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Institute
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (84) (remove)
Many technical challenges still need to be overcome to improve the quality of the green coffee beans. In this work, the wet Arabica coffee processing in batch and continuous modus were investigated. Coffee beans samples as well as by-products and wastewaters collected at different production steps were analyzed in terms of their content in total phenols, antioxidant capacity, caffeine content, organic acids, reducing sugars, free amino group and protein content. The results showed that 40% of caffeine was removed with pulp. Green coffee beans showed highest concentration of organic acids and sucrose (4.96 ± 0.25 and 5.07 ± 0.39 g/100 g DW for the batch and continuous processing). Batch green coffee beans contained higher amount of phenols. 5-caffeoylquinic Acid (5-CQA) was the main constituent (67.1 and 66.0% for the batch and continuous processing, respectively). Protein content was 15 and 13% in the green coffee bean in batch and continuous processing, respectively. A decrease of 50 to 64% for free amino groups during processing was observed resulting in final amounts of 0.8 to 1.4% in the processed beans. Finally, the batch processing still revealed by-products and wastewater with high nutrient content encouraging a better concept for valorization.
Background: Hepatic steatosis is a common chronic liver disease that can progress into more severe stages of NAFLD or promote the development of life-threatening secondary diseases for some of those affected. These include the liver itself (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or NASH; fibrosis and cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma) or other organs such as the vessels and the heart (cardiovascular disease) or the islets of Langerhans (type 2 diabetes). In addition to elevated caloric intake and a sedentary lifestyle, genetic and epigenetic predisposition contribute to the development of NAFLD and the secondary diseases. Scope of review: We present data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and functional studies in rodents which describe polymorphisms identified in genes relevant for the disease as well as changes caused by altered DNA methylation and gene regulation via specific miRNAs. The review also provides information on the current status of the use of genetic and epigenetic factors as risk markers. Major conclusion: With our overview we provide an insight into the genetic and epigenetic landscape of NAFLD and argue about the applicability of currently defined risk scores for risk stratification and conclude that further efforts are needed to make the scores more usable and meaningful.
OBJECTIVE: Higher plasma vitamin C levels are associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk, but whether this association is causal is uncertain. To investigate this, we studied the association of genetically predicted plasma vitamin C with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted genome-wide association studies of plasma vitamin C among 52,018 individuals of European ancestry to discover novel genetic variants. We performed Mendelian randomization analyses to estimate the association of genetically predicted differences in plasma vitamin C with type 2 diabetes in up to 80,983 case participants and 842,909 noncase participants. We compared this estimate with the observational association between plasma vitamin C and incident type 2 diabetes, including 8,133 case participants and 11,073 noncase participants.
RESULTS: We identified 11 genomic regions associated with plasma vitamin C (P < 5 x 10(-8)), with the strongest signal at SLC23A1, and 10 novel genetic loci including SLC23A3, CHPT1, BCAS3, SNRPF, RER1, MAF, GSTA5, RGS14, AKT1, and FADS1. Plasma vitamin C was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio per SD 0.88; 95% CI 0.82, 0.94), but there was no association between genetically predicted plasma vitamin C (excluding FADS1 variant due to its apparent pleiotropic effect) and type 2 diabetes (1.03; 95% CI 0.96, 1.10).
CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate discordance between biochemically measured and genetically predicted plasma vitamin C levels in the association with type 2 diabetes among European populations. The null Mendelian randomization findings provide no strong evidence to suggest the use of vitamin C supplementation for type 2 diabetes prevention.
Nanomaterials play an important role in mimicking the biochemical and biophysical cues of the extracellular matrix in human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Increasing studies have demonstrated the crucial impact of functional groups on MSCs, while limited research is available on how the functional group's density on nanoparticles regulates MSC behavior. Herein, the effects of dendritic polyglycerol (dPG)-conjugated gold nanostars (GNSs) with different densities of functional groups on the osteogenesis of MSCs are systematically investigated. dPG@GNS nanocomposites have good biocompatibility and the uptake by MSCs is in a functional group density-dependent manner. The osteogenic differentiation of MSCs is promoted by all dPG@GNS nanocomposites, in terms of alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and expression of osteogenic protein and genes. Interestingly, the dPGOH@GNSs exhibit a slight upregulation in the expression of osteogenic markers, while the different charged densities of sulfate and amino groups show more efficacy in the promotion of osteogenesis. Meanwhile, the sulfated nanostars dPGS20@GNSs show the highest enhancement. Furthermore, various dPG@GNS nanocomposites exerted their effects by regulating the activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) to affect osteogenic differentiation. These results indicate that dPG@GNS nanocomposites have functional group density-dependent influence on the osteogenesis of MSCs, which may provide a new insight into regulating stem cell fate.
Cold plasma is considered to be a novel, non-thermal, chemical-free and eco-friendly disinfection and surface modification technology. Plasma treatment of air to generate the so called plasma processed air (PPA) induces the formation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS). As a result, PPA has a different chemical composition compared to untreated air and suits therefore as an alternative method for microbial disinfection. However, depending on the product properties of the food matrix and its composition, a number of plasmainduced reactions also need to be taken into consideration.
This necessitates also the elucidation and understanding of the basic interactions of plasma species with bioactive compounds. The intention here is to avoid the degradation of these valuable substances and to prevent other undesirable effects in future food related applications.
In the present study, the effects of PPA treatment on selected antioxidants such as pyrocatechol and derivatives of hydroxycinnimic acid were investigated in model systems to specify possible reactions induced. Antioxidant capacity, pH value, UV-Vis spectroscopy, RP-HPLC and LC-MS analysis were applied to identify reaction products providing information on possible changes induced in food matrices by PPA treatment.
Exposure to PPA caused a perceptible color change towards yellow-brown accompanied by a strong reduction of the pH and the formation of insoluble sediments in the model solutions. The accumulation of nitrate, nitrite, but not of hydrogen peroxide was shown. LC-MS analysis demonstrated the formation of plasma-modified derivatives in all tested systems. The main reactions in liquid model solutions exposed to PPA were attributed to oxidation, nitration and polymerization of the phenolic compounds.
Sarcopenia
(2020)
Sarcopenia represents a muscle-wasting syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality, and strength occurring during normal aging. Sarcopenia patients are mainly suffering from the loss in muscle strength and are faced with mobility disorders reducing their quality of life and are, therefore, at higher risk for morbidity (falls, bone fracture, metabolic diseases) and mortality. <br /> Several molecular mechanisms have been described as causes for sarcopenia that refer to very different levels of muscle physiology. These mechanisms cover e. g. function of hormones (e. g. IGF-1 and Insulin), muscle fiber composition and neuromuscular drive, myo-satellite cell potential to differentiate and proliferate, inflammatory pathways as well as intracellular mechanisms in the processes of proteostasis and mitochondrial function. <br /> In this review, we describe sarcopenia as a muscle-wasting syndrome distinct from other atrophic diseases and summarize the current view on molecular causes of sarcopenia development as well as open questions provoking further research efforts for establishing efficient lifestyle and therapeutic interventions.
Soils in Germany are commonly low in selenium; consequently, a sufficient dietary supply is not always ensured. The extent of such provision adequacy is estimated by the optimal effect range of biomarkers, which often reflects the physiological requirement. Preceding epidemiological studies indicate that low selenium serum concentrations could be related to cardiovascular diseases. Inter alia, risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are physical inactivity, overweight, as well as disadvantageous eating habits. In order to assess whether these risk factors can be modulated, a cardio-protective diet comprising fixed menu plans combined with physical exercise was applied in the German MoKaRi (modulation of cardiovascular risk factors) intervention study. We analyzed serum samples of the MoKaRi cohort (51 participants) for total selenium, GPx activity, and selenoprotein P at different timepoints of the study (0, 10, 20, 40 weeks) to explore the suitability of these selenium-associated markers as indicators of selenium status. Overall, the time-dependent fluctuations in serum selenium concentration suggest a successful change in nutritional and lifestyle behavior. Compared to baseline, a pronounced increase in GPx activity and selenoprotein P was observed, while serum selenium decreased in participants with initially adequate serum selenium content. SELENOP concentration showed a moderate positive monotonic correlation (r = 0.467, p < 0.0001) to total Se concentration, while only a weak linear relationship was observed for GPx activity versus total Se concentration (r = 0.186, p = 0.021). Evidently, other factors apart from the available Se pool must have an impact on the GPx activity, leading to the conclusion that, without having identified these factors, GPx activity should not be used as a status marker for Se
As an essential trace element, copper plays a pivotal role in physiological body functions. In fact, dysregulated copper homeostasis has been clearly linked to neurological disorders including Wilson and Alzheimer’s disease. Such neurodegenerative diseases are associated with progressive loss of neurons and thus impaired brain functions. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Characterization of the element species and their subcellular localization is of great importance to uncover cellular mechanisms. Recent research activities focus on the question of how copper contributes to the pathological findings. Cellular bioimaging of copper is an essential key to accomplish this objective. Besides information on the spatial distribution and chemical properties of copper, other essential trace elements can be localized in parallel. Highly sensitive and high spatial resolution techniques such as LA-ICP-MS, TEM-EDS, S-XRF and NanoSIMS are required for elemental mapping on subcellular level. This review summarizes state-of-the-art techniques in the field of bioimaging. Their strengths and limitations will be discussed with particular focus on potential applications for the elucidation of copper-related diseases. Based on such investigations, further information on cellular processes and mechanisms can be derived under physiological and pathological conditions. Bioimaging studies might enable the clarification of the role of copper in the context of neurodegenerative diseases and provide an important basis to develop therapeutic strategies for reduction or even prevention of copper-related disorders and their pathological consequences.
Dairy intake, as a source of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), has been linked to a lower incidence of type-2-diabetes and increased circulating odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA). To understand this connection, we aimed to investigate differences in BCAA metabolism of leucine and valine, a possible source of OCFA, and their role in hepatic metabolism. Male mice were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with leucine and valine for 1 week and phenotypically characterized with a focus on lipid metabolism. Mouse primary hepatocytes were treated with the BCAA or a Ppar alpha activator WY-14643 to systematically examine direct hepatic effects and their mechanisms. Here, we show that only valine supplementation was able to increase hepatic and circulating OCFA levels via two pathways; a PPAR alpha-dependent induction of alpha-oxidation and an increased supply of propionyl-CoA for de novo lipogenesis. Meanwhile, we were able to confirm leucine-mediated effects on the inhibition of food intake and transport of fatty acids, as well as induction of S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation. Taken together, these data illustrate differential roles of the BCAA in lipid metabolism and provide preliminary evidence that exclusively valine contributes to the endogenous formation of OCFA which is important for a better understanding of these metabolites in metabolic health.
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent neurotoxins produced by bacteria, which inhibit neurotransmitter release, specifically in their physiological target known as motor neurons (MNs). For the potency assessment of BoNTs produced for treatment in traditional and aesthetic medicine, the mouse lethality assay is still used by the majority of manufacturers, which is ethically questionable in terms of the 3Rs principle. In this study, MNs were differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells based on three published protocols. The resulting cell populations were analyzed for their MN yield and their suitability for the potency assessment of BoNTs. MNs produce specific gangliosides and synaptic proteins, which are bound by BoNTs in order to be taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which is followed by cleavage of specific soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment receptor (SNARE) proteins required for neurotransmitter release. The presence of receptors and substrates for all BoNT serotypes was demonstrated in MNs generated in vitro. In particular, the MN differentiation protocol based on Du et al. yielded high numbers of MNs in a short amount of time with high expression of BoNT receptors and targets. The resulting cells are more sensitive to BoNT/A1 than the commonly used neuroblastoma cell line SiMa. MNs are, therefore, an ideal tool for being combined with already established detection methods.
ABCB1/4 gallbladder cancer risk variants identified in India also show strong effects in Chileans
(2020)
Background: The first large-scale genome-wide association study of gallbladder cancer (GBC) recently identified and validated three susceptibility variants in the ABCB1 and ABCB4 genes for individuals of Indian descent. We investigated whether these variants were also associated with GBC risk in Chileans, who show the highest incidence of GBC worldwide, and in Europeans with a low GBC incidence.
Methods: This population-based study analysed genotype data from retrospective Chilean case-control (255 cases, 2042 controls) and prospective European cohort (108 cases, 181 controls) samples consistently with the original publication.
Results: Our results confirmed the reported associations for Chileans with similar risk effects. Particularly strong associations (per-allele odds ratios close to 2) were observed for Chileans with high Native American (=Mapuche) ancestry. No associations were noticed for Europeans, but the statistical power was low.
Conclusion: Taking full advantage of genetic and ethnic differences in GBC risk may improve the efficiency of current prevention programs.
Genome-wide association analysis in humans links nucleotide metabolism to leukocyte telomere length
(2020)
Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is a heritable biomarker of genomic aging. In this study, we perform a genome-wide meta-analysis of LTL by pooling densely genotyped and imputed association results across large-scale European-descent studies including up to 78,592 individuals. We identify 49 genomic regions at a false dicovery rate (FDR) < 0.05 threshold and prioritize genes at 31, with five highlighting nucleotide metabolism as an important regulator of LTL. We report six genome-wide significant loci in or near SENP7, MOB1B, CARMIL1 , PRRC2A, TERF2, and RFWD3, and our results support recently identified PARP1, POT1, ATM, and MPHOSPH6 loci. Phenome-wide analyses in >350,000 UK Biobank participants suggest that genetically shorter telomere length increases the risk of hypothyroidism and decreases the risk of thyroid cancer, lymphoma, and a range of proliferative conditions. Our results replicate previously reported associations with increased risk of coronary artery disease and lower risk for multiple cancer types. Our findings substantially expand current knowledge on genes that regulate LTL and their impact on human health and disease.
Abdominal and general adiposity are independently associated with mortality, but there is no consensus on how best to assess abdominal adiposity. We compared the ability of alternative waist indices to complement body mass index (BMI) when assessing all-cause mortality. We used data from 352,985 participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) and Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for other risk factors. During a mean follow-up of 16.1 years, 38,178 participants died. Combining in one model BMI and a strongly correlated waist index altered the association patterns with mortality, to a predominantly negative association for BMI and a stronger positive association for the waist index, while combining BMI with the uncorrelated A Body Shape Index (ABSI) preserved the association patterns. Sex-specific cohort-wide quartiles of waist indices correlated with BMI could not separate high-risk from low-risk individuals within underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m(2)) or obese (BMI30 kg/m(2)) categories, while the highest quartile of ABSI separated 18-39% of the individuals within each BMI category, which had 22-55% higher risk of death. In conclusion, only a waist index independent of BMI by design, such as ABSI, complements BMI and enables efficient risk stratification, which could facilitate personalisation of screening, treatment and monitoring.
Weltweit sind fast 40 % der Bevölkerung übergewichtig und die Prävalenz von Adipositas, Insulinresistenz und den resultierenden Folgeerkrankungen wie dem Metabolischen Syndrom und Typ-2-Diabetes steigt rapide an. Als häufigste Ursachen werden diätetisches Fehlverhalten und mangelnde Bewegung angesehen. Die nicht-alkoholische Fettlebererkrankung (NAFLD), deren Hauptcharakteristikum die exzessive Akkumulation von Lipiden in der Leber ist, korreliert mit dem Body Mass Index (BMI). NAFLD wird als hepatische Manifestation des Metabolischen Syndroms angesehen und ist inzwischen die häufigste Ursache für Leberfunktionsstörungen. Die Erkrankung umfasst sowohl die benigne hepatische Steatose (Fettleber) als auch die progressive Form der nicht-alkoholischen Steatohepatitis (NASH), bei der die Steatose von Entzündung und Fibrose begleitet ist. Die Ausbildung einer NASH erhöht das Risiko, ein hepatozelluläres Karzinom (HCC) zu entwickeln und kann zu irreversibler Leberzirrhose und terminalem Organversagen führen. Nahrungsbestandteile wie Cholesterol und Fett-reiche Diäten werden als mögliche Faktoren diskutiert, die den Übergang einer einfachen Fettleber zur schweren Verlaufsform der Steatohepatitis / NASH begünstigen. Eine Ausdehnung des Fettgewebes wird von Insulinresistenz und einer niedrig-gradigen chronischen Entzündung des Fettgewebes begleitet. Neben Endotoxinen aus dem Darm gelangen Entzündungsmediatoren aus dem Fettgewebe zur Leber. Als Folge werden residente Makrophagen der Leber, die Kupfferzellen, aktiviert, die eine Entzündungsantwort initiieren und weitere pro-inflammatorische Mediatoren freisetzen, zu denen Chemokine, Cytokine und Prostanoide wie Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) gehören. In dieser Arbeit soll aufgeklärt werden, welchen Beitrag PGE2 an der Ausbildung von Insulinresistenz, hepatischer Steatose und Entzündung im Rahmen von Diät-induzierter NASH im komplexen Zusammenspiel mit der Regulation der Cytokin-Produktion und anderen Co-Faktoren wie Hyperinsulinämie und Hyperlipidämie hat. In murinen und humanen Makrophagen-Populationen wurde untersucht, welche Faktoren die Bildung von PGE2 fördern und wie PGE2 die Entzündungsantwort aktivierter Makrophagen reguliert. In primären Hepatozyten der Ratte sowie in isolierten humanen Hepatozyten und Zelllinien wurde der Einfluss von PGE2 allein und in Kombination mit Cytokinen, deren Bildung durch PGE2 beeinflusst werden kann, auf die Insulin-abhängige Regulation des Glucose- und Lipid-stoffwechsels untersucht. Um den Einfluss von PGE2 im komplexen Zusammenspiel der Zelltypen in der Leber und im Gesamtorganismus zu erfassen, wurden Mäuse, in denen die PGE2-Synthese durch die Deletion der mikrosomalen PGE-Synthase 1 (mPGES1) vermindert war, mit einer NASH-induzierenden Diät gefüttert. In Lebern von Patienten mit NASH oder in Mäusen mit Diät-induzierter NASH war die Expression der PGE2-synthetisierenden Enzyme Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) und mPGES1 sowie die Bildung von PGE2 im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen gesteigert und korrelierte mit dem Schweregrad der Lebererkrankung. In primären Makrophagen aus den Spezies Mensch, Maus und Ratte sowie in humanen Makrophagen-Zelllinien war die Bildung pro-inflammatorischer Mediatoren wie Chemokinen, Cytokinen und Prostaglandinen wie PGE2 verstärkt, wenn die Zellen mit Endotoxinen wie Lipopolysaccharid (LPS), Fettsäuren wie Palmitinsäure, Cholesterol und Cholesterol-Kristallen oder Insulin, das als Folge der kompensatorischen Hyperinsulinämie bei Insulinresistenz verstärkt freigesetzt wird, inkubiert wurden. Insulin steigerte dabei synergistisch mit LPS oder Palmitinsäure die Synthese von PGE2 sowie der anderen Entzündungsmediatoren wie Interleukin (IL) 8 und IL-1β. PGE2 reguliert die Entzündungsantwort: Neben der Induktion der eigenen Synthese-Enzyme verstärkte PGE2 die Expression der Immunzell-rekrutierenden Chemokine IL-8 und (C-C-Motiv)-Ligand 2 (CCL2) sowie die der pro-inflammatorischen Cytokine IL-1β und IL-6 in Makrophagen und kann so zur Verstärkung der Entzündungsreaktion beitragen. Außerdem förderte PGE2 die Bildung von Oncostatin M (OSM) und OSM induzierte in einer positiven Rückkopplungsschleife die Expression der PGE2-synthetisierenden Enzyme. Andererseits hemmte PGE2 die basale und LPS-vermittelte Bildung des potenten pro-inflammatorischen Cytokins Tumornekrosefaktor α (TNFα) und kann so die Entzündungsreaktion abschwächen. In primären Hepatozyten der Ratte und humanen Hepatozyten beeinträchtigte PGE2 direkt die Insulin-abhängige Aktivierung der Insulinrezeptor-Signalkette zur Steigerung der Glucose-Verwertung, in dem es durch Signalketten, die den verschiedenen PGE2-Rezeptoren nachgeschaltet sind, Kinasen wie ERK1/2 und IKKβ aktivierte und eine inhibierende Serin-Phosphorylierung der Insulinrezeptorsubstrate bewirkte. PGE2 verstärkte außerdem die IL-6- oder OSM-vermittelte Insulinresistenz und Steatose in primären Hepatozyten der Ratte. Die Wirkung von PGE2 im Gesamtorganismus sollte in Mäusen mit Diät-induzierter NASH untersucht werden. Die Fütterung einer Hochfett-Diät mit Schmalz als Fettquelle, das vor allem gesättigte Fettsäuren enthält, verursachte Fettleibigkeit, Insulinresistenz und eine hepatische Steatose in Wildtyp-Mäusen. In Tieren, die eine Hochfett-Diät mit Sojaöl als Fettquelle, das vor allem (ω-6)-mehrfach-ungesättigte Fettsäuren (PUFAs) enthält, oder eine Niedrigfett-Diät mit Cholesterol erhielten, war lediglich eine hepatische Steatose nachweisbar, jedoch keine verstärkte Gewichtszunahme im Vergleich zu Geschwistertieren, die eine Standard-Diät bekamen. Im Gegensatz dazu verursachte die Fütterung einer Hochfett-Diät mit PUFA-reichem Sojaöl als Fettquelle in Kombination mit Cholesterol sowohl Fettleibigkeit und Insulinresistenz als auch hepatische Steatose mit Hepatozyten-Hypertrophie, lobulärer Entzündung und beginnender Fibrose in Wildtyp-Mäusen. Diese Tiere spiegelten alle klinischen und histologischen Parameter der humanen NASH im Metabolischen Syndrom wider. Nur die Kombination von hohen Mengen ungesättigter Fettsäuren aus Sojaöl und Cholesterol in der Nahrung führte zu einer exzessiven Akkumulation des Cholesterols und der Bildung von Cholesterol-Kristallen in den Hepatozyten, die zur Schädigung der Mitochondrien, schwerem oxidativem Stress und schließlich zum Absterben der Zellen führten. Als Konsequenz phagozytieren Kupfferzellen die Zelltrümmer der Cholesterol-überladenen Hepatozyten, werden dadurch aktiviert, setzen Chemokine, Cytokine und PGE2 frei, die die Entzündungsreaktion verstärken und die Infiltration von weiteren Immunzellen initiieren können und verursachen so eine Progression zur Steatohepatitis (NASH). Die Deletion der mikrosomalen PGE-Synthase 1 (mPGES1), dem induzierbaren Enzym der PGE2-Synthese aus Cyclooxygenase-abhängigen Vorstufen, reduzierte die Diät-abhängige Bildung von PGE2 in der Leber. Die Fütterung der NASH-induzierenden Diät verursachte in Wildtyp- und mPGES1-defizienten Mäusen eine ähnliche Fettleibigkeit und Zunahme der Fettmasse sowie die Ausbildung von hepatischer Steatose mit Entzündung und Fibrose (NASH) im histologischen Bild. In mPGES1-defizienten Mäusen waren jedoch Parameter für die Infiltration von Entzündungszellen und die Diät-abhängige Schädigung der Leber im Vergleich zu Wildtyp-Tieren erhöht, was sich auch in einer stärkeren Diät-induzierten systemischen Insulinresistenz widerspiegelte. Die Bildung des pro-inflammatorischen und pro-apoptotischen Cytokins TNFα war in mPGES1-defizienten Mäusen durch die Aufhebung der negativen Rückkopplungshemmung verstärkt, was einen gesteigerten Diät-induzierten Zelluntergang gestresster Lipid-überladener Hepatozyten und eine nach-geschaltete Entzündungsantwort zur Folge hatte. Zusammenfassend wurde unter den gewählten Versuchsbedingungen in vivo eine anti-inflammatorische Rolle von PGE2 verifiziert, da das Prostanoid vor allem indirekt durch die Hemmung der TNFα-vermittelten Entzündungsreaktion die Schädigung der Leber, die Verstärkung der Entzündung und die Ausbildung von Insulinresistenz im Rahmen der Diät-abhängigen Fettlebererkrankung abschwächte.