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Ahnen, M. L. ; Ansoldi, S. ; Antonelli, L. A. ; Arcaro, C. ; Babie, A. ; Banerjee, B. ; Bangale, P. ; de Almeida, U. Barres ; Barrio, J. A. ; Gonzalez, J. Becerra ; Bednarek, W. ; Bernardini, E. ; Berti, A. ; Biasuzzi, B. ; Biland, A. ; Blanch, O. ; Bonnefoy, S. ; Bonnoli, G. ; Borracci, F. ; Carosi, R. ; Carosi, A. ; Chatterjee, A. ; Colin, P. ; Colombo, E. ; Contreras, J. L. ; Cortina, J. ; Covino, S. ; Cumani, P. ; Da Vela, P. ; Dazzi, F. ; De Angelis, A. ; De Lotto, B. ; Wilhelmi, E. de Ona ; Di Pierro, F. ; Doert, M. ; Dominguez, A. ; Prester, D. Dominis ; Dorner, D. ; Doro, M. ; Einecke, S. ; Glawion, D. Eisenacher ; Elsaesser, D. ; Engelkemeier, M. ; Ramazani, V. Fallah ; Fernandez-Barra, A. ; Fidalgo, D. ; Fonseca, M. V. ; Font, L. ; Fruck, C. ; Galindo, D. ; Lopez, R. J. Garcia ; Garczarczyk, M. ; Gaug, M. ; Giammaria, P. ; Godinovie, N. ; Gora, D. ; Griffiths, S. ; Guberman, D. ; Hadasch, D. ; Hahn, A. ; Hassan, T. ; Hayashida, M. ; Herrera, J. ; Hose, J. ; Hrupec, D. ; Hughes, G. ; Ishio, K. ; Konno, Y. ; Kubo, H. ; Kushida, J. ; Kuvezdie, D. ; Lelas, D. ; Lindfors, E. ; Lombardi, S. ; Longo, F. ; Lopez, M. ; Lopez-Oramas, A. ; Majumdar, P. ; Makariev, M. ; Maneva, G. ; Manganaro, M. ; Mannheim, K. ; Maraschi, L. ; Mariotti, M. ; Martinez, M. ; Mazin, D. ; Menzel, U. ; Minev, M. ; Mirzoyan, R. ; Moralejo, A. ; Moreno, V. ; Moretti, E. ; Munar-Adrover, P. ; Neustroev, V. ; Niedzwiecki, A. ; Rosillo, M. Nievas ; Nilsson, K. ; Nishijima, K. ; Noda, K. ; Nogues, L. ; Paiano, S. ; Palacio, J. ; Paneque, D. ; Paoletti, R. ; Paredes, J. M. ; Paredes-Fortuny, X. ; Pedaletti, G. ; Peresano, M. ; Perri, L. ; Persic, M. ; Moroni, P. G. Prada ; Prandini, E. ; Puljak, I. ; Garcia, J. R. ; Reichardt, I. ; Rhode, W. ; Riti, M. ; Rico, J. ; Saito, T. ; Satalecka, K. ; Schroeder, S. ; Schweizer, T. ; Shore, S. N. ; Sillanpaa, A. ; Sitarek, J. ; Sobczynskall, D. ; Stamerra, A. ; Strzys, M. ; Surie, T. ; Takalo, L. ; Tavecchio, F. ; Temnikov, P. ; Terzie, T. ; Tescaro, D. ; Teshima, M. ; Torres, D. F. ; Torres-Alla, N. ; Treves, A. ; Vanzo, G. ; Acosta, M. Vazquez ; Vovk, I. ; Ward, J. E. ; Will, M. ; Wu, M. H. ; Zarie, D. ; Abdalla, Hassan E. ; Abramowski, A. ; Aharonian, Felix A. ; Benkhali, F. Ait ; Akhperjanian, A. G. ; Andersson, T. ; Angüner, Ekrem Oǧuzhan ; Arakawa, M. ; Arrieta, M. ; Aubert, P. ; Backes, M. ; Balzer, A. ; Barnard, M. ; Becherini, Y. ; Tjus, J. Becker ; Berge, D. ; Bernhard, S. ; Bernlohr, K. ; Blackwell, R. ; Bottcher, M. ; Boisson, C. ; Bolmont, J. ; Bordas, Pol ; Bregeon, J. ; Brun, F. ; Brun, P. ; Bryan, M. ; Btichele, M. ; Bulik, T. ; Capasso, M. ; Carr, J. ; Casanova, Sabrina ; Cerruti, M. ; Chakraborty, N. ; Chalme-Calvet, R. ; Chaves, R. C. G. ; Chen, A. ; Chevalier, J. ; Chretien, M. ; Coffaro, M. ; Colafrancesco, S. ; Cologna, G. ; Condon, B. ; Conrad, J. ; Cui, Y. ; Davids, I. D. ; Decock, J. ; Degrange, B. ; Dei, C. ; Devin, J. ; Dewilt, P. ; Dirson, L. ; Djannati-Atai, A. ; Domainko, W. ; Donath, A. ; Dutson, K. ; Dyks, J. ; Edwards, T. ; Egberts, Kathrin ; Eger, P. ; Ernenwein, J. -P. ; Eschbach, S. ; Farnier, C. ; Fegan, S. ; Fernandes, M. V. ; Fiasson, A. ; Fontaine, G. ; Forster, A. ; Funk, S. ; Ftifiling, M. ; Gabici, S. ; Gajdus, M. ; Gallant, Y. A. ; Garrigoux, T. ; Giavitto, G. ; Giebels, B. ; Glicenstein, J. F. ; Gottschal, D. ; Goya, A. ; Grondin, M. -H. ; Hahn, J. ; Haupt, M. ; Hawkes, J. ; Heinzelmann, G. ; Henri, G. ; Hermann, G. ; Hervet, O. ; Hinton, J. A. ; Hofmann, W. ; Hoischen, Clemens ; Holler, M. ; Horns, D. ; Ivascenko, A. ; Iwasaki, H. ; Jacholkowska, A. ; Jamrozy, M. ; Janiak, M. ; Jankowsky, D. ; Jankowsky, F. ; Jingo, M. ; Jogler, T. ; Jouvin, L. ; Jung-Richardt, I. ; Kastendieck, M. A. ; Katarzyfiski, K. ; Katsuragawa, M. ; Katz, U. ; Kerszberg, D. ; Khangulyan, D. ; Khelifi, B. ; Kieffer, M. ; King, J. ; Klepser, S. ; Klochkov, D. ; Kluiniak, W. ; Kolitzus, D. ; Komin, Nu. ; Kosack, K. ; Krakau, S. ; Kraus, M. ; Krtiger, P. P. ; Laffon, H. ; Lamanna, G. ; Lau, J. ; Lees, J. -P. ; Lefaucheur, J. ; Lefranc, V. ; Lemiere, A. ; Lemoine-Goumard, M. ; Lenain, J. -P. ; Leser, Eva ; Lohse, T. ; Lorentz, M. ; Liu, R. ; Lopez-Coto, R. ; Lypova, I. ; Marandon, V. ; Marcowith, Alexandre ; Mariaud, C. ; Marx, R. ; Maurin, G. ; Maxted, N. ; Mayer, M. ; Meintjes, P. J. ; Meyer, M. ; Mitche, A. M. W. ; Moderski, R. ; Mohamed, M. ; Mohrmann, L. ; Mora, K. ; Moulin, Emmanuel ; Murach, T. ; Nakashima, S. ; De Naurois, M. ; Niederwanger, F. ; Niemiec, J. ; Oakes, L. ; Odaka, H. ; Ott, S. ; Ohm, S. ; Ostrowski, M. ; Oya, I. ; Padovani, M. ; Panter, M. ; Parsons, R. D. ; Pekeur, N. W. ; Pelletier, G. ; Perennes, C. ; Petrucci, P. -O. ; Peyaud, B. ; Pie, Q. ; Pita, S. ; Poon, H. ; Prokhorov, D. ; Prokoph, H. ; Ptffilhofer, G. ; Punch, M. ; Quirrenbach, A. ; Raab, S. ; Reimer, A. ; Reimer, O. ; Renaud, M. ; De Los Reyes, R. ; Richter, S. ; Rieger, F. ; Romoli, C. ; Rowell, G. ; Rudak, B. ; Rulten, C. B. ; Safi-Harb, S. ; Sahakian, V. ; Saito, S. ; Salek, D. ; Sanchez, D. A. ; Santangelo, Andrea ; Sasaki, M. ; Schlickeiser, R. ; Schtissler, F. ; Schulz, A. ; Schwanke, U. ; Schwemmer, S. ; Seglar-Arroyo, M. ; Settimo, M. ; Seyffert, A. S. ; Shafi, N. ; Shilon, I. ; Simoni, R. ; So, H. ; Spanier, F. ; Spengler, G. ; Spies, F. ; Stawarz, L. ; Steenkamp, R. ; Stegmann, Christian ; Stycz, K. ; Sushch, I. ; Takahashi, T. ; Tavernet, J. -P. ; Tavernier, T. ; Taylor, A. M. ; Terrier, R. ; Tibaldo, L. ; Tiziani, D. ; Tluczykont, M. ; Trichard, C. ; Tsuji, N. ; Tuffs, R. ; Uchiyama, Y. ; Van der Walt, D. J. ; Van Eldik, C. ; Van Rensburg, C. ; Van Soelen, B. ; Vasileiadis, G. ; Veh, J. ; Venter, C. ; Viana, A. ; Vincent, P. ; Vink, J. ; Voisin, F. ; Vok, H. J. ; Vuillaume, T. ; Wadiasingh, Z. ; Wagner, S. J. ; Wagner, P. ; Wagner, R. M. ; White, R. ; Wierzcholska, A. ; Willmann, P. ; Wornlein, A. ; Wouters, D. ; Yang, R. ; Zabalza, V. ; Zaborov, D. ; Zacharias, M. ; Zanin, R. ; Zdziarski, A. A. ; Zech, Alraune ; Zefi, F. ; Ziegler, A. ; Zywuckan, N.
Context. The large jet kinetic power and non-thermal processes occurring in the microquasar SS 433 make this source a good candidate for a very high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emitter. Gamma-ray fluxes above the sensitivity limits of current Cherenkov telescopes have been predicted for both the central X-ray binary system and the interaction regions of SS 433 jets with the surrounding W50 nebula. Non-thermal emission at lower energies has been previously reported, indicating that efficient particle acceleration is taking place in the system. Aims. We explore the capability of SS 433 to emit VHE gamma rays during periods in which the expected flux attenuation due to periodic eclipses (P-orb similar to 13.1 days) and precession of the circumstellar disk (P-pre similar to 162 days) periodically covering the central binary system is expected to be at its minimum. The eastern and western SS 433/W50 interaction regions are also examined using the whole data set available. We aim to constrain some theoretical models previously developed for this system with our observations. Methods. We made use of dedicated observations from the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov telescopes (MAGIC) and High Energy Spectroscopic System (H.E.S.S.) of SS 433 taken from 2006 to 2011. These observation were combined for the first time and accounted for a total effective observation time of 16.5 h, which were scheduled considering the expected phases of minimum absorption of the putative VHE emission. Gamma-ray attenuation does not affect the jet/medium interaction regions. In this case, the analysis of a larger data set amounting to similar to 40-80 h, depending on the region, was employed. Results. No evidence of VHE gamma-ray emission either from the central binary system or from the eastern/western interaction regions was found. Upper limits were computed for the combined data set. Differential fluxes from the central system are found to be less than or similar to 10(-12)-10(-13) TeV-1 cm(-2) s(-1) in an energy interval ranging from similar to few x 100 GeV to similar to few TeV. Integral flux limits down to similar to 10(-12)-10(-13) ph cm(-2) s(-1) and similar to 10(-13)-10(-14) ph cm(-2) s(-1) are obtained at 300 and 800 GeV, respectively. Our results are used to place constraints on the particle acceleration fraction at the inner jet regions and on the physics of the jet/medium interactions. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that the fraction of the jet kinetic power that is transferred to relativistic protons must be relatively small in SS 433, q(p) <= 2.5 x 10(-5), to explain the lack of TeV and neutrino emission from the central system. At the SS 433/W50 interface, the presence of magnetic fields greater than or similar to 10 mu G is derived assuming a synchrotron origin for the observed X-ray emission. This also implies the presence of high-energy electrons with E-e up to 50 TeV, preventing an efficient production of gamma-ray fluxes in these interaction regions.
Abramowski, A. ; Aharonian, Felix A. ; Benkhali, F. Ait ; Akhperjanian, A. G. ; Anguener, E. O. ; Backes, M. ; Balzer, A. ; Becherini, Y. ; Tjus, J. Becker ; Berge, D. ; Bernhard, S. ; Bernloehr, K. ; Birsin, E. ; Blackwell, R. ; Boettcher, M. ; Boisson, C. ; Bolmont, J. ; Bordas, Pol ; Bregeon, J. ; Brun, F. ; Brun, P. ; Bryan, M. ; Bulik, T. ; Carr, J. ; Casanova, Sabrina ; Chakraborty, N. ; Chalme-Calvet, R. ; Chaves, R. C. G. ; Chen, A. ; Chevalier, J. ; Chretien, M. ; Colafrancesco, S. ; Cologna, G. ; Condon, B. ; Conrad, J. ; Couturier, C. ; Cui, Y. ; Davids, I. D. ; Degrange, B. ; Deil, C. ; deWilt, P. ; Djannati-Atai, A. ; Domainko, W. ; Donath, A. ; Dubus, G. ; Dutson, K. ; Dyks, J. ; Dyrda, M. ; Edwards, T. ; Egberts, Kathrin ; Eger, P. ; Ernenwein, J. -P. ; Espigat, P. ; Farnier, C. ; Fegan, S. ; Feinstein, F. ; Fernandes, M. V. ; Fernandez, D. ; Fiasson, A. ; Fontaine, G. ; Foerster, A. ; Fuessling, M. ; Gabici, S. ; Gajdus, M. ; Gallant, Y. A. ; Garrigoux, T. ; Giavitto, G. ; Giebels, B. ; Glicenstein, J. F. ; Gottschall, D. ; Goyal, A. ; Grondin, M. -H. ; Grudzinska, M. ; Hadasch, D. ; Haeffner, S. ; Hahn, J. ; Hawkes, J. ; Heinzelmann, G. ; Henri, G. ; Hermann, G. ; Hervet, O. ; Hillert, A. ; Hinton, J. A. ; Hofmann, W. ; Hofverberg, P. ; Hoischen, Clemens ; Holler, M. ; Horns, D. ; Ivascenko, A. ; Jacholkowska, A. ; Jamrozy, M. ; Janiak, M. ; Jankowsky, F. ; Jung-Richardt, I. ; Kastendieck, M. A. ; Katarzynski, K. ; Katz, U. ; Kerszberg, D. ; Khelifi, B. ; Kieffer, M. ; Klepser, S. ; Klochkov, D. ; Kluzniak, W. ; Kolitzus, D. ; Komin, Nu. ; Kosack, K. ; Krakau, S. ; Krayzel, F. ; Krueger, P. P. ; Laffon, H. ; Lamanna, G. ; Lau, J. ; Lefaucheur, J. ; Lefranc, V. ; Lemiere, A. ; Lemoine-Goumard, M. ; Lenain, J. -P. ; Lohse, T. ; Lopatin, A. ; Lorentz, M. ; Lu, C. -C. ; Lui, R. ; Marandon, V. ; Marcowith, Alexandre ; Mariaud, C. ; Marx, R. ; Maurin, G. ; Maxted, N. ; Mayer, M. ; Meintjes, P. J. ; Menzler, U. ; Meyer, M. ; Mitchell, A. M. W. ; Moderski, R. ; Mohamed, M. ; Mora, K. ; Moulin, Emmanuel ; Murach, T. ; de Naurois, M. ; Niemiec, J. ; Oakes, L. ; Odaka, H. ; Oettl, S. ; Ohm, S. ; Opitz, B. ; Ostrowski, M. ; Oya, I. ; Panter, M. ; Parsons, R. D. ; Arribas, M. Paz ; Pekeur, N. W. ; Pelletier, G. ; Petrucci, P. -O. ; Peyaud, B. ; Pita, S. ; Poon, H. ; Prokhorov, D. ; Prokoph, H. ; Puehlhofer, G. ; Punch, M. ; Quirrenbach, A. ; Raab, S. ; Reichardt, I. ; Reimer, A. ; Reimer, O. ; Renaud, M. ; de los Reyes, R. ; Rieger, F. ; Romoli, C. ; Rosier-Lees, S. ; Rowell, G. ; Rudak, B. ; Rulten, C. B. ; Sahakian, V. ; Salek, D. ; Sanchez, D. A. ; Santangelo, Andrea ; Sasaki, M. ; Schlickeiser, R. ; Schuessler, F. ; Schulz, A. ; Schwanke, U. ; Schwemmer, S. ; Seyffert, A. S. ; Simoni, R. ; Sol, H. ; Spanier, F. ; Spengler, G. ; Spies, F. ; Stawarz, L. ; Steenkamp, R. ; Stegmann, Christian ; Stinzing, F. ; Stycz, K. ; Sushch, I. ; Tavernet, J. -P. ; Tavernier, T. ; Taylor, A. M. ; Terrier, R. ; Tluczykont, M. ; Trichard, C. ; Tuffs, R. ; Valerius, K. ; van der Walt, J. ; van Eldik, C. ; van Soelen, B. ; Vasileiadis, G. ; Veh, J. ; Venter, C. ; Viana, A. ; Vincent, P. ; Vink, J. ; Voisin, F. ; Voelk, H. J. ; Vuillaume, T. ; Wagner, S. J. ; Wagner, P. ; Wagner, R. M. ; Weidinger, M. ; White, R. ; Wierzcholska, A. ; Willmann, P. ; Woernlein, A. ; Wouters, D. ; Yang, R. ; Zabalza, V. ; Zaborov, D. ; Zacharias, M. ; Zdziarski, A. A. ; Zech, Alraune ; Zefi, F. ; Zywucka, N.
Aims. We aim for an understanding of the morphological and spectral properties of the supernova remnant RCW 86 and for insights into the production mechanism leading to the RCW 86 very high-energy gamma-ray emission. Methods. We analyzed High Energy Spectroscopic System (H.E.S.S.) data that had increased sensitivity compared to the observations presented in the RCW 86 H.E.S.S. discovery publication. Studies of the morphological correlation between the 0.5-1 keV X-ray band, the 2-5 keV X-ray band, radio, and gamma-ray emissions have been performed as well as broadband modeling of the spectral energy distribution with two different emission models. Results. We present the first conclusive evidence that the TeV gamma-ray emission region is shell-like based on our morphological studies. The comparison with 2-5 keV X-ray data reveals a correlation with the 0.4-50 TeV gamma-ray emission. The spectrum of RCW 86 is best described by a power law with an exponential cutoff at E-cut = (3.5 +/- 1.2(stat)) TeV and a spectral index of Gamma approximate to 1.6 +/- 0.2. A static leptonic one-zone model adequately describes the measured spectral energy distribution of RCW 86, with the resultant total kinetic energy of the electrons above 1 GeV being equivalent to similar to 0.1% of the initial kinetic energy of a Type Ia supernova explosion (10(51) erg). When using a hadronic model, a magnetic field of B approximate to 100 mu G is needed to represent the measured data. Although this is comparable to formerly published estimates, a standard E-2 spectrum for the proton distribution cannot describe the gamma-ray data. Instead, a spectral index of Gamma(p) approximate to 1.7 would be required, which implies that similar to 7 x 10(49)/n(cm-3) erg has been transferred into high-energy protons with the effective density n(cm-3) = n/1 cm(-3). This is about 10% of the kinetic energy of a typical Type Ia supernova under the assumption of a density of 1 cm(-3).
Ahnen, M. L. ; Ansoldi, S. ; Antonelli, L. A. ; Arcaro, C. ; Babic, A. ; Banerjee, B. ; Bangale, P. ; Barres de Almeida, U. ; Barrio, J. A. ; Gonzalez, J. Becerra ; Bednarek, W. ; Bernardini, E. ; Berti, A. ; Bhattacharyya, W. ; Blanch, O. ; Bonnoli, G. ; Carosi, R. ; Carosi, A. ; Chatterjee, A. ; Colak, S. M. ; Colin, P. ; Colombo, E. ; Contreras, J. L. ; Cortina, J. ; Covino, S. ; Cumani, P. ; Da Vela, P. ; Dazzi, F. ; De Angelis, A. ; De Lotto, B. ; Delfino, M. ; Delgado, Jose Miguel Martins ; Di Pierro, F. ; Doert, M. ; Dominguez, A. ; Prester, D. Dominis ; Doro, M. ; Glawion, D. Eisenacher ; Engelkemeier, M. ; Ramazani, V. Fallah ; Fernandez-Barral, A. ; Fidalgo, D. ; Fonseca, M. V. ; Font, L. ; Fruck, C. ; Galindo, D. ; Lopez, R. J. Garcia ; Garczarczyk, M. ; Gaug, M. ; Giammaria, P. ; Godinovic, N. ; Gora, D. ; Guberman, D. ; Hadasch, D. ; Hahn, A. ; Hassan, T. ; Hayashida, M. ; Herrera, J. ; Hose, J. ; Hrupec, D. ; Ishio, K. ; Konno, Y. ; Kubo, H. ; Kushida, J. ; Kuvezdic, D. ; Lelas, D. ; Lindfors, E. ; Lombardi, S. ; Longo, F. ; Lopez, M. ; Maggio, C. ; Majumdar, P. ; Makariev, M. ; Maneva, G. ; Manganaro, M. ; Maraschi, L. ; Mariotti, M. ; Martinez, M. ; Mazin, D. ; Menzel, U. ; Minev, M. ; Miranda, J. M. ; Mirzoyan, R. ; Moralejo, A. ; Moreno, V. ; Moretti, E. ; Nagayoshi, T. ; Neustroev, V. ; Niedzwiecki, A. ; Nievas Rosillo, M. ; Nigro, C. ; Nilsson, K. ; Ninci, D. ; Nishijima, K. ; Noda, K. ; Nogues, L. ; Paiano, S. ; Palacio, J. ; Paneque, D. ; Paoletti, R. ; Paredes, J. M. ; Pedaletti, G. ; Peresano, M. ; Perri, L. ; Persic, M. ; Moroni, P. G. Prada ; Prandini, E. ; Puljak, I. ; Garcia, J. R. ; Reichardt, I. ; Ribo, M. ; Rico, J. ; Righi, C. ; Rugliancich, A. ; Saito, T. ; Satalecka, K. ; Schroeder, S. ; Schweizer, T. ; Shore, S. N. ; Sitarek, J. ; Snidaric, I. ; Sobczynska, D. ; Stamerra, A. ; Strzys, M. ; Suric, T. ; Takalo, L. ; Tavecchio, F. ; Temnikov, P. ; Terzic, T. ; Teshima, M. ; Torres-Alba, N. ; Treves, A. ; Tsujimoto, S. ; Vanzo, G. ; Vazquez Acosta, M. ; Vovk, I. ; Ward, J. E. ; Will, M. ; Zaric, D. ; Arbet-Engels, A. ; Baack, D. ; Balbo, M. ; Biland, A. ; Blank, M. ; Bretz, T. ; Bruegge, K. ; Bulinski, M. ; Buss, J. ; Dmytriiev, A. ; Dorner, D. ; Einecke, S. ; Elsaesser, D. ; Herbst, T. ; Hildebrand, D. ; Kortmann, L. ; Linhoff, L. ; Mahlke, M. ; Mannheim, K. ; Mueller, S. A. ; Neise, D. ; Neronov, A. ; Noethe, M. ; Oberkirch, J. ; Paravac, A. ; Rhode, W. ; Schleicher, B. ; Schulz, F. ; Sedlaczek, K. ; Shukla, A. ; Sliusar, V. ; Walter, R. ; Archer, A. ; Benbow, W. ; Bird, R. ; Brose, Robert ; Buckley, J. H. ; Bugaev, V. ; Christiansen, J. L. ; Cui, W. ; Daniel, M. K. ; Falcone, A. ; Feng, Q. ; Finley, J. P. ; Gillanders, G. H. ; Gueta, O. ; Hanna, D. ; Hervet, O. ; Holder, J. ; Hughes, G. ; Huetten, M. ; Humensky, T. B. ; Johnson, C. A. ; Kaaret, P. ; Kar, P. ; Kelley-Hoskins, N. ; Kertzman, M. ; Kieda, D. ; Krause, M. ; Krennrich, F. ; Kumar, S. ; Lang, M. J. ; Lin, T. T. Y. ; Maier, G. ; McArthur, S. ; Moriarty, P. ; Mukherjee, R. ; Ong, R. A. ; Otte, A. N. ; Park, N. ; Petrashyk, A. ; Pichel, A. ; Pohl, Martin ; Quinn, J. ; Ragan, K. ; Reynolds, P. T. ; Richards, G. T. ; Roache, E. ; Rovero, A. C. ; Rulten, C. ; Sadeh, I. ; Santander, M. ; Sembroski, G. H. ; Shahinyan, K. ; Sushch, Iurii ; Tyler, J. ; Wakely, S. P. ; Weinstein, A. ; Wells, R. M. ; Wilcox, P. ; Wilhel, A. ; Williams, D. A. ; Williamson, T. J. ; Zitzer, B. ; Perri, M. ; Verrecchia, F. ; Leto, C. ; Villata, M. ; Raiteri, C. M. ; Jorstad, S. G. ; Larionov, V. M. ; Blinov, D. A. ; Grishina, T. S. ; Kopatskaya, E. N. ; Larionova, E. G. ; Nikiforova, A. A. ; Morozova, D. A. ; Troitskaya, Yu. V. ; Troitsky, I. S. ; Kurtanidze, O. M. ; Nikolashvili, M. G. ; Kurtanidze, S. O. ; Kimeridze, G. N. ; Chigladze, R. A. ; Strigachev, A. ; Sadun, A. C.
Aims. We aim to characterize the multiwavelength emission from Markarian 501 (Mrk 501), quantify the energy-dependent variability, study the potential multiband correlations, and describe the temporal evolution of the broadband emission within leptonic theoretical scenarios. Methods. We organized a multiwavelength campaign to take place between March and July of 2012. Excellent temporal coverage was obtained with more than 25 instruments, including the MAGIC, FACT and VERITAS Cherenkov telescopes, the instruments on board the Swift and Fermi spacecraft, and the telescopes operated by the GASP-WEBT collaboration. Results. Mrk 501 showed a very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray flux above 0.2 TeV of similar to 0.5 times the Crab Nebula flux (CU) for most of the campaign. The highest activity occurred on 2012 June 9, when the VHE flux was similar to 3 CU, and the peak of the high-energy spectral component was found to be at similar to 2 TeV. Both the X-ray and VHE gamma-ray spectral slopes were measured to be extremely hard, with spectral indices <2 during most of the observing campaign, regardless of the X-ray and VHE flux. This study reports the hardest Mrk 501 VHE spectra measured to date. The fractional variability was found to increase with energy, with the highest variability occurring at VHE. Using the complete data set, we found correlation between the X-ray and VHE bands; however, if the June 9 flare is excluded, the correlation disappears (significance <3 sigma) despite the existence of substantial variability in the X-ray and VHE bands throughout the campaign. Conclusions. The unprecedentedly hard X-ray and VHE spectra measured imply that their low- and high-energy components peaked above 5 keV and 0.5 TeV, respectively, during a large fraction of the observing campaign, and hence that Mrk 501 behaved like an extreme high-frequency-peaked blazar (EHBL) throughout the 2012 observing season. This suggests that being an EHBL may not be a permanent characteristic of a blazar, but rather a state which may change over time. The data set acquired shows that the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of Mrk 501, and its transient evolution, is very complex, requiring, within the framework of synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) models, various emission regions for a satisfactory description. Nevertheless the one-zone SSC scenario can successfully describe the segments of the SED where most energy is emitted, with a significant correlation between the electron energy density and the VHE gamma-ray activity, suggesting that most of the variability may be explained by the injection of high-energy electrons. The one-zone SSC scenario used reproduces the behavior seen between the measured X-ray and VHE gamma-ray fluxes, and predicts that the correlation becomes stronger with increasing energy of the X-rays.
De Angelis, A. ; Tatischeff, V. ; Grenier, I. A. ; McEnery, J. ; Mallamaci, Manuela ; Tavani, M. ; Oberlack, U. ; Hanlon, L. ; Walter, R. ; Argan, A. ; Von Ballmoos, P. ; Bulgarelli, A. ; Bykov, A. ; Hernanz, M. ; Kanbach, G. ; Kuvvetli, I. ; Pearce, M. ; Zdziarski, A. ; Conrad, J. ; Ghisellini, G. ; Harding, A. ; Isern, J. ; Leising, M. ; Longo, F. ; Madejski, G. ; Martinez, M. ; Mazziotta, Mario Nicola ; Paredes, J. M. ; Pohl, Martin ; Rando, R. ; Razzano, M. ; Aboudan, A. ; Ackermann, M. ; Addazi, A. ; Ajello, M. ; Albertus, C. ; Alvarez, J. M. ; Ambrosi, G. ; Anton, S. ; Antonelli, L. A. ; Babic, A. ; Baibussinov, B. ; Balbom, M. ; Baldini, L. ; Balman, S. ; Bambi, C. ; Barres de Almeida, U. ; Barrio, J. A. ; Bartels, R. ; Bastieri, D. ; Bednarek, W. ; Bernard, D. ; Bernardini, E. ; Bernasconi, T. ; Bertucci, B. ; Biland, A. ; Bissaldi, E. ; Boettcher, M. ; Bonvicini, V. ; Bosch-Ramon, V. ; Bottacini, E. ; Bozhilov, V. ; Bretz, T. ; Branchesi, M. ; Brdar, V. ; Bringmann, T. ; Brogna, A. ; Jorgensen, C. Budtz ; Busetto, G. ; Buson, S. ; Busso, M. ; Caccianiga, A. ; Camera, S. ; Campana, R. ; Caraveo, P. ; Cardillo, M. ; Carlson, P. ; Celestin, S. ; Cermeno, M. ; Chen, A. ; Cheung, C. C. ; Churazov, E. ; Ciprini, S. ; Coc, A. ; Colafrancesco, S. ; Coleiro, A. ; Collmar, W. ; Coppi, P. ; Curado da Silva, R. ; Cutini, S. ; De Lotto, B. ; de Martino, D. ; De Rosa, A. ; Del Santo, M. ; Delgado, L. ; Diehl, R. ; Dietrich, S. ; Dolgov, A. D. ; Dominguez, A. ; Prester, D. Dominis ; Donnarumma, I. ; Dorner, D. ; Doro, M. ; Dutra, M. ; Elsaesser, D. ; Fabrizio, M. ; Fernandez-Barral, A. ; Fioretti, V. ; Foffano, L. ; Formato, V. ; Fornengo, N. ; Foschini, L. ; Franceschini, A. ; Franckowiak, A. ; Funk, S. ; Fuschino, F. ; Gaggero, D. ; Galanti, G. ; Gargano, F. ; Gasparrini, D. ; Gehrz, R. ; Giammaria, P. ; Giglietto, N. ; Giommi, P. ; Giordano, F. ; Giroletti, M. ; Ghirlanda, G. ; Godinovic, N. ; Gouiffes, C. ; Grove, J. E. ; Hamadache, C. ; Hartmann, D. H. ; Hayashida, M. ; Hryczuk, A. ; Jean, P. ; Johnson, T. ; Jose, J. ; Kaufmann, S. ; Khelifi, B. ; Kiener, J. ; Knodlseder, J. ; Kolem, M. ; Kopp, J. ; Kozhuharov, V. ; Labanti, C. ; Lalkovski, S. ; Laurent, P. ; Limousin, O. ; Linares, M. ; Lindfors, E. ; Lindner, M. ; Liu, J. ; Lombardi, S. ; Loparco, F. ; Lopez-Coto, R. ; Lopez Moya, M. ; Lott, B. ; Lubrano, P. ; Malyshev, D. ; Mankuzhiyil, N. ; Mannheim, K. ; Marcha, M. J. ; Marciano, A. ; Marcote, B. ; Mariotti, M. ; Marisaldi, M. ; McBreen, S. ; Mereghetti, S. ; Merle, A. ; Mignani, R. ; Minervini, G. ; Moiseev, A. ; Morselli, A. ; Moura, F. ; Nakazawa, K. ; Nava, L. ; Nieto, D. ; Orienti, M. ; Orio, M. ; Orlando, E. ; Orleanski, P. ; Paiano, S. ; Paoletti, R. ; Papitto, A. ; Pasquato, M. ; Patricelli, B. ; Perez-Garcia, M. A. ; Persic, M. ; Piano, G. ; Pichel, A. ; Pimenta, M. ; Pittori, C. ; Porter, T. ; Poutanen, J. ; Prandini, E. ; Prantzos, N. ; Produit, N. ; Profumo, S. ; Queiroz, F. S. ; Raino, S. ; Raklev, A. ; Regis, M. ; Reichardt, I. ; Rephaeli, Y. ; Rico, J. ; Rodejohann, W. ; Fernandez, G. Rodriguez ; Roncadelli, M. ; Roso, L. ; Rovero, A. ; Ruffini, R. ; Sala, G. ; Sanchez-Conde, M. A. ; Santangelo, Andrea ; Parkinson, P. Saz ; Sbarrato, T. ; Shearer, A. ; Shellard, R. ; Short, K. ; Siegert, T. ; Siqueira, C. ; Spinelli, P. ; Stamerra, A. ; Starrfield, S. ; Strong, A. ; Strumke, I. ; Tavecchio, F. ; Taverna, R. ; Terzic, T. ; Thompson, D. J. ; Tibolla, O. ; Torres, D. F. ; Turolla, R. ; Ulyanov, A. ; Ursi, A. ; Vacchi, A. ; Van den Abeele, J. ; Vankova-Kirilovai, G. ; Venter, C. ; Verrecchia, F. ; Vincent, P. ; Wang, X. ; Weniger, C. ; Wu, X. ; Zaharijas, G. ; Zampieri, L. ; Zane, S. ; Zimmer, S. ; Zoglauer, A.
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