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The role of GDF15 as a myomitokine
- Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine best known for affecting systemic energy metabolism through its anorectic action. GDF15 expression and secretion from various organs and tissues is induced in different physiological and pathophysiological states, often linked to mitochondrial stress, leading to highly variable circulating GDF15 levels.
In skeletal muscle and the heart, the basal expression of GDF15 is very low compared to other organs, but GDF15 expression and secretion can be induced in various stress conditions, such as intense exercise and acute myocardial infarction, respectively. GDF15 is thus considered as a myokine and cardiokine. GFRAL, the exclusive receptor for GDF15, is expressed in hindbrain neurons and activation of the GDF15-GFRAL pathway is linked to an increased sympathetic outflow and possibly an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis.
There is also evidence for peripheral, direct effects of GDF15 on adipose tissue lipolysis and possible autocrine cardiacGrowth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine best known for affecting systemic energy metabolism through its anorectic action. GDF15 expression and secretion from various organs and tissues is induced in different physiological and pathophysiological states, often linked to mitochondrial stress, leading to highly variable circulating GDF15 levels.
In skeletal muscle and the heart, the basal expression of GDF15 is very low compared to other organs, but GDF15 expression and secretion can be induced in various stress conditions, such as intense exercise and acute myocardial infarction, respectively. GDF15 is thus considered as a myokine and cardiokine. GFRAL, the exclusive receptor for GDF15, is expressed in hindbrain neurons and activation of the GDF15-GFRAL pathway is linked to an increased sympathetic outflow and possibly an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis.
There is also evidence for peripheral, direct effects of GDF15 on adipose tissue lipolysis and possible autocrine cardiac effects. Metabolic and behavioral outcomes of GDF15 signaling can be beneficial or detrimental, likely depending on the magnitude and duration of the GDF15 signal.
This is especially apparent for GDF15 production in muscle, which can be induced both by exercise and by muscle disease states such as sarcopenia and mitochondrial myopathy.…
Author details: | Kornelia Johann, Maximilian Kleinert, Susanne KlausORCiDGND |
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DOI: | https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10112990 |
ISSN: | 2073-4409 |
Pubmed ID: | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34831213 |
Title of parent work (English): | Cells |
Publisher: | MDPI |
Place of publishing: | Basel |
Publication type: | Article |
Language: | English |
Date of first publication: | 2021/11/03 |
Publication year: | 2021 |
Release date: | 2024/06/07 |
Tag: | anorexia; appetite regulation; cardiokine; cytokine; exercise; mitochondria; muscle; myokine; myopathy; sarcopenia |
Volume: | 10 |
Issue: | 11 |
Article number: | 2990 |
Number of pages: | 16 |
Funding institution: | Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftGerman Research Foundation (DFG) [KL 3285/2-1]; Novo Nordisk FoundationNovo Nordisk FoundationNovocure Limited [NNF19OC0055192]; German Center for Diabetes Research [82DZD03E3G]; Open Access Fund of the Leibniz Association |
Organizational units: | Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät / Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft |
DDC classification: | 5 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik / 57 Biowissenschaften; Biologie / 570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie |
Peer review: | Referiert |
Publishing method: | Open Access / Gold Open-Access |
DOAJ gelistet | |
License (German): | ![]() |