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Long-distance race car drivers are classified as athletes. The sport is physically and mentally demanding, requiring long hours of practice. Therefore, optimal dietary intake is essential for health and performance of the athlete. The aim of the study was to evaluate dietary intake and to compare the data with dietary recommendations for athletes and for the general adult population according to the German Nutrition Society (DGE). A 24-h dietary recall during a competition preparation phase was obtained from 16 male race car drivers (28.3 ± 6.1 years, body mass index (BMI) of 22.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2). The mean intake of energy, nutrients, water and alcohol was recorded. The mean energy, vitamin B2, vitamin E, folate, fiber, calcium, water and alcohol intake were 2124 ± 814 kcal/day, 1.3 ± 0.5 mg/day, 12.5 ± 9.5 mg/day, 231.0 ± 90.9 ug/day, 21.4 ± 9.4 g/day, 1104 ± 764 mg/day, 3309 ± 1522 mL/day and 0.8 ± 2.5 mL/day respectively. Our study indicated that many of the nutrients studied, including energy and carbohydrate, were below the recommended dietary intake for both athletes and the DGE.
Long-distance race car drivers are classified as athletes. The sport is physically and mentally demanding, requiring long hours of practice. Therefore, optimal dietary intake is essential for health and performance of the athlete. The aim of the study was to evaluate dietary intake and to compare the data with dietary recommendations for athletes and for the general adult population according to the German Nutrition Society (DGE). A 24-h dietary recall during a competition preparation phase was obtained from 16 male race car drivers (28.3 ± 6.1 years, body mass index (BMI) of 22.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2). The mean intake of energy, nutrients, water and alcohol was recorded. The mean energy, vitamin B2, vitamin E, folate, fiber, calcium, water and alcohol intake were 2124 ± 814 kcal/day, 1.3 ± 0.5 mg/day, 12.5 ± 9.5 mg/day, 231.0 ± 90.9 ug/day, 21.4 ± 9.4 g/day, 1104 ± 764 mg/day, 3309 ± 1522 mL/day and 0.8 ± 2.5 mL/day respectively. Our study indicated that many of the nutrients studied, including energy and carbohydrate, were below the recommended dietary intake for both athletes and the DGE.
How much is too much? - a case report of nutritional supplement use of a high-performance athlete
(2011)
Although dietary nutrient intake is often adequate, nutritional supplement use is common among elite athletes. However, high-dose supplements or the use of multiple supplements may exceed the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of particular nutrients or even result in a daily intake above tolerable upper limits (UL). The present case report presents nutritional intake data and supplement use of a highly trained male swimmer competing at international level. Habitual energy and micronutrient intake were analysed by 3 d dietary reports. Supplement use and dosage were assessed, and total amount of nutrient supply was calculated. Micronutrient intake was evaluated based on RDA and UL as presented by the European Scientific Committee on Food, and maximum permitted levels in supplements (MPL) are given. The athlete's diet provided adequate micronutrient content well above RDA except for vitamin D. Simultaneous use of ten different supplements was reported, resulting in excess intake above tolerable UL for folate, vitamin E and Zn. Additionally, daily supplement dosage was considerably above MPL for nine micronutrients consumed as artificial products. Risks and possible side effects of exceeding UL by the athlete are discussed. Athletes with high energy intake may be at risk of exceeding UL of particular nutrients if multiple supplements are added. Therefore, dietary counselling of athletes should include assessment of habitual diet and nutritional supplement intake. Educating athletes to balance their diets instead of taking supplements might be prudent to prevent health risks that may occur with long-term excess nutrient intake.
The study was conducted to investigate the quantity and the main food sources of carbohydrate (CHO) intake of junior elite triathletes during a short-term moderate (MOD; 12 km swimming, 100 km cycling, 30 km running per wk) and intensive training period (INT; 23 km swimming, 200 km cycling, 45 km running per wk). Self-reported dietary-intake data accompanied by training protocols of 7 male triathletes (18.1 +/- 2.4 yr, 20.9 +/- 1.4 kg/m(2)) were collected on 7 consecutive days during both training periods in the same competitive season. Total energy and CHO intake were calculated based on the German Food Database. A paired t test was applied to test for differences between the training phases (alpha = .05). CHO intake was slightly higher in INT than in MOD (9.0 +/- 1.6 g . kg(-1) . d(-1) vs. 7.8 +/- 1.6 g . kg(-1) . d(-1); p = .041). Additional CHO in INT was mainly ingested during breakfast (115 +/- 37 g in MOD vs. 175 +/- 23 g in INT; p = .002) and provided by beverages (280.5 +/- 97.3 g/d vs. 174.0 +/- 58.3 g/d CHO; p = .112). Altogether, main meals provided approximately two thirds of the total CHO intake. Pre- and postexercise snacks additionally supplied remarkable amounts of CHO (198.3 +/- 84.3 g/d in INT vs. 185.9 +/- 112 g/d CHO in MOD; p = .231). In conclusion, male German junior triathletes consume CHO in amounts currently recommended for endurance athletes during moderate to intensive training periods. Main meals provide the majority of CHO and should therefore not be skipped. CHO-containing beverages, as well as pre- and postexercise snacks, may provide a substantial amount of CHO intake in training periods with high CHO requirements.
Adequate energy intake in adolescent athletes is considered important. Total energy expenditure (TEE) can be calculated from resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity level (PAL). However, validated PAL recommendations are available for adult athletes only. Purpose was to comprise physical activity data in adolescent athletes and to establish PAL recommendations for this population. In 64 competitive athletes (15.3 +/- 1.5yr, 20.5 +/- 2.0kg/m(2)) and 14 controls (15.1 +/- 1.1yr, 21 +/- 2.1kg/m(2)) TEE was calculated using 7-day activity protocols validated against doubly-labeled water. REE was estimated by Schofield-HW equation, and PAL was calculated as TEE:REE. Observed PAL in adolescent athletes (1.90 +/- 0.35) did not differ compared with controls (1.84 +/- 0.32, p = .582) and was lower than recommended for adult athletes by the WHO. In conclusion, applicability of PAL values recommended for adult athletes to estimate energy requirements in adolescent athletes must be questioned. Instead, a PAL range of 1.75-2.05 is suggested.
Dietary records are often biased, especially those of overweight individuals. The purpose of the study was to investigate underreporting among persons of normal weight with a very high energy intake (El).
The total energy expenditure (TEE) of 16 elite athletes (BMI 24 +/- 2 kg/m(2)) and 17 controls (BMI 23 3 kg/m2) was measured using the doubly-labeled water technique (DLW, 14d). El was estimated using 2 x 3-day dietary records. Underreporters were identified by BLACK'S cut-off (El:TEE < 0.76). 44% of athletes (El: 3584 824 kcal/d; TEE: 4621 1460 kcal/d) and 29% of controls (El: 2552 680 kcal/d; TEE: 3151 822 kcal/d) were identified as underreporters. TEE explains 52% of underreporting. In summary, a high energy intake seems to strongly predict underreporting. Prevalence and magnitude of underreporting increase with increasing energy intake.
Achilles (AT) and patellar tendons (PT) are commonly affected by tendinopathy in adult athletes but prevalence of symptoms and morphological changes in adolescents is unclear. The study aimed to determine prevalence of tendinopathy and intratendinous changes in ATs and PTs of adolescent athletes. A total of 760 adolescent athletes (13.0 +/- 1.9 years; 160 +/- 13cm; 50 +/- 14kg) were examined. History, local clinical examination, and longitudinal Doppler ultrasound analysis for both ATs and PTs were performed including identification of intratendinous echoic changes and vascularization. Diagnosis of tendinopathy was complied clinically in case of positive history of tendon pain and tendon pain on palpation. Achilles tendinopathy was diagnosed in 1.8% and patellar tendinopathy in 5.8%. Vascularizations were visible in 3.0% of ATs and 11.4% of PTs, hypoechogenicities in 0.7% and 3.2% as well as hyperechogenicities in 0% and 0.3%, respectively. Vascularizations and hypoechogenicities were statistically significantly more often in males than in females (P0.02). Subjects with patellar tendinopathy had higher prevalence of structural intratendinous changes than those without PT symptoms (P0.001). In adolescent athletes, patellar tendinopathy is three times more frequent compared with Achilles tendinopathy. Longitudinal studies are necessary to investigate physiological or pathological origin of vascularizations and its predictive value in development of tendinopathy.
Intra- and interrater variability of sonographic investigations of patella and achilles tendons
(2012)
Background: Clinical examinations of tendon disorders routinely include ultrasound examinations, despite the fact that availability of data concerning validity criteria of these measurements are limited. The present study therefore aims to evaluate the reliability of measurements of Achilles- and Patella tendon diameter and in the detection of structural adaptations.
Materials and Methods: In 14 healthy, recreationally active subjects both asymptomatic Achilles (AT) and patella tendons (PT) were measured twice by two examiners in a test-retest design. Besides the detection of anteroposterior (a.p.-) and mediolateral (m.l.-) diameters, areas of hypoechogenicity and neovascularisation were registered. Data were analysed descriptively with calculation of test-retest variability (TRV), intraclass-correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland and Altman's plots with bias and 95% limits of agreement (LOA).
Results: Intra- and interrater differences of AT- and PT-a.p.-diameter varied from 0.2 - 1.2 mm, those of AT- and PT-m.l-diameter from 0.7-5.1 mm. Areas of hypoechogenicity were visible in 24% of the tendons, while 15% showed neovascularisations. Intrarater AT-a.p.-diameters showed sparse deviations (TRV 4.5-7.4%; ICC 0.60-0.84; bias -0.05-0.07 mm; LOA-0.6-0.5 to -1.1 - 1.0 mm), while interrater AT- and PT-m.l.-diameters were highly variable (TRV 13.7-19.7%; ICC 0.11-0.20; bias -1.4-4.3 mm; LOA-5.5-2.7 to -10.5 - 1.9 mm).
Conclusion: Our results suggest that the measurement of AT- and PT-a.p.-diameters is a reliable parameter. In contrast, reproducibility of AT- and PT-m.l.-diameters is questionable. The study corroborates the presence of hypoechogenicity and neovascularisation in asymptomatic tendons.