes ACC II particles against crystallization leading to their dissolution for the benefit of crystals that form from ACC I and exclusively calcite is finally obtained. Concurrently, the peptide additives analogously inhibit the formation of calcite and exclusively vaterite is finally obtained in case of one of the peptide additives. These findings show that classical nucleation theory is hardly applicable for the nucleation of calcium carbonate. The metastable system is stabilized remarkably due to cluster formation, while clusters forming by means of equilibrium thermodynamics are the nucleation relevant species and not ions. Most likely, the concept of cluster formation is a common phenomenon occurring during the precipitation of hardly soluble compounds as qualitatively shown for calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. This finding is important for the fundamental understanding of crystallization and nucleation-inhibition and modification by additives with impact on materials of huge scientific and industrial importance as well as for better understanding of the mass transport in crystallization. It can provide a novel basis for simulation and modelling approaches. New mechanisms of scale formation in Bio- and Geomineralization and also in scale inhibition on the basis of the newly reported reaction channel need to be considered.
A polymer analogous reaction for the formation of imidazolium and NHC based porous polymer networks
(2013)
A polymer analogous reaction was carried out to generate a porous polymeric network with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) in the polymer backbone. Using a stepwise approach, first a polyimine network is formed by polymerization of the tetrafunctional amine tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane. This polyimine network is converted in the second step into polyimidazolium chloride and finally to a polyNHC network. Furthermore a porous Cu(II)-coordinated polyNHC network can be generated. Supercritical drying generates polymer networks with high permanent surface areas and porosities which can be applied for different catalytic reactions. The catalytic properties were demonstrated for example in the activation of CO2 or in the deoxygenation of sulfoxides to the corresponding sulfides.
Due to the enhanced electromagnetic field at the tips of metal nanoparticles, the spiked structure of gold nanostars (AuNSs) is promising for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Therefore, the challenge is the synthesis of well designed particles with sharp tips. The influence of different surfactants, i.e., dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and benzylhexadecyldimethylammonium chloride (BDAC), as well as the combination of surfactant mixtures on the formation of nanostars in the presence of Ag⁺ ions and ascorbic acid was investigated. By varying the amount of BDAC in mixed micelles the core/spike-shell morphology of the resulting AuNSs can be tuned from small cores to large ones with sharp and large spikes. The concomitant red-shift in the absorption toward the NIR region without losing the SERS enhancement enables their use for biological applications and for time-resolved spectroscopic studies of chemical reactions, which require a permanent supply with a fresh and homogeneous solution. HRTEM micrographs and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) experiments allow us to verify the mechanism of nanostar formation according to the silver underpotential deposition on the spike surface in combination with micelle adsorption.
A water soluble fluorescent polymer as a dual colour sensor for temperature and a specific protein
(2013)
We present two thermoresponsive water soluble copolymers prepared via free radical statistical copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) and of oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylates (OEGMAs), respectively, with a solvatochromic 7-(diethylamino)-3-carboxy-coumarin (DEAC)- functionalized monomer. In aqueous solutions, the NIPAm-based copolymer exhibits characteristic changes in its fluorescence profile in response to a change in solution temperature as well as to the presence of a specific protein, namely an anti-DEAC antibody. This polymer emits only weakly at low temperatures, but exhibits a marked fluorescence enhancement accompanied by a change in its emission colour when heated above its cloud point. Such drastic changes in the fluorescence and absorbance spectra are observed also upon injection of the anti-DEAC antibody, attributed to the specific binding of the antibody to DEAC moieties. Importantly, protein binding occurs exclusively when the polymer is in the well hydrated state below the cloud point, enabling a temperature control on the molecular recognition event. On the other hand, heating of the polymer–antibody complexes releases a fraction of the bound antibody. In the presence of the DEAC-functionalized monomer in this mixture, the released antibody competitively binds to the monomer and the antibody-free chains of the polymer undergo a more effective collapse and inter-aggregation. In contrast, the emission properties of the OEGMA-based analogous copolymer are rather insensitive to the thermally induced phase transition or to antibody binding. These opposite behaviours underline the need for a carefully tailored molecular design of responsive polymers aimed at specific applications, such as biosensing.
The size and morphology control of precipitated solid particles is a major economic issue for numerous industries. For instance, it is interesting for the nuclear industry, concerning the recovery of radioactive species from used nuclear fuel.
The precipitates features, which are a key parameter from the post-precipitate processing, depend on the process local mixing conditions. So far, the relationship between precipitation features and hydrodynamic conditions have not been investigated.
In this study, a new experimental configuration consisting of coalescing drops is set to investigate the link between reactive crystallization and hydrodynamics. Two configurations of aqueous drops are examined. The first one corresponds to high contact angle drops (>90°) in oil, as a model system for flowing drops, the second one correspond to sessile drops in air with low contact angle (<25°). In both cases, one reactive is dissolved in each drop, namely oxalic acid and cerium nitrate. When both drops get into contact, they may coalesce; the dissolved species mix and react to produce insoluble cerium oxalate. The precipitates features and effect on hydrodynamics are investigated depending on the solvent. In the case of sessile drops in air, the surface tension difference between the drops generates a gradient which induces a Marangoni flow from the low surface tension drop over the high surface tension drop. By setting the surface tension difference between the two drops and thus the Marangoni flow, the hydrodynamics conditions during the drop coalescence could be modified. Diols/water mixtures are used as solvent, in order to fix the surface tension difference between the liquids of both drops regardless from the reactant concentration. More precisely, the used diols, 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol, are isomer with identical density and close viscosity. By keeping the water volume fraction constant and playing with the 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol volume fractions of the solvents, the mixtures surface tensions differ up to 10 mN/m for identical/constant reactant concentration, density and viscosity. 3 precipitation behaviors were identified for the coalescence of water/diols/recatants drops depending on the oxalic excess. The corresponding precipitates patterns are visualized by optical microscopy and the precipitates are characterized by confocal microscopy SEM, XRD and SAXS measurements. In the intermediate oxalic excess regime, formation of periodic patterns can be observed. These patterns consist in alternating cerium oxalate precipitates with distinct morphologies, namely needles and “microflowers”. Such periodic fringes can be explained by a feedback mechanism between convection, reaction and the diffusion.
Gegenstand der Dissertation ist die größen- und eigenschaftsoptimierte Synthese und Charakterisierung von anorganischen Nanopartikeln in einer geeigneten Polyelektrolytmodifizierten Mikroemulsion. Das Hauptziel bildet dabei die Auswahl einer geeigneten Mikroemulsion, zur Synthese von kleinen, stabilen, reproduzierbaren Nanopartikeln mit besonderen Eigenschaften. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in zwei Haupteile gegliedert. Der erste Teil befasst sich mit der Einmischung von unterschiedlichen Polykationen (lineares Poly (diallyldimethylammoniumchlorid) (PDADMAC) und verzweigtes Poly (ethylenimin) (PEI)) in verschiedene, auf unterschiedlichen Tensiden (CTAB - kationisch, SDS - anionisch, SB - zwitterionisch) basierenden, Mikroemulsionssysteme. Dabei zeigt sich, dass das Einmischen der Polykationen in die Wassertröpfchen der Wasser-in-Öl (W/O) Mikroemulsion prinzipiell möglich ist. Der Einfluss der verschiedenen Polykationen auf das Phasenverhalten der W/O Mikroemulsion ist jedoch sehr unterschiedlich. In Gegenwart des kationischen Tensids führen die repulsiven Wechselwirkungen mit den Polykationen zu einer Destabilisierung des Systems, während die ausgeprägten Wechselwirkungen mit dem anionischen Tensid in einer deutlichen Stabilisierung des Systems resultieren. Für das zwitterionische Tensid führen die moderaten Wechselwirkungen mit den Polykationen zu einer partiellen Stabilisierung. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Einsatz der unterschiedlichen, Polyelektrolyt- modifizierten Mikroemulsionen als Templatphase für die Herstellung verschiedener, anorganischer Nanopartikel. Die CTAB-basierte Mikroemulsion erweist sich dabei als ungeeignet für die Herstellung von CdS Nanopartikeln, da zum einen nur eine geringe Toleranz gegenüber den Reaktanden vorhanden ist (Destabilisierungseffekt) und zum anderen das Partikelwachstum durch den Polyelektrolyt-Tensid-Film nicht ausreichend begrenzt wird. Zudem zeigt sich, dass eine Abtrennung der Partikel aus der Mikroemulsion nicht möglich ist. Die SDS-basierten Mikroemulsionen, erweisen sich als geeignete Templatphase zur Synthese kleiner anorganischer Nanopartikel (3 – 20 nm). Sowohl CdS Quantum Dots, als auch Gold Nanopartikel konnten erfolgreich in der Mikroemulsion synthetisiert werden, wobei das verzweigte PEI einen interessanten Templat-Effekt in der Mikroemulsion hervorruft. Als deutlicher Nachteil der SDS-basierten Mikroemulsionen offenbaren sich die starken Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem Tensid und den Polyelektrolyten während der Aufarbeitung der Nanopartikel aus der Mikroemulsion. Dabei erweist sich die Polyelektrolyt-Tensid-Komplexbildung als hinderlich für die Redispergierung der CdS Quantum Dots in Wasser, so dass Partikelaggregation einsetzt. Die SB-basierten Mikroemulsionen erweisen sich als günstige Templatphase für die Bildung von größen- und eigenschaftenoptimierten Nanopartikeln (< 4 nm), wobei insbesondere eine Modifizierung mit PEI als ideal betrachtet werden kann. In Gegenwart des verzweigten PEI gelang es erstmals ultrakleine, fluoreszierende Gold Cluster (< 2 nm) in einer SB-basierten Mikroemulsion als Templatphase herzustellen. Als besonderer Vorteil der SB-basierten Mikroemulsion zeigen sich die moderaten Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem zwitterionischen Tensid und den Polyelektrolyten, welche eine anschließende Abtrennung der Partikel aus der Mikroemulsion unter Erhalt der Größe und ihrer optischen Eigenschaften ermöglichen. In der redispergierten wässrigen Lösung gelang somit eine Auftrennung der PEI-modifizierten Partikel mit Hilfe der asymmetrischer Fluss Feldflussfraktionierung (aF FFF). Die gebildeten Nanopartikel zeigen interessante optische Eigenschaften und können zum Beispiel erfolgreich zur Modifizierung von Biosensoren eingesetzt werden.
Radical reactions have found many applications in carbohydrate chemistry, especially in the construction of carbon–carbon bonds. The formation of carbon–heteroatom bonds has been less intensively studied. This mini-review will summarize the efforts to add heteroatom radicals to unsaturated carbohydrates like endo-glycals. Starting from early examples, developed more than 50 years ago, the importance of such reactions for carbohydrate chemistry and recent applications will be discussed. After a short introduction, the mini-review is divided in sub-chapters according to the heteroatoms halogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. The mechanisms of radical generation by chemical or photochemical processes and the subsequent reactions of the radicals at the 1-position will be discussed. This mini-review cannot cover all aspects of heteroatom-centered radicals in carbohydrate chemistry, but should provide an overview of the various strategies and future perspectives
Graphitic carbon nitride, g-C₃N₄, is a promising organic photo-catalyst for a variety of redox reactions. In order to improve its efficiency in a systematic manner, however, a fundamental understanding of the microscopic interaction between catalyst, reactants and products is crucial. Here we present a systematic study of water adsorption on g-C₃N₄ by means of density functional theory and the density functional based tight-binding method as a prerequisite for understanding photocatalytic water splitting. We then analyze this prototypical redox reaction on the basis of a thermodynamic model providing an estimate of the overpotential for both water oxidation and H⁺ reduction. While the latter is found to occur readily upon irradiation with visible light, we derive a prohibitive overpotential of 1.56 eV for the water oxidation half reaction, comparing well with the experimental finding that in contrast to H₂ production O₂ evolution is only possible in the presence of oxidation cocatalysts.
Derivatization of fullerene (C60) with branched aliphatic chains softens C60-based materials and enables the formation of thermotropic liquid crystals and room temperature nonvolatile liquids. This work demonstrates that by carefully tuning parameters such as type, number and substituent position of the branched chains, liquid crystalline C60 materials with mesophase temperatures suited for photovoltaic cell fabrication and room temperature nonvolatile liquid fullerenes with tunable viscosity can be obtained. In particular, compound 1, with branched chains, exhibits a smectic liquid crystalline phase extending from 84 °C to room temperature. Analysis of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells with a ca. 100 nm active layer of compound 1 and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as an electron acceptor and an electron donor, respectively, reveals an improved performance (power conversion efficiency, PCE: 1.6 ± 0.1%) in comparison with another compound, 10 (PCE: 0.5 ± 0.1%). The latter, in contrast to 1, carries linear aliphatic chains and thus forms a highly ordered solid lamellar phase at room temperature. The solar cell performance of 1 blended with P3HT approaches that of PCBM/P3HT for the same active layer thickness. This indicates that C60 derivatives bearing branched tails are a promising class of electron acceptors in soft (flexible) photovoltaic devices.