370 Bildung und Erziehung
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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all schools in Germany were locked down for several months in 2020. How schools realized teaching during the school lockdown greatly varied from school to school. N = 2,647 parents participated in an online survey and rated the following activities of teachers in mathematics, language arts (German), English, and science / biology during the school lockdown: frequency of sending task assignments, task solutions and requesting for solutions, giving task-related feedback, grading tasks, providing lessons per videoconference, and communicating via telecommunication tools with students and / or parents. Parents also reported student academic outcomes during the school lockdown (child's learning motivation, competent and independent learning, learning progress). Parents further reported student characteristics and social background variables: child's negative emotionality, school engagement, mathematical and language competencies, and child's social and cultural capital. Data were separately analyzed for elementary and secondary schools. In both samples, frequency of student-teacher communication was associated with all academic outcomes, except for learning progress in elementary school. Frequency of parent-teacher communication was associated with motivation and learning progress, but not with competent and independent learning, in both samples. Other distant teaching activities were differentially related to students' academic outcomes in elementary vs. secondary school. School engagement explained most additional variance in all students' outcomes during the school lockdown. Parent's highest school leaving certificate incrementally predicted students' motivation, and competent and independent learning in secondary school, as well as learning progress in elementary school. The variable "child has own bedroom" additionally explained variance in students' competent and independent learning during the school lockdown in both samples. Thus, both teaching activities during the school lockdown as well as children's characteristics and social background were independently important for students' motivation, competent and independent learning, and learning progress. Results are discussed with regard to their practical implications for realizing distant teaching.
To plan cluster-randomized trials with sufficient statistical power to detect intervention effects on student achievement, researchers need multilevel design parameters, including measures of between-classroom and between-school differences and the amounts of variance explained by covariates at the student, classroom, and school level. Previous research has mostly been conducted in the United States, focused on two-level designs, and limited to core achievement domains (i.e., mathematics, science, reading). Using representative data of students attending grades 1-12 from three German longitudinal large-scale assessments (3,963 <= N <= 14,640), we used three- and two-level latent (covariate) models to provide design parameters and corresponding standard errors for a broad array of domain-specific (e.g., mathematics, science, verbal skills) and domain-general (e.g., basic cognitive functions) achievement outcomes. Three covariate sets were applied comprising (a) pretest scores, (b) sociodemographic characteristics, and (c) their combination. Design parameters varied considerably as a function of the hierarchical level, achievement outcome, and grade level. Our findings demonstrate the need to strive for an optimal fit between design parameters and target research context. We illustrate the application of design parameters in power analyses.
As cultural diversity is increasing around the globe, a more nuanced understanding of the cultural diversity climate in classroom settings is needed, including how its different aspects relate to student outcomes. We developed the Classroom Cultural Diversity Climate Scale (CCDCS), integrating theory and research from social psychology and multicultural education and including novel facets like polyculturalism, which has not been studied in the school context before. We then studied associations with intergroup relations, socio-emotional adjustment, and school achievement among students of immigrant and non-immigrant background at the individual and classroom levels. The scale includes six subscales in the two broad dimensions of equality and inclusion: contact and cooperation, (un)equal treatment, and color-evasion, and cultural pluralism: heritage and intercultural learning, critical consciousness, and polyculturalism. Using data from 1,335 secondary school students in Germany (Mage = 14.7; 51% male; 51% immigrant background), the scale demonstrated measurement invariance by immigrant background, gender, and school track, and reliability at individual and classroom levels. A more positive diversity climate, with better intercultural relations (equality and inclusion) and more opportunities to learn about cultural diversity (cultural pluralism), was associated with more positive student outcomes. Interestingly, polyculturalism was not associated with negative effects observed for other facets of cultural pluralism. Relations for different climate aspects also varied by outcome and students' immigrant background. This underscores the importance of a nuanced perspective when evaluating different approaches to cultural diversity in context.
Ein wichtiges Ziel schulischer Bildung ist es, neben der kognitiven Entwicklung auch die Entwicklung nicht-kognitiver Lernmerkmale wie die Lernfreude von Schülerinnen und Schülern zu fördern (Hagenauer & Hascher, 2018; Prenzel, 2012; Schiepe-Tiska, Lüdtke, Seidel & Prenzel, 2016). Damit einher geht die Herausforderung für Lehrkräfte und Schulen, Lernprozesse so zu gestalten, dass Schülerinnen und Schüler den Prozess der Wissensaneignung als freudvoll erleben und individuell Neugier und Spaß am Lernen entwickeln können.
Lern-und Leistungsemotionen von Schülerinnen und Schülern haben eine maßgebliche Bedeutung für erfolgreiche Lernprozesse – sie gelten als leistungsförderlich, begünstigen schulisches Wohlbefinden und befördern die aktive Teilnahme von Lernenden am Unterricht
Lern- und Leistungsemotionen sind im Schulkontext sowohl bedeutsam für die Motivation, das Wohlbefinden, die Leistungen als auch für die Anstrengungsbereitschaft sowie bildungs- und berufsrelevante Entscheidungen von Schülerinnen und Schülern (als Überblick siehe Frenzel, Goetz, & Pekrun, 2015; Hascher & Brandenberger, 2018). Studien verdeutlichen, dass schulische Leistungen von Lernenden bei hoher fachspezifischer Angst sinken (Aldrup, Klusmann, & Lüdtke, 2019; Pekrun, Lichtenfeld, Marsh, Murayama, & Goetz, 2017). Freude hat hingegen positive Auswirkungen auf das fachbezogene Interesse und Leistungen der Lernenden (Pekrun et al., 2017; Schukajlow & Rakoczy, 2016). Ausgehend von der großen Bedeutung von Emotionen für den langfristigen Bildungserfolg von Lernenden ist...
Lern- und Leistungsemotionen sind im Schulkontext sowohl bedeutsam für die Motivation, das Wohlbefinden, die Leistungen als auch für die Anstrengungsbereitschaft sowie bildungs- und berufsrelevante Entscheidungen von Schülerinnen und Schülern (als Überblick siehe Frenzel, Goetz, & Pekrun, 2015; Hascher & Brandenberger, 2018). Studien verdeutlichen, dass schulische Leistungen von Lernenden bei hoher fachspezifischer Angst sinken (Aldrup, Klusmann, & Lüdtke, 2019; Pekrun, Lichtenfeld, Marsh, Murayama, & Goetz, 2017). Freude hat hingegen positive Auswirkungen auf das fachbezogene Interesse und Leistungen der Lernenden (Pekrun et al., 2017; Schukajlow & Rakoczy, 2016). Ausgehend von der großen Bedeutung von Emotionen für den langfristigen Bildungserfolg von Lernenden ist...
We developed a new survey instrument to investigate teacher educators? motives for entering the profession and examined the associations between motives and job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion in both teachers and teacher educators. Using data from 145 teacher educators instructing in-service teachers, we identified four motives: career aspirations, social contribution, escaping routines, and coincidence. While escaping routines represents a ?push? factor associated with emotional exhaustion in teachers, career aspirations represent a ?pull? factor associated with job satisfaction in teacher educators. The instrument can be used as a self-assessment tool for the recruitment of teacher educators. ? 2021 The Authors.