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English and German, though genetically closely related, have undergone different developments with regard to the verbal category aspect in its interaction with aktionsart. English has grammaticalized a periphrastic construction to mark the progressisve whereas German - if at all - uses word formation to mark the perfective. This study deals with verbal prefixes, especially ge-/gi-, in the earliest attestable stages of the two languages, i.e. in Old English (King Alfred's Orosius) and Old High German (Tafan). These elements have often been considered markers of perfective aspect or aktionsart and can be compared to perfectives, which - according to Bybee/Perkins/Pagliuca (1994) - have developed from "bounders", i.e. adverbial particles to denote situation boundaries. Our analyses suggest that although there are basic similarities in the use of the various verbal constructions, the diverging paths of development with regard to aspect seem to begin already in these early stages
Die englische Grammatikschreibung im 18. Jahrhundert ist vordergründig präskriptiv und basiert auf den traditionellen theoretischen Grundlagen, die für die klassischen Sprachen entwickelt wurden. So werden grammatische Kategorien wie Person und Numerus, Tempus, Modus, Genus Verbi unterschieden, für welche Flexionsparadigmen aufgestellt werden. Im Vergleich zu den klassischen Sprachen hat jedoch das Englische eine weitreichende Umgestaltung in der Strukturierung seiner gesamten Verbalkategorien erfahren: Analytische Mittel (have, be, do, will, etc. in Verbindung mit infiniten Formen des Verbs) werden verwendet, um verschiedene Ausprägungen der Vergangenheit, Zukünftigkeit, Gleichzeitigkeit, Vorzeitigkeit, Prozeßhaftigkeit etc. auszudrücken. Das Modussystem ist zusammengebrochen. Um dies zu kompensieren und einige der Funktionen des ehemaligen Konjunktivs zu übernehmen, wurden zum Beispiel die Modalverben grammatikalisiert. Dann ist auch noch eine völlig neue Kategorie entstanden, der Aspekt. In den frühen Grammatiken des 17. Jahrhunderts wurde die Konstruktion be + V-ing, die den Progressiven Aspekt ausdrückt, noch nicht einmal erwähnt (z.B. John Wallis 1653, Jeremiah Wharton 1654, Joseph Aickin 1693). Es ist interessant, daß sie zum ersten Mal von einem Ausländer Beachtung findet: Guy Miege führt diese Konstruktion auf in seiner Englischen Grammatik von 1688. Eine ausführliche und systematische Beschreibung erfolgt dann aber erst gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts (James Pickbourne 1789). Er integriert die Progressive Form in das Tempussystem und unterscheidet somit insgesamt 18 Tempora im Englischen. Andere Grammatiker nennen 3 oder 5 oder 7 Tempora. Der Aufsatz beschreibt verschiedene Herangehensweisen an die Beschreibung des neu entstandenen Englischen Tempus- und Aspektsystems in der Grammatikschreibung des 18. Jahrhunderts. Ein zentraler Punkt ist die Integration der aspektuellen Unterscheidung zwischen Einfacher und Progressiver Form, die sich in dieser Zeit gerade erst in der Sprache etabliert hatte.
This paper argues that the texts surviving from the Old English period do not reflect the spoken language of the bulk of the population under Anglo-Saxon elite domination. While the Old English written documents suggest that the language was kept remarkably unchanged, i.e. was strongly monitored during the long OE period (some 500 years!), the spoken and "real Old English" is likely to have been very different and much more of the type of Middle English than the written texts. "Real Old Engish", i.e. of course only appeared in writing after the Norman Conquest. Middle English is therefore claimed to have begun with the 'late British' speaking shifters to Old English. The shift patterns must have differed in the various part of the island of Britain, as the shifters became exposed to further language contact with the Old Norse adstrate in the Danelaw areas and the Norman superstrate particularly in the South East, the South West having been least exposed to language contact after the original shift from 'Late British' to Old English. This explains why the North was historically the most innovative zone. This also explains the conservatism of the present day dialects in the South West. It is high time that historical linguists acknowledge the arcane character of the Old English written texts.
A close comparison of selected parts of the translation of the Venerable Bede's 'Historia Ecclesiastica gentis anglorum' into Old English and Old Irish reveals how selective the translators proceeded in their translation work and how they adapted the Latin original to the genre traditions of their vernacular styles of writing. By their omissions, their choices of lexis and syntax they clearly expressed their translation interests. Part of the differences also seems to have been motivated by the targeted written and the oral mode of communication. While the Irish translation is entirely written in character and hardly lends itself to reading out aloud ('prelecting'), the style and rhythm of the Old English translation suggests that it was to serve public reading purposes in front of illiterate or semi-literate listening audiences.
This article provides a survey of the research carried out by Celtic scholars in Germany during the 15 years between 1980 and 1995. It is based on the respective bibliography published in 'Studia Celtica Japonica' 9 (1997). The major research fields covered are IE Studies, Celtic philology, linguistics, literature, archaeology and cultural studies.
Postcolonial theory : the emergence of a critical discourse ; a selected and annotated bibliography
(2004)
Interview mit Wolfgang Wicht
(2004)
V.S. Reid
(2004)
Wilson Harris
(2004)
Fred D'Aguiar
(2004)
Edward Kamau Brathwaite
(2004)