TY - JOUR
A1 - Lesinski, Melanie
A1 - Prieske, Olaf
A1 - Chaabene, Helmi
A1 - Granacher, Urs
T1 - Seasonal effects of strength endurance vs. power training in young female soccer athletes
JF - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA
N2 - Lesinski, M, Prieske, O, Chaabene, H, and Granacher, U. Seasonal effects of strength endurance vs. power training in young female soccer athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S90-S96, 2021-This study examined the seasonal effects of strength endurance training (SET) vs. power training (PT) on physical fitness and body composition in young female soccer players. Thirty-six young female elite soccer players (15 +/- 1 years; maturity offset +3 +/- 1 years) were allocated to progressive SET (n = 19) or PT (n = 17). Over the course of one soccer season, SET performed slow movement velocity, moderate intensity (50-60% of the 1 repetition maximum [1RM]; 20-40 repetitions) strength exercises while PT performed moderate-to-high intensity (50-95% of the 1RM; 3-8 repetitions), high movement velocity strength exercises (2 sessions center dot wk(-1)). Before and after training, tests were performed for the assessment of muscle strength (1RM leg press), jump performance (countermovement jump [CMJ], drop jump [DJ]), muscular endurance (ventral Bourban test), linear speed (10 m, 20 m), change-of-direction (CoD) speed (T-test), dynamic balance (Y-balance test), sport-specific performance (kicking velocity), and body composition (lean body mass and fat mass). An analysis of covariance was used to test for between-group differences at post-test with baseline values as covariate. No significant between-group differences were observed in terms of total training volume over the respective soccer seasons (p = 0.069; d = 0.68). At post-test, SET showed significantly better ventral Bourban and T-test performances (d = 1.28-2.28; p = 0.000-0.001) compared with PT. However, PT resulted in significantly better 1RM leg press, DJ, 10-m, and 20-m sprint performances (d = 0.85-1.44; p = 0.000-0.026). No significant between-group differences were observed at post-test for CMJ, Y-balance test, kicking performance, and body composition (d = 0.20-0.74, p = 0.051-0.594). Our findings are mainly in accordance with the principle of training specificity. Both SET and PT are recommended to be implemented in young female elite soccer players according to the respective training period.
KW - strength training
KW - elite
KW - training specificity
KW - soccer players
KW - muscle
KW - endurance
KW - periodization
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003564
SN - 1064-8011
SN - 1533-4287
VL - 35
IS - Supplement 12
SP - S90
EP - S96
PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CY - Philadelphia
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jafarnezhadgero, Amir Ali
A1 - Anvari, Maryam
A1 - Granacher, Urs
T1 - Long-term effects of shoe mileage on ground reaction forces and lower limb muscle activities during walking in individuals with genu varus
JF - Clinical biomechanics
N2 - Background:
Shoe mileage is an important factor that may influence the risk of sustaining injuries during walking. The aims of this study were to examine the effects of shoe mileage on ground reaction forces and activity of lower limb muscles during walking in genu varus individuals compared with controls.
Methods:
Fifteen healthy and 15 genu varus females received a new pair of running shoes. They were asked to wear these shoes over 6 months. Pre and post intervention, mechanical shoe testing was conducted and ground reaction forces and muscle activities of the right leg were recorded during walking at preferred gait speed.
Findings:
Significant group-by-time interactions were found for shoe stiffness, antero-posterior and vertical impact peak. We observed higher shoe stiffness and lower impact peaks after intervention in both groups with larger effect sizes in genu varus. Significant group-by-time interactions were identified for vastus medialis (loading phase) and rectus femoris (loading and push-off). For vastus medialis, significant decreases were found from pre-to-post during the loading phase in the control group. Rectus femoris activity was higher post intervention during the loading and push-off phases in both groups with larger effect sizes in genu varus.
Interpretation:
Our findings indicate that the observed changes in ground reaction forces are more prominent in genu varus individuals. Together with our findings on shoe stiffness, it seems appropriate to change running shoes after an intense wearing time of 6 months, particularly in genu varus individuals.
KW - footwear
KW - electromyography
KW - loading rate
KW - patients
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.01.006
SN - 0268-0033
SN - 1879-1271
VL - 73
SP - 55
EP - 62
PB - Elsevier
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Davies, Michael J.
A1 - Drury, Benjamin
A1 - Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo
A1 - Chaabene, Helmi
A1 - Moran, Jason
T1 - Effect of plyometric training and biological maturation on jump and change of direction ability in female youth
JF - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA / National Strength & Conditioning Association
N2 - Biological maturation has been shown to affect male youths' responses to plyometric training (PT). However, to date, no researcher has examined the effect of maturation on the effects of PT in female youth. We undertook the first controlled intervention study to examine this, focusing on adaptive responses to countermovement jump (CMJ), reactive strength index (RSI), and change of direction (COD) performance in groups of female youth divided by maturation status (years from peak height velocity [PHV]). The training program lasted 7 weeks with subjects undertaking 2 sessions of PT per week. In the mid-PHV group, there was a small increase (effect size; 90% confidence interval = 0.40; -0.23 to 1.03) in CMJ performance. No changes were observed in the post-PHV group (0.02; -0.68 to 0.72). For RSI, there was a moderate increase in the mid-PHV group (0.94; 0.29-1.59) with only a trivial increase in the post-PHV group (0.06; -0.65 to 0.76). The intervention exerted no positive effect on COD performance in any group. Plyometric training seems to enhance CMJ and RSI in female youth, although the magnitude of adaptation could be affected by maturation status. A twice-per-week program of multidirectional jumping and hopping, with bilateral and unilateral components, can be used as a preparatory precursor to physical education classes or recreational sport.
KW - girls
KW - exercise
KW - sport
KW - athlete
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003216
SN - 1064-8011
SN - 1533-4287
VL - 35
IS - 10
SP - 2690
EP - 2697
PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CY - Philadelphia
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Puschmann, Anne-Katrin
A1 - Lin, Chiao-I
A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria
T1 - Sustainability of a motor control exercise intervention
BT - Analysis of long-term effects in a low back pain study
JF - Frontiers in sports and active living
N2 - Development of chronic pain after a low back pain episode is associated with increased pain sensitivity, altered pain processing mechanisms and the influence of psychosocial factors. Although there is some evidence that multimodal therapy (such as behavioral or motor control therapy) may be an important therapeutic strategy, its long-term effect on pain reduction and psychosocial load is still unclear. Prospective longitudinal designs providing information about the extent of such possible long-term effects are missing. This study aims to investigate the long-term effects of a homebased uni- and multidisciplinary motor control exercise program on low back pain intensity, disability and psychosocial variables. 14 months after completion of a multicenter study comparing uni- and multidisciplinary exercise interventions, a sample of one study center (n = 154) was assessed once more. Participants filled in questionnaires regarding their low back pain symptoms (characteristic pain intensity and related disability), stress and vital exhaustion (short version of the Maastricht Vital Exhaustion Questionnaire), anxiety and depression experiences (the Hospital and Anxiety Depression Scale), and pain-related cognitions (the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire). Repeated measures mixed ANCOVAs were calculated to determine the long-term effects of the interventions on characteristic pain intensity and disability as well as on the psychosocial variables. Fifty four percent of the sub-sample responded to the questionnaires (n = 84). Longitudinal analyses revealed a significant long-term effect of the exercise intervention on pain disability. The multidisciplinary group missed statistical significance yet showed a medium sized long-term effect. The groups did not differ in their changes of the psychosocial variables of interest. There was evidence of long-term effects of the interventions on pain-related disability, but there was no effect on the other variables of interest. This may be partially explained by participant's low comorbidities at baseline. Results are important regarding costless homebased alternatives for back pain patients and prevention tasks. Furthermore, this study closes the gap of missing long-term effect analysis in this field.
KW - MiSpEx
KW - low back pain
KW - long-term effects
KW - multidisciplinary intervention
KW - sustainability
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.659982
SN - 2624-9367
VL - 3
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne, Schweiz
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hagoort, Iris
A1 - Vuillerme, Nicolas
A1 - Hortobágyi, Tibor
A1 - Lamoth, Claudine J. C.
T1 - Outcome-dependent effects of walking speed and age on quantitative and qualitative gait measures
JF - Gait & posture
N2 - Background: Walking speed predicts many clinical outcomes in old age. However, a comprehensive assessment of how walking speed affects accelerometer based quantitative and qualitative gait measures in younger and older adults is lacking. Research question: What is the relationship between walking speed and quantitative and qualitative gait outcomes in younger and older adults? Methods: Younger (n = 27, age: 21.6) and older participants (n = 27, age: 69.5) completed 340 steps on a treadmill at speeds of 0.70 to a maximum of 1.75 m.s(-1). We used generalized additive mixed models to determine the relationship between walking speed and quantitative (stride length, stride time, stride frequency and their variability) and qualitative (stride regularity, stability, smoothness, symmetry, synchronization, predictability) gait measures extracted from trunk accelerations. Results: The type of relationship between walking speed and the majority of gait measures (quantitative and qualitative) was characterized as logarithmic, with more prominent speed-effects at speeds below 1.20 m.s(-1). Changes in quantitative measures included shorter strides, longer stride times, and a lower stride frequency, with more variability at lower speeds independent of age. For qualitative measures, we found a decrease in gait symmetry, stability and regularity in all directions with decreasing speeds, a decrease in gait predictability (Vertical, V, anterior-posterior, AP) and stronger gait synchronization (AP-mediolateral, ML, AP-V), and direction dependent effects of gait smoothness, which decreased in V direction, but increased in AP and ML directions with decreasing speeds. We found outcome-dependent effects of age on the quantitative and qualitative gait measures, with either no differences between age-groups, age-related differences that existed regardless of speed, and age-related differences in the type of relationship with walking speed. Significance: The relationship between walking speed and quantitative and qualitative gait measures, and the effects of age on this relationship, depends on the type of gait measure studied.
KW - Gait quality and quantity
KW - Aging
KW - Walking speed
KW - Treadmill
KW - Generalized
KW - additive mixed models
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.01.001
SN - 0966-6362
SN - 1879-2219
VL - 93
SP - 39
EP - 46
PB - Elsevier
CY - Clare
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Quarmby, Andrew James
A1 - Mönnig, Jamal
A1 - Mugele, Hendrik
A1 - Henschke, Jakob
A1 - Kim, MyoungHwee
A1 - Cassel, Michael
A1 - Engel, Tilman
T1 - Biomechanics and lower limb function are altered in athletes and runners with achilles tendinopathy compared with healthy controls: A systematic review
JF - Frontiers in Sports and Active Living
N2 - Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a debilitating injury in athletes, especially for those engaged in repetitive stretch-shortening cycle activities. Clinical risk factors are numerous, but it has been suggested that altered biomechanics might be associated with AT. No systematic review has been conducted investigating these biomechanical alterations in specifically athletic populations. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the lower-limb biomechanics of athletes with AT to athletically matched asymptomatic controls. Databases were searched for relevant studies investigating biomechanics during gait activities and other motor tasks such as hopping, isolated strength tasks, and reflex responses. Inclusion criteria for studies were an AT diagnosis in at least one group, cross-sectional or prospective data, at least one outcome comparing biomechanical data between an AT and healthy group, and athletic populations. Studies were excluded if patients had Achilles tendon rupture/surgery, participants reported injuries other than AT, and when only within-subject data was available.. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for relevant outcomes. The initial search yielded 4,442 studies. After screening, twenty studies (775 total participants) were synthesised, reporting on a wide range of biomechanical outcomes. Females were under-represented and patients in the AT group were three years older on average. Biomechanical alterations were identified in some studies during running, hopping, jumping, strength tasks and reflex activity. Equally, several biomechanical variables studied were not associated with AT in included studies, indicating a conflicting picture. Kinematics in AT patients appeared to be altered in the lower limb, potentially indicating a pattern of “medial collapse”. Muscular activity of the calf and hips was different between groups, whereby AT patients exhibited greater calf electromyographic amplitudes despite lower plantar flexor strength. Overall, dynamic maximal strength of the plantar flexors, and isometric strength of the hips might be reduced in the AT group. This systematic review reports on several biomechanical alterations in athletes with AT. With further research, these factors could potentially form treatment targets for clinicians, although clinical approaches should take other contributing health factors into account. The studies included were of low quality, and currently no solid conclusions can be drawn.
KW - achilles tendinopathy
KW - biomechanics
KW - neuromuscular
KW - kinetics
KW - electromyography
KW - athletes
KW - runners
KW - kinematics
Y1 - 2023
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.1012471
SN - 2624-9367
PB - Frontiers
CY - Lausanne, Schweiz
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Behrens, Martin
A1 - Gube, Martin
A1 - Chaabene, Helmi
A1 - Prieske, Olaf
A1 - Zenon, Alexandre
A1 - Broscheid, Kim-Charline
A1 - Schega, Lutz
A1 - Husmann, Florian
A1 - Weippert, Matthias
T1 - Fatigue and human performance
BT - an updated framework
JF - Sports medicine : an international journal of applied medicine and science in sport and exercise
N2 - Fatigue has been defined differently in the literature depending on the field of research. The inconsistent use of the term fatigue complicated scientific communication, thereby limiting progress towards a more in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. Therefore, Enoka and Duchateau (Med Sci Sports Exerc 48:2228-38, 2016, [3]) proposed a fatigue framework that distinguishes between trait fatigue (i.e., fatigue experienced by an individual over a longer period of time) and motor or cognitive task-induced state fatigue (i.e., self-reported disabling symptom derived from the two interdependent attributes performance fatigability and perceived fatigability). Thereby, performance fatigability describes a decrease in an objective performance measure, while perceived fatigability refers to the sensations that regulate the integrity of the performer. Although this framework served as a good starting point to unravel the psychophysiology of fatigue, several important aspects were not included and the interdependence of the mechanisms driving performance fatigability and perceived fatigability were not comprehensively discussed. Therefore, the present narrative review aimed to (1) update the fatigue framework suggested by Enoka and Duchateau (Med Sci Sports Exerc 48:2228-38, 2016, [3]) pertaining the taxonomy (i.e., cognitive performance fatigue and perceived cognitive fatigue were added) and important determinants that were not considered previously (e.g., effort perception, affective valence, self-regulation), (2) discuss the mechanisms underlying performance fatigue and perceived fatigue in response to motor and cognitive tasks as well as their interdependence, and (3) provide recommendations for future research on these interactions. We propose to define motor or cognitive task-induced state fatigue as a psychophysiological condition characterized by a decrease in motor or cognitive performance (i.e., motor or cognitive performance fatigue, respectively) and/or an increased perception of fatigue (i.e., perceived motor or cognitive fatigue). These dimensions are interdependent, hinge on different determinants, and depend on body homeostasis (e.g., wakefulness, core temperature) as well as several modulating factors (e.g., age, sex, diseases, characteristics of the motor or cognitive task). Consequently, there is no single factor primarily determining performance fatigue and perceived fatigue in response to motor or cognitive tasks. Instead, the relative weight of each determinant and their interaction are modulated by several factors.
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01748-2
SN - 0112-1642
SN - 1179-2035
VL - 53
IS - 1
SP - 7
EP - 31
PB - Springer
CY - Heidelberg
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chaabene, Helmi
A1 - Negra, Yassine
A1 - Moran, Jason
A1 - Prieske, Olaf
A1 - Sammoud, Senda
A1 - Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo
A1 - Granacher, Urs
T1 - Plyometric training improves not only measures of linear speed, power, and change-of-direction speed but also repeated sprint ability in young female handball players
JF - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA
N2 - This study examined the effects of an 8-week plyometric training (PT) program on components of physical fitness in young female handball players. Twenty-one female adolescent handball players were assigned to an experimental group (EG, n = 12; age = 15.9 +/- 0.2 years) or an active control group (CG, n = 9, age = 15.9 +/- 0.3 years). While EG performed plyometric exercises in replacement of some handball-specific drills, CG maintained the regular training schedule. Baseline and follow-up tests were performed for the assessment of linear speed (i.e., 5-, 10-, and 20-m time), change-of-direction (CoD) speed (i.e., T-test time), muscle power (i.e., countermovement jump [CMJ] height and reactive strength index [RSI]), and repeated sprint ability (RSA) (RSA total time [RSA(total)], RSA best time [RSA(best)], and RSA fatigue index [RSA(FI)]). Data were analyzed using magnitude-based inferences. Within-group analyses for the EG revealed moderate-to-large improvements for the 5-m (effect size [ES] = 0.81 [0.1-1.5]), 10-m sprint time (ES = 0.84 [0.1-1.5]), RSI (ES = 0.75 [0.1-1.4]), RSA(FI) (ES = 0.65 [0.0-1.3]), and T-test time (ES = 1.46 [0.7-2.2]). Trivial-to-small ES was observed for RSA(best) (ES = 0.18 [-0.5 to 0.9]), RSA(total) (ES = 0.45 [-0.2 to 1.1]), 20-m sprint time (ES = 0.56 [-0.1 to 1.2]), and CMJ height (ES = 0.57 [-0.1 to 1.3]). For the CG, within-group analyses showed a moderate performance decline for T-test time (ES = -0.71 [-1.5 to 0.1]), small decreases for 5-m sprint time (ES = -0.46 [-1.2 to 0.3]), and a trivial decline for 10-m (ES = -0.10 [-0.9 to 0.7]) and 20-m sprint times (ES = -0.16 [-0.9 to 0.6]), RSA(total) (ES = 0.0 [-0.8 to 0.8]), and RSA(best) (ES = -0.20 [-0.9 to 0.6]). The control group achieved trivial-to-small improvements for CMJ height (ES = 0.10 [-0.68 to 0.87]) and RSI (ES = 0.30 [-0.5 to 1.1]). In conclusion, a short-term in-season PT program, in replacement of handball-specific drills, is effective in improving measures of physical fitness (i.e., linear/CoD speed, jumping, and RSA) in young female handball players.
KW - stretch-shortening cycle
KW - physical fitness
KW - young athletes
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003128
SN - 1064-8011
SN - 1533-4287
VL - 35
IS - 8
SP - 2230
EP - 2235
PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CY - Philadelphia
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lehmann, Nico
A1 - Kuhn, Yves-Alain
A1 - Keller, Martin
A1 - Aye, Norman
A1 - Herold, Fabian
A1 - Draganski, Bogdan
A1 - Taube, Wolfgang
A1 - Taubert, Marco
T1 - Brain activation during active balancing and its behavioral relevance in younger and older adults
BT - a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study
JF - Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
N2 - Age-related deterioration of balance control is widely regarded as an important phenomenon influencing quality of life and longevity, such that a more comprehensive understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying this process is warranted.
Specifically, previous studies have reported that older adults typically show higher neural activity during balancing as compared to younger counterparts, but the implications of this finding on balance performance remain largely unclear.
Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), differences in the cortical control of balance between healthy younger (n = 27) and older (n = 35) adults were explored.
More specifically, the association between cortical functional activity and balance performance across and within age groups was investigated. To this end, we measured hemodynamic responses (i.e., changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin) while participants balanced on an unstable device.
As criterion variables for brain-behavior-correlations, we also assessed postural sway while standing on a free-swinging platform and while balancing on wobble boards with different levels of difficulty.
We found that older compared to younger participants had higher activity in prefrontal and lower activity in postcentral regions.
Subsequent robust regression analyses revealed that lower prefrontal brain activity was related to improved balance performance across age groups, indicating that higher activity of the prefrontal cortex during balancing reflects neural inefficiency.
We also present evidence supporting that age serves as a moderator in the relationship between brain activity and balance, i.e., cortical hemodynamics generally appears to be a more important predictor of balance performance in the older than in the younger. Strikingly, we found that age differences in balance performance are mediated by balancing-induced activation of the superior frontal gyrus, thus suggesting that differential activation of this region reflects a mechanism involved in the aging process of the neural control of balance.
Our study suggests that differences in functional brain activity between age groups are not a mere by-product of aging, but instead of direct behavioral relevance for balance performance.
Potential implications of these findings in terms of early detection of fall-prone individuals and intervention strategies targeting balance and healthy aging are discussed.
KW - aging
KW - neuroimaging
KW - functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
KW - balance
KW - postural control
KW - prefrontal cortex
KW - neural inefficiency
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.828474
SN - 1663-4365
VL - 14
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Quarmby, Andrew James
A1 - Khajooei, Mina
A1 - Engel, Tilman
A1 - Kaplick, Hannes
A1 - Mayer, Frank
T1 - The feasibility of a split-belt instrumented treadmill running protocol with perturbations
JF - Journal of biomechanics
N2 - Unexpected perturbations during locomotion can occur during daily life or sports performance. Adequate compensation for such perturbations is crucial in maintaining effective postural control. Studies utilising instrumented treadmills have previously validated perturbed walking protocols, however responses to perturbed running protocols remain less investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a new instrumented treadmill-perturbed running protocol.
Fifteen participants (age = 2 8 +/- 3 years; height = 172 +/- 9 cm; weight = 69 +/- 10 kg; 60% female) completed an 8-minute running protocol at baseline velocity of 2.5 m/s (9 km/h), whilst 15 one-sided belt perturbations were applied (pre-set perturbation characteristics: 150 ms delay (post-heel contact); 2.0 m/s amplitude; 100 ms duration). Perturbation characteristics and EMG responses were recorded. Bland-Altman analysis (BLA) was employed (bias +/- limits of agreement (LOA; bias +/- 1.96*SD)) and intra-individual variability of repeated perturbations was assessed via Coefficients of Variation (CV) (mean +/- SD).
On average, 9.4 +/- 2.2 of 15 intended perturbations were successful. Perturbation delay was 143 +/- 10 ms, amplitude was 1.7 +/- 0.2 m/s and duration was 69 +/- 10 ms. BLA showed -7 +/- 13 ms for delay, -0.3 +/- 0.1 m/s for amplitude and -30 +/- 10 ms for duration. CV showed variability of 19 +/- 4.5% for delay, 58 +/- 12% for amplitude and 30 +/- 7% for duration. EMG RMS amplitudes of the legs and trunk ranged from 113 +/- 25% to 332 +/- 305% when compared to unperturbed gait. This study showed that the application of sudden perturbations during running can be achieved, though with increased variability across individuals. The perturbations with the above characteristics appear to have elicited a neuromuscular response during running.
KW - Lower-extremity perturbations
KW - Split-belt treadmill
KW - Running
KW - Stumbling
KW - EMC
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109493
SN - 0021-9290
SN - 1873-2380
VL - 98
PB - Elsevier
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schomöller, Anne
A1 - Schugardt, Monique
A1 - Kotsch, Peggy
A1 - Mayer, Frank
T1 - The effect of body composition on cycling power during an incremental test in young athletes
JF - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA / National Strength & Conditioning Association
N2 - Schomoller, A, Schugardt, M, Kotsch, P, and Mayer, F. The effect of body composition on cycling power during an incremental test in young athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3225-3231, 2021-As body composition (BC) is a modifiable factor influencing sports performance, it is of interest for athletes and coaches to optimize BC to fulfill the specific physical demands of one sport discipline. The purpose of this study is to test the impact of body fat (BF) and fat-free mass (FFM) on aerobic performance in young athletes. Body composition parameters were evaluated among gender and age groups of young athletes undergoing their mandatory health examination. The maximal power (in Watts per kilogram body mass) of a stepwise incremental ergometer test was compared between 6 BC types: high BF, high FFM, high BF and high FFM, normal BC values, low BF, and low FFM. With increasing age (11-13 vs. 14-16 years) BF decreased and FFM increased in both genders. Both BC parameters, as well as body mass, correlated moderately with performance output (r = 0.36-0.6). Subjects with high BF or high FFM or both had significantly lower ergometer test results compared with those with low BF and FFM in all age and gender groups (p < 0.05). The finding that high levels of BF and FFM are detrimental for cycle power output is important to consider in disciplines that demand high levels of aerobic and anaerobic performance.
KW - youth competitive sport
KW - body fat
KW - fat-free mass
KW - cycling performance
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003271
SN - 1064-8011
SN - 1533-4287
VL - 35
IS - 11
SP - 3225
EP - 3231
PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CY - Philadelphia
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Henschke, Jakob
A1 - Zecher, Mahli Megan
A1 - Mayer, Frank
A1 - Engel, Tilman
T1 - Contralateral repeated bout effect following preconditioning exercises
BT - a systematic review
JF - Sport sciences for health
N2 - Background Recent studies indicate the existence of a repeated bout effect on the contralateral untrained limb following eccentric and isometric contractions. Aims This review aims to summarize the evidence for magnitude, duration and differences of this effect following isometric and eccentric preconditioning exercises. Methods Medline, Cochrane, and Web of science were searched from January 1971 until September 2020. Randomized controlled trials, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies were identified by combining keywords and synonyms (e.g., "contralateral", "exercise", "preconditioning", "protective effect"). At least two of the following outcome parameters were mandatory for study inclusion: strength, muscle soreness, muscle swelling, limb circumference, inflammatory blood markers or protective index (relative change of aforementioned measures). Results After identifying 1979 articles, 13 studies were included. Most investigations examined elbow flexors and utilized eccentric isokinetic protocols to induce the contralateral repeated bout effect. The magnitude of protection was observed in four studies, smaller values of the contralateral when compared to the ipsilateral repeated bout effect were noted in three studies. The potential mechanism is thought to be of neural central nature since no differences in peripheral muscle activity were observed. Time course was examined in three investigations. One study showed a smaller protective effect following isometric preconditioning when compared to eccentric preconditioning exercises. Conclusions The contralateral repeated bout effect demonstrates a smaller magnitude and lasts shorter than the ipsilateral repeated bout effect. Future research should incorporate long-term controlled trials including larger populations to identify central mechanisms. This knowledge should be used in clinical practice to prepare immobilized limbs prospectively for an incremental load.
KW - musculoskeletal physiological phenomena
KW - muscle damage
KW - adaptation
KW - Crossover
KW - muscle soreness
KW - isometric contraction
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-021-00804-0
SN - 1824-7490
SN - 1825-1234
VL - 18
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Soringer Italia
CY - Milan
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Appiah-Dwomoh, Edem Korkor
A1 - Carlsohn, Anja
A1 - Mayer, Frank
T1 - Assessment of Dietary Intake of Long-Distance Race Car Drivers
BT - A Pilot Study
JF - Sports
N2 - Long-distance race car drivers are classified as athletes. The sport is physically and mentally demanding, requiring long hours of practice. Therefore, optimal dietary intake is essential for health and performance of the athlete. The aim of the study was to evaluate dietary intake and to compare the data with dietary recommendations for athletes and for the general adult population according to the German Nutrition Society (DGE). A 24-h dietary recall during a competition preparation phase was obtained from 16 male race car drivers (28.3 ± 6.1 years, body mass index (BMI) of 22.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2). The mean intake of energy, nutrients, water and alcohol was recorded. The mean energy, vitamin B2, vitamin E, folate, fiber, calcium, water and alcohol intake were 2124 ± 814 kcal/day, 1.3 ± 0.5 mg/day, 12.5 ± 9.5 mg/day, 231.0 ± 90.9 ug/day, 21.4 ± 9.4 g/day, 1104 ± 764 mg/day, 3309 ± 1522 mL/day and 0.8 ± 2.5 mL/day respectively. Our study indicated that many of the nutrients studied, including energy and carbohydrate, were below the recommended dietary intake for both athletes and the DGE.
KW - long-distance race car driving
KW - dietary intake
KW - 24 h recall
KW - pilot study
Y1 - 2018
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6040118
SN - 2075-4663
VL - 6
IS - 4
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Prieske, Olaf
A1 - Chaabene, Helmi
A1 - Puta, Christian
A1 - Behm, David George
A1 - Büsch, Dirk
A1 - Granacher, Urs
T1 - Effects of Drop Height on Jump Performance in Male and Female Elite Adolescent Handball Players
JF - International journal of sports physiology and performance
N2 - Purpose: To examine the effects of drop height on drop-jump (DJ) performance and on associations between DJ and horizontal-jump/sprint performances in adolescent athletes. Methods: Male (n = 119, 2.5 [0.6] y post-peak-height velocity) and female (n = 120, 2.5 [0.5] y post-peak-height velocity) adolescent handball players (national level) performed DJs in randomized order using 3 drop heights (20, 35, and 50 cm). DJ performance (jump height, reactive strength index [RSI]) was analyzed using the Optojump Next system. In addition, correlations were computed between DJ height and RSI with standing-long-jump and 20-m linear-sprint performances. Results: Statistical analyses revealed medium-size main effects of drop height for DJ height and RSI (P <.001, 0.63 <= d <= 0.71). Post hoc tests indicated larger DJ heights from 20 to 35 and 35 to 50 cm (P <=.031, 0.33 <= d <= 0.71) and better RSI from 20- to 35-cm drop height (P <.001, d = 0.77). No significant difference was found for RSI between 35- and 50-cm drop height. Irrespective of drop height, associations of DJ height and RSI were small with 5-m-split time (-.27 <= r <=.05), medium with 10-m-split time (-.44 <= r <=.14), and medium to large with 20-m sprint time and standing-long-jump distance (-.57 <= r <=.22). Conclusions: The present findings indicate that, irrespective of sex, 35-cm drop heights are best suited to induce rapid and powerful DJ performance (ie, RSI) during reactive strength training in elite adolescent handball players. Moreover, training-related gains in DJ performance may at least partly translate to gains in horizontal jump and longer sprint distances (ie, >= 20-m) and/or vice versa in male and female elite adolescent athletes, irrespective of drop height.
KW - stretch-shortening cycle
KW - plyometric training
KW - strength training
KW - tendon stiffness
KW - young athletes
Y1 - 2019
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0482
SN - 1555-0265
SN - 1555-0273
VL - 14
IS - 5
SP - 674
EP - 680
PB - Human Kinetics Publ.
CY - Champaign
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Teich, Paula
A1 - Fühner, Thea Heidi
A1 - Baehr, Florian
A1 - Puta, Christian
A1 - Granacher, Urs
A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1 - Covid pandemic effects on the physical fitness of primary school children
BT - results of the german EMOTIKON project
JF - Sports Medicine - Open
N2 - BackgroundIn spring of 2020, the Sars-CoV-2 incidence rate increased rapidly in Germany and around the world. Throughout the next 2 years, schools were temporarily closed and social distancing measures were put in place to slow the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Did these social restrictions and temporary school lockdowns affect children's physical fitness? The EMOTIKON project annually tests the physical fitness of all third-graders in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany. The tests assess cardiorespiratory endurance (6-min-run test), coordination (star-run test), speed (20-m sprint test), lower (powerLOW, standing long jump test), and upper (powerUP, ball-push test) limbs muscle power, and static balance (one-legged stance test with eyes closed). A total of 125,893 children were tested in the falls from 2016 to 2022. Primary analyses focused on 98,510 keyage third-graders (i.e., school enrollment according to the legal key date, aged 8 to 9 years) from 515 schools. Secondary analyses included 27,383 older-than-keyage third-graders (i.e., OTK, delayed school enrollment or repetition of a grade, aged 9 to 10 years), who have been shown to exhibit lower physical fitness than expected for their age. Linear mixed models fitted pre-pandemic quadratic secular trends, and took into account differences between children and schools.ResultsThird-graders exhibited lower cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed and powerUP in the Covid pandemic cohorts (2020-2022) compared to the pre-pandemic cohorts (2016-2019). Children's powerLOW and static balance were higher in the pandemic cohorts compared to the pre-pandemic cohorts. From 2020 to 2021, coordination, powerLOW and powerUP further declined. Evidence for some post-pandemic physical fitness catch-up was restricted to powerUP. Cohen's |ds| for comparisons of the pandemic cohorts 2020-2022 with pre-pandemic cohorts 2016-2019 ranged from 0.02 for powerLOW to 0.15 for coordination. Within the pandemic cohorts, keyage children exhibited developmental losses ranging from approximately 1 month for speed to 5 months for cardiorespiratory endurance. For powerLOW and static balance, the positive pandemic effects translate to developmental gains of 1 and 7 months, respectively. Pre-pandemic secular trends may account for some of the observed differences between pandemic and pre-pandemic cohorts, especially in powerLOW, powerUP and static balance. The pandemic further increased developmental delays of OTK children in cardiorespiratory endurance, powerUP and balance.ConclusionsThe Covid-19 pandemic was associated with declines in several physical fitness components in German third-graders. Pandemic effects are still visible in 2022. Health-related interventions should specifically target those physical fitness components that were negatively affected by the pandemic (cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed).
KW - Sars-CoV-2
KW - Cohort study
KW - Cardiorespiratory endurance
KW - Muscle power
KW - Physical fitness
KW - Youth
KW - EMOTIKON
KW - Linear mixed models
Y1 - 2023
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00624-1
SN - 2198-9761
VL - 9
IS - 1
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jebabli, Nidhal
A1 - Zouhal, Hassane
A1 - Boullosa, Daniel
A1 - Govindasamy, Karuppasamy
A1 - Tourny, Claire
A1 - Hackney, Anthony C.
A1 - Granacher, Urs
A1 - Ben Abderrahman, Abderraouf
T1 - The effects of preferred music and its timing on performance, pacing, and psychophysiological responses during the 6-min test
JF - Journal of human kinetics
N2 - The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of listening to preferred music during a warm up or exercise, on performance during a 6-min all-out exercise test (6-MT) in young adult males. Twenty-five healthy males volunteered to participate in this study. Following a within subject design, participants performed three test conditions (MDT: music during the test; MDW: music during the warm-up; WM: without music) in random order. Outcomes included mean running speed over the 6-min test (MRS6), total distance covered (TDC), heart rate responses (HRpeak, HRmean), blood lactate (3-min after the test), and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE); additionally, feeling scale scores were recorded. Listening to preferred music during running resulted in significant TDC (Delta up arrow 10%, p=0.006, ES=0.80) and MRS6 (Delta up arrow 14%, p=0.012, ES=1.02) improvement during the 6-MT, improvement was also noted for the warm-up with music condition (TDC:Delta up arrow 8%, p=0.028, ES=0.63; MRS6:Delta up arrow 8%, p=0.032, ES=0.61). A similar reverse "J-shaped" pacing profile was detected during the three conditions. Blood lactate was lower in the MDT condition by 8% (p=0.01, ES=1.10), but not the MDW condition, compared to MW. In addition, no statistically significant differences were found between the test sessions for the HR, RPE, and feeling scale scores. In conclusion, listening to music during exercise testing would be more beneficial for optimal TDC and MRS6 performances compared to MDW and WM.
KW - rating of perceived exertion
KW - work-rate distribution
KW - blood lactate;
KW - aerobic exercise
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0038
SN - 1640-5544
SN - 1899-7562
VL - 82
IS - 1
SP - 123
EP - 133
PB - Academy of Physical Education
CY - Katowice
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Saidi, Karim
A1 - Zouhal, Hassane
A1 - Boullosa, Daniel
A1 - Dupont, Gregory
A1 - Hackney, Anthony C.
A1 - Bideau, Benoit
A1 - Granacher, Urs
A1 - Ben Abderrahman, Abderraouf
T1 - Biochemical markers and wellness status during a congested match play period in elite soccer players
JF - International journal of sports physiology and performance : IJSSP
N2 - Objectives:
To analyze biochemical markers, wellness status, and physical fitness in elite soccer players in relation to changes in training and match exposure during a congested period of match play.
Methods:
Fourteen elite soccer players were evaluated 3 times (T1, T2, and T3) over 12 weeks (T1-T2: 6-wk regular period of match play and T2-T3: 6-wk congested period of match play). Players performed vertical jump tests, repeated shuttle sprint ability test, and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test at T1, T2, and T3. Plasma C-reactive protein, creatinine, and creatine kinase were analyzed at T1, T2, and T3. Wellness status was measured daily using the Hopper questionnaire (delayed onset of muscle soreness, stress, fatigue, and sleep quality). Training session rating of perceived exertion was also recorded on a daily basis.
Results:
A significant increase was found in stress, fatigue, delayed onset of muscle soreness scores, and Hopper index during the congested period (between T2 and T3) compared with the regular period (between T1 and T2) (.001 < P < .008, 0.8 < ES < 2.3). Between T2 and T3, significant relationships were found between the percentage variations (Delta%) of C-reactive protein, and Delta% of creatine kinase with the Hopper Index, and the Delta% of fatigue score. In addition, the Delta% of fatigue score and Delta% of delayed onset of muscle soreness score correlated with Delta% Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test and Delta% best of repeated shuttle sprint ability test (.49 < r < P < .01).
Conclusions:
An intensive period of congested match play significantly compromised elite soccer players' physical fitness and wellness status. Elite soccer players' wellness status reflects declines in physical fitness during this period while biochemical changes do not.
KW - training
KW - congested calendar
KW - overtraining
KW - overreaching
KW - recovery
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0914
SN - 1555-0265
SN - 1555-0273
VL - 17
IS - 4
SP - 605
EP - 620
PB - Human Kinetics Publ.
CY - Champaign
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herold, Fabian
A1 - Theobald, Paula
A1 - Gronwald, Thomas
A1 - Rapp, Michael A.
A1 - Müller, Notger Germar
T1 - Going digital – a commentary on the terminology used at the intersection of physical activity and digital health
JF - European review of aging and physical activity
N2 - In recent years digital technologies have become a major means for providing health-related services and this trend was strongly reinforced by the current Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As it is well-known that regular physical activity has positive effects on individual physical and mental health and thus is an important prerequisite for healthy aging, digital technologies are also increasingly used to promote unstructured and structured forms of physical activity. However, in the course of this development, several terms (e.g., Digital Health, Electronic Health, Mobile Health, Telehealth, Telemedicine, and Telerehabilitation) have been introduced to refer to the application of digital technologies to provide health-related services such as physical interventions. Unfortunately, the above-mentioned terms are often used in several different ways, but also relatively interchangeably. Given that ambiguous terminology is a major source of difficulty in scientific communication which can impede the progress of theoretical and empirical research, this article aims to make the reader aware of the subtle differences between the relevant terms which are applied at the intersection of physical activity and Digital Health and to provide state-of-art definitions for them.
KW - Digital Health
KW - Electronic Health
KW - Mobile Health
KW - Telehealth
KW - Telemedicine
KW - Physical activity
KW - Physical training
KW - Aging
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-022-00296-y
SN - 1861-6909
VL - 19
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Brand, Johannes
A1 - Franke, Vanessa
T1 - Verantwortungseigentum und Profifußball
BT - eine Organisationsform für werteorientierte Fußballvereine?
JF - Zeitschrift für Sport und Recht
N2 - Verantwortungseigentum ist mittlerweile mehr als ein Nischenthema innerhalb der Rechtswissenschaft und unternehmerischen Praxis. Unternehmen werden in Verantwortungseigentum gegründet oder umgewandelt, also die persönlichen Gewinne der Gesellschafter perpetuiert und die Nachfolge reguliert. Auch der Profifußball stellt sich immer wieder die Frage nach der richtigen Balance zwischen Gewinnstreben und Gemeinwohl. Das wirft Fragen nach alternativen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten auf, für die das Verantwortungseigentum eine Lösung bieten könnte.
Y1 - 2023
UR - https://beck-online.beck.de/Bcid/Y-300-Z-SPURT-B-2023-S-196-N-1
SN - 0945-3873
VL - 30
IS - 3
SP - 196
EP - 201
PB - Beck
CY - München
ER -