Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (220) (remove)
Keywords
- exercise (8)
- football (7)
- fMRI (6)
- German (5)
- adolescents (5)
- aging (5)
- embodied cognition (5)
- neuroimaging (5)
- performance (5)
- working memory (5)
- Adolescents (4)
- Cardiac rehabilitation (4)
- SNARC (4)
- language acquisition (4)
- major depressive disorder (4)
- resistance training (4)
- Embodied cognition (3)
- Exercise (3)
- Mental number line (3)
- Randomized controlled trial (3)
- Resistance training (3)
- Spanish (3)
- depression (3)
- electromyography (3)
- emotion (3)
- injury risk (3)
- insula (3)
- interoceptive awareness (3)
- locality (3)
- obesity (3)
- physiology (3)
- training (3)
- training load (3)
- young athletes (3)
- youth (3)
- Adaptive Force (2)
- Aftercare (2)
- Balance (2)
- COVID-19 (2)
- Children (2)
- Decision making (2)
- English (2)
- Exercise therapy (2)
- Eye movements (2)
- Finger counting (2)
- Holding isometric muscle action (2)
- Mechanotendography (2)
- Number processing (2)
- NutriAct Family Study (2)
- Performance (2)
- Predictors (2)
- Pushing isometric muscle action (2)
- Quality of life (2)
- TAVI (2)
- Working memory (2)
- activation (2)
- balance (2)
- biomechanics (2)
- cardiac rehabilitation (2)
- childhood (2)
- diabetes (2)
- discourse (2)
- elite athletes (2)
- epidemiology (2)
- exercise therapy (2)
- expectation (2)
- eye movements (2)
- eye-tracking (2)
- fatigue (2)
- force (2)
- ground reaction force (2)
- ground reaction forces (2)
- hospitalization (2)
- individual differences (2)
- injury (2)
- interoception (2)
- language (2)
- lipids (2)
- mental arithmetic (2)
- mental simulation (2)
- meta-analysis (2)
- mind wandering (2)
- monitoring (2)
- muscle strength (2)
- neuromuscular (2)
- numerical cognition (2)
- oncology (2)
- operational momentum (2)
- osteoporosis (2)
- physical performance (2)
- postural stability (2)
- prevention (2)
- quality management (2)
- quality of life (2)
- rate of perceived exertion (2)
- recovery (2)
- remission (2)
- review (2)
- rolling averages (2)
- running mechanics (2)
- sentence comprehension (2)
- speech perception (2)
- sport-specific performance (2)
- sports (2)
- therapy (2)
- weighted moving averages (2)
- working memory capacity (2)
- 1-to-1 Correspondence (1)
- ACT-R (1)
- ACWR (1)
- AMSTAR 2 (1)
- AUD (1)
- Achilles and patellar tendon (1)
- Acoustic Analysis (1)
- Adipositas (1)
- Adult-child interaction (1)
- Age of acquisition (1)
- Aging (1)
- Amygdala (1)
- Anforderungen (1)
- Anti-doping guideline (1)
- Anti-doping program (1)
- Aphasia (1)
- Appearance (1)
- Assembly task (1)
- Assessment (1)
- Attention (1)
- Attrition (1)
- Back pain diagnosis (1)
- Back pain prognosis (1)
- Background (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- Broca’s aphasia (1)
- CHOP (1)
- COVID-19 pandemic (1)
- Cardinality (1)
- Cardiovascular diseases (1)
- Cardiovascular risk factors (1)
- Catalan VCV Sequences (1)
- Category verification (1)
- Child (1)
- Chronic conditions (1)
- Chronic heart failure (CHF) (1)
- Chronic low back pain (1)
- Clinical psychology (1)
- Clinical study (1)
- Clinical supervision (1)
- Closure Positive Shift (CPS) (1)
- Cognition (1)
- Cognition motor (1)
- Cognitive development (1)
- Cognitive impairment (1)
- Competitive sport (1)
- Contrast (1)
- Coping (1)
- Cost-effectiveness (1)
- Countermovement jump (1)
- Cross-frequency PLV (1)
- Cross-lagged panel analysis (1)
- Cross-sectoral care (1)
- Crossover fatigue (1)
- Cultural intelligence (1)
- Cystic fibrosis (1)
- DLT (1)
- DXA (1)
- Daily life (1)
- Data pooling (1)
- Delirium prevention (1)
- Dementia (1)
- Depressive symptoms (1)
- Development (1)
- Developmental hyperscanning (1)
- Diary study (1)
- Digital intervention (1)
- Disengagement (1)
- Doping (1)
- Dual EEG analysis (1)
- Dynamometry (1)
- EEG (1)
- ERPs (1)
- Eating behavior (1)
- Eccentric muscle action (1)
- Education (1)
- Elective surgery (1)
- Elite sports schools (1)
- Engagement (1)
- Event-related Potentials (ERP) (1)
- Event-related potentials (1)
- Evidence-based psychotherapy (1)
- Experience sampling method (1)
- Facial Expressions (1)
- Fall risk (1)
- Fall risk assessment (1)
- Fatigue (1)
- FieldTrip (1)
- Finger-based numerical representations (1)
- Finger-digit mapping (1)
- Fitness performance (1)
- Focus (1)
- Football (1)
- Forced drop-out (1)
- Frail elderly (1)
- Frailty (1)
- Future (1)
- GADD153 (1)
- GNAT (1)
- GRP78 (1)
- Games (1)
- Generalised magnitude system (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Geriatric rehabilitation (1)
- Givenness (1)
- Grip force (1)
- Growth curve models (1)
- HDL (1)
- Hamstring-quadriceps ratio (1)
- Health economics (1)
- Health promotion (1)
- Healthy aging (1)
- Heart (1)
- Home telemonitoring (1)
- Home-based (1)
- Hot and cool executive functioning (1)
- Human physical conditioning (1)
- Hungarian (1)
- Hypercholesterolemia (1)
- Hypertension (1)
- IL-6 (1)
- Iambic/Trochaic Law (1)
- Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) (1)
- Individualized therapy (1)
- Information (1)
- Information structure (1)
- Injury (1)
- Injury risk (1)
- Instability (1)
- Intensity Dose -response relationship (1)
- Intercultural competence (1)
- Interoception (1)
- Intuitive eating (1)
- Isometric contraction (1)
- Isometric muscle action (1)
- Jugendliche (1)
- Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (1)
- LDL (1)
- Lateral jumps (1)
- Learning (1)
- Lingual Coarticulation (1)
- Load (1)
- Locus Equations (1)
- Mandarin-English bilinguals (1)
- Martial arts (1)
- Mechanomyography (1)
- Melatonin receptor type 2 (1)
- Mental arithmetic (1)
- Mental disorders (1)
- Mental health (1)
- Mental time line (1)
- Mental time travel (1)
- Metaanalysis (1)
- Metaphors (1)
- Microvascular blood filling (1)
- Middle childhood (1)
- Mindfulness (1)
- Mixed methods (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Mortality (1)
- Motor system (1)
- Movement (1)
- Multiple risk factor intervention (1)
- Muscle strength (1)
- Muscle twitch (1)
- Muscularity concern (1)
- Musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (1)
- Music cognition (1)
- N400 (1)
- Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (1)
- Noradrenaline (1)
- Nuclear accent (1)
- Obesity (1)
- Older adults (1)
- Older patients (1)
- Operational momentum (1)
- Oral anticoagulation (1)
- Oral anticoagulation therapy (1)
- Ordinality (1)
- Orienting (1)
- Outcome measures (1)
- Overhead athletes (1)
- Overt attention (1)
- Oxygen saturation (1)
- PLV (1)
- PROGRESS/TRIPOD (1)
- Pain screening (1)
- Partnership (1)
- Past (1)
- Patient self-management (1)
- Perception (1)
- Perception-action coupling (1)
- Persian (1)
- Phase Locking Value (1)
- Plyometric exercise (1)
- Pointing (1)
- Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (1)
- Postural stability (1)
- Predictability (1)
- Prediction of disability/intensity (1)
- Preventive therapy (1)
- Prosodic phrasing (1)
- Prosody (1)
- Prospective (1)
- Protective factors (1)
- Prävention (1)
- Psychotherapeutic competencies (1)
- Psychotherapy research (1)
- Pulling isometric muscle action (1)
- RPE (1)
- Randomized-controlled trial (1)
- Reading (1)
- Rechenstörung (1)
- Recognition Memory (1)
- Recollection (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Regulatory focus (1)
- Rehabilitation (1)
- Rehearsal (1)
- Repeated sprint (1)
- Resiliency (1)
- Resistance (1)
- Risiko (1)
- Role-playing (1)
- SEMG-pattern (1)
- SFON (1)
- SNARC effect (1)
- SRT (1)
- Scale development (1)
- School (1)
- Selection (1)
- Self-stigmatization (1)
- Semantic priming (1)
- Semantic typicality (1)
- Seniors (1)
- Sentence comprehension (1)
- Sequential instruction (1)
- Shoulder (1)
- Simulated patients (1)
- Situated cognition (1)
- Smoking (1)
- Smoking cessation (1)
- Spatial-temporal association (1)
- Speech Motor Control (1)
- Speed (1)
- Sport-specific performance (1)
- Standardized patients (1)
- State and trait measurement (1)
- Stress levels (1)
- Stroop effect (1)
- Supervision (1)
- Systematic review (1)
- TMS (1)
- Team sports (1)
- Telemedicine (1)
- Telerehabilitation (1)
- Therapie (1)
- Time course (1)
- Time to task failure (1)
- Total hip replacement (1)
- Total knee replacement (1)
- Travel (1)
- Treatment pathways (1)
- Trust (1)
- Trustworthiness (1)
- Two forms of isometric muscle action (1)
- Type 1 diabetes (1)
- Ultrasound (1)
- Umschriebene Entwicklungsstörung (1)
- Unaccusativity (1)
- Unergative verbs (1)
- Video games (1)
- Vitamin k-antagonists (1)
- Vocal-Tract (1)
- Weight (1)
- Weight bias internalization (1)
- Weight management trial (1)
- Weight/shape concern (1)
- Word frequency (1)
- Working memory updating (1)
- Yellow flags (1)
- Young male gymnast (1)
- Zahlen- und Mengenverständnis (1)
- abstract concepts (1)
- academy (1)
- accommodation (1)
- achilles tendinopathy (1)
- acoustic phonetics (1)
- action language (1)
- action processing (1)
- action segmentation (1)
- action words (1)
- acute chronic workload ratio (1)
- adaptability (1)
- adaptation to external force impact (1)
- addition (1)
- additive particles (1)
- adherence (1)
- adherence to medical treatment (1)
- adolescence (1)
- adolescent (1)
- adolescent sport (1)
- advanced disease (1)
- aftercare (1)
- agility (1)
- aging brain (1)
- alcohol consumption (1)
- alexithymia (1)
- allometry (1)
- alpha-2 (1)
- alternatives (1)
- amateur soccer players (1)
- ambiguities (1)
- anaphoricity (1)
- anger (1)
- animacy (1)
- ankles (1)
- anterior cruciate ligament (1)
- antidepressants (1)
- antilocality (1)
- anxiety (1)
- aphasia treatment (1)
- apoptosis (1)
- approach (1)
- arithmetic (1)
- athletes (1)
- athletic performance (1)
- attention (1)
- attitude (1)
- automatic facial expression analysis (1)
- avoidance (1)
- back pain (1)
- balance strategy (1)
- balance training (1)
- behavioral and self-report measures (1)
- behavioral weight loss (1)
- bilingualism (1)
- biological age (1)
- biological maturation (1)
- blood (1)
- body density (1)
- body limbs (1)
- body shape (1)
- body-specificity hypothesis (1)
- bone (1)
- bone mineral density (1)
- bone pathologies (1)
- bone–brain–nervous system interactions (1)
- brain lesions (1)
- break interventions (1)
- broadband and narrowband dimensions of behavior (1)
- calcaneal eversion (1)
- cancer (1)
- canoe racing (1)
- carcinoma (1)
- cardiac catheterization (CC) (1)
- cardiomyopathy (1)
- cardiorespiratory fitness (1)
- carryover effects (1)
- central and peripheral vision (1)
- change (1)
- change of direction (1)
- change-of-direction speed (1)
- chemo-toxicity (1)
- child (1)
- children (1)
- children and adolescents (1)
- cholesterol (1)
- cholinesterase inhibitors (1)
- chronic condition (1)
- chronic health condition (1)
- chronic kidney disease (1)
- clauses (1)
- climbing (1)
- clinical pain research (1)
- clinical study (1)
- coarticulation (1)
- cognition (1)
- cognitive bias (1)
- cognitive decline (1)
- cognitive linguistics (1)
- cognitive module (1)
- cognitive psychology (1)
- cognitive resources (1)
- cognitive training (1)
- cognitive-postural dual task (1)
- cognitive/muscular fatigue (1)
- color (1)
- common ground (1)
- compatibility effect (1)
- complaints (1)
- complementation (1)
- complex predicates (1)
- comprehension (1)
- computer aided dosage (1)
- computer games (1)
- concept analysis (1)
- conceptualisation (1)
- concurrent training (1)
- conditioning exercise (1)
- conditioning stimulus (1)
- conduction aphasia (1)
- confidence (1)
- connectivity (1)
- consultation (1)
- contractions (1)
- control rates (1)
- controlled trial (1)
- core (1)
- core strength (1)
- corpus dataset (1)
- corpus study (1)
- counting (1)
- creative problem solving (1)
- creativity (1)
- cross-domain priming (1)
- cross-lagged panel analysis (1)
- cross-modal generalisation (1)
- cruciate ligament injury (1)
- cytochrome P450 17A1 (Cyp17A1) (1)
- decannulation protocol (1)
- deep learning (1)
- depressive disorder (1)
- derivation (1)
- development (1)
- developmental dyscalculia (1)
- developmental dyslexia (1)
- diabetes mellitus (1)
- dietary quality (1)
- dilatational tracheostomy (1)
- dimensional overlap (1)
- disease severity (1)
- distress (1)
- distributed processing (1)
- divergent thinking (1)
- doping (1)
- dose-response relationship (1)
- drop jump (1)
- dual-task (1)
- dyslipidemia (1)
- dysphagia (1)
- early speech perception and later language performance (1)
- early sport specialization (1)
- eccentric-plyometric (1)
- elderly (1)
- elf-determination theory (1)
- embodiment (1)
- emerging adults (1)
- emotional intensity (1)
- emotional regulation (1)
- endocrine pathways (1)
- endoplasmic reticulum stress (1)
- entropy (1)
- episodic memory (1)
- ethnic stereotypes (1)
- evidence-based (1)
- executive function (1)
- executive functions (1)
- exercise capacity (1)
- exercise program (1)
- exercise stress test (1)
- exercise training (1)
- experimental data (1)
- expert system (1)
- external load (1)
- external training load (1)
- eyedness (1)
- eyes (1)
- family risk for SLI (1)
- feeling of presence (1)
- feet (1)
- fiction (1)
- figurative language (1)
- fitness tests (1)
- food neophilia (1)
- footedness (1)
- frailty (1)
- freedom restriction (1)
- frustration (1)
- function (1)
- functional performance (1)
- gait (1)
- gastrointestinal cancer (1)
- gender agreement (1)
- genetics (1)
- gestural organization (1)
- global positioning system (1)
- glomerular filtration rate (1)
- goal frames (1)
- granularity (1)
- hamstring injuries (1)
- hamstring muscles (1)
- hand (1)
- health care (1)
- healthy eating (1)
- heart (1)
- heart rate variability (1)
- hematocrit (1)
- hemispheric asymmetry (1)
- heuristics and biases (1)
- high density lipoprotein cholesterol (1)
- high-intensity interval training (1)
- high-intensity-interval training (1)
- hip (1)
- home-based (1)
- hopelessness (1)
- hormones (1)
- human performance (1)
- human physical conditioning (1)
- human-robot interaction (1)
- humans (1)
- hypertension (1)
- hypothesis (1)
- idiom (1)
- imaginary world (1)
- impact loading (1)
- impact on pre-activated Achilles tendon (1)
- implicit associations (1)
- implicit learning (1)
- in-group stereotypes (1)
- inclusive education (1)
- incorporation (1)
- incubation effect (1)
- indirect dependency (1)
- infection (1)
- inflammation (1)
- information integration (1)
- information structure (1)
- input frequency (1)
- interference (1)
- internalizing behavior (1)
- interoceptive sensibility (1)
- intervertebral disc (1)
- isometric eccentric force (1)
- joint Simon effect (1)
- jump height/power (1)
- jump performance (1)
- jump training (1)
- jumping (1)
- junge Erwachsene (1)
- kinematic boundary cues (1)
- kinematics (1)
- kinetics (1)
- knee osteoarthritis (1)
- knees (1)
- latency (1)
- laterality (1)
- leg extensors (1)
- lesion studies (1)
- lexicon size (1)
- life events (1)
- lifespan (1)
- limb overuse conditions (1)
- lingering misinterpretation (1)
- literacy acquisition (1)
- long distance wh-movement (1)
- long-term (1)
- longitudinal (1)
- longitudinal study (1)
- low density lipoprotein cholesterol (1)
- low-back-pain (1)
- lower-extremity kinematics (1)
- macroplanning (1)
- macrostructure (1)
- magnetoencephalography (1)
- magnitude estimation (1)
- major depression (1)
- matched time (1)
- material fatigue (1)
- mathematical precursor (1)
- maturity (1)
- maximal isometric torque (1)
- measurement (1)
- mechanical tendinous oscillations (1)
- medial longitudinal arch (1)
- medicine (1)
- memantine (1)
- memory (1)
- mental health (1)
- mental number line (1)
- mental number line (MNL) (1)
- meta-science (1)
- metaphor (1)
- methodological quality (1)
- methodology (1)
- methods (1)
- miRNAs (1)
- microstructure (1)
- mindfulness-based stress reduction (1)
- mitochondrial adaptation (1)
- modality (1)
- modality compatibility (1)
- morphological decomposition (1)
- morphological errors (1)
- motivation (1)
- motivational interviewing (1)
- motor control (1)
- motor development (1)
- motor resonance (1)
- motor skills (1)
- motor system (1)
- motor unit synchronization (1)
- movement (1)
- mozart effect (1)
- multilingualism (1)
- multimodal cardiac rehabilitation (1)
- muscle (1)
- muscle action (1)
- muscle activation (1)
- muscle coactivation (1)
- muscle fitness (1)
- muscle metabolism (1)
- muscle power (1)
- muscular activity (1)
- musculature (1)
- musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (1)
- music cognition (1)
- music information retrieval (1)
- music perception (1)
- musicality (1)
- narrative (1)
- narrative skills (1)
- native dialects (1)
- negative expectation (1)
- neuroendocrine (1)
- neuromuscular pre-activation (1)
- neuroplasticity (1)
- newborns (1)
- non-adjacent dependencies (1)
- non-athletes (1)
- non-native dialects (1)
- non-native speech perception (1)
- number (1)
- number knowledge (1)
- numerical competence (1)
- oarsmen (1)
- object search (1)
- occupational prognosis (1)
- older adults (1)
- on-water performance (1)
- out-group stereotypes (1)
- outcome (1)
- outcome measures (1)
- overreaching (1)
- overtraining (1)
- overuse injuries (1)
- p38 MAPK (1)
- palliative care (1)
- parafoveal-on-foveal effects (1)
- paralinguistic features (1)
- passive stretching (1)
- patient-centered care (1)
- peak torque (1)
- pelvic alignment (1)
- perspective-taking (1)
- phenprocoumon (1)
- physical activity (1)
- physical conditioning human (1)
- physical fitness (1)
- physical fitness expertise (1)
- plasticity (1)
- plyometric exercise (1)
- plyometric training (1)
- plyometrics (1)
- postural balance (1)
- postural control (1)
- postural sway (1)
- power (1)
- power improvement (1)
- pre-activity (1)
- pre-school (1)
- prefixes (1)
- preschoolers (1)
- presupposition (1)
- prevalence information (1)
- primary school (1)
- privileged ground (1)
- proactive aggression (1)
- problem solving (1)
- processing (1)
- processing of auditory nonverbal stimuli (1)
- prognosis (1)
- prosodic boundary cues (1)
- prosody processing (1)
- prototype-willingness-model (1)
- psychiatry (1)
- psycho-oncology (1)
- psychoeducation (1)
- psychopathology (1)
- psychophysiological (1)
- psychosocial stress (1)
- psychotherapy process (1)
- public health (1)
- pupil diameter (1)
- quality (1)
- quality indicator (1)
- race time (1)
- randomized-controlled-trial (1)
- range of motion (1)
- rate of torque development (1)
- reactance (1)
- reactive aggression (1)
- recognition (1)
- recollection (1)
- referential coding (1)
- referring expression (1)
- registry (1)
- rehabilitation (1)
- rehabilitation outcome (1)
- relational aggression (1)
- relative clauses (1)
- reliability (1)
- replication (1)
- representation learning (1)
- requirements (1)
- respiration (1)
- response inhibition (1)
- response styles theory (1)
- responses (1)
- return to work (1)
- return-to-sport (1)
- reward anticipation (1)
- rheumatic diseases (1)
- rhythm perception (1)
- rhythmic discrimination (1)
- rhythmic grouping (1)
- risk (1)
- risk factor (1)
- risk factors (1)
- risk of bias (1)
- risk-factors (1)
- role-play (1)
- rotation (1)
- rule learning (1)
- rumination (1)
- runners (1)
- running (1)
- sAA (1)
- sACC (1)
- salivary alpha-amylase (1)
- scene memorization (1)
- scene viewing (1)
- schedule (1)
- scholastic demands (1)
- school learning (1)
- school mathematics (1)
- self threat (1)
- self-control (1)
- self-paced reading (1)
- sensitivity (1)
- sensory input (1)
- sentence processing (1)
- sentence production (1)
- sequential attention shifts (1)
- serial reaction time (SRT) task (1)
- sex-differences (1)
- shoulder girdle (1)
- skeletal joints (1)
- skills (1)
- skipping costs/benefits (1)
- social inclusion (1)
- social reactivity (1)
- sociometric neglect (1)
- sociometric status (1)
- solid tumor (1)
- sonography (1)
- spatial frequencies (1)
- spatial frequency (SF) (1)
- spatial response coding (1)
- spatial-numerical associations (1)
- special educational needs (1)
- specific developmental disorder (1)
- specificity (1)
- speech kinematics (1)
- speech motor control (1)
- speech pathology (1)
- speech production (1)
- speech segmentation (1)
- spelling (1)
- sprinting (1)
- stability (1)
- standardized patient (1)
- standardized patient information (1)
- standards (1)
- standing position (1)
- static/dynamic postural control (1)
- stoma button (1)
- strength measurement system (1)
- stress intervention (1)
- stress management (1)
- stretch-shortening cycle (1)
- striking combat sports (1)
- study designs (1)
- study protocol (1)
- subtraction (1)
- success (1)
- surprisal (1)
- symptoms (1)
- syntax (1)
- synthesized voice (1)
- systematic (1)
- systematic review (1)
- systems (1)
- tVNS (1)
- taekwondo electronic scoring system (1)
- taekwondo-specific testing (1)
- talent (1)
- task (1)
- task difficulty (1)
- tasks (1)
- team handball (1)
- team sport (1)
- telerehabilitation (1)
- temporal frequency (1)
- text-to-speech (1)
- therapist competence (1)
- therapy volume (1)
- theta (1)
- time (1)
- time-efficient exercise (1)
- total hip replacement (1)
- total knee replacement (1)
- training adaptation (1)
- training intensity (1)
- training-program (1)
- transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (1)
- transfer (1)
- transformation (1)
- treatment integrity (1)
- triglycerides (1)
- trunk (1)
- ultrasound imaging (1)
- uncanny valley (1)
- validity (1)
- variability (1)
- verb-phrase ellipsis (1)
- virtual reality (1)
- virus (1)
- virus infection (1)
- vowels (1)
- warfarin (1)
- web-based (1)
- weight loss (1)
- weightlifting (1)
- well-being (1)
- wh-scope marker (1)
- women (1)
- word order (1)
- words (1)
- work capacity (1)
- yellow flags (1)
- young adults (1)
- youth football (1)
- youth sport (1)
- youth sports (1)
Institute
- Strukturbereich Kognitionswissenschaften (220) (remove)
Sentence comprehension requires the assignment of thematic relations between the verb and its noun arguments in order to determine who is doing what to whom. In some languages, such as English, word order is the primary syntactic cue. In other languages, such as German, case-marking is additionally used to assign thematic roles. During development children have to acquire the thematic relevance of these syntactic cues and weigh them against semantic cues. Here we investigated the processing of syntactic cues and semantic cues in 2- and 3-year-old children by analyzing their behavioral and neurophysiological responses. Case-marked subject-first and object-first sentences (syntactic cue) including animate and inanimate nouns (semantic cue) were presented auditorily. The semantic animacy cue either conflicted with or supported the thematic roles assigned by syntactic case-marking. In contrast to adults, for whom semantics did not interfere with case-marking, children attended to both syntactic and to semantic cues with a stronger reliance on semantic cues in early development. Children’s event-related brain potentials indicated sensitivity to syntactic information but increased processing costs when case-marking and animacy assigned conflicting thematic roles. These results demonstrate an early developmental sensitivity and ongoing shift towards the use of syntactic cues during sentence comprehension.
Injuries in professional soccer are a significant concern for teams, and they are caused amongst others by high training load. This cohort study describes the relationship between workload parameters and the occurrence of non-contact injuries, during weeks with high and low workload in professional soccer players throughout the season. Twenty-one professional soccer players aged 28.3 ± 3.9 yrs. who competed in the Iranian Persian Gulf Pro League participated in this 48-week study. The external load was monitored using global positioning system (GPS, GPSPORTS Systems Pty Ltd) and the type of injury was documented daily by the team's medical staff. Odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) were calculated for non-contact injuries for high- and low-load weeks according to acute (AW), chronic (CW), acute to chronic workload ratio (ACWR), and AW variation (Δ-Acute) values. By using Poisson distribution, the interval between previous and new injuries were estimated. Overall, 12 non-contact injuries occurred during high load and 9 during low load weeks. Based on the variables ACWR and Δ-AW, there was a significantly increased risk of sustaining non-contact injuries (p < 0.05) during high-load weeks for ACWR (OR: 4.67), and Δ-AW (OR: 4.07). Finally, the expected time between injuries was significantly shorter in high load weeks for ACWR [1.25 vs. 3.33, rate ratio time (RRT)] and Δ-AW (1.33 vs. 3.45, RRT) respectively, compared to low load weeks. The risk of sustaining injuries was significantly larger during high workload weeks for ACWR, and Δ-AW compared with low workload weeks. The observed high OR in high load weeks indicate that there is a significant relationship between workload and occurrence of non-contact injuries. The predicted time to new injuries is shorter in high load weeks compared to low load weeks. Therefore, the frequency of injuries is higher during high load weeks for ACWR and Δ-AW. ACWR and Δ-AW appear to be good indicators for estimating the injury risk, and the time interval between injuries.
Working memory load-dependent brain response predicts behavioral training gains in older adults
(2014)
In the domain of working memory (WM), a sigmoid-shaped relationship between WM load and brain activation patterns has been demonstrated in younger adults. It has been suggested that age-related alterations of this pattern are associated with changes in neural efficiency and capacity. At the same time, WM training studies have shown that some older adults are able to increase their WM performance through training. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging during an n-back WM task at different WM load levels was applied to compare blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses between younger and older participants and to predict gains in WM performance after a subsequent 12-session WM training procedure in older adults. We show that increased neural efficiency and capacity, as reflected by more "youth-like" brain response patterns in regions of interest of the frontoparietal WM network, were associated with better behavioral training outcome beyond the effects of age, sex, education, gray matter volume, and baseline WM performance. Furthermore, at low difficulty levels, decreases in BOLD response were found after WM training. Results indicate that both neural efficiency (i. e., decreased activation at comparable performance levels) and capacity (i. e., increasing activation with increasing WM load) of a WM-related network predict plasticity of the WM system, whereas WM training may specifically increase neural efficiency in older adults.
There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.
We report two corpus analyses to examine the impact of animacy, definiteness, givenness and type of referring expression on the ordering of double objects in the spontaneous speech of German-speaking two- to four-year-old children and the child-directed speech of their mothers. The first corpus analysis revealed that definiteness, givenness and type of referring expression influenced word order variation in child language and child-directed speech when the type of referring expression distinguished between pronouns and lexical noun phrases. These results correspond to previous child language studies in English (e.g., de Marneffe et al. 2012). Extending the scope of previous studies, our second corpus analysis examined the role of different pronoun types on word order. It revealed that word order in child language and child-directed speech was predictable from the types of pronouns used. Different types of pronouns were associated with different sentence positions but also showed a strong correlation to givenness and definiteness. Yet, the distinction between pronoun types diminished the effects of givenness so that givenness had an independent impact on word order only in child-directed speech but not in child language. Our results support a multi-factorial approach to word order in German. Moreover, they underline the strong impact of the type of referring expression on word order and suggest that it plays a crucial role in the acquisition of the factors influencing word order variation.
We examined the effects of argument-head distance in SVO and SOV languages (Spanish and German), while taking into account readers' working memory capacity and controlling for expectation (Levy, 2008) and other factors. We predicted only locality effects, that is, a slowdown produced by increased dependency distance (Gibson, 2000; Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). Furthermore, we expected stronger locality effects for readers with low working memory capacity. Contrary to our predictions, low-capacity readers showed faster reading with increased distance, while high-capacity readers showed locality effects. We suggest that while the locality effects are compatible with memory-based explanations, the speedup of low-capacity readers can be explained by an increased probability of retrieval failure. We present a computational model based on ACT-R built under the previous assumptions, which is able to give a qualitative account for the present data and can be tested in future research. Our results suggest that in some cases, interpreting longer RTs as indexing increased processing difficulty and shorter RTs as facilitation may be too simplistic: The same increase in processing difficulty may lead to slowdowns in high-capacity readers and speedups in low-capacity ones. Ignoring individual level capacity differences when investigating locality effects may lead to misleading conclusions.
Regulatory focus is a motivational construct that describes humans’ motivational orientation during goal pursuit. It is conceptualized as a chronic, trait-like, as well as a momentary, state-like orientation. Whereas there is a large number of measures to capture chronic regulatory focus, measures for its momentary assessment are only just emerging. This paper presents the development and validation of a measure of Momentary–Chronic Regulatory Focus. Our development incorporates the distinction between self-guide and reference-point definitions of regulatory focus. Ideals and ought striving are the promotion and prevention dimension in the self-guide system; gain and non-loss regulatory focus are the respective dimensions within the reference-point system. Three-survey-based studies test the structure, psychometric properties, and validity of the measure in its version to assess chronic regulatory focus (two samples of working participants, N = 389, N = 672; one student sample [time 1, N = 105; time 2, n = 91]). In two further studies, an experience sampling study with students (N = 84, k = 1649) and a daily-diary study with working individuals (N = 129, k = 1766), the measure was applied to assess momentary regulatory focus. Multilevel analyses test the momentary measure’s factorial structure, provide support for its sensitivity to capture within-person fluctuations, and provide evidence for concurrent construct validity.
Introduction: The goal of the present study was to identify the prospective relations between weight/shape and muscularity concerns and emotional problems in adolescents. Methods: Self-report data of 966 German male and female adolescents were analyzed in a cross lagged panel design. Results: Analyses of latent means revealed significant correlations between weight/shape concern and emotional problems as well as between muscularity concern and emotional problems in both genders. Moreover, weight/shape concern predicted emotional problems prospectively, but only in girls. Regarding muscularity concern, we could not find any prospective relation with emotional problems In boys or girls from the general population. Conclusions: It is assumed that as appearance is highly relevant for the self-concept in girls, concerns about the look might promote emotional problems. Thus, weight/shape concern should be addressed in the prevention of emotional problems in adolescent girls, whereas further research is necessary investigating the contribution of muscularity concern in this context.
This study is the first to use kinematic data to assess lingual carryover coarticulation in children. We investigated whether the developmental decrease previously attested in anticipatory coarticulation, as well as the relation between coarticulatory degree and the consonantal context, also characterize carryover coarticulation. Sixty-two children and 13 adults, all native speakers of German, were recruited according to five age cohorts: three-year-olds, four-year-olds, five-year-olds, seven-year-olds, and adults. Tongue movements during the production of ə.CV.Cə utterances (C = /b, d, g/, V = /i, y, e, a, o, u/) were recorded with ultrasound. We measured vowel-induced horizontal displacement of the tongue dorsum within the last syllable and compared the resulting coarticulatory patterns between age cohorts and consonantal contexts. Results indicate that the degree of vocalic carryover coarticulation decreases with age. Vocalic prominence within an utterance as well as its change across childhood depended on the postvocalic consonant’s articulatory demands for the tongue dorsum (i.e., its coarticulatory resistance): Low resistant /b/ and /g/ allowed for more vocalic perseveration and a continuous decrease, while the highly resistant /d/ displayed lower coarticulation degrees and discontinuous effects. These findings parallel those in anticipation suggesting a similar organization of anticipatory and carryover coarticulation. Implications for theories of speech production are discussed.
Validation of two accelerometers to determine mechanical loading of physical activities in children
(2015)
The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of accelerometers using force plates (i.e., ground reaction force (GRF)) during the performance of different tasks of daily physical activity in children. Thirteen children (10.1 (range 5.4-15.7)years, 3 girls) wore two accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X+ (ACT), GENEA (GEN)) at the hip that provide raw acceleration signals at 100Hz. Participants completed different tasks (walking, jogging, running, landings from boxes of different height, rope skipping, dancing) on a force plate. GRF was collected for one step per trial (10 trials) for ambulatory movements and for all landings (10 trials), rope skips and dance procedures. Accelerometer outputs as peak loading (g) per activity were averaged. ANOVA, correlation analyses and Bland-Altman plots were computed to determine validity of accelerometers using GRF. There was a main effect of task with increasing acceleration values in tasks with increasing locomotion speed and landing height (P<0.001). Data from ACT and GEN correlated with GRF (r=0.90 and 0.89, respectively) and between each other (r=0.98), but both accelerometers consistently overestimated GRF. The new generation of accelerometer models that allow raw signal detection are reasonably accurate to measure impact loading of bone in children, although they systematically overestimate GRF.